Aleppo - Knowledge

2755: 2853: 4179: 2908: 2109: 2280: 5841: 5358: 5792: 4071: 66: 192: 2508: 5145: 5546: 1136: 2943: 2229: 1587: 6288: 6166: 6038: 6109: 2098: 225: 159: 5391: 1184: 2419: 5521: 2269: 2640: 258: 3710: 2689: 5716: 2610: 4658: 2964:. The old city of Aleppo lies on the left bank of the Queiq. It was surrounded by a circle of eight hills surrounding a prominent central hill on which the castle (originally a temple dating to the 2nd millennium BC) was erected. The radius of the circle is about 10 km (6.2 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmīn (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta. The old city was enclosed within an ancient wall that was last rebuilt by the 5652: 5077: 4977: 4326:, the city of Aleppo received many Sephardic Jewish immigrants, who eventually joined with the native Aleppo Jewish community. Peaceful relations existed between the Jews and surrounding population. In the early 20th century, the town's Jews lived mainly in Al-Jamiliyah, Bab Al-Faraj and the neighbourhoods around the Great Synagogue. Unrest in Palestine in the years preceding the establishment of Israel in 1948 resulted in growing hostility towards Jews living in Arab countries, culminating in the 2001: 5296: 15069: 15075: 4554: 2700:, who came to power in 1970, relied on support from the business class in Damascus. This gave Damascus further advantage over Aleppo, and hence Damascus came to dominate the Syrian economy. The strict centralization of the Syrian state, the intentional direction of resources towards Damascus, and the hegemony Damascus enjoys over the Syrian economy made it increasingly hard for Aleppo to compete. Despite this, Aleppo remained a nationally important economic and cultural center. 4898: 6072: 5704: 5607: 1465: 2803: 2660: 6008: 3646: 2678:, and Socialists launched a new coup whose declared objective was to restore the union with Egypt. However, the new government only restored the flag of the union. Soon thereafter disagreement between the Baathists and the Nasserists over the restoration of the union became a crisis, and the Baathists ousted the Nasserists from power. The Nasserists, most of whom were from the Aleppine middle class, responded with an insurgency in Aleppo in July 1963. 1982: 2516: 2496: 11093: 6214: 17286: 3702: 2462: 1323: 2186: 6253: 6240: 6227: 3633: 1705: 5153: 17189: 14424: 13170: 4295: 2557: 331: 5894: 2815:

fighting" took place in Aleppo, often in residential areas. In the summer, autumn and winter of 2012 house-to-house fighting between armed opposition and government forces continued, and by the spring 2013 the Syrian Army had entrenched itself in the western part of Aleppo (government loyalist forces were operating from a military base in the southern part of the city) and the Free Syrian Army in the eastern part with a

4914: 5751: 3985: 4096: 4818: 2599: 11097: 2704: 111: 4463: 4616: 265: 232: 199: 166: 2312: 5038:, a large fortress built atop a huge, partially artificial mound rising 50 m (160 ft) above the city, dates back to the first millennium BC. Recent excavations unearthed a temple and 25 statues dating back to the first millennium BC. Many of the current structures date from the 13th century. The Citadel had been extensively damaged by earthquakes, notably in 1822. 1997:, and five days later they had retaken Damascus. Aleppo was recovered by the Muslims within a month, and a Mamluk governor placed to govern the city. Hulagu sent troops to try to recover Aleppo in December. They were able to massacre a large number of Muslims in retaliation for the death of Kitbuqa, but after a fortnight could make no other progress and had to retreat. 859:, also to Turkey. The growth in importance of Damascus in the past few decades further exacerbated the situation. This decline may have helped to preserve the old city of Aleppo, its medieval architecture and traditional heritage. It won the title of the Islamic Capital of Culture 2006 and has had a wave of successful restorations of its historic landmarks. The 18734: 2888:. As a result, he said the pro-Syrian government forces had regained control of the districts previously controlled by them. In February 2020, government forces achieved a major breakthrough when they captured the last remaining rebel-held areas in Aleppo's western periphery, thus decisively ending the clashes that began with the 1454: 2446:

sentiment and tried to address it by making Aleppo the capital of a large and wealthier state with which it would have been hard for Damascus to compete. The State of Aleppo as drawn by France contained most of the fertile area of Syria: the fertile countryside of Aleppo in addition to the entire fertile basin of river

4956:. Souq al-Madina is also home to local products such as wool, agricultural products and soap. Most of the souqs date back to the 14th century and are named after various professions and crafts, hence the wool souq, the copper souq, and so on. Aside from trading, the souq accommodated the traders and their goods in 4008:. Followed by cholera and plague attacks in 1823 and 1827 respectively, the population of the city declined to 110,000 by the end of the 19th century. In 1901, the total population of Aleppo was 108,143 of which Muslims were 76,329 (70.58%), Christians — mostly Catholics — 24,508 (22.66%) and Jews 7,306 (6.76%). 2261:

an important economic role and shifted its commercial focus from long-distance caravan trade to more regional trade in wool and agricultural products. This period also saw the immigration of numerous "Levantine" (European-origin) families who dominated international trade. Aleppo's mixed commercial tribunal (

6023:. Aleppo City Council is the governing body of the city. The first municipality council was formed in 1868. However, the governor being appointed directly by the president of the republic, has a supreme authority over the city and the entire governorate. But the city is managed directly by the mayor. 2475:

The limited economic resources of the Syrian states made the option of completely independent states undesirable for France, because it threatened an opposite result: the states collapsing and being forced back into unity. This was why France proposed the idea of a Syrian federation that was realized

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in 1722. By mid-century, caravans were no longer bringing silk from Iran to Aleppo, and local Syrian production was insufficient for Europe's demand. European merchants left Aleppo and the city went into an economic decline that was not reversed until the mid-19th century when locally produced cotton

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Several international institutions have joined efforts with local authorities and the Aleppo Archaeological Society, to rehabilitate the old city by accommodating contemporary life while preserving the old one. The governorate and the municipality are implementing serious programmes directed towards

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As the main economic centre of Syria, Aleppo has a large number of educational institutions. According to the UNICEF, there are around over 1280 schools in Aleppo and its suburbs that welcomed 485,000 new students as of September 2018, and around 25,000 students resumed their learning as of December

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The mainly white-stoned old town was built within the historical walls of the city, pierced by the nine historical gates, while the newer quarters of the old city were first built by the Christians during the early 15th century in the northern suburbs of the ancient city, after the Mongol withdrawal

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A stalemate that had been in place for four years ended in July 2016, when Syrian Army troops closed the last supply line of the rebels into Aleppo with the support of Russian airstrikes. In response, rebel forces launched unsuccessful counter-offensives in September and October that failed to break

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in Aleppo, where Syrian government responded with military and security forces, sending in tens of thousands of troops backed by tanks, armored vehicles and helicopters. Several hundred rebels were killed in and around city and eight thousand were arrested. By February 1981, the Islamist uprising in

2595:. An underlying cause of the disagreement, in addition to the union with Iraq, was Aleppo's intention to relocate the capital from Damascus. The issue of the capital became an open debate matter in 1950 when the Popular Party presented a constitution draft that called Damascus a "temporary capital." 2532:

had waged a massive anti-secession public campaign that vigorously mobilized the people against the secession plan, thus leaving the pro-French politicians no choice but to support the union. The result was a big embarrassment for France, which wanted the secession of Aleppo to be a punitive measure

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again from the Mamluks. He massacred many of the inhabitants, ordering the building of a tower of 20,000 skulls outside the city. After the withdrawal of the Mongols, all the Muslim population returned to Aleppo. On the other hand, Christians who left the city during the Mongol invasion, were unable

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district is one of the largest in Syria and the region. Occupying an area of 4,412 ha (10,900 acres) in the north-eastern suburbs of Aleppo, the total investments in the city counted more than US$ 3.4 billion during 2010. Still under development, it is envisaged to open hotels, exhibition

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refugees (1915–1922) the population of Aleppo in 1922 counted 156,748 of which Muslims were 97,600 (62.26%), native Christians — mostly Catholics — 22,117 (14.11%), Jews 6,580 (4.20%), Europeans 2,652 (1.70%), Armenian refugees 20,007 (12.76%) and others 7,792 (4.97%). However, even though a large

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between them. One estimate of casualties by an international humanitarian organization is that by this time 13,500 had been killed in the fighting — 1,500 under 5 years of age — and that another 23,000 had been injured. Local police stations in the city, used as bases of government forces and hated

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when Othello speaks his final words (ACT V, ii, 349f.): "Set you down this/And say besides that in Aleppo once,/Where a malignant and a turbanned Turk/Beat a Venetian and traduced the state,/I took by th' throat the circumcised dog/And smote him—thus!" (Arden Shakespeare Edition, 2004). The English

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in 1869. This, in addition to political instability that followed the implementation of significant reforms in 1841 by the central government, contributed to Aleppo's decline and the rise of Damascus as a serious economic and political competitor with Aleppo. The city nevertheless continued to play

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Aleppo is the origin of different types of sweets and pastries. The Aleppine sweets, such as mabrumeh, siwar es-sett, balloriyyeh, etc., are characterized by containing high rates of ghee butter and sugar. Other sweets include mamuniyeh, shuaibiyyat, mushabbak, zilebiyeh, ghazel al-banat etc. Most

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of the Russian Federation, Alexander Dzasokhov, around 20 churches suffered great destruction during the battles in Aleppo, with the most notable being the National Evangelical Church, as well as the surrounding historic churches of al-Jdayde district. On 25 December 2016, following the government

3004:). The average high and low temperature throughout the year is 23.8 and 11.1 °C (74.8 and 52.0 °F). The average precipitation is 329.4 mm (12.97 in). More than 80% of precipitation occurs between October and March. It snows once or twice every winter. Average humidity is 55.7%. 4207:

The Christian population of Aleppo was slightly more than 250,000 before the Syrian Civil War, representing about 12% of the total population of the city. However, as a consequence of the war, the Christian population of the city decreased to less than 100,000 as of the beginning of 2017, of whom

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On 12 August 2011, some months after protests had begun elsewhere in Syria, anti-government protests were held in several districts of Aleppo, including the city's Sakhour district. During this demonstration, which included tens of thousands of protesters, security forces shot and killed at least

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Howard Sachar, A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time., (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 400; Maurice Roumani, The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, (Tel Aviv: World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries, 1977), p. 31; Norman Stillman, The Jews of Arab

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In the 2000s, Aleppo was one of the fastest-growing cities in Syria and the Middle East. Many villagers and inhabitants of other Syrian districts are migrating to Aleppo in an effort to find better job opportunities, a fact that always increases population pressure, with a growing demand for new

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As the largest urban area in pre-civil war Syria, Aleppo was considered the capital of Syrian industry. The economy of the city was mainly driven by textiles, chemicals, pharmaceutics, agro-processing industries, electrical commodities, alcoholic beverages, engineering and tourism. It occupied a

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Occupying an area of more than 190 km (73 sq mi), Aleppo is one of the fastest-growing cities in the Middle East. According to the new major plan of the city adopted in 2001, it is envisaged to increase the total area of Aleppo up to 420 km (160 sq mi) by the end of

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When the battle ended, 500,000 refugees and internally displaced persons returned to Aleppo, and Syrian state media said that hundreds of factories returned to production as electricity supply greatly increased. Many parts of the city that were affected are undergoing reconstruction. On 15 April

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erupted in southern Syria in 1925, the French held in Aleppo State new elections that were supposed to lead to the breaking of the union with Damascus and restore the independence of Aleppo State. The French were driven to believe by pro-French Aleppine politicians that the people in Aleppo were

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The federation ended in December 1924, when France merged Aleppo and Damascus into a single Syrian State and separated the Alawite State again. This action came after the federation decided to merge the three federated states into one and to take steps encouraging Syria's financial independence,

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The Old City revival project completed its first phase by the end of 2008, and the second phase started in early 2010. The purpose of the project is the preservation of the old city of Aleppo with its souqs and khans, and restoration of the narrow alleys of the old city and the roads around the

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By separating Aleppo from Damascus, Gouraud wanted to capitalize on a traditional state of competition between the two cities and turn it into political division. The people in Aleppo were unhappy with the fact that Damascus was chosen as capital for the new nation of Syria. Gouraud sensed this

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invaded Aleppo in 1400 and destroyed it, the Christians migrated out of the city walls and established their own cell in 1420, at the northwestern suburbs of the city, thus founding the quarters of al-Jdayde. The inhabitants of the new quarters were mainly brokers who facilitated trade between

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is directed towards the revival of the flow of the river, demolishing both the artificial cover of the stream bed and the reinforcement of the stream banks along the river in the city centre. The flow of the river was blocked during the 1960s by the Turks, turning the river into a tiny sewage

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In late July 2012, the conflict reached Aleppo in earnest when rebels in the city’s surrounding countryside mounted their first offensive there, apparently trying to capitalise on momentum gained during the Damascus assault. Then, some of the civil war's "most devastating bombing and fiercest

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Christian neighbourhoods, tens of Christians were killed and several churches looted. Though this event has been portrayed as driven by pure sectarian principles, Bruce Masters argues that such analysis of this period of violence is too shallow and neglects the tensions that existed among the

5810:, there are state colleges and private universities which attract large numbers of students from other regions of Syria and the Arab countries. The number of the students in Aleppo University is more than 60,000. The university has 18 faculties and 8 technical colleges in the city of Aleppo. 3736:

Being subjected to constant invasions and political instability, the inhabitants of the city were forced to build cell-like quarters and districts that were socially and economically independent. Each district was characterized by the religious and ethnic characteristics of its inhabitants.

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barracks — reportedly killing 28 (four civilians, thirteen military personnel and eleven security personnel) and wounding 235. On 18 March 2012, another car bomb blast in a residential neighbourhood reportedly killed two security personnel and one female civilian, and wounded 30 residents.

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Possessing the most developed commercial and industrial plants in Syria, Aleppo is a major centre for manufacturing precious metals and stones. The annual amount of the processed gold produced in Aleppo is around 8.5 tonnes, making up to 40% of the entire manufactured gold in Syria.

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The commercial traditions in Aleppo have deep roots in the history. The Aleppo Chamber of commerce founded in 1885, is one of the oldest chambers in the Middle East and the Arab world. According to many historians, Aleppo was the most developed commercial and industrial city in the

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fell four weeks later. The Muslim population was massacred and many Jews were also killed. The Christian population was spared. Turanshah was shown unusual respect by the Mongols, and was allowed to live because of his age and bravery. The city was then given to the former Emir of

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had a number of wide new roads cut through the city to allow easier passage for modern traffic. Between 1954 and 1983 many buildings in the old city were demolished to allow for the construction of modern apartment blocks, particularly in the northwestern areas (Bab al-Faraj and

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However, after the break-out of the civil war in 2011, the Syrian railway network has suffered major damage and is partially out of use. Reconstruction of the Damascus-Aleppo railway line was started in 2020, after its completion and securing rail transport will be resumed.

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the siege; in November, government forces embarked on a decisive campaign. The rebels agreed to evacuate from their remaining areas in December 2016. Syrian government victory with Russian aerial bombardment was widely seen as a potential turning point in Syria's civil war.

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and the third largest city in the Roman world. Archaeological evidence indicates a high population density for settlements between Antioch and Beroea right up to the 6th century. This agrarian landscape still holds the remains of large estate houses and churches such as the

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The "Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo" (UDP) is a joint programme between the German Development Cooperation (GTZ) and the Municipality of Aleppo. The programme promotes capacities for sustainable urban management and development at the national and municipal level.

1851:, Hassan went back on his commitment. In response, Tutush attacked the city and managed to get hold of parts of the walls and towers in July 1086, but he left in September, either due to the advance of Malik-Shah or because the Fatimids were besieging Damascus. In 1087, 2182:, a joint-trading company founded in 1581 to monopolize England's trade with the Ottoman Empire, never attempted to settle a factor, or agent, in Damascus, despite having had permission to do so. Aleppo served as the company's headquarters until the late 18th century. 4341:

The houses and other properties of the Jewish families which were not sold after the migration, remain uninhabited under the protection of the Syrian Government. Most of these properties are in Al-Jamiliyah and Bab Al-Faraj areas, and the neighbourhoods around the

4968:(ﻗﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ). Caeserias are smaller than khans in their sizes and functioned as workshops for craftsmen. Most of the khans took their names after their location in the souq and function, and are characterized by their façades, entrances and fortified wooden doors. 2655:

was implemented in 1958. The union, however, collapsed three and a half years later when a junta of young Damascene officers carried out a separatist coup. Aleppo resisted the separatist coup, but eventually it had no choice but to recognize the new government.

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suggests that King David halted the Arameans' expansion into the Land of Israel on account of his alliance with the southern Philistine kings, as well as with Toi, king of Ḥamath, who is identified with Tai(ta) II, king of Palistin (the northern Sea Peoples).

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and the influx of new investments and flow of the new industries after 2004 also contributed to the development of the city. In 2006, Aleppo was named by the Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) as the capital of Islamic culture.

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There is a relatively clear division between old and new Aleppo. The older portions of the city, with an approximate area of 160 ha (0.6 sq mi) are contained within a wall, 5 km (3.1 mi) in circuit with nine gates. The huge medieval

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halabi , muhshi. Ful halabi is a typical Aleppine breakfast meal: fava bean soup with a splash of olive oil, lemon juice, garlic and Aleppo's red peppers. The za'atar of Aleppo (thyme) is a kind of oregano which is popular in the regional cuisines.

2628:. However, lured by the absolute power he enjoyed as a dictator, Zaim soon developed a pro-Egyptian, pro-Western orientation and abandoned the cause of union with Iraq. This incited a second coup only four months after his. The second coup, led by 11041: 2147:

Aleppo's agriculture was well-developed in the Ottoman period. Archaeological excavations revealed water mills in its river basin. Contemporary Chinese source also suggests Aleppo in the Ottoman period had well-developed animal husbandry.

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Al-Adeyat Archaeological Society founded in 1924 in Aleppo, is a cultural and social organization to preserve the tangible and intangible heritage of Aleppo and Syria in general. The society has branches in other governorates as well.

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In 1944, Aleppo's population was around 325,000, with 112,110 (34.5%) Christians among which Armenians numbered 60,200. Armenians formed more than half of the Christian community in Aleppo until 1947, when many groups of them left for

2458:, had neither enough fertile land nor access to sea. Basically, Gouraud wanted to satisfy Aleppo by giving it control over most of the agricultural and mineral wealth of Syria so that it would never want to unite with Damascus again. 4115:) consisted of 23 localities with a collective population of 2,181,061 in 2004. According to the official estimate announced by the Aleppo City Council, the population of the city was 2,301,570 by the end of 2005. As a result of the 4987:

The old part of the city is surrounded with 5 km-long (3.1 mi), thick walls, pierced by the nine historical gates (many of them are well-preserved) of the old town. These are, clockwise from the north-east of the citadel:

2144:; the rest of what later became Syria was part of either the eyalets of Damascus, Tripoli, Sidon or Raqqa. Following the Ottoman provincial reform of 1864 Aleppo became the centre of the newly constituted Vilayet of Aleppo in 1866. 2340:

Reforms during this time which played a large role in creating antagonism between previously cooperative groups of Muslim and Christians in the eastern quarters of the city. By 1901, the city's population was around 110,000.

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in the South, which traced the base of the mountains rather than the rugged seacoast. Although trade was often directed away from the city for political reasons , it continued to thrive until the Europeans began to use the

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channel, something that led the authorities to cover the stream during the 1970s. In 2008 the flow of pure water was restored through the efforts of the Syrian government, granting a new life to the Quweiq River.

1205:, in the 23rd century BC. However, the identification of Armani in the inscription of Naram-Sim as Armi in the Eblaite tablets is heavily debated, as there was no Akkadian annexation of Ebla or northern Syria. 5597:

takes place on the railway station in Aleppo: "It was five o'clock on a winter's morning in Syria. Alongside the platform at Aleppo stood the train grandly designated in railway guides as the Taurus Express."

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On 22 December, the evacuation was completed with the Syrian Army declaring it had taken complete control of the city. Red Cross later confirmed that the evacuation of all civilians and rebels was complete.

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network of buses and minibuses. New modern buses are used to connect the city with Damascus and the other Syrian cities to the east and the south of Aleppo. The city is also served by local and inter-city

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Aleppo City Development Strategy (CDS): promoting support structures for the municipality, including capacity building, networking, and developing municipal strength in the national development dialogue.

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The Project for the Rehabilitation of the Old City of Aleppo (OCA): includes further support for the rehabilitation of the Old City, as well as for a city development strategy oriented to the long term.

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in 1923. After the arrival of more than 40,000 Armenian refugees between 1923 and 1925, the population of the city reached up to 210,000 by the end of 1925, of which more than a quarter were Armenians.

2632:(also officer from Aleppo), empowered the Popular Party and actively sought to realize the union with Iraq. The news of an imminent union with Iraq incited a third coup the same year: in December 1949, 12048: 2876:

in Aleppo, killing more than 126 people, including at least 80 children. Syrian state media reported that the Aleppo shopping festival took place on 17 November 2017 to promote industry in the city. A

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to resettle back in their own quarter in the old town, a fact that led them to establish a new neighbourhood in 1420, built at the northern suburbs of Aleppo outside the city walls, to become known as

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Aleppo has scarcely been touched by archaeologists, since the modern city occupies its ancient site. The earliest occupation of the site was around 8,000 BC, as shown by excavations in Tallet Alsauda.

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or al-Bandara synagogue, dating to the 9th century. The synagogue was destroyed during an anti-Jewish pogrom in 1947. In the 1980s, the building was restored, but destroyed again during the civil war.

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village at the northwest of Aleppo, the 4th-century Basilica of Sinhar settlement, the Mushabbak Basilica dating back to the second half of the 5th century, the 9th-century BC Assyrian settlement of

6524: 6147:). As awareness for the need to preserve this unique cultural heritage increased, Gutton's master plan was finally abandoned in 1979 to be replaced with a new plan presented by the Swiss expert and 3757:— composed of the ancient city within the walls and the old cell-like quarters outside the walls — has an approximate area of 350 ha (1.4 sq mi) housing more than 120,000 residents. 11444: 5309:

during the medieval period until the Mongol invasion, when many of the prominent structures of the city were destroyed. Before the civil war, 18 hammams were operating in the old city, including:

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Since the old city is characterized with its large mansions, narrow alleys and covered souqs, the modern city's architecture has replenished the town with wide roads and large squares such as the

2132:. The city then had around 50,000 inhabitants, or 11,224 households according to an Ottoman census. In 1517, Selim I obtained a fatwa from Sunnite religious leaders and unleashed violence on the 1855:

became the Seljuk governor of Aleppo under Sultan Malik Shah I. During his bid for the Seljuk throne, Tutush had Aq Sunqur executed and after Tutush died in battle, the town was ruled by his son

1368:. The new readings of Anatolian hieroglyphic signs proposed by the Hittitologists Elisabeth Rieken and Ilya Yakubovich were conducive to the conclusion that the country ruled by Taita was called 2438:

in September 1920 as part of a French plan to make Syria easier to administer by dividing it into several smaller states. France became more concerned about the idea of a united Syria after the

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Ade, Mafalda (2019). "L'innovation judiciaire dans l'Empire ottoman : l'établissement d'un tribunal de commerce à Alep au milieu du XIXe siècle". In Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda (eds.).

4503:, and it is not a surprise that many artists from Aleppo are considered pioneers among the Arabs in classic and traditional music. The most prominent figures in this field are Sabri Mdallal, 9786: 8000: 4032:

majority of the Armenians arrived during the period, the city has had an Armenian community since at least the 1100s, when a considerable number of Armenian families and merchants from the

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foreign traders and local merchants. As a result of the economic development, many other quarters were established outside the walls of the ancient city during the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Five years of conflict: the state of cultural heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo; A comprehensive multi-temporal satellite imagery-based damage analysis for the Ancient City of Aleppo

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The UDP cooperates closely with other interventions in the sector, namely the EU-supported 'Municipal Administration Modernization' programme. It is planned to operate from 2007 to 2016.

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invasion of 1260 and was rebuilt. The 45 m-high (148 ft) tower (described as "the principal monument of medieval Syria") was erected in 1090–1092 under the first Seljuk sultan,

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Aleppo is home to several Christian schools, such as St. Mariam's Christian School (the city's main Christian school) and Armenian private schools as well as two international schools:

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The airport was closed since the beginning of 2013 as a result of the military operations in the area. However, following the Syrian government's recapture of eastern Aleppo during the

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In September 1260, the Egyptian Mamluks negotiated for a treaty with the Franks of Acre which allowed them to pass through Crusader territory unmolested, and engaged the Mongols at the

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The kibbeh is one of the favourite foods of the locals, and the Aleppines have created more than 17 types of kibbeh dishes, which is considered a form of art for them. These include

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community of Aleppo also rose to prominence in this period as they moved into the city to take up trade and developed the new quarter of Judayda. The most outstanding among Aleppine

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Very few physical remains have been found from the Roman and Byzantine periods in the Citadel of Aleppo. The two mosques inside the Citadel are known to have been converted by the

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The city's strategic trading position attracted settlers of all races and beliefs who wished to take advantage of the commercial roads that met in Aleppo from as far as China and

4338:. Homes, schools and shops were badly damaged. Soon after, many of the town's remaining 6,000 Jews emigrated. In 1968, there were an estimated 700 Jews still remaining in Aleppo. 2849:

for control of the city. By March 2013, a majority of Aleppo’s factory owners transferred their goods to Turkey with the full knowledge and facilitation of the Turkish government.

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In July 2022, the Aleppo Thermal Power Plant, which generates 200 megawatts of electricity for the city and its surroundings, was put into partial operation after restoration.

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was known for its pubs and boutique hotels, situated within ancient oriental mansions, providing special treats from the Aleppine flavour and cuisine, along with local music.

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Aleppo hosts many music shows and festivals every year at the citadel amphitheatre, such as the "Syrian Song Festival", the "Silk Road Festival" and "Khan al-Harir Festival".

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was attended by large crowds, while state and local media claimed more than 1.5 million attended and stated that it was one of the largest rallies ever held in Syria.

10136: 5631:. The history of the airport dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. It was upgraded and developed in the years to 1999 when the new current terminal was opened. 1969:, and a Mongol garrison was established in the city. Some of the spoils were also given to Hethum I for his assistance in the attack. The Mongol Army then continued on to 12602: 10941: 16000: 12490: 10311: 9487: 9316: 11770: 10199: 5568:

still exist today, with a twice weekly train from Damascus. It is perhaps for this historical reason that Aleppo is the headquarters of Syria national railway network,

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On 20 October 1280, the Mongols took the city again, pillaging the markets and burning the mosques. The Muslim inhabitants fled for Damascus, where the Mamluk leader

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against Damascus, which had participated in the Syrian Revolt, however, the result was respected. This was the last time that independence was proposed for Aleppo.

2299:, which was headed to Aleppo from England and endured a 567-day voyage before returning unsuccessfully to port. Reference is also made to the city in Shakespeare's 16407: 11128: 10812: 6639: 6473: 4633:. The International Academy of Gastronomy in France awarded Aleppo its culinary prize in 2007. The city has a wide selection of different types of dishes, such as 2719:. In the subsequent violence around fifty people were killed. On 10 July a further twenty-two Syrian soldiers were killed. Both terrorist attacks were part of the 2193:

As a result of the economic development, many European states had opened consulates in Aleppo during the 16th and the 17th centuries, such as the consulate of the

1641:

to Beroea but in the following year was promoted to Antioch. His successor in Beroea, Anatolius, was at a council in Antioch in 363. Under the persecuting Emperor

18455: 17016: 15755: 14540: 12436: 6521:"Syrian Arab Republic: Aleppo Situation Report No. 14 (20 January 2017) – Highlights of the Report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs" 5759:

residential capacity. New districts and residential communities have been built in the suburbs of Aleppo, many of them were still under construction as of 2010.

5659:

The main role of the city was as a trading place throughout the history, as it sat at the crossroads of two trade routes and mediated the trade from India, the

2476:

in 1923. Initially, Gouraud envisioned the federation as encompassing all the states, even Lebanon. In the end however, only three states participated: Aleppo,

16916: 15965: 15785: 11436: 10002: 4872:– one of the largest shopping centres in Syria – was also among the most visited locations for the locals. It has received major damages during the civil war. 12040: 9355: 16921: 16881: 16492: 15830: 14535: 9415: 6659: 9961: 7796: 7060: 6520: 3656:

Various types of 13th and 14th centuries constructions, such as caravanserais, caeserias, Quranic schools, hammams and religious buildings are found in the

2681:

Again, the Ba'ath government tried to absorb the dissent of the Syrian middle class (whose center of political activism was Aleppo) by putting to the front

16177: 16137: 16077: 16067: 15730: 15705: 14810: 14710: 9938: 5406:

near Aleppo include: Kalota Castle and churches northwest of Aleppo, Kharab Shams Byzantine basilica of the 4th century, the half-ruined Roman basilica in

1279:

in c. 1525 BC, Subsequently, Parshatatar conquered Aleppo and the city found itself on the frontline in the struggle between the Mitanni, the Hittites and

761: 2236:

However, the prosperity Aleppo experienced in the 16th and 17th century started to fade as silk production in Iran went into decline with the fall of the

17116: 17001: 16497: 15565: 14930: 14885: 14575: 5931: 1905:

ravaged the city and the surrounding area. Although estimates from this time are very unreliable, it is believed that 230,000 people died, making it the

1224:. The kingdom of Yamḥad (c. 1800–1525 BC), alternatively known as the 'land of Ḥalab,' was one of the most powerful in the Near East during the reign of 12546: 9690: 4429:

is rarely spoken by the Syriac community during daily life, but commonly used as the liturgical language of the Syriac Church. The members of the small

18946: 17076: 17051: 16102: 15805: 15000: 14975: 14705: 14645: 14635: 14630: 14620: 14500: 10105: 12576: 9870: 9636: 6783:"Decision-Making Methodology Between Revitalisation and Rehabilitation of World Heritage City Centers. Case Study: The Ancient City of Aleppo (Syria)" 5712:

dominant position in the country's manufacturing output, with a share of more than 50% of manufacturing employment, and an even greater export share.

5197:. It had four façades with different styles. The tower was completely destroyed during the Syrian civil war in March 2013 (reported on 24 March 2013). 4868:

water park – heavily damaged during the battles – was one of the favourite places among the locals, as it was the first water park in Syria. Aleppo's

4534:

or "connoisseur listeners". Aleppine musicians often claim that no major Arab artist achieved fame without first earning the approval of the Aleppine

1677:

exiled the bishop of Beroea Antoninus for rejecting the Council of Chalcedon. The last known bishop of the see is Megas, who was at a synod called by

16911: 14865: 14775: 14725: 14660: 14125: 11564: 11071: 10561: 5977: 2396:; thus, Aleppo was cut from its northern satellites and from the Anatolian cities beyond on which Aleppo depended heavily in commerce. Moreover, the 10423: 6583: 4277:. Around 50 churches are operated in the city by the above-mentioned congregations. However, according to the Deputy Chairman of the commission for 16931: 15040: 14980: 14700: 10671: 9776: 4346:. In 1992, the Syrian government lifted the travel ban on its 4,500 Jewish citizens. Most traveled to the United States, where a sizable number of 2731:

Since the late 1990s, Aleppo has become one of the fastest growing cities in the Levant and the Middle East. The opening of the industrial city of

1260:

in the 16th century BC. However, it soon resumed its leading role in the Levant when the Hittite power in the region waned due to internal strife.

9908: 7982: 17031: 16906: 16821: 16112: 15990: 15975: 15920: 15675: 15630: 15240: 15030: 14800: 14795: 14715: 14640: 14585: 14490: 13591: 10963: 10592: 9145: 7079: 3608: 2856: 639: 12706: 9216: 8538: 3642:

Aleppo is characterized with mixed architectural styles, having been ruled by, among others, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuqs, Mamluks and Ottomans.

17101: 16871: 15725: 15025: 15005: 14955: 14950: 14870: 14790: 14745: 14675: 14655: 14515: 14495: 14485: 14480: 11872: 9474: 788:, and note its commercial and military importance. Such a long history is attributed to its strategic location as a trading center between the 8047: 6557: 5762:

Two major construction projects are scheduled in Aleppo: the "Old City Revival" project and the "Reopening of the stream bed of Queiq River":

1513:. As did other Hellenized cities of the Seleucid kingdom, Beroea probably enjoyed a measure of local autonomy, with a local civic assembly or 18941: 18551: 16951: 16876: 16462: 16096: 15985: 15955: 15720: 15020: 15015: 14945: 14850: 14665: 11321: 11151: 9610: 9189:"Hvorfor blive ved med at interessere sig for Rorschach prøven?: En kommentar og nogle overvejelser vedrørende førskolebørns Rorschachprøver" 7025: 6610: 6198: 4059:

Christians is related with the arrival of the Assyrian survivors from Cilicia and Southern Turkey, while on the other hand, large numbers of

12650: 2388:, who directly coordinated with Atatürk and received weaponry from him. The outcome, however, was disastrous for Aleppo, because as per the 2380:. The Arab residents in the province (as well as the Kurds) supported the Turks in this war against the French, including the leader of the 1018:

became the Hebrew word for 'milk' or vice versa, as well as offering a possible explanation for the modern-day Arabic nickname of the city,

17131: 17106: 15970: 15745: 14920: 14765: 14760: 14685: 14680: 14560: 14412: 11920: 11613: 9246: 7246: 5818: 10776:

The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century

7153: 18448: 17155: 16941: 15960: 15915: 15670: 15655: 15640: 14840: 14835: 14825: 14690: 14615: 14590: 12357: 8939: 8884: 8811: 7874: 7835: 7765: 7726: 7687: 7636: 7597: 7402: 7363: 7324: 7285: 7224: 5415: 191: 12176: 9089: 9050: 9011: 8715:

Semerdjian, Elyse (2019). "Armenians in the Production of Urban Space in Early Modern Judayda". In Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda (eds.).

8481: 8385: 7518: 7441: 6939: 6615: 5576:

had moved to road-based air-conditioned coaches. But this has reversed in recent years with the 2005 introduction of South Korean built

4836:. Several night-clubs, bars and cabarets operated at the centre of the city as well as at the northern suburbs. The historic quarter of 16826: 16790: 16457: 15925: 15265: 14995: 14990: 14845: 14780: 14650: 14505: 10846: 10502: 9716: 6918: 6884: 6490: 5916: 12146: 11414: 10880: 10645: 9385: 1889:

led a campaign, which main objective was to capture the city of Aleppo. On 20 April 1138, the Christian army including Crusaders from

1546:. Rome's presence afforded relative stability in northern Syria for over three centuries. Although the province was administered by a 18855: 17177: 17091: 16122: 16117: 15980: 15430: 15010: 14985: 14910: 14905: 14855: 14830: 14750: 14695: 14565: 14520: 13628: 13571: 10024: 4489: 4182: 4105:

Aleppo was the most populous city in Syria, with a population of 2,132,100 as indicated in the latest official census in 2004 by the

2791: 1733: 10993: 9839: 9746: 5922:

In July 2022, international qualifying matches were played in Aleppo for the first time since the beginning of the conflict. In the

2838:

and other medieval buildings in the ancient city, were destroyed and ruined or burnt in late summer 2012 as the armed groups of the

2011:

The Mamluk governor of the city became insubordinate to the central Mamluk authority in Cairo, and in Autumn 1261 the Mamluk leader

17066: 15740: 14965: 14960: 14755: 14670: 14570: 14555: 14510: 12732: 12020: 11791: 11740: 11683: 9817: 6408: 1307:. However, Talmi-Šarruma, grandson of Suppiluliumas I, who was the king of Aleppo, had fought on the Hittite side, along with king 477: 14390: 12851: 12269: 11183: 10466: 14875: 14625: 13609: 12297:"In the presence of President al-Assad… the fifth generating set in Aleppo Thermal Power Plant kicks off after rehabilitating it" 10393: 6448: 4629:

Aleppo is surrounded by olive, nut and fruit orchards, and its cuisine is the product of its fertile land and location along the

1928:

became sultan of the remaining part of the Ayyubid Empire. He ruled Syria from his seat in Aleppo until, on 24 January 1260, the

418: 12684: 7106: 4119:, however, the city eastern half's population under the control of the opposition had plummeted to an estimated 40,000 by 2015. 2528:

supportive of such a scheme. After the new council was elected, however, it surprisingly voted to keep the union with Damascus.

2308:

describes in his diary a visit he paid to the city in 1675, when there was a colony of Western European merchants living there.

1216:

period, Aleppo's name appears in its original form as Ḥalab (Ḥalba) for the first time. Aleppo was the capital of the important

900: 897: 894: 888: 886: 18966: 18926: 18441: 15485: 12598: 12221: 10933: 10557: 10128: 7793:

Ipamati Kistamati Pari Tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday

764:; it may have been inhabited since the sixth millennium BC. Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari, just south of the 12487: 10303: 9300: 5783:: almost half of its population (around 1.2 million) is estimated to live in 22 informal settlements of different types. 18464: 18117: 12958: 12901: 12351: 11959: 11767: 11714: 11518: 11477: 11395: 11292: 11229: 10784: 9450: 9310: 9083: 9044: 8933: 8851: 8770: 8726: 8651: 8379: 8076: 7994: 7720: 7681: 7630: 7591: 7564: 7512: 7435: 7396: 7357: 7318: 7218: 7147: 6878: 6746: 6719: 6692: 5907:

is also played in the city. All of the 5 Aleppine major sport clubs participate in the men's and women's top division of the

1509:

Northern Syria was the center of gravity of the Hellenistic colonizing activity, and therefore of Hellenistic culture in the

891: 12624: 11636: 11483: 11298: 11259: 10189: 8249: 8026: 2319:

The city remained Ottoman until the empire's collapse, but was occasionally riven with internal feuds as well as attacks of

293: 12458: 12247: 10830: 10790: 8106: 6466: 5371:. Around 700 abandoned settlements in the northwestern parts of Syria before the 5th century, contain remains of Christian 4106: 4055:, the vast majority of the Aleppine Christians were Catholics until the latter days of the Ottoman rule. The growth of the 2484:. The capital of the federation was Aleppo at first, but it was relocated to Damascus. The president of the federation was 2178:

as the principal market for goods coming to the Mediterranean region from the east. This is reflected by the fact that the

1906: 12325: 11813: 11586: 6966: 2754: 1901:

but found it too strongly defended, hence John II moved the army southward to take nearby fortresses. On 11 October 1138,

13535: 13136: 10910: 8689: 7987:

The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume undefined: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

7175: 5269: 2536:

Bad economic situation of the city after the separation of the northern countryside was exacerbated further in 1939 when

2435: 2423: 2155:

community in Aleppo, facing financial difficulties and considering conversion to Islam due to their inability to pay the

2117: 12130: 11120: 10816: 10696: 6636: 6470: 4188:

Until the beginning of the Battle of Aleppo in 2012, the city contained one of the largest Christian communities in the

13758: 13576: 13003: 12977: 8908:

Masters, Bruce. "The 1850 Events in Aleppo: The Aftershock of Syria's Incorporation into the Capitalist World System."

6186: 4236: 4060: 1300: 12432: 4314:. The Jews of Aleppo were known for their religious commitment, Rabbinic leadership, and their liturgy, consisting of 1665:

in 451 and was a signatory of the joint letter that the bishops of the province of Syria Prima sent in 458 to Emperor

18544: 15560: 13581: 13545: 13038: 13019: 12939: 12920: 11856: 9991: 9569: 9509:

Lia, Brynjar (1 October 2016). "The Islamist Uprising in Syria, 1976–82: The History and Legacy of a Failed Revolt".

9349: 9283: 9005: 8897: 8828: 8575:"Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations" 8355: 8136: 7868: 7829: 7759: 5996: 1678: 982: 687: 3664:

district are home to numerous 16th and 17th-century houses of the Aleppine bourgeoisie, featuring stone engravings.

1843:. When the latter delayed his arrival, Hassan contacted the Sultan's brother Tutush. However, after Tutush defeated 1819:, which lasted until 1080, when his reinforcements were ambushed and routed by a coalition of Arab tribesmen led by 15570: 14405: 14343: 14333: 14323: 14110: 13601: 13586: 13158: 10720:

Alepppo in One Hundred Years 1850–1950, vol.3-page 26, 1994 Aleppo. Authors: Mohammad Fuad Ayntabi and Najwa Othman

10711:

Alepppo in One Hundred Years 1850– 1950, vol.2-page 3, 1994 Aleppo. Authors: Mohammad Fuad Ayntabi and Najwa Othman

9339: 5973: 5280:, the Armenian Catholic Cathedral of Our Mother of Reliefs and the Melkite Greek Catholic Cathedral of Virgin Mary. 2889: 2852: 2749: 2712: 860: 11019: 10618: 9866: 6655: 6154:, which adopted the idea of "preserving the traditional architectural style of Ancient Aleppo" paving the way for 2985: 547: 224: 15525: 13525: 11998: 11981: 10167: 9930: 7050: 6846: 6320: 5431: 4204:(locally known as Syriacs). Historically, the city was the main centre of French Catholic missionaries in Syria. 2907: 2873: 1654: 1575: 1030:), which means "the white-colored mixed with black" and allegedly derives from the white marble found at Aleppo. 158: 18733: 12410: 10054: 8857: 8732: 4488:(religious, secular and folk poetic-musical genres). In December 2021, the Qudud Halabiya was included into the 257: 13788: 13380: 13098: 8762: 8610: 6905: 5927: 5912: 5825: 5635: 5277: 4829: 1531: 91: 12538: 12201: 9682: 5580:

providing a regular bi-hourly express service to both Latakia and Damascus, which miss intermediate stations.

5365:

Aleppo's western suburbs are home to a group of historical sites and villages which are commonly known as the

4850:

and other nightlife activities, located in a 19th-century mansion in the Aziziyah district of central Aleppo.

4178: 17932: 17170: 15068: 14358: 14348: 13793: 8321: 6910: 5829: 5211:'s blood. The site is believed to have previously been a monastery, which was converted into a mosque in 944. 5189:. Construction of the present structure for Nur al-Din commenced in 1158. However, it was damaged during the 5102: 4857:, opened in 1949, is one of the largest planted parks in Syria, located near in the Aziziyah district, where 4327: 4247: 2993: 2795: 2783: 2108: 1956:. The city was poorly defended by Turanshah, and as a result the walls fell after six days of siege, and the 552: 12568: 10101: 4354:, New York. The last Jews of Aleppo, the Halabi family, were evacuated from the city in October 2016 by the 2664: 1795:, with the nominally independent Hamdanids in between, eventually falling to the Fatimids in 1017. In 1024, 18537: 16629: 15625: 14363: 14308: 14120: 14115: 14090: 9633: 5992: 5965: 5844: 5616: 5610: 5593: 4802:– a product of Aleppo – is also among the favourite drinks. Local wines and brandies are consumed as well. 4493: 4273:

Several districts of the city have a Christian and Armenian majority, such as the old Christian quarter of

3696: 3012: 2896: 2353: 1966: 1299:

permanently defeated Mitanni, and conquered Aleppo in the 14th century BC. Suppiluliumas installed his son

772:

by the latter part of the third millennium BC. That is also the time at which Aleppo is first mentioned in

564: 410: 17185: 12105: 12078: 11560: 8758:

From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa

8507: 2952:

The city was founded a few kilometres south of the location of the current old city, on the right bank of

1993:

on 3 September 1260. The Mamluks won a decisive victory, killing the Mongols' Nestorian Christian general

1799:

launched an attack on Fatimid Aleppo, and after a few months was invited into the city by its population.

16162: 14398: 13865: 13620: 13249: 13102: 12516: 12384: 12300: 11067: 10341: 10289: 6579: 5283: 5097:, an Aleppine mansion built in 1603, with unique wooden decorations. One of its decorations was taken to 4343: 4307: 4033: 2928: 2377: 2279: 1949: 1681:

in 536. After the Arab conquest, Beroea ceased to be a residential bishopric, and is today listed by the

1291:

who descends from the old Yamhadite kings controlled the city as a vassal to Mitanni and was attacked by

12762: 10667: 9900: 1002:, has survived as the current Arabic name of the city. It is of obscure origin. Some have proposed that 15494: 14368: 14303: 14130: 13870: 13768: 13748: 13656: 13510: 11704:

Philip Mansel (2016) Aleppo: The Rise and fall of Syria's Great Merchant City IB Taurus, p.55 and 13pl

11538: 9654: 8820: 6270: 5969: 5923: 5897: 5384: 4470:

Aleppo is considered one of the main centres of Arabic traditional and classic music with the Aleppine

4043:

The second period of Armenian flow towards Aleppo marked with the withdrawal of the French troops from

3688: 3673: 2768: 2759: 2720: 2151:

During his travels to the Levant in the 17th century, French traveler Jacques Goujon recounted how the

2051: 832: 10967: 10584: 9115: 5357: 2927:

380 m (1,250 ft) above sea level, 45 km (28 mi) east of the Syrian-Turkish border

14353: 14318: 14288: 13896: 13753: 13540: 13395: 6957:"Collections – Aga Khan Collection – Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme – Aleppo Citadel Restoration" 5273: 5178: 4948:, as it is locally known, is an active trade centre for imported luxury goods, such as raw silk from 4791: 4564: 4243: 4228: 2716: 2580: 2328: 1953: 1745: 1550:

from Rome, Rome did not impose its administrative organization on the Greek-speaking ruling class or

15074: 12876: 10877:"Catholic Doctor "Flies High" with The Flying Hospital to Treat the Less Fortunate in Aleppo, Syria" 9173: 6738:

Integrative Social Work Practice with Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Other Forcibly Displaced Persons

5983:

On 29 January 2017, Aleppo hosted the first sports event since 2012, when the local football rivals

5821:(MUST). Branches of the state conservatory and the fine arts school are also operating in the city. 5791: 2931:. The city is surrounded by farmlands from the north and the west, widely cultivated with olive and 18956: 17163: 15935: 14465: 14420: 14203: 14085: 13563: 13491: 13360: 13299: 13089: 11787: 8793: 6549: 5908: 5840: 5333: 5131:, an old 17th-century mansion characterized with fine decorations, carved by the Armenian sculptor 5080: 5069: 4527:

were visiting Aleppo to recognize the legacy of Aleppine art and learn from its cultural heritage.

4255: 4099: 2179: 2170:

and the east, Aleppo rose to high prominence in the Ottoman era, at one point being second only to

1921: 1345:. This religious importance continued after the collapse of the Hittite empire at the hands of the 1304: 1284: 1209: 1111: 617: 525: 11042:"Picture taken on 9 March 2017 in Aleppo showing the damage around Saint George's Armenian Church" 9602: 6803: 6782: 4606:

of the Armenian Apostolic Church at the old Armenian church of the Holy Mother of God, Al-Jdeydeh.

1388:

John David Hawkins (who translated the Aleppo inscriptions) hypothesizes a connection between the

1176:

was located on the citadel hill in the center of the city, when the city was known as the city of

1010:

since the area served as a major source of these metals in antiquity. Another possibility is that

18936: 18510: 18322: 17193: 16579: 16050: 15370: 15345: 13646: 13530: 13355: 13198: 12654: 12512: 12074: 11605: 6934: 6787:

The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

6416: 5627:: OSAP) is the international airport serving the city. The airport serves as a secondary hub for 5265: 5049: 4037: 3692: 2846: 2345: 1890: 1871: 1670: 1619: 1038: 738: 473: 20: 12217: 11916: 11637:"ORIENT: Aleppo Burns – Dar Zamaria, Sisi House and much of Souq reported Burned- Syria Comment" 9238: 6927: 6093:

Informal Settlements (IS): includes strategy and management development of informal settlements.

4738:). Kebab Halabi – influenced by Armenian and Turkish tastes – has around 26 variants including: 2245:, "Aleppo ... underwent its worst catastrophe with the wholesale destruction of its villages by 1622:. His successor in Beroea Cyrus was for his fidelity to the Nicene faith sent into exile by the 18475: 17982: 17473: 16856: 16801: 16709: 16694: 14338: 14268: 14263: 13875: 13638: 13415: 13375: 13319: 13309: 13229: 13188: 12993:

A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187

11848: 10770: 10051:"UNESCO Director-General deplores destruction of ancient Aleppo markets, a World Heritage site" 9561: 9275: 9269: 9036:

Negotiating for the Past: Archaeology, Nationalism, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919–1941

8963:

M. Andrew & Sydney Kanya-Forstner (1981) The climax of French imperial expansion, 1914–1924

8632:

Tramontana, Felicita (2014). "III. Conversion to Islam in the villages of Dayr Abān and Ṣūbā".

7137: 6032: 5569: 5549: 5372: 5163: 4881: 4386: 4331: 4259: 4232: 4005: 3617: 2981: 2885: 2835: 2724: 2576: 2537: 2465: 2451: 1929: 1902: 1898: 1863: 1844: 1741: 1515: 1354: 1139: 1103: 801: 588: 136: 83: 71: 27: 12341: 12071:"Rehabilitation of Damascus-Aleppo international highway affected by terrorism in Idleb began" 8923: 8881: 8808: 7858: 7819: 7749: 7710: 7671: 7620: 7581: 7386: 7347: 7308: 7279: 7208: 5379:(Jabal Semaan) and Jabal Halaqa regions at the western suburbs of Aleppo, within the range of 2968:. The wall has since disappeared. It had nine gates and was surrounded by a broad deep ditch. 1590:

The Mosque of Abraham in the Citadel of Aleppo, originally built by the Byzantines as a church

17201: 16714: 16649: 16532: 14600: 14453: 14238: 14156: 14100: 14095: 13834: 13743: 13715: 13651: 13370: 13365: 12172: 9073: 9034: 8995: 8369: 7554: 7502: 7425: 6864: 6605: 6020: 5738:

The old traditional crafts are well-preserved in the old part of the city. The famous laurel

5057: 5020: 4585: 4557: 4070: 2572: 2529: 2357: 2333: 2137: 2069: 2039: 1737: 1607: 1557:

The Roman era saw an increase in the population of northern Syria that accelerated under the

1330: 746: 734: 559: 360: 343: 9553: 9377: 8478: 6915: 2782:

In early 2012, rebels began bombing Aleppo after the spread of anti-government protests. On

2571:

The increasing disagreements between Aleppo and Damascus led eventually to the split of the

1329:

was originally a Hittite pagan temple during ancient times; in addition, a stone block with

828:

was inaugurated in 1869, much trade was diverted to sea and Aleppo began its slow decline.

18490: 18312: 16891: 16781: 16669: 16664: 16038: 15395: 15215: 14273: 14146: 13936: 13773: 13763: 13720: 13460: 13410: 13385: 13350: 13345: 13335: 13208: 13151: 12843: 12041:"Capture of M5 one of the most celebrated prizes in Damascus' campaign to regain territory" 11410: 11221: 10641: 10495: 7989:, The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 394–429, 6790: 5984: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5814: 5807: 5796: 5780: 5628: 5577: 5246: 5214: 5053: 5045: 5024: 4940:-market in the world is in Aleppo, with an approximate length of 13 km (8.1 mi). 4524: 3681: 3665: 2648: 1856: 1780: 1776: 1662: 1615: 1458: 927: 916: 13166: 12102:"General Establishment of Railways: Aleppo-Damascus railway to be put into service in May" 11951: 2507: 2392:, most of the Province of Aleppo was made part of Turkey with the exception of Aleppo and 2228: 711: 8: 18560: 18504: 18157: 16639: 16486: 16395: 14328: 13991: 13951: 13440: 13274: 13259: 10989: 10304:"'A new horror': 80 children among those slaughtered in suicide attack on refugee convoy" 9750: 8843:

Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane

8718:

Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane

7968: 7110: 6870: 6681:

Versaci, Antonella; Bougdah, Hocine; Akagawa, Natsuko; Cavalagli, Nicola (1 March 2022).

6182: 5545: 5477: 5469: 5435: 5230: 4694: 4361:

The Jews from Aleppo referred to their city as "Aram Tzova" (ארם צובא) after the ancient

4323: 3677: 2831: 2592: 2524: 2439: 2214: 2059: 2024: 1990: 1875: 1634: 1630: 1479: 1426: 1422: 1389: 1213: 1070: 1055: 577: 17285: 11667: 11180: 9809: 9271:

America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East

6794: 6420: 5144: 2942: 2365: 2241:

and tobacco became the principal commodities of interest to the Europeans. According to

1586: 1364:

was discovered during excavations conducted by German archeologist Kay Kohlmeyer in the

1135: 18032: 17992: 17294: 16989: 16759: 16719: 16704: 16674: 16520: 16327: 16212: 15900: 15150: 14428: 14195: 14105: 13880: 13814: 13470: 13465: 13435: 13340: 13264: 11866: 11841: 9534: 9468: 9161: 9111: 8657: 8602: 6899: 6816: 6159: 6037: 6016: 5968:

is the largest sports venue in Syria. Other major sport venues in the city include the

5950: 5509: 5458: 5313: 5299: 5254: 5250: 5226: 5182: 5061: 4854: 4212: 4201: 4197: 4028: 4012: 3754: 3657: 3001: 2828: 2652: 2624:

in modern Syrian history was carried out in March 1949 by an army officer from Aleppo,

2613: 2602: 2389: 2242: 2202: 2194: 2101: 1852: 1848: 1828: 1666: 1658: 1527: 1194: 1107: 765: 730: 355: 348: 12676: 12509:"Al-Jalaa basketball team takes lead in 1st leg of Aleppo Gathering League Tournament" 11718: 10385: 6445: 6108: 4441:

is used during church service by the Orthodox and Catholic Greek churches of Antioch.

2097: 18332: 18252: 18192: 18097: 17772: 16816: 16619: 16599: 16352: 16247: 16107: 15610: 15175: 14062: 13966: 13475: 13450: 13254: 13234: 13044: 13034: 13015: 12999: 12973: 12954: 12935: 12916: 12897: 12347: 11955: 11852: 11675: 11514: 11507: 11473: 11391: 11288: 11225: 11152:"Christmas in Aleppo: Photos, Video Show Christians Celebrate Assad Victory in Syria" 10780: 9565: 9554: 9538: 9526: 9456: 9446: 9345: 9306: 9279: 9208: 9137: 9129: 9079: 9040: 9001: 8929: 8893: 8847: 8824: 8766: 8722: 8647: 8606: 8594: 8375: 8351: 8072: 7990: 7864: 7825: 7755: 7716: 7677: 7626: 7587: 7560: 7508: 7431: 7392: 7353: 7314: 7214: 7143: 7114: 6874: 6820: 6808: 6742: 6715: 6688: 6309: 5875: 5673: 5423: 5390: 5258: 5238: 5156: 5041: 5035: 4422: 4224: 4193: 4056: 4024: 4020: 3726: 3713: 3668:

of the 19th and early 20th centuries is common in al-Azizyah district, including the

3636: 3561: 3514: 3466: 2920: 2564: 2477: 2418: 2198: 1788: 1753: 1650: 1487: 1365: 1295:

of the Hittites as a retaliation for his alliance to Mitanni. Later the Hittite king

789: 75: 9188: 6379:"معنى كلمة شَهْباءُ في معجم المعاني الجامع والمعجم الوسيط – معجم عربي عربي – صفحة 1" 2621: 1392:

Palistin and the Philistines, as do archaeologists Benjamin Sass and Kay Kohlmeyer.

18277: 17977: 17807: 17463: 17398: 17393: 16684: 16422: 16237: 16127: 15445: 15420: 15310: 15305: 15100: 14894: 14253: 14248: 14181: 14057: 13986: 13971: 13961: 13916: 13911: 13819: 13455: 13430: 13425: 13420: 11437:"Sabah Fakhri, Syrian tenor who helped preserve classical Arabic music, dies at 88" 11387: 9518: 9204: 9200: 9121: 8639: 8586: 8334: 8330: 6798: 6656:"بـ 4.6 ملايين نسمة .. محافظة حلب الأعلى سكانياً في سورية | عكس السير دوت كوم" 6302: 6274: 5958: 5883: 5529: 5380: 5242: 5222: 5218: 5200: 5186: 4929: 4442: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4394: 4355: 4116: 4067:

arrived in Aleppo, after the annexation of the Sanjak in 1939 in favour of Turkey.

4016: 2843: 2839: 2816: 2807: 2745: 2584: 2349: 2324: 2268: 2225:, who monopolized Aleppine silk trade and were important patrons of the Armenians. 2004: 1894: 1886: 1816: 1812: 1796: 1792: 1693: 1611: 1606:, are recorded in extant documents. The first whose name survives is that of Saint 1558: 1551: 1483: 1326: 1312: 1083: 1007: 923: 864: 661: 13057: 11215: 11118: 9522: 8021: 6992:"The Destruction of Aleppo: The Impact of the Syrian War on a World Heritage City" 5858:

being the most popular in the city. The five major sporting clubs of the city are

5572:. As the railway is relatively slow, much of the passenger traffic to the port of 5508:. Within the city, main routes include Al Jalaa Street, Shukri Al-Quwatly Street, 5430:

is located, the 5th-century Kimar settlement of the Roman and Byzantine eras, the

2373: 1417:. Bit Agusi along with Aleppo and the entirety of the Levant was conquered by the 1405:

During the early years of the 1st millennium BC, Aleppo was incorporated into the

18961: 18931: 18529: 18282: 18272: 18122: 17967: 17812: 17762: 17528: 17518: 17513: 16956: 16747: 16451: 16277: 16200: 16171: 16152: 15888: 15864: 15685: 15200: 14915: 14381: 14313: 14171: 14161: 14006: 13946: 13855: 13269: 13144: 13093: 12991: 12987: 12494: 12329: 12205: 12134: 12027: 11944: 11774: 11467: 11282: 11253: 11187: 10774: 10750: 10730: 10700: 9640: 8975:

Fieldhouse, David Kenneth (2006) Western imperialism in the Middle East 1914–1958

8888: 8815: 8756: 8485: 8243: 8056: 8030: 7030: 6943: 6922: 6736: 6709: 6682: 6643: 6477: 6452: 6446:

statement by Syrian Minister of Local Administration, Syria (Arabic, August 2009)

6340: 6315: 6287: 6165: 5887: 5879: 5588: 5557: 5438: 5339:

Hammam al-Jawhary, hammam Azdemir, hammam Bahram Pasha, hammam Bab al-Ahmar, etc.

5329: 4847: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4390: 4251: 3709: 2776: 2609: 2469: 2454:. On the other hand, Damascus, which is basically an oasis on the fringes of the 2431: 2413: 2237: 2222: 2218: 2166:

Moreover, thanks to its strategic geographic location on the trade route between

2128:

in 1516 as part of the vast expansion of the Ottoman borders during the reign of

2055: 1917: 1832: 1784: 1725: 1682: 1646: 1523: 1510: 1418: 1361: 1296: 1183: 1061: 1046: 1023: 844: 737:. With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents as of 2021, it was Syria's 721: 697: 497: 127: 18433: 12243: 10251: 10221: 8098: 7500: 6139: 5878:. Many other sport clubs are located in several districts of the city including 5520: 2639: 2031:, until Baibars came north again with his main army, and the Mongols retreated. 1787:

of the Byzantine Empire. For the next few decades, the city was disputed by the

1522:

Beroea remained under Seleucid rule until 88 BC when Syria was conquered by the

1164:, identify Aleppo with the capital of an independent kingdom closely related to 1014:

means 'white', as this is the word for 'white' in Aramaic. This may explain how

18579: 18047: 17907: 17902: 17887: 17757: 17702: 16841: 16604: 16584: 16564: 16554: 16549: 16372: 16015: 15598: 15535: 14298: 14293: 14283: 14258: 14052: 14037: 13981: 13976: 13956: 13926: 13921: 13829: 13778: 13445: 13294: 13239: 13213: 13012:

A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades

12322: 11887:"As Pogroms Targeted Aleppo's Jews, My Family Made a Dangerous Choice: To Flee" 11590: 9781: 8787: 6956: 6151: 6148: 5693: 5689: 5561: 5320: 5234: 5208: 5115: 5076: 4976: 4944: 4918: 4902: 4892: 4843: 4624: 4575: 4478: 4438: 4410: 4402: 4139: 4080: 4064: 4004:(1853–1933), the population of Aleppo was around 400,000 before the disastrous 2957: 2924: 2912: 2824: 2697: 2688: 2633: 2385: 2206: 2171: 2125: 1925: 1882: 1749: 1713: 1626: 1599: 1562: 1535: 1430: 1237: 1188: 1161: 1130: 1034: 960: 797: 793: 79: 18607: 18602: 10902: 10416:"Battle of Aleppo city ends in Syrian Army victory after 7+ years of fighting" 9460: 9341:

Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis

9141: 9117:

States, boundaries and sovereignty in the Middle East: unsteady but unchanging

8693: 8590: 7981:

Savory, R. M. (1977), Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M. (eds.),

7185: 6134:, mosques and churches, all in need of more care and preservation work. After 5295: 5135:

in 1691. It was used as an Armenian elementary school during the 20th century.

4530:

Aleppo is also known for its knowledgeable and cultivated listeners, known as

2015:

sent an army to reclaim the city. In October 1271, the Mongols led by general

1172:, although this identification is contested. The main temple of the storm god 18920: 18597: 18587: 18412: 18402: 18362: 18292: 18237: 18162: 18092: 18077: 18012: 17952: 17922: 17717: 17687: 17622: 17572: 16836: 16689: 16594: 16336: 16302: 16009: 15714: 15660: 15330: 15300: 15115: 15088: 14785: 14609: 14580: 14545: 14278: 14151: 14047: 13901: 13860: 13809: 13700: 13690: 13496: 13289: 13284: 13193: 12127: 11679: 10847:"The worst place in the world? Aleppo in ruins after four years of Syria war" 10693: 10532:

World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)

10282:"400 factories return to production in al-Kallaseh industrial zone in Aleppo" 9530: 9212: 9133: 8598: 7897:"The History of King David in Light of New Epigraphic and Archeological Data" 6812: 6189:) has made a great contribution in the preservation process of the old city. 6059:

Modern neighborhoods, including a newly developed area called The New Aleppo.

6042: 5988: 5863: 5728: 5651: 5403: 5127: 5065: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4799: 4596: 4520: 4382: 4335: 4135: 4040:

is from 1491 as well, which indicates that they have been there long before.

3345: 2997: 2936: 2732: 2682: 2485: 2481: 2468:, originally planned to become the seat of the government of the short-lived 2455: 2381: 2372:, while Cilicia was promised by France to become an Armenian state. However, 2273: 2141: 2113: 2092: 1761: 1709: 1623: 1595: 1393: 1385: 1280: 1276: 812:. The city's significance in history has been its location at one end of the 308: 295: 13783: 13048: 6991: 5528:

The city of Aleppo is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive

4964:) and scattered in the souq. Other types of small market-places were called 4657: 4553: 2767:

twelve people. Two months later, a pro-government demonstration was held in

2368:

made most of the Province of Aleppo part of the newly established nation of

2000: 1874:

in 1124–1125, but was not conquered after receiving protection by forces of

1453: 1148:

Aleppo appears in historical records as an important city much earlier than

856: 18850: 18407: 18307: 18247: 18242: 18202: 18132: 18127: 18082: 18017: 17882: 17862: 17842: 17787: 17677: 17662: 17657: 17632: 17592: 17428: 17403: 17373: 17353: 17308: 17096: 17040: 16589: 16467: 16432: 16307: 16262: 16256: 15944: 15820: 15680: 15635: 15619: 15530: 15465: 15255: 15130: 14860: 14243: 14208: 14032: 14027: 13996: 13941: 13931: 13710: 13705: 13695: 13685: 13680: 9440: 8661: 8633: 8497:"Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century" 6144: 6135: 5954: 5715: 5472:, which runs in the eastern side of the city from south to north along the 5419: 5376: 5306: 5012: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4980: 4961: 4806:

pastries contain the renowned Aleppine pistachios and other types of nuts.

4775: 4751: 4504: 4484: 4370: 4311: 4263: 2881: 2629: 2393: 2376:

annexed most of the Province of Aleppo as well as Cilicia to Turkey in his

2305: 1840: 1839:

Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-Hutayti promised to surrender the city to Sultan

1765: 1473: 1414: 1308: 1169: 1153: 1122: 964: 817: 12270:"155 billion Syrian Pounds invested in Aleppo Industrial City (in Arabic)" 11068:"Syrian orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch: Visit to the Old City of Aleppo" 8643: 8128: 5779:

Like other major Syrian cities, Aleppo is suffering from the dispersal of

4897: 2992:). The mountain series that run along the Mediterranean coast, namely the 1885:, which ultimately conquered Damascus in 1154. In 1138, Byzantine emperor 1696:

during the 11th century from churches originally built by the Byzantines.

1303:

as king and a dynasty of Suppiluliumas descendants ruled Aleppo until the

18824: 18499: 18377: 18372: 18287: 18172: 18147: 18102: 18057: 17892: 17872: 17817: 17752: 17722: 17647: 17637: 17503: 17468: 17323: 17265: 17225: 16624: 16559: 15814: 15550: 15540: 15515: 15380: 15354: 15315: 15125: 14770: 14525: 14233: 14228: 14042: 14022: 14001: 13839: 13304: 12787: 10757:), vol.3 (1925) pages 449–450, published in 1991, Aleppo. Author: Sheikh 8241: 7251: 6293: 6204: 6071: 5771: 5739: 5703: 5638:, an airplane conducted its first flight from the airport in four years. 5534: 5500:. Driving east on M4 Highway gives access to the coastal road leading to 5473: 5367: 5352: 5107: 4925: 4906: 4869: 4858: 4822: 4703: 4516: 4508: 4434: 4347: 4267: 4189: 4147: 2960:

in the north and runs through Aleppo southward to the fertile country of

2953: 2946: 2625: 2588: 2541: 2401: 2397: 2361: 2160: 1945: 1824: 1764:, and enjoyed a period of great prosperity, being home to the great poet 1686: 1661:

in 431. In 438, he was succeeded by Theoctistus, who participated in the

1603: 1570: 1543: 1503: 1464: 1373: 1357:, whose king renovated the temple of Hadad which was discovered in 2003. 1316: 1292: 1225: 1091: 1042: 836: 821: 781: 387: 95: 87: 18612: 9125: 5556:

Aleppo was one of the major stations of Syria that was connected to the

2802: 2659: 1152:. The first record of Aleppo comes from the third millennium BC, in the 18883: 18814: 18719: 18711: 18422: 18382: 18367: 18352: 18197: 18137: 18027: 18022: 17947: 17912: 17802: 17707: 17617: 17602: 17567: 17538: 17533: 17363: 17348: 17270: 17235: 16865: 16846: 16810: 16679: 16634: 16614: 16416: 16367: 16312: 16232: 16227: 15950: 15775: 15505: 15435: 15385: 15365: 15320: 15295: 15280: 15145: 14819: 14530: 14176: 13314: 12147:"First airplane takes off from Aleppo International Airport in 4 years" 10614: 9712: 9683:"Syria violence spreads to commercial capital Aleppo | World news" 7751:

A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari

7712:

A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari

6494: 6007: 5946: 5904: 5851: 4650: 4512: 4472: 4366: 4167: 3669: 3649: 2880:

commander stated in February 2018 that Kurdish fighters had shifted to

2636:

led a coup preempting a union with Iraq that was about to be declared.

2545: 2257: 2174:

in the empire. By the middle of the 16th century, Aleppo had displaced

2163:

who bought their church, enabling them to meet their tax obligations.

1973:, which surrendered, and the Mongols entered the city on 1 March 1260. 1820: 1434: 1429:

until the late 7th century BC, before passing through the hands of the

825: 56: 12970:

Old Testament Warriors: The Clash of Cultures in the Ancient Near East

12381:"President al-Assad inaugurates Tal Hasel water pumping plant, Aleppo" 11994: 11015: 10159: 10129:"The fall of Aleppo timeline: How Assad captured Syria's biggest city" 7388:

Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East

6356:

Rimisharrinaa was also reported to be the king of Aleppo at that time.

3745:

is one of the finest examples of a cell-like quarter in Aleppo. After

2515: 2495: 1981: 1610:, who, after being bishop of Beroea, was transferred to the important 1384:

in the south. Due to the similarity between Palistin and Philistines,

18878: 18842: 18806: 18796: 18788: 18742: 18417: 18397: 18167: 18112: 18062: 17987: 17937: 17927: 17917: 17837: 17792: 17747: 17742: 17732: 17667: 17597: 17523: 17493: 17483: 17478: 17388: 17368: 17358: 17303: 17125: 17010: 16831: 16658: 16542: 16427: 16292: 15555: 15545: 15520: 15500: 15475: 15375: 15245: 15235: 15180: 15135: 14970: 14939: 14223: 13244: 12894:

Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040-1130

12406: 11204:

Lands in Modern Times, (NY: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), p. 146

10356:"Syrian YPG militia: government has taken control of Aleppo district" 10050: 8841: 8716: 7504:

Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4

7055: 6858: 6856: 6768:

International Conference on Universal Design in the Built Environment

6257: 6231: 6169:

The historic street of al-Khandaq, restored just before the civil war

5813:

Currently, there are two private universities operating in the city:

5664: 5606: 5497: 5492:. The northern bypass of the city called Castello Road leads through 5087: 5031:

The most significant historic buildings of the ancient city include:

4837: 4833: 4662: 4630: 4579: 4283: 4274: 4155: 3742: 3730: 3701: 3661: 3645: 2961: 2932: 2787: 2675: 2461: 2447: 2284: 2210: 2185: 2152: 2075: 2043: 1772: 1729: 1442: 1410: 1350: 1322: 1264: 1257: 1233: 1229: 813: 773: 513: 16060: 15770: 12407:"Madinatuna, Aleppo Cite Development Strategy: Informal Settlements" 11561:"ﻛﻮﻧﺎ :: ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ ﻳﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻃﻌﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﻃﻴﺐ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ 11/01/2006" 10737:), vol.1 (1922) page 256, published in 1991, Aleppo. Author: Sheikh 8635:

Passages of Faith: Conversion in Palestinian villages (17th century)

8574: 5937:

Other sports being practiced by the major clubs in the city include

5512:, Bab Antakya Street, Ibrahim Hanano Street and Tishreen Boulevard. 4286:

was publicly celebrated in Aleppo for the first time in four years.

3632: 1704: 629: 18752: 18666: 18494: 18342: 18337: 18327: 18317: 18297: 18212: 18187: 18142: 18087: 18067: 18052: 18037: 18007: 17997: 17972: 17897: 17867: 17857: 17832: 17777: 17727: 17697: 17692: 17642: 17577: 17548: 17443: 17255: 17215: 17085: 17060: 16900: 16609: 16569: 16287: 16282: 16267: 16072: 15794: 15764: 15735: 15575: 15510: 15460: 15404: 15335: 15325: 15224: 15185: 15155: 14218: 14166: 13824: 13203: 13076: 12198: 11191: 11094:"The destruction at the Mar Assia Syrian Catholic Church of Aleppo" 10668:"200,000 civilians try to escape violence in Syrian city of Aleppo" 10194: 9717:"Pro-Assad Rally Shows Syrian Government Can Still Command Support" 9655:"ﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺈﺳﻠﺎﻣﻴﺔ-Aleppo the Capital of Islamic Culture" 9556:

Things Fall Apart: Containing the Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War

8319:

Jackson, Peter (July 1980). "The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260".

6763: 6708:

Research, United Nations Institute for Training and (30 May 2019).

5942: 5871: 5668: 5489: 5442: 5411: 5407: 5194: 5152: 5119:, an old Aleppine house built in 1757. The building is home to the 4953: 4783: 4759: 4615: 4351: 4319: 4315: 4294: 4159: 4151: 3989: 3672:. The new Shahbaa district is a mixture of several styles, such as 2671: 2337: 2265:), one of the first in the Ottoman Empire, was set up around 1855. 2249:

raiding in the later years of the century, creating a long-running

2175: 2167: 2133: 2020: 1970: 1867: 1808: 1769: 1757: 1674: 1469: 1406: 1369: 1253: 1149: 978: 805: 792:

and Mesopotamia. For centuries, Aleppo was the largest city in the

769: 742: 12814:"Humanitarian remoteness: aid work practices from 'little Aleppo'" 11509:

Among the Jasmine Trees: Music and Modernity in Contemporary Syria

10964:"20 Churches Were Destroyed As Bombings Continue in Aleppo, Syria" 8971: 8969: 7788: 6853: 5893: 5445:

dating back to the 10th and 8th centuries BC, the ancient city of

4270:

Christians of different denominations are a minority in the city.

3716:, roof of the baths, with the mosque and minaret in the background 2556: 18778: 18760: 18681: 18622: 18518: 18302: 18267: 18262: 18222: 18207: 18177: 18072: 18042: 17957: 17827: 17797: 17767: 17737: 17712: 17672: 17652: 17607: 17558: 17543: 17498: 17458: 17448: 17438: 17433: 17423: 17418: 17343: 17338: 17250: 16574: 16317: 15839: 15650: 15285: 15270: 15195: 15190: 15165: 15140: 14900: 14734: 13906: 11469:

Making Music in the Arab World: The Culture and Artistry of Tarab

11119:

Rami Al-Afandi; Issam Ballouz; Alaa Haddad; York Rieffel (2019).

10534:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 7480: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7472: 6961: 6213: 5890:, Nayrab SC, al-Shahbaa SC, al-Qala'a SC and Aleppo Railways SC. 5681: 5573: 5501: 5446: 5387:

in 2011, under the name of "Ancient Villages of Northern Syria".

5174: 4913: 4767: 4755: 4362: 4216: 4131: 4044: 3015:), 393 m (1,289 ft) above sea level, 1991–2020 normals 2489: 2320: 2246: 2129: 2035: 2016: 2012: 1994: 1957: 1933: 1913: 1756:. In 944, it became the seat of an independent Emirate under the 1566: 1547: 1499: 1381: 1377: 1346: 1288: 1275:

instigated a rebellion that ended the life of Yamhad's last king

1272: 1268: 1241: 1217: 1202: 1076: 852: 537: 492: 368: 110: 18658: 13081: 11016:"Armenian Evangelical Church in Aleppo damaged in rocket attack" 10990:"Armenian Catholic Cathedral in Aleppo Bombed Hours Before Mass" 9962:"Rebels in Syria's Largest City Said to Seize 2 Police Stations" 9578: 6347:), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". 6138:

the city was significantly redesigned; in 1954 French architect

5750: 4095: 3984: 1360:

In 2003, a statue of a king named Taita bearing inscriptions in

18870: 18832: 18770: 18701: 18693: 18648: 18640: 18592: 18569: 18392: 18347: 18257: 18232: 18227: 18217: 18182: 18152: 18002: 17962: 17942: 17852: 17822: 17587: 17508: 17488: 17453: 17413: 17408: 17383: 17333: 17318: 17313: 17275: 16966: 16769: 16699: 16342: 16297: 16272: 16221: 16146: 15909: 15690: 15645: 15470: 15425: 15415: 15290: 15275: 15260: 15250: 15205: 15170: 15160: 15049: 14740: 14213: 12380: 12296: 12101: 12070: 10903:"Christians Hold Out in Syria's Aleppo Despite Jihadist Threat" 9680: 8966: 8515: 7941: 7860:

The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology

6862: 6252: 6239: 6226: 6218: 6155: 5938: 5919:

consecutively dominated winning the league from 1956 to 1993.

5660: 5565: 5505: 5449:

with the old Roman amphitheatre and two historic bridges, etc.

5410:

village dating back to 372 AD, the old Byzantine settlement of

5190: 5098: 4971: 4817: 4707: 4689: 4681: 4646: 4638: 4398: 4303: 4278: 4163: 4111: 4019:

Christian refugees during the early 20th-century and after the

4011:

Aleppo's large Christian population swelled with the influx of

3993: 3722: 2965: 2820:

and feared by residents, were a focus of much of the conflict.

2598: 2291:

Reference is made to the city in 1606 in William Shakespeare's

2250: 2047: 2027:

troops who were defending Aleppo. The Mamluk garrisons fled to

1941: 1937: 1836: 1642: 1539: 1438: 1372:. This country extended in the 11th-10th centuries BC from the 1342: 1221: 1126: 840: 785: 754: 706: 518: 12508: 10333: 10281: 10190:"Syria's long, brutal civil war may be reaching turning point" 8679:Ágoston and Masters (2009), Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 7787:

Rieken, Elisabeth; Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). Singer, I. (ed.).

7469: 7384: 7247:"Meet some of the world's oldest continually inhabited cities" 6680: 5207:

mosque, which contains a stone said to be marked by a drop of

4591:

Museum of medicine and science at Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili.

4462: 4413:

population of Aleppo speak the Kilis and Antep dialect of the

3729:— occupies the center of the ancient part, in the shape of an 2703: 2042:

in October 1281, the Mongols again retreated, back across the

1985:

Souq az-Zirb, where coins were struck during the Mamluk period

1736:

Syria briefly in the early 7th century. Soon after Aleppo was

18671: 18630: 18485: 18387: 18357: 17877: 17847: 17782: 17682: 17612: 17582: 17260: 17245: 17220: 17188: 16361: 15845: 15695: 15410: 15360: 15230: 15120: 14423: 13169: 13113: 12758: 10931: 10334:"Thousands of people participate in Aleppo shopping festival" 9075:

Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization

8371:

Let jasmine rain down: song and remembrance among Syrian Jews

7915: 7501:

Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (1990).

6244: 5697: 5677: 5427: 4933: 4673: 4642: 4634: 4143: 4128: 3746: 3000:, largely block the effects of the Mediterranean on climate ( 2369: 2156: 2066: 1638: 1495: 1173: 1087: 972: 848: 809: 726: 336: 12099: 11534: 10501:. Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. 10222:"Syrian army announces victory in Aleppo in boost for Assad" 9658: 9406:

Seale, Patrick (1990) Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East

8276: 7177:حلب الشهباء..معناها وأهميتها عند النبي العربي إبراهيم الخليل 6764:"ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF ALEPPO: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE" 2311: 1502:; it is sometimes spelled as Beroia. Beroea is mentioned in 1490:

settlement in the site between 301 and 286 BC. He called it

18901: 18893: 18107: 17378: 17328: 17240: 17230: 15665: 15454: 15109: 10386:"Assad vows to defeat rebels, as forces capture new ground" 9120:. Vol. 93. Oxford University Press. pp. 937–948. 8424: 7462:

Pettinato, Giovanni (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991)

6118: 5806:

Not to mention there are some colleges. In addition to the

5624: 5620: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5204: 5086:

The following are among the important historic mansions of

4949: 4937: 4795: 4499:

Aleppines in general are fond of Arab classical music, the

4220: 2935:

trees. To the east, Aleppo approaches the dry areas of the

2919:

Aleppo lies about 120 km (75 mi) inland from the

2332:

population due to the commercial favor afforded to certain

2038:

assembled his forces. When his army advanced following the

2028: 1962: 1341:

importance to the Hittites as the center of worship of the

1338: 1198: 1165: 777: 679: 673: 664: 13033:(1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 12433:"Children return to school in Aleppo, supported by UNICEF" 11472:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 248. 11251: 10077:"Syria says Turkey involved in looting northern factories" 8539:"The Archaeological Landscape of the Balikh Valley, Syria" 7306: 6049:

Districts in Aleppo can be considered in four categories:

4235:

churches. However, there is a significant presence of the

2323:

from 1823. Around 20–25 percent of the population died of

2256:

The economy of Aleppo was badly hit by the opening of the

1811:

launched a campaign to capture Aleppo during the reign of

947:

Modern-day English-speakers commonly refer to the city as

17627: 13128: 12459:"Around 25,000 students resumed their learning in Aleppo" 9931:"Syria unrest: Assad forces continue onslaught in Aleppo" 9928: 8879:

Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1997). "

8806:

Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1997). "

7961: 7959: 7957: 6735:

Murakami, Nancy J.; Akilova, Mashura (25 November 2022).

6178: 6174:

the enhancement of the ancient city and Jdeydeh quarter.

6066: 5732:

centres and other facilities within the industrial city.

5343: 5123:

since 1975, showing fine decorations of the Aleppine art.

2877: 2019:

took the city again, attacking with 10,000 horsemen from

13086: 12996:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 11942:

Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Humphreys, Andrew (2004).

11814:"Ministry of Tourism, Syria: Aleppine House (in Arabic)" 10528:"Aleppo International Airport Climate Normals 1991–2020" 10467:"eAleppo:Aleppo city major plans throughout the history" 9560:. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 9499:

Middle East International No 104, 20 July 1979; pp.13-14

8789:

The Armenian Communities in Syria under Ottoman Dominion

8288: 8264: 8223: 8049:

Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques

6491:"'Ferocious' air strikes pummel Aleppo as ground gained" 6078:, maintaining its traditional role as a tailoring centre 5850:

The city of Aleppo is considered as important centre of

2400:

division of the Near East separated Aleppo from most of

1653:, who governed the see for over 50 years and was at the 11606:"Preserving Heritage, and the Fabric of Life, in Syria" 11322:"The New York Times:Syria Giving Jews Freedom To Leave" 9545: 8460: 8448: 8412: 8400: 8300: 7923:

The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion

6834:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East

5468:

The main highway leading to and within the city is the

3652:, built in 1928 during the period of the French mandate 2426:

crossing through al-Khandaq street on 13 September 1920

1353:

in the 12th century BC, when Aleppo became part of the

851:. In the 1940s, it lost its main access to the sea, by 12820:. Barcelona Research and Innovation. 20 January 2020. 11941: 11207: 9104: 8175: 8163: 8151: 7954: 7928: 7651: 7139:

History of Urban Form Before the Industrial Revolution

4397:

is the second most spoken language in the city, after

4146:. Other Muslim groups include small numbers of ethnic 2762:

after being targeted by Al-Nusra Front in October 2012

2450:. The state also had access to sea via the autonomous 2283:

Qalayet al-Mawarina alley at the Christian quarter in

2050:

captured the city, joined by his vassal Armenian King

1847:, who had intended to take Aleppo for himself, in the 18952:

Populated places established in the 5th millennium BC

12707:"Anger vs. Joy: Playing football on 'Aleppo's ruins'" 12032: 10694:

Christians in Aleppo at the end of the Ottoman Empire

9774: 9420: 8199: 5496:

to the border with Turkey and further to the city of

5316:

built during the 12th century near khan al-Nahhaseen.

762:

the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world

688: 12677:"Football returns to Aleppo after five years of war" 9864: 9681:

Martin Chulov in Beirut; Nour Ali (12 August 2011).

8882:

An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire

8809:

An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire

8436: 8367: 8023:

Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus

6283: 6116:

As an ancient trading centre, Aleppo has impressive

5426:

Maronite monastery (399–402 AD) where the shrine of

4846:, opened in 1945, is a unique social club known for 4389:

variety. Much of its vocabulary is derived from the

2221:, the richest merchant in the city, and his brother 1263:

Taking advantage of the power vacuum in the region,

1116: 784:, which speak of it as part of the Amorite state of 676: 670: 141: 19:

This article is about the city. For other uses, see

11668:"Tourists Return to an Ancient Crossroads in Syria" 11245: 10560:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 8638:(1 ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 69–70. 8211: 8187: 7210:

Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands)

6103: 6056:

Old quarters outside the walls of the ancient city.

4183:

Armenian Apostolic church of the Holy Mother of God

2823:As a result of the severe battle, many sections in 2647:Soon after Shishakly's domination ended in 1954, a 2217:during the late 16th and early 17th centuries were 667: 571:Sources: Aleppo city area Sources: City population 18559: 11943: 11840: 11506: 11125:L.I.S.A. WISSENSCHAFTSPORTAL GERDA HENKEL STIFTUNG 10938:L.I.S.A. WISSENSCHAFTSPORTAL GERDA HENKEL STIFTUNG 10214: 10025:"Fighting in Aleppo starts fire in medieval souqs" 9603:"NPR web: Food Lovers Discover The Joys of Aleppo" 9110: 8959: 8957: 8242:Kamāl al-Dīn ʻUmar ibn Aḥmad Ibn al-ʻAdīm (1996). 7618: 6462: 6460: 6053:Old quarters inside the walls of the ancient city. 5326:Hammam al-Bayadah of the Mamluk era built in 1450. 4027:of 1915. After the arrival of the first groups of 2295:. The witches torment the captain of the ship the 1645:, the bishop of Beroea was Theodotus, a friend of 1565:, Beroea was the second largest Syrian city after 18463: 14126:Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex 12932:Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie (1928–1982) 12100:Hybah Sleman / Hazem Sabbagh (24 February 2020). 10447: 9071: 8928:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 149. 5978:Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex 5930:met the teams of Iran and Bahrain as part of the 5742:is considered to be the world's first hard soap. 4832:in July 2012, the city was known for its vibrant 1920:. When the Ayyubids were toppled in Egypt by the 18918: 12506: 11587:"أنواع الكباب الحلبي : لؤلؤة المطبخ الحلبي" 10879:. Catholicnews.sg. 23 March 2009. Archived from 10096: 10094: 9552:Byman, Daniel; Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2008). 9302:Middle East Perspectives: Personal Recollections 8921: 7856: 7789:"The New Values of Luwian Signs L 319 and L 172" 7786: 7385:Paolo Matthiae; Nicoló Marchetti (31 May 2013). 7026:"Aleppo rebuilds itself from destruction of war" 5676:to India and later to utilize the route through 2711:On 16 June 1979 thirty-two military cadets were 2707:General view of the city from the Citadel (1989) 2548:and leaving it in total isolation within Syria. 2253:which by 1798 killed half of its inhabitants." 1881:In 1128, Aleppo became capital of the expanding 1538:victory over Tigranes, Syria was handed over to 839:, Aleppo lost its northern hinterland to modern 13031:Asad of Syria: the struggle for the Middle East 11384:Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics 10813:"General Census of Population and Housing 2004" 10461: 10459: 10252:"Aleppo evacuation is complete, Red Cross says" 9305:. New York Bloomington: iUniverse. p. 28. 8954: 8675: 8673: 8671: 7080:Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria 6734: 6457: 5181:. The building contains a tomb associated with 1448: 745:, the capital of Syria, the largest in Syria's 12173:"معرض خان الحرير في حلب عاصمة الصناعة السورية" 11832: 11790:. DP-news. Xinhua News Agency. 16 April 2011. 11788:"Aleppo ... Cultural Landmark, Trade Hub" 11741:"eAleppo: The old Souqs of Aleppo (in Arabic)" 10490: 10488: 9770: 9768: 9749:. Dp-news.com. 20 October 2011. Archived from 9384:. London. Associated Press. 16 February 2010. 9032: 8984:LaMaziere, Pierre (1926) Partant pour la Syrie 8318: 6041:Suleimaniyeh District, St George's Church and 5476:. Driving south on M4 Highway gives access to 4952:, spices and dyes from India, and coffee from 4570:Museum of the popular traditions known as the 4051:According to the historical data presented by 2872:2017, a convoy of buses carrying evacuees was 2790:exploded outside two security compounds — the 18545: 18449: 17171: 14406: 13152: 12294: 11513:. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. 11213: 11121:"Al-Judayda Churches Rapid Damage Assessment" 10779:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 425. 10452:(1st ed.). London: Unknown. p. 266. 10091: 9898: 9810:"Syria unrest: Aleppo bomb attacks 'kill 28'" 7277: 7135: 6804:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-255-2020 6199:List of twin towns and sister cities in Syria 6192: 5402:and archaeological sites in Mount Simeon and 4519:. Many iconic artists of the Arab music like 4330:. In December 1947, after the UN decided the 2771:, in the heart of the city. According to the 1802: 1732:pillaged and burned Aleppo in 540, then they 1421:in the 8th century BC and became part of the 13769:Mamoun University for Science and Technology 12929: 12788:"مدينة فولجوجراد تطلب باتفاقية توأمة مع حلب" 12378: 12346:. Oxford Business Group. 2011. p. 195. 12197:Madinatuna:Aleppo City Development Strategy 10729:The Golden River in the History of Aleppo, ( 10585:"Travel Postcard: 48 hours in Aleppo, Syria" 10456: 9929:Martin Chulov; Luke Harding (29 July 2001). 9894: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9775:Aji, Albert; Keath, Lee (11 February 2012). 9584: 9551: 8993: 8910:International Journal of Middle East Studies 8668: 8361: 7821:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 7817: 7673:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 7669: 7579: 7556:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 7552: 7349:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 7345: 7284:. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 250. 7206: 7051:"Aleppo looks to rebuild after years of war" 5819:Mamoun University for Science and Technology 5394:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites, 5th century 5375:. Many hundreds of those settlements are in 4972:Gates of Aleppo and other historic buildings 4812: 2544:, thus depriving Aleppo of its main port of 1719: 993:represents the Italianised version of this. 45: 26:"Halab" redirects here. For other uses, see 12782: 12780: 10769: 10749:The Golden River in the History of Aleppo ( 10485: 10102:"VBS and Aleppo Presbyterian Church, Syria" 9959: 9765: 8374:. University of Chicago Press. p. 70. 7747: 7708: 7213:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 283. 6440: 6438: 5564:. The connections to Turkey and onwards to 5177:and most likely completed by his successor 5148:The courtyard of the Great Mosque of Aleppo 4000:According to the Aleppine historian Sheikh 2685:, a Baathist military officer from Aleppo. 2579:, established in Damascus in 1946, and the 2404:, which also harmed the economy of Aleppo. 2136:, killing 9,400 men, which is known as the 18552: 18538: 18456: 18442: 17178: 17164: 14413: 14399: 13159: 13145: 11871:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11603: 11375: 11258:. American Jewish Committee. p. 441. 10443: 10441: 9473:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8714: 8631: 8508:"Ottoman Empire massacre against Alawites" 6863:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010). 6112:Khan al-Wazir after rehabilitation in 2009 5795:The faculty of Arts and Humanities at the 5266:Forty Martyrs Armenian Apostolic Cathedral 4710:sauce. Other varieties include the "disk" 4490:UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage list 4433:community in Aleppo speak Arabic, but the 4381:The Arabic dialect of Aleppo is a type of 4127:More than 80% of Aleppo's inhabitants are 2895:The city received some damages due to the 2857:The National Presbyterian Church of Aleppo 2775:, the 11 October 2011 rally in support of 1912:In 1183, Aleppo came under the control of 1376:in the west to Aleppo in the east down to 18947:Populated places in Mount Simeon District 14452: 12953:(in French). Editions Payot&Rivages. 12891: 11381: 11280: 10520: 10083:. Agence France Presse. 10 January 2013. 9953: 9885: 9511:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 9039:. University of Texas Press. p. 64. 8282: 8229: 7313:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 482. 6802: 6544: 6542: 5274:Mar Assia al-Hakim Syrian Catholic church 4928:to the east, Europe to the west, and the 4085:Armenian Repatriation Process (1946–1967) 3620:(humidity 1960–1967, extremes 1951–1978) 2715:by antigovernmental Islamist rebel group 1783:. Subsequently, the city and its Emirate 1581: 1079:milked his sheep there to feed the poor. 16037: 13009: 12986: 12948: 12930:Carré, Olivier; Michaud, Gérard (1983). 12777: 12372: 11917:"Rstoring the Great Synagogue of Aleppo" 11635:Atlioglu, Dr Yasin (30 September 2012). 11634: 11604:Ourousseff, Nicolai (26 December 2010). 11319: 11287:. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 208. 10496:"Klimatafel von Aleppo (Halab) / Syrien" 9992:"Brutal Treatment of Pro-Assad Captives" 9984: 9705: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9298: 8754: 8466: 8454: 8430: 8418: 8406: 8306: 7863:. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 662. 7676:. Oxford University Press. p. 111. 7586:. Oxford University Press. p. 152. 7496: 7494: 7423: 7352:. Oxford University Press. p. 111. 6761: 6707: 6435: 6376: 6164: 6107: 6086:The Programme has three fields of work: 6070: 6036: 6006: 5892: 5839: 5790: 5749: 5714: 5702: 5650: 5605: 5544: 5519: 5389: 5356: 5294: 5151: 5143: 5075: 4975: 4912: 4896: 4816: 4656: 4614: 4552: 4461: 4293: 4177: 4094: 4069: 3983: 3708: 3700: 3644: 3631: 2941: 2906: 2859:after being destroyed on 6 November 2012 2851: 2801: 2753: 2702: 2687: 2658: 2638: 2608: 2597: 2555: 2514: 2506: 2499:The Queiq River flood of 6 February 1922 2494: 2460: 2417: 2310: 2278: 2267: 2227: 2184: 2107: 2096: 1999: 1980: 1703: 1585: 1463: 1452: 1321: 1182: 1134: 1037:related by the twelfth century CE Rabbi 16394: 13592:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption 13059:The Emirate of Aleppo 392/1002–487/1094 12967: 11665: 11504: 10438: 9438: 9267: 9239:"Syria's Assad to 'End' One-Party Rule" 8785: 7657: 7559:. Oxford University Press. p. 34. 6780: 4794:, which is usually consumed along with 4310:, built in the 5th century, housed the 4090: 2504:steps which France viewed as too much. 2315:City walls and citadel of Aleppo (1850) 2287:, dating back to the early 17th century 18919: 16988: 16519: 13055: 12824:from the original on 17 September 2020 12579:from the original on 23 September 2017 12038: 11567:from the original on 22 September 2013 11162:from the original on 14 September 2018 10932:Ross Burns & Stefan Knost (2020). 10582: 10564:from the original on 23 September 2023 9941:from the original on 20 September 2013 9865:The Associated Press (18 March 2012). 9820:from the original on 14 September 2018 9777:"Syria says bombers kill 28 in Aleppo" 9693:from the original on 30 September 2013 9416:The centralization of Economy in Syria 9358:from the original on 23 September 2023 9319:from the original on 23 September 2023 9219:from the original on 23 September 2023 9065: 9026: 8915: 8892:". Cambridge University Press. p.788. 8252:from the original on 23 September 2023 8205: 8082: 7980: 7949:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology 7795:. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology. 7663: 6684:Conservation of Architectural Heritage 6662:from the original on 17 September 2017 6539: 6067:Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo 5166:(Jāmi' Bani Omayya al-Kabīr), founded 3784: 3741:from Aleppo. The new quarter known as 1542:in 64 BC, at which time they became a 741:until its population was surpassed by 18533: 18437: 17159: 16987: 16745: 16518: 16393: 16198: 16036: 15886: 15596: 15086: 14451: 14394: 13140: 13028: 12910: 12882: 12877:Bibliography of the history of Aleppo 12854:from the original on 27 February 2021 12794:(in Arabic). Mobtada. 2 November 2016 12713:from the original on 27 December 2019 12561: 12507:H. Zain/ H. Said (18 December 2014). 12051:from the original on 27 February 2020 11838: 11616:from the original on 20 December 2016 11417:from the original on 15 December 2021 11363:from the original on 20 December 2016 11320:Friedman, Thomas L. (28 April 1992). 11252:Cyrus Adler; Henrietta Szold (1949). 10857:from the original on 23 November 2015 10833:(CBS). Aleppo Governorate. Archived. 10595:from the original on 30 December 2021 10550: 10473:from the original on 18 December 2012 10396:from the original on 17 February 2020 10366:from the original on 23 February 2018 10344:from the original on 5 December 2017. 10292:from the original on 13 October 2017. 10170:from the original on 13 December 2018 10139:from the original on 12 February 2019 9807: 9727:from the original on 15 February 2017 9711: 9644:. Oxford Business Group. pp. 149–152. 9590: 9426: 9388:from the original on 9 September 2013 9337: 9299:Mardelli, Bassil A. (16 April 2010). 9186: 8987: 8860:from the original on 28 November 2021 8735:from the original on 28 November 2021 8573:Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021). 8568: 8566: 8536: 8442: 8294: 8270: 8235: 8217: 8193: 8181: 8169: 8157: 7491: 7307:Paolo Matthiae; Licia Romano (2010). 7063:from the original on 5 December 2017. 7038:from the original on 5 December 2017. 7019: 7017: 7015: 6997:Cultural Heritage and Mass Atrocities 6986: 6984: 6936:Geography and sacred history of Syria 6606:"Population of Aleppo from 1950-2022" 6572: 6015:The city of Aleppo is the capital of 5964:With a capacity of 53,200 seats, the 5646: 5463: 2723:. In 1980, events escalated into the 2519:Tram line, put into operation in 1929 2272:The 17th-century oriental mansion of 2120:(the earliest photograph of the city) 1878:arriving from Mosul in January 1125. 1400: 1082:From the 11th century, it was common 768:, show that the area was occupied by 729:, which serves as the capital of the 720: 18942:Populated places along the Silk Road 13065:(PhD). London: University of London. 12892:Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). 12687:from the original on 9 November 2017 12549:from the original on 8 November 2017 12519:from the original on 22 January 2022 12497:daad-akademie.de, 22. February 2021. 12360:from the original on 29 October 2019 12108:from the original on 2 February 2022 12081:from the original on 24 October 2022 12039:Jansen, Michael (26 February 2020). 12001:from the original on 18 October 2011 11995:"Ancient Villages of Northern Syria" 11794:from the original on 29 October 2019 11486:from the original on 29 October 2019 11465: 11447:from the original on 3 November 2021 11301:from the original on 29 October 2019 11262:from the original on 29 October 2019 11181:Profile: Aleppo, Syria's second city 11149: 10996:from the original on 15 January 2015 10913:from the original on 24 January 2019 10805: 10157: 9801: 9613:from the original on 18 January 2018 9092:from the original on 10 October 2017 9053:from the original on 10 October 2017 9014:from the original on 10 October 2017 8942:from the original on 10 October 2017 8572: 8388:from the original on 16 October 2015 8109:from the original on 10 October 2020 8033:, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 781–786 7838:from the original on 16 October 2015 7799:from the original on 29 October 2019 7768:from the original on 16 October 2015 7729:from the original on 16 October 2015 7690:from the original on 16 October 2015 7622:Inscriptions of the Iron Age: Part 1 7600:from the original on 16 October 2015 7521:from the original on 16 October 2015 7507:. Eisenbrauns. p. 63,64,65,66. 7405:from the original on 16 October 2015 7327:from the original on 16 October 2015 7288:from the original on 16 October 2015 7227:from the original on 29 October 2019 7156:from the original on 29 October 2019 7048: 6527:from the original on 5 February 2017 5139: 2794:'s local headquarters, and a Syrian 2728:the city of Aleppo was suppressed. 2551: 1835:in June 1085, the headman in Aleppo 1594:The names of several bishops of the 16746: 16199: 15887: 13536:Church of the Dormition of Our Lady 12531: 12469:from the original on 21 August 2022 12224:from the original on 19 August 2020 12179:from the original on 9 October 2017 12153:from the original on 6 January 2017 12021:Kharab Shams in history (in Arabic) 11765:Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, 11666:Beehner, Lionel (22 January 2010). 11647:from the original on 2 January 2017 11350: 11150:Eyad, Alhosein (22 December 2016). 11022:from the original on 31 August 2018 10793:from the original on 9 October 2013 10754: 10734: 10674:from the original on 18 August 2016 10639: 10508:from the original on 19 August 2020 10126: 10087:from the original on 18 March 2013. 10027:. Kyivpost.com. 29 September 2012. 9747:"Aleppo Mass Rally | DayPress" 9508: 8839: 8625: 7903:from the original on 1 October 2018 7754:. Peeters Publishers. p. 130. 7715:. Peeters Publishers. p. 130. 7259:from the original on 20 August 2016 6618:from the original on 21 August 2022 6501:from the original on 6 October 2016 6344: 5655:Traditional textile and rug markets 5524:Microbus station in the city center 5515: 5264:Churches of al-Jdayde quarter: the 4875: 4466:Musicians from Aleppo, 18th century 4376: 4306:population from ancient times. The 4302:The city was home to a significant 2739: 2583:, established in Aleppo in 1948 by 2360:from the Ottoman Empire during the 2189:Khan al-Shouneh dating back to 1546 2118:Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey 2080: 1940:in alliance with their vassals the 1065: 1050: 1027: 701: 501: 131: 46: 13: 18500:Ancient Villages of Northern Syria 15597: 13759:Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts 12765:from the original on 15 March 2012 12631:from the original on 26 March 2023 12605:from the original on 26 March 2023 12439:from the original on 26 March 2023 11992: 11747:from the original on 30 March 2012 11686:from the original on 4 August 2022 11535:"Al-Adeyat Archaeological Society" 11382:Behnstedt, Peter (2008), "Syria", 11353:"There Are No More Jews in Aleppo" 11074:from the original on 20 March 2019 11048:from the original on 20 March 2019 10831:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics 10648:from the original on 26 March 2018 10621:from the original on 16 March 2012 10558:"Aleppo Climate Normals 1961–1990" 10422:. 16 February 2020. Archived from 10420:AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز 10108:from the original on 27 April 2017 10005:from the original on 3 August 2012 9842:. Emirates247.com. 18 March 2012. 8692:. Panoramaline.com. Archived from 8613:from the original on 17 April 2022 8563: 8551:from the original on 24 March 2022 7857:Ann E. Killebrew (21 April 2013). 7625:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 388. 7444:from the original on 24 April 2016 7023: 7012: 6981: 6866:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 6187:Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme 6177:The German Technical Cooperation ( 6162:as a World Heritage Site in 1986. 5754:The restored square of the citadel 5667:regions and the route coming from 5383:. Dead Cities were inscribed as a 5361:Kharab Shams Basilica, 4th century 5319:Hammam al-Sultan built in 1211 by 5278:Maronite Cathedral of Saint Elijah 4936:to the south. The largest covered 4886: 4246:Christians in the city, including 4237:Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch 4223:in Turkey. The large community of 4208:around 30% were ethnic Armenians. 4107:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics 4038:oldest Armenian church in the city 3779: 2065:In 1400, the Mongol-Turkic leader 1699: 1333:can be found on the southern wall. 1090:" to the area of Aleppo, and many 14: 18978: 15087: 13572:Church of Saint Francis of Assisi 13070: 12739:from the original on 29 June 2012 12303:from the original on 10 July 2022 12276:from the original on 3 March 2012 12250:from the original on 8 April 2014 11923:from the original on 24 June 2021 11897:from the original on 22 June 2021 11820:from the original on 16 July 2011 11541:from the original on 3 March 2018 11131:from the original on 25 July 2020 10031:from the original on 13 June 2013 9972:from the original on 31 July 2012 9249:from the original on 6 March 2016 9000:. John Murray Press. p. 55. 8139:from the original on 29 July 2020 8071:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 8003:from the original on 19 June 2018 7639:from the original on 23 June 2016 7391:. Left Coast Press. p. 250. 7366:from the original on 10 June 2016 6762:Alafandi, Rami (1 January 2013). 6586:from the original on 7 March 2012 6560:from the original on 12 June 2022 6389:from the original on 22 June 2014 6264: 5727:The industrial city of Aleppo in 5452: 2792:Military Intelligence Directorate 2407: 2205:in 1583 and the consulate of the 1679:Patriarch Menas of Constantinople 1315:against the Egyptian army led by 1247: 1160:(𒄩𒇴). Some historians, such as 1117:Pre-history and pre-classical era 983:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 214:Show map of Eastern Mediterranean 16:City in Aleppo Governorate, Syria 18732: 17284: 17187: 15073: 15067: 14422: 14334:Aleppo Artillery School massacre 14111:Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex 13629:Church of the Holy Mother of God 13168: 12836: 12806: 12761:. UDP-Aleppo. 15 December 2011. 12751: 12725: 12699: 12669: 12653:. World Stadiums. Archived from 12643: 12617: 12591: 12500: 12481: 12451: 12425: 12399: 12387:from the original on 9 July 2022 12334: 12315: 12288: 12262: 12236: 12210: 12191: 12165: 12139: 12120: 12093: 12063: 12013: 11986: 11975: 11935: 11909: 11879: 11806: 11780: 11759: 11733: 11707: 11698: 11659: 11628: 11597: 11579: 11553: 11527: 11505:Shannon, Johnathan Holt (2006). 11498: 11459: 11429: 11403: 11344: 11332:from the original on 24 May 2013 11313: 11274: 11197: 11174: 11143: 11112: 11086: 11060: 11034: 11008: 10982: 10956: 10944:from the original on 3 June 2020 10925: 10895: 10869: 10839: 10763: 10743: 10723: 10714: 10705: 10686: 10660: 10633: 10607: 10576: 10408: 10378: 10348: 10326: 10296: 10274: 10244: 10182: 10151: 10120: 10069: 10057:from the original on 30 May 2013 10053:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 10043: 10017: 9922: 9873:from the original on 7 July 2013 9858: 9846:from the original on 7 July 2013 9832: 9739: 9674: 9647: 9625: 9502: 9493: 9481: 9432: 9409: 9400: 9370: 9338:Carol, Steven (25 August 2015). 9331: 9292: 9261: 9231: 9180: 9148:from the original on 7 July 2022 8978: 8902: 8479:Battle of Aleppo@Everything2.com 8245:Zubdat al-ḥalab min tārīkh Ḥalab 8059:, vol. VIII, 1935, coll. 887–888 7877:from the original on 20 May 2019 6969:from the original on 23 May 2014 6887:from the original on 4 July 2014 6286: 6251: 6238: 6225: 6212: 6104:Preservation of the ancient city 5974:Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex 4196:Christian congregations, mainly 2810:tank in the city in October 2012 2725:a large-scale military operation 2663:Streets of Aleppo shortly after 2643:Nasser's speech in Aleppo (1960) 2079:quarter ("new district" Arabic: 1976: 1944:knights of the ruler of Antioch 1909:earthquake in recorded history. 1748:in 637. It later became part of 1708:The old walls of Aleppo and the 1006:means "iron" or "copper" in the 863:occurred in the city during the 660: 444:190 km (70 sq mi) 329: 263: 256: 230: 223: 197: 190: 164: 157: 109: 64: 16478:Rasm Harmil al-Imam Subdistrict 13610:Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet 13526:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites 12870: 12413:from the original on 5 May 2010 11284:Jewish Communities of the World 10644:. Historische-aleppo-seife.de. 10583:Yacoub, Khaled (16 July 2010). 10448:Alexander Russell, ed. (1856). 10314:from the original on 3 May 2018 10262:from the original on 4 May 2020 10232:from the original on 4 May 2020 10202:from the original on 2 May 2019 10158:Aron, Lund (15 December 2016). 10127:Sim, David (16 December 2016). 9911:from the original on 3 May 2013 9899:Luke Mogelson (29 April 2013), 9789:from the original on 1 May 2013 9631:Oxford Business Group. (2011). 9445:. Cambridge, U.K. p. 101. 9442:The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria 8912:22, no. 1 (February 1990): 3–4. 8873: 8833: 8800: 8779: 8748: 8708: 8690:"Aleppo in History (in Arabic)" 8682: 8579:Journal of Early Modern History 8530: 8500: 8491: 8472: 8341: 8312: 8121: 8091: 8062: 8036: 8014: 7974: 7889: 7850: 7811: 7780: 7741: 7702: 7612: 7573: 7546: 7533: 7456: 7417: 7378: 7339: 7300: 7271: 7239: 7200: 7168: 7129: 7099: 7067: 7042: 6949: 6847:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 6839: 6827: 6774: 6755: 6728: 6701: 6674: 6648: 6630: 6598: 6350: 6321:Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham 6026: 6002: 5932:qualification for the World Cup 5745: 5432:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites 5336:Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri. 5064:, Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, 4983:rebuilt during the 11th century 4861:breaks through the green park. 4798:, Aleppine kebabs and kibbehs. 4790:), etc. The favourite drink is 3760: 3627: 2434:was declared by French General 2327:in 1827. In 1850, a Muslim mob 1655:First Council of Constantinople 1633:of 359, called by Constantius, 1576:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites 1437:. The region remained known as 1156:when Aleppo was referred to as 951:. It was known in antiquity as 13789:International School of Aleppo 13014:. Cambridge University Press. 11982:Ancient villages (dead cities) 11220:. Human Rights Watch. p. 9205:10.1080/00291463.1972.11675812 8763:University of California Press 6513: 6483: 6401: 6370: 6333: 5826:International School of Aleppo 2567:upon the independence of Syria 2492:-born politician from Aleppo. 2086: 1561:well into the 5th century. In 1530:and Beroea became part of the 1482:took over the city in 333 BC. 1228:, who formed an alliance with 264: 231: 211:Aleppo (Eastern Mediterranean) 198: 165: 1: 18967:5th-century BC establishments 18927:World Heritage Sites in Syria 18465:World Heritage Sites in Syria 12295:Ibrahim Shaza (8 July 2022). 11255:The American Jewish Year Book 10642:"Alepposeife: Aleppo history" 10450:The Natural History of Aleppo 9523:10.1080/13530194.2016.1139442 9490:No 103, 6 July 1979; pp.12-13 9187:Rothe, Wenja (January 1972). 8368:Kay Kaufman Shelemay (1998). 8322:The English Historical Review 7818:Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014). 7427:Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography 6911:The Natural History of Aleppo 6471:Aleppo Subdistrict Population 6363: 5997:2016–17 Syrian Premier League 5167: 4328:Jewish exodus from Arab lands 4298:The Central synagogue in 2011 4242:There is also a large number 4173: 3695:, the President's Square and 2670:In March 1963 a coalition of 2511:The central post office, 1920 2054:, whose forces included some 1924:, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo 1870:led by the King of Jerusalem 1252:Yamḥad was devastated by the 1197:mentioned his destruction of 487:11,000/km (29,000/sq mi) 381: 14309:Aleppo International Airport 14121:Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex 14116:Aleppo International Stadium 12885:The Great Seljuqs: A History 12435:. UNICEF. 9 September 2018. 12379:Shaza Qreima (8 July 2022). 11847:. New York, London. p. 11156:International Business Times 10934:"Judayda Churches (English)" 10692:Saint Terezia Church Aleppo 9960:Damien Cave (31 July 2012). 9840:"Deadly car bomb hits Alepp" 9671:. Retrieved 1 February 2010. 8514:. 9 May 2017. Archived from 8335:10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXVI.481 7947:Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). 7486:Inscriptions of the iron age 6781:Ibrahim, S. (24 July 2020). 6582:. UN Data. 24 October 1945. 6467:Central Bureau of Statistics 5966:Aleppo International Stadium 5845:Aleppo International Stadium 5786: 5617:Aleppo International Airport 5611:Aleppo International Airport 5594:Murder on the Orient Express 4619:Kebab khashkhash from Aleppo 4494:Intangible cultural heritage 4211:A significant number of the 3765: 3013:Aleppo International Airport 2902: 2897:2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake 2874:attacked by a suicide bomber 2750:Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) 2352:'s Sherifial Forces and the 2344:In October 1918, Aleppo was 1598:of Beroea, which was in the 1449:Classical antiquity (Beroea) 1413:, which held its capital at 870: 565:Aleppo International Airport 99:Panorama of Aleppo at night 7: 16443:Kuweires Sharqi Subdistrict 16163:Shuyukh Tahtani Subdistrict 15856:Shaykh al-Hadid Subdistrict 14551:al-Muslimiyah al-Shamaliyah 13739:Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre 13280:Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili 13250:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 13120:Capital of Islamic culture 13103:American Center of Research 12104:. Syrian Arab News Agency. 11589:(in Arabic). Archived from 10164:Carnegie Middle East Center 10160:"A Turning Point in Aleppo" 7824:. OUP Oxford. p. 111. 7619:John David Hawkins (2000). 7583:The Kingdom of the Hittites 7484:Hawkins, John David (2000) 7464:Ebla, a new look at history 7430:. Eisenbrauns. p. 82. 7184:(in Arabic). Archived from 7142:. Routledge. p. 1038. 6279: 5995:, within the frames of the 5344:Nearby attractions and the 5284:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 5203:("Mosque of the drop "), a 4828:Until the break-out of the 4417:. Most Armenians speak the 4344:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 4336:attacked the Jewish quarter 4219:, hailing from the city of 4061:Eastern Orthodox Christians 4034:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 3725:in the city — known as the 3418:Average precipitation days 3204:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3134:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2140:. It was the centre of the 2104:of the early Ottoman period 1519:composed of free Hellenes. 996:The original ancient name, 843:, as well as the important 712: 373:Mount Simeon (Jabal Semaan) 178:Location of Aleppo in Syria 142: 10: 18983: 15065: 14601:Tell ad-Daman‎ Subdistrict 14131:Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena 13871:Saadallah al-Jabiri Square 13749:National Library of Aleppo 13577:Church of the Holy Trinity 13087:Aleppo history and culture 12883:Basan, Osman Aziz (2010). 12874: 9867:"CBC news:Blast in Aleppo" 9808:Staff (10 February 2012). 9585:Carré & Michaud (1983) 9072:Hasan Kösebalaban (2011). 8821:Cambridge University Press 6789:. XLIV-M-1-2020: 255–262. 6271:List of people from Aleppo 6268: 6196: 6193:Twin towns – sister cities 6030: 5970:Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena 5898:Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena 5641: 5601: 5540: 5456: 5385:UNESCO World Heritage Site 5350: 5290: 4890: 4879: 4622: 4610: 4548: 4452: 4409:(also known as Kurmanji). 4227:Christians belongs to the 4122: 3705:Throne hall of the citadel 3689:Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square 3615: 3606: 3010: 2975: 2915:at the northwest of Aleppo 2834:), including parts of the 2769:Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square 2760:Saadallah al-Jabiri Square 2743: 2721:Islamist uprising in Syria 2605:and adjacent highway, 1950 2411: 2201:in 1562, the consulate of 2197:in 1548, the consulate of 2124:Aleppo became part of the 2090: 1948:and his father-in-law the 1807:In late 1077, Seljuk emir 1803:Seljuq and Ayyubid periods 1445:throughout these periods. 1120: 1101: 1097: 973: 878: 833:fall of the Ottoman Empire 578:UNESCO World Heritage Site 452:379 m (1,243 ft) 25: 18: 18892: 18869: 18841: 18823: 18805: 18787: 18769: 18751: 18741: 18730: 18710: 18692: 18680: 18657: 18639: 18621: 18578: 18568: 18471: 17557: 17293: 17282: 17200: 17194:Cities and towns of Syria 17115: 17075: 17050: 17030: 17000: 16996: 16983: 16890: 16855: 16800: 16780: 16758: 16754: 16741: 16648: 16531: 16527: 16514: 16476: 16441: 16406: 16402: 16389: 16351: 16326: 16246: 16211: 16207: 16194: 16161: 16136: 16086: 16049: 16045: 16032: 16001:Urum al-Kubra Subdistrict 15999: 15934: 15899: 15895: 15882: 15854: 15829: 15804: 15784: 15754: 15704: 15609: 15605: 15592: 15484: 15444: 15394: 15344: 15214: 15099: 15095: 15082: 15039: 14929: 14884: 14809: 14724: 14599: 14464: 14460: 14447: 14435: 14379: 14289:Massacre of Aleppo (1850) 14194: 14139: 14091:Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium 14078: 14071: 14015: 13897:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 13889: 13848: 13802: 13754:National Museum of Aleppo 13729: 13673: 13637: 13619: 13600: 13582:Cathedral of Saint Joseph 13562: 13555: 13541:Mar Assia al-Hakim Church 13518: 13509: 13484: 13403: 13394: 13328: 13222: 13181: 13125: 13118: 13110: 13010:Runciman, Steven (1987). 12850:(in Turkish). Osmangazi. 12733:"eAleppo:Khans in Aleppo" 11950:. Lonely Planet. p. 11413:. UNESCO Culture Sector. 11127:(in English and Arabic). 10940:(in English and Arabic). 9639:23 September 2023 at the 9488:Middle East International 8922:Robert D. Kaplan (2014). 8755:Aslanian, Sebouh (2011). 8591:10.1163/15700658-bja10030 8512:Syrian Center for Studies 8350:, René Grousset, p. 581, 7967:The sermons on Joseph of 7965:Phenix, Robert R. (2008) 6933:Gaskin, James J. (1846), 6554:worldpopulationreview.com 5993:Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium 5121:Popular Traditions Museum 4813:Leisure and entertainment 4565:National Museum of Aleppo 4262:and the followers of the 4134:. They are mainly Syrian 4083:within the frames of the 4074:Syrian children in Aleppo 4036:settled in the city. The 3977: 3797:— 3559: 3512: 3464: 3417: 3343: 3273: 3203: 3133: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3011:Climate data for Aleppo ( 2929:checkpoint of Bab al-Hawa 2540:was annexed to Turkey as 2364:. At the end of war, the 1785:became a temporary vassal 1779:by the Byzantine general 1746:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah 1720:Early Islamic Arab period 1457:Beroea as it is shown in 1086:usage to apply the term " 649: 645: 635: 625: 610: 602: 594: 584: 575: 570: 558: 546: 536: 524: 512: 506: 491: 483: 469: 461: 456: 448: 440: 435: 427: 416: 406: 401: 393: 377: 367: 354: 342: 324: 289: 151: 123: 105: 63: 54: 40: 15936:Ibbin Samaan Subdistrict 14466:Mount Simeon Subdistrict 13587:Church of the Holy Cross 13300:Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower 12998:(1990 reprint paperback 12949:Demurger, Alain (2007). 9378:"Amin al-Hafez obituary" 9274:. Basic Books. pp. 9078:. Springer. p. 58. 8794:Harvard University Press 8786:Sanjian, Avedis (1965). 8088:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 12–13 8069:Annuario Pontificio 2013 7424:Horowitz, Wayne (1998). 7176: 6550:"Aleppo population 2021" 6326: 5909:Syrian Basketball League 5835: 5434:of the 5th century, the 5081:Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower 5070:Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower 4594:Aleppo Memory Museum at 4358:and now live in Israel. 4109:(CBS). Its subdistrict ( 4100:Ar-Rahman Mosque, Aleppo 2892:over eight years prior. 2796:Internal Security Forces 2180:Levant Company of London 1768:and the philosopher and 1305:Late Bronze Age collapse 1112:List of rulers of Aleppo 1045:, the name derives from 411:Mayor–council government 78: • The entrance to 16088:al-Jalbiyah Subdistrict 16051:Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict 15346:Tell Rifaat Subdistrict 14359:September 2012 bombings 13531:Forty Martyrs Cathedral 13199:New Aleppo Neighborhood 13092:28 January 2021 at the 13056:Zakkar, Suheil (1969). 13029:Seale, Patrick (1989). 12972:. Casemate Publishers. 12968:Elliott, Simon (2020). 12887:. Taylor & Francis. 12513:Syrian Arab News Agency 12075:Syrian Arab News Agency 11411:"Al-Qudoud al-Halabiya" 10771:Hovannisian, Richard G. 10338:Syrian Arab News Agency 10286:Syrian Arab News Agency 9033:James F. Goode (2009). 8887:29 October 2019 at the 8814:29 October 2019 at the 8484:17 January 2018 at the 8055:29 October 2019 at the 8029:10 October 2017 at the 7921:Lipinsky, Edward, 2000. 7075:"Aleppo: Latest Killed" 6942:29 October 2019 at the 6921:29 October 2019 at the 6914:, 2nd Edition, Vol. I, 6417:Oxford University Press 5707:Markets at Tilel street 5305:Aleppo was home to 177 5272:Greek Orthodox church, 5050:al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa 4289: 2575:into two factions: the 1775:. In 962, the city was 1671:Proterius of Alexandria 1620:First Council of Nicaea 1618:shortly before the 325 1075:'milk' because 1039:Pethahiah of Regensburg 985:of 1923–1946, the name 981:, and again during the 816:, which passed through 800:'s third-largest after 21:Aleppo (disambiguation) 17983:Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud 17429:al-Mukharram al-Foqani 16857:Al-Khafsah Subdistrict 16802:Abu Qilqil Subdistrict 16408:Dayr Hafir Subdistrict 14811:Darat Izza Subdistrict 14349:February 2012 bombings 14339:Siege of Aleppo (1980) 14329:Chemins de Fer Syriens 14269:Siege of Aleppo (1260) 14264:1138 Aleppo earthquake 13546:Saint Elijah Cathedral 13416:Great Mosque of Aleppo 13320:Grand Serail of Aleppo 13310:Aleppo railway station 13230:Ancient City of Aleppo 13189:Ancient City of Aleppo 12328:26 August 2010 at the 12133:9 October 2017 at the 11773:23 August 2014 at the 11715:"Aleppo new fountains" 11214:James A. Paul (1990). 10755:ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺣﻠﺐ 10735:ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺣﻠﺐ 10699:9 October 2017 at the 9634:The Report: Syria 2011 9439:Conduit, Dara (2019). 9268:Wilford, Hugh (2013). 8796:. pp. 48–49, 261. 8348:Histoire des Croisades 7278:Alfonso Archi (1945). 7136:A.E.J. Morris (2013). 6637:Aleppo city population 6580:"Syrian Arab republic" 6185:(within the frames of 6170: 6113: 6079: 6046: 6033:Ancient City of Aleppo 6012: 5901: 5847: 5799: 5755: 5720: 5708: 5656: 5613: 5570:Chemins de Fer Syriens 5553: 5550:Aleppo railway station 5525: 5395: 5373:Byzantine architecture 5362: 5302: 5164:Great Mosque of Aleppo 5159: 5149: 5083: 4984: 4921: 4910: 4882:Ancient City of Aleppo 4825: 4742:prepared with cherry ( 4665: 4620: 4560: 4467: 4457: 4387:North Levantine Arabic 4332:partition of Palestine 4299: 4185: 4102: 4075: 4065:Sanjak of Alexandretta 3997: 3717: 3706: 3653: 3639: 3618:Deutscher Wetterdienst 2956:which arises from the 2949: 2916: 2860: 2836:Great Mosque of Aleppo 2811: 2763: 2708: 2693: 2667: 2644: 2617: 2606: 2568: 2520: 2512: 2500: 2472: 2452:Sanjak of Alexandretta 2427: 2316: 2288: 2276: 2233: 2190: 2121: 2105: 2008: 1986: 1845:Suleiman ibn Qutulmish 1734:invaded and controlled 1716: 1649:. He was succeeded by 1591: 1582:Ecclesiastical history 1476: 1461: 1355:Middle Assyrian Empire 1334: 1191: 1142: 1140:The old town of Aleppo 1104:Ancient City of Aleppo 589:Ancient City of Aleppo 478:18th in the Arab World 92:Saint Elijah Cathedral 84:Great Mosque of Aleppo 72:Ancient City of Aleppo 28:Halab (disambiguation) 17117:Tell Aran Subdistrict 17017:Abu Jurayn al-Safirah 17002:As-Safira Subdistrict 16927:Ras al-Ayn al-Bumane' 16650:Ghandoura Subdistrict 16533:Jarabulus Subdistrict 15756:Jandairis Subdistrict 14931:al-Zirbah Subdistrict 14886:al-Hadher Subdistrict 14541:Maratat al-Muslimiyah 14454:Mount Simeon District 14364:October 2012 bombings 14239:Siege of Aleppo (637) 14101:Al-Hamadaniah Stadium 14096:Al-Assad Sports Arena 13794:Lycée français d'Alep 13744:Aleppo Citadel Museum 12844:"Kardeş Şehirlerimiz" 12539:"Al-Ittihad, History" 12343:The Report Syria 2011 12026:30 March 2012 at the 12019:eAleppo:Kharab Shams 11768:Aleppo's Great Bazaar 11217:Human Rights in Syria 11186:15 April 2018 at the 8994:Andrew Mango (2011). 8644:10.2307/j.ctvc16s06.8 7936:The Ancient Assyrians 7670:Trevor Bryce (2014). 7580:Trevor Bryce (1999). 7553:Trevor Bryce (2014). 7541:The ancient Near East 7539:Kuhrt, Amélie (1998) 7346:Trevor Bryce (2014). 7207:Dan Ben Amos (2011). 6714:. UNESCO Publishing. 6497:. 24 September 2016. 6168: 6111: 6074: 6062:Informal settlements. 6040: 6021:Mount Simeon District 6010: 5896: 5843: 5830:Lycée Français d'Alep 5794: 5753: 5718: 5706: 5654: 5609: 5587:The opening scene in 5548: 5523: 5393: 5360: 5332:built in 1491 by the 5298: 5270:Dormition of Our Lady 5155: 5147: 5103:Museum of Islamic Art 5101:and exhibited in the 5079: 5058:al-Sultaniyah Madrasa 4979: 4916: 4900: 4820: 4660: 4618: 4586:Aleppo Citadel Museum 4558:Aleppo Citadel Museum 4556: 4465: 4297: 4181: 4098: 4073: 3996:woman in Aleppo, 1873 3987: 3771:Historical population 3712: 3704: 3648: 3635: 2945: 2910: 2855: 2805: 2757: 2706: 2691: 2662: 2642: 2612: 2601: 2559: 2518: 2510: 2498: 2464: 2421: 2314: 2282: 2271: 2231: 2188: 2138:Massacre of the Telal 2111: 2100: 2040:Second Battle of Homs 2003: 1984: 1827:. After the death of 1707: 1683:Roman Catholic Church 1637:was transferred from 1608:Eustathius of Antioch 1589: 1467: 1456: 1331:Anatolian hieroglyphs 1325: 1186: 1138: 776:tablets unearthed in 747:northern governorates 560:International airport 18313:al-Surah al-Saghirah 17077:Khanasir Subdistrict 17052:al-Hajib Subdistrict 16917:al-Nasiriyah Fawqani 16892:Maskanah Subdistrict 16782:Abu Kahf Subdistrict 16039:Ayn al-Arab District 15966:Kafr Nasih al-Atarib 15786:Maabatli Subdistrict 15216:Akhtarin Subdistrict 14274:Battle of Marj Dabiq 13937:Levon Ter-Petrossian 13774:Al-Shahba University 13764:University of Aleppo 13461:Al-Saffahiyah Mosque 13411:Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque 13209:Salaheddine District 12934:. Paris: Gallimard. 12911:Burns, Ross (2016). 12709:. 10 February 2017. 12493:2 March 2022 at the 12465:. 19 December 2021. 12244:"Aleppo gold market" 12126:Aleppo Int. Airport 11839:Burns, Russ (1999). 10392:. 16 February 2020. 10362:. 22 February 2018. 10340:. 17 November 2017. 10258:. 22 December 2016. 10228:. 22 December 2016. 9785:. Associated Press. 9245:. 15 February 2012. 7934:Healy, Mark (1992). 7748:Guy Bunnens (2006). 7709:Guy Bunnens (2006). 6451:4 March 2012 at the 5928:Syrian national team 5815:al-Shahba University 5808:University of Aleppo 5797:University of Aleppo 5781:informal settlements 5629:Syrian Arab Airlines 5560:in 1912, within the 5247:Al-Saffahiyah Mosque 5215:Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque 5054:al-Zahiriyah Madrasa 5046:al-Halawiyah Madrasa 4525:Mohammed Abdel Wahab 4405:in Aleppo speak the 4091:Pre-civil war status 3682:Chinese architecture 3680:, Oriental and even 3666:Baroque architecture 3064:Record high °C (°F) 2354:5th Cavalry Division 2334:Christian minorities 2223:Khwaja Sanos Chelebi 2219:Khwaja Petik Chelebi 2023:, and defeating the 2007:of the Mamluk period 1823:chief Abu Za'ida at 1712:restored in 1256 by 1669:about the murder of 1663:Council of Chalcedon 1459:Tabula Peutingeriana 1425:during the reign of 1187:Hadad Temple inside 749:and also one of the 735:governorate of Syria 733:, the most populous 484: • Density 18511:Qal’at Salah El-Din 18505:Crac des Chevaliers 18158:Rasm Harmil al-Imam 16922:Qashlat Yusef Basha 16882:al-Mahsanah Khafsah 16487:Rasm Harmil al-Imam 16396:Dayr Hafir District 15831:Sharran Subdistrict 14726:Haritan Subdistrict 14536:Maghayer Khan Tuman 14369:University bombings 14354:March 2012 bombings 14196:Historical timeline 13992:Saadallah al-Jabiri 13952:Mustafa Bey Barmada 13866:Sabaa Bahrat Square 13849:Streets and squares 13441:Al-Sahibiyah Mosque 13275:Khanqah al-Farafira 13260:Hammam Bab al-Ahmar 13255:Al-Shibani building 12683:. 29 January 2017. 12651:"Stadiums in Syria" 12569:"Al Jalaa, History" 12128:Historical Overview 11946:Syria & Lebanon 11919:. 7 November 2019. 11466:Racy, A.J. (2003). 11443:. 2 November 2021. 11441:The Washington Post 11018:. 18 January 2016. 10992:. 10 January 2015. 10538:on 2 September 2023 10426:on 16 February 2020 10198:. 4 December 2016. 10001:. 1–3 August 2012. 9901:"The River Martyrs" 9715:(19 October 2011). 9587:, pp. 141–146. 8925:Eastward to Tartary 8537:Wilkinson, Tony J. 8433:, pp. 336–337. 8297:, pp. 121–122. 7969:Balai of Qenneshrin 7281:Orientalia: Vol. 63 7255:. 7 December 2015. 7111:World Heritage Site 7000:. 20 September 2022 6871:Infobase Publishing 6795:2020ISPAr44M1..255I 6741:. Springer Nature. 6687:. Springer Nature. 6523:. 21 January 2017. 6476:20 May 2012 at the 6423:on 13 February 2017 6183:Aga Khan Foundation 5770:The restoration of 5231:Al-Sahibiyah Mosque 5157:Al-Shibani building 5090:Christian quarter: 5042:Al-Shibani building 4324:Spanish Inquisition 3772: 3697:Sabaa Bahrat Square 3274:Record low °C (°F) 2982:cool steppe climate 2832:World Heritage Site 2692:Tilel street, 1970s 2593:Mustafa Bey Barmada 2561:Boulevard de France 2530:Syrian nationalists 2466:Grand Serail d'Alep 2440:Battle of Maysaloun 2378:War of Independence 2159:, was aided by the 2046:. In October 1299, 1991:Battle of Ain Jalut 1903:a deadly earthquake 1876:Aqsunqur al Bursuqi 1635:Meletius of Antioch 1631:Council of Seleucia 1554:speaking populace. 1480:Alexander the Great 1435:Achaemenid Persians 1427:Tiglath-Pileser III 1423:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1390:Syro-Hittite states 1214:Old Assyrian Empire 1094:continue to do so. 932:(1550–1069 BC) 305: / 35:Metropolis in Syria 16990:As-Safira District 16760:Manbij Subdistrict 16720:Qubbat at-Turkuman 16521:Jarabulus District 16328:Al-Rai Subdistrict 16213:Al-Bab Subdistrict 16178:Tell Abyad Tahtani 16138:Sarrin Subdistrict 16078:Jaadat al-Samaawat 15901:Atarib Subdistrict 15706:Bulbul Subdistrict 15486:Sawran Subdistrict 15041:Zammar Subdistrict 14711:Tabara al-Khusheir 14429:Aleppo Governorate 14324:1947 Aleppo pogrom 14106:Al-Ittihad Stadium 13881:King Faisal Street 13815:Aleppo Public Park 13471:Al-Adiliyah Mosque 13466:Khusruwiyah Mosque 13436:Altun Bogha Mosque 13265:Hammam al-Nahhasin 13223:Historic landmarks 13077:Aleppo Governorate 12220:. aliqtisadi.com. 12204:5 May 2010 at the 11843:Monuments of Syria 11672:The New York Times 11610:The New York Times 11326:The New York Times 11281:Avi Beker (1998). 10883:on 20 October 2013 10617:. Middleeast.com. 10288:. 15 August 2017. 9999:The New York Times 9966:The New York Times 9721:The New York Times 9112:I. William Zartman 8285:, p. 252,254. 8273:, p. 99, 101. 8042:Raymond Janin, v. 7925:(Peeters), p. 195. 7182:hadhramautnews.net 7087:on 5 December 2018 6906:Russell, Alexander 6642:2012-05-20 at the 6171: 6160:Old City of Aleppo 6114: 6080: 6047: 6019:and the centre of 6017:Aleppo Governorate 6013: 5902: 5848: 5800: 5756: 5721: 5709: 5657: 5647:Trade and industry 5614: 5554: 5526: 5510:King Faisal Street 5464:Highways and roads 5459:Transport in Syria 5396: 5363: 5314:Hammam al-Nahhasin 5303: 5300:Hammam al-Nahhasin 5255:Al-Adiliyah Mosque 5251:Khusruwiyah Mosque 5227:Altun Bogha Mosque 5173:by Umayyad caliph 5160: 5150: 5084: 5062:al-Firdaws Madrasa 4985: 4922: 4911: 4855:Aleppo Public Park 4826: 4695:kәbbe safarjaliyye 4666: 4621: 4561: 4468: 4385:, which is of the 4350:currently live in 4300: 4229:Armenian Apostolic 4192:. There were many 4186: 4103: 4076: 4025:Assyrian genocides 4006:earthquake of 1822 3998: 3770: 3755:Old City of Aleppo 3718: 3707: 3660:. The quarters of 3654: 3640: 3002:rain shadow effect 2994:Alawiyin Mountains 2950: 2917: 2884:to help repel the 2861: 2829:Old City of Aleppo 2812: 2764: 2717:Muslim Brotherhood 2709: 2694: 2668: 2653:Gamal Abdul Nasser 2645: 2618: 2614:King Faisal Street 2607: 2603:Aleppo Public Park 2569: 2521: 2513: 2501: 2473: 2428: 2390:Treaty of Lausanne 2317: 2289: 2277: 2234: 2215:Armenian merchants 2195:Republic of Venice 2191: 2122: 2106: 2102:Khusruwiyah Mosque 2009: 1987: 1899:attack on the city 1853:Aq Sunqur al-Hajib 1849:battle of Ain Salm 1717: 1673:. In 518, Emperor 1667:Leo I the Thracian 1659:Council of Ephesus 1592: 1532:Kingdom of Armenia 1528:Tigranes the Great 1477: 1462: 1401:State of Bit Agusi 1335: 1195:Naram-Sin of Akkad 1192: 1143: 1108:Timeline of Aleppo 1060:'milk' or 766:old city of Aleppo 731:Aleppo Governorate 626:Reference no. 530:Country code: 963 462: • Total 441: • Total 428: • Mayor 423:Ahmad Hussein Diab 394:First city council 280:Show map of Aleppo 124:Nickname(s): 18914: 18913: 18910: 18909: 18728: 18727: 18563:states and cities 18527: 18526: 18517: 18509: 18431: 18430: 17773:al-Hajar al-Aswad 17153: 17152: 17149: 17148: 17145: 17144: 17032:Banan Subdistrict 16979: 16978: 16975: 16974: 16817:Arab Hassan Kabir 16737: 16736: 16733: 16732: 16630:Umm Rutha Tahtani 16600:Jarabulus Tahtani 16510: 16509: 16506: 16505: 16385: 16384: 16381: 16380: 16353:Tadef Subdistrict 16248:Arima Subdistrict 16190: 16189: 16186: 16185: 16028: 16027: 16024: 16023: 15878: 15877: 15874: 15873: 15611:Afrin Subdistrict 15588: 15587: 15584: 15583: 15421:Ma'arat Umm Hawsh 15396:Mare' Subdistrict 15063: 15062: 15059: 15058: 14576:Tell Shair Samaan 14388: 14387: 14190: 14189: 14063:Sabkhat al-Jabbul 13967:Ronaldo Mouchawar 13669: 13668: 13665: 13664: 13621:Oriental Orthodox 13505: 13504: 13476:Behramiyah Mosque 13451:Al-Tawashi Mosque 13245:Al-Jdayde quarter 13235:Citadel of Aleppo 13135: 13134: 13126:Succeeded by 12960:978-2-228-90235-9 12913:Aleppo, A History 12903:978-1-138-22959-4 12353:978-1-907065-34-7 11961:978-1-86450-333-3 11721:on 9 October 2017 11593:on 21 April 2012. 11520:978-0-8195-6944-8 11479:978-0-521-31685-9 11397:978-90-04-14476-7 11351:Solomon, Daniel. 11294:978-0-8225-9822-0 11231:978-0-929692-69-2 10853:. 12 March 2015. 10786:978-1-4039-6422-9 10310:. 17 April 2017. 10104:. 23 April 2015. 9452:978-1-108-75832-1 9312:978-1-4502-1118-5 9193:Nordisk Psykologi 9126:10.1093/ia/iix118 9085:978-0-230-11869-0 9046:978-0-292-77901-3 8935:978-0-8041-5347-8 8853:978-90-04-37902-2 8772:978-0-520-94757-3 8728:978-90-04-37902-2 8653:978-3-447-10135-6 8381:978-0-226-75211-2 8184:, pp. 96–99. 8172:, pp. 92–93. 8160:, pp. 90–92. 8077:978-88-209-9070-1 7996:978-0-521-29135-4 7722:978-90-429-1817-7 7683:978-0-19-100292-2 7632:978-3-11-080420-1 7593:978-0-19-924010-4 7566:978-0-19-100293-9 7514:978-1-57506-060-6 7437:978-0-931464-99-7 7398:978-1-61132-228-6 7359:978-0-19-964667-8 7320:978-3-447-06175-9 7220:978-0-8276-0871-9 7149:978-1-317-88513-9 7049:Al Burai, Ahmed. 7024:Jansen, Michael. 6880:978-1-4381-1025-7 6748:978-3-031-12600-0 6721:978-92-3-100284-7 6694:978-3-030-74482-3 6310:Tulipa aleppensis 5552:(Gare de Baghdad) 5398:The most notable 5259:Bahramiyah Mosque 5239:Al-Tawashi Mosque 5140:Places of worship 4604:Zarehian Treasury 4449:are also spoken. 4423:Armenian language 4369:mentioned in the 4225:Oriental Orthodox 4194:Oriental Orthodox 4057:Oriental Orthodox 3982: 3981: 3727:Citadel of Aleppo 3624: 3623: 3467:relative humidity 2921:Mediterranean Sea 2651:with Egypt under 2565:Shukri al-Quwatli 2552:Post-independence 2263:ticaret mahkamesi 2070:captured the city 1907:seventh deadliest 1864:city was besieged 1789:Fatimid Caliphate 1781:Nicophorus Phocas 1754:Umayyad Caliphate 1726:Sasanian Persians 1710:Gate of Qinnasrin 1651:Acacius of Beroea 1569:, the capital of 1468:The ruins of the 1366:Citadel of Aleppo 1074: 1059: 1041:and the traveler 945: 944: 933: 908: 907: 904: 903: 847:connecting it to 790:Mediterranean Sea 760:Aleppo is one of 710: 653: 652: 621: 470: • Rank 407: • Type 181:Show map of Syria 140: 18974: 18749: 18748: 18736: 18576: 18575: 18554: 18547: 18540: 18531: 18530: 18515: 18507: 18484:Ancient City of 18458: 18451: 18444: 18435: 18434: 18278:al-Shaykh Maskin 17978:Khirbet Ghazaleh 17808:Harran al-Awamid 17399:Maarat al-Numaan 17394:Jisr ash-Shughur 17288: 17192: 17191: 17180: 17173: 17166: 17157: 17156: 16998: 16997: 16985: 16984: 16756: 16755: 16743: 16742: 16529: 16528: 16516: 16515: 16423:Humaymah Kabirah 16404: 16403: 16391: 16390: 16209: 16208: 16196: 16195: 16128:Ras al-Ayn Qibli 16103:Jubb Faraj Kabir 16047: 16046: 16034: 16033: 15897: 15896: 15884: 15883: 15806:Rajo Subdistrict 15607: 15606: 15594: 15593: 15446:Nubl Subdistrict 15101:Azaz Subdistrict 15097: 15096: 15084: 15083: 15077: 15071: 15001:Othmaniya Kabira 14706:Rasm al-Mofakker 14646:Ballas al-Jadida 14636:Atshana Gharbiya 14631:Atshana Sharqiya 14501:Duwayr al-Zaytun 14462: 14461: 14449: 14448: 14427: 14426: 14415: 14408: 14401: 14392: 14391: 14344:Battle of Aleppo 14204:Rulers of Aleppo 14182:Shorta Aleppo SC 14076: 14075: 14058:Limestone Massif 13987:Qustaki al-Himsi 13972:Rushdi al-Kikhya 13962:Qustaki al-Himsi 13917:Hilarion Capucci 13912:Harut Sassounian 13820:Al-Snoubari Park 13612:(Greek Orthodox) 13602:Eastern Orthodox 13560: 13559: 13516: 13515: 13492:Ar-Rahman Mosque 13456:Al-Otrush Mosque 13431:Mahmandar Mosque 13426:Al-Qaiqan Mosque 13421:Al-Nuqtah Mosque 13401: 13400: 13361:Al-Shadbakhtiyah 13173: 13172: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13138: 13137: 13111:Preceded by 13108: 13107: 13099:Photos of Aleppo 13066: 13064: 13052: 13025: 12997: 12988:Runciman, Steven 12983: 12964: 12951:Jacques de Molay 12945: 12926: 12907: 12888: 12864: 12863: 12861: 12859: 12848:osmangazi.bel.tr 12840: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12810: 12804: 12803: 12801: 12799: 12784: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12729: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12718: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12673: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12662: 12657:on 16 March 2012 12647: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12565: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12535: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12504: 12498: 12485: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12474: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12338: 12332: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12292: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12272:. Aksalser.com. 12266: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12240: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12229: 12214: 12208: 12195: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12169: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12143: 12137: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12077:. 26 July 2022. 12067: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12045:The Jordan Times 12036: 12030: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12006: 11990: 11984: 11979: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11949: 11939: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11870: 11862: 11846: 11836: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11784: 11778: 11763: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11737: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11717:. Archived from 11711: 11705: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11663: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11632: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11601: 11595: 11594: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11531: 11525: 11524: 11512: 11502: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11433: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11388:Brill Publishers 11379: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11348: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11211: 11205: 11201: 11195: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11116: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11100:on 16 March 2019 11096:. Archived from 11090: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11070:. January 2017. 11064: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11044:. 9 March 2017. 11038: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10970:on 4 August 2017 10966:. Archived from 10960: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10949: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10843: 10837: 10836: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10815:. Archived from 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10767: 10761: 10756: 10747: 10741: 10736: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10712: 10709: 10703: 10690: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10670:. 29 July 2012. 10664: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10554: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10543: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10507: 10500: 10492: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10463: 10454: 10453: 10445: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10371: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10300: 10294: 10293: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10248: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10237: 10218: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10098: 10089: 10088: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10021: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010: 9996: 9988: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9896: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9772: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9657:. Archived from 9651: 9645: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9599: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9559: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9506: 9500: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9472: 9464: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9184: 9178: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9165: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9069: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9019: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8976: 8973: 8964: 8961: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8919: 8913: 8906: 8900: 8877: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8837: 8831: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8696:on 15 March 2012 8686: 8680: 8677: 8666: 8665: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8570: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8550: 8543: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8518:on 23 April 2019 8504: 8498: 8495: 8489: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8365: 8359: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8329:(376): 481–513. 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8095: 8089: 8086: 8080: 8066: 8060: 8040: 8034: 8020:Michel Lequien, 8018: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8008: 7983:"Safavid Persia" 7978: 7972: 7963: 7952: 7945: 7939: 7932: 7926: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7550: 7544: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7498: 7489: 7482: 7467: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7113:. Archived from 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7083:. Archived from 7071: 7065: 7064: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7021: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6988: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6953: 6947: 6931: 6925: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6860: 6851: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6806: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6652: 6646: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6546: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6487: 6481: 6464: 6455: 6442: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6419:. Archived from 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6374: 6357: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6337: 6303:Pinus halepensis 6296: 6291: 6290: 6275:Rulers of Aleppo 6256: 6255: 6243: 6242: 6230: 6229: 6217: 6216: 6011:Aleppo City Hall 5924:Hamadaniah Arena 5911:, in which both 5884:Shorta Aleppo SC 5636:Battle of Aleppo 5530:public transport 5516:Public transport 5422:village and the 5381:Limestone Massif 5243:Al-Otrush Mosque 5223:Mahmandar Mosque 5219:Al-Qaiqan Mosque 5201:Al-Nuqtah Mosque 5187:John the Baptist 5172: 5169: 4930:Fertile Crescent 4917:Ancient Aleppo, 4876:Historical sites 4830:Battle of Aleppo 4764:kebab khashkhash 4698:), lemon juice ( 4678:kәbbe sәmmāʔiyye 4415:Turkish language 4407:Northern Kurdish 4395:Kurdish language 4377:Spoken languages 4356:Free Syrian Army 4260:Syrian Catholics 4244:Eastern Catholic 4215:in Aleppo speak 4117:Syrian Civil War 3786: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3611:(sun 1961–1990) 3421: 3008: 3007: 2890:Battle of Aleppo 2844:Free Syrian Army 2840:Syrian Arab Army 2784:10 February 2012 2746:Syrian civil war 2740:Syrian Civil War 2665:1961 Coup d'état 2585:Rushdi al-Kikhya 2563:, renamed after 2366:Treaty of Sèvres 2082: 2005:Al-Otrush Mosque 1887:John II Komnenos 1817:Mirdasid dynasty 1813:Sabiq ibn Mahmud 1797:Salih ibn Mirdas 1793:Byzantine Empire 1612:metropolitan see 1494:(Βέροια), after 1484:Seleucus Nicator 1327:Al-Qaiqan Mosque 1313:Battle of Kadesh 1069: 1067: 1054: 1052: 1029: 1008:Amorite language 976: 975: 931: 883: 882: 879: 875: 874: 865:Syrian Civil War 861:battle of Aleppo 724: 722:[ˈħalab] 719: 715: 705: 703: 692: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 615: 508: 503: 386: 383: 335: 333: 332: 320: 319: 317: 316: 315: 310: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 281: 267: 266: 260: 248: 247:Show map of Asia 234: 233: 227: 215: 201: 200: 194: 182: 168: 167: 161: 145: 135: 133: 113: 68: 49: 48: 38: 37: 18982: 18981: 18977: 18976: 18975: 18973: 18972: 18971: 18957:Cities in Syria 18917: 18916: 18915: 18906: 18888: 18865: 18837: 18819: 18801: 18783: 18765: 18737: 18724: 18706: 18688: 18676: 18653: 18635: 18617: 18564: 18558: 18528: 18523: 18467: 18462: 18432: 18427: 18283:Shayukh Tahtani 18273:Shaykh al-Hadid 18123:Qalaat al-Madiq 17993:Ma'arrat Misrin 17968:Kuwayris Sharqi 17553: 17519:al-Suqaylabiyah 17514:ash-Shaykh Badr 17289: 17280: 17196: 17186: 17184: 17154: 17141: 17111: 17071: 17046: 17026: 16992: 16971: 16912:Mujammaa Huttin 16886: 16851: 16796: 16776: 16750: 16748:Manbij District 16729: 16644: 16523: 16502: 16472: 16452:Kuweires Sharqi 16437: 16398: 16377: 16347: 16322: 16242: 16203: 16201:Al-Bab District 16182: 16172:Shuyukh Tahtani 16157: 16153:Shuyukh Fawqani 16132: 16082: 16041: 16020: 15995: 15930: 15891: 15889:Atarib District 15870: 15865:Shaykh al-Hadid 15850: 15825: 15800: 15780: 15750: 15700: 15601: 15580: 15480: 15440: 15390: 15340: 15210: 15201:Tulayl ash-Sham 15091: 15078: 15072: 15055: 15035: 14925: 14916:Maryamin Samaan 14880: 14866:Qabtan al-Jabal 14805: 14776:Maarat al-Artiq 14720: 14661:Buwaida Saghira 14595: 14456: 14443: 14431: 14421: 14419: 14389: 14384: 14382:Category:Aleppo 14375: 14314:State of Aleppo 14304:Baghdad Railway 14209:Kingdom of Armi 14186: 14172:Ommal Aleppo SC 14162:Al-Herafyeen SC 14135: 14086:7 April Stadium 14067: 14011: 14007:Simeon Stylites 13947:Moustapha Akkad 13885: 13856:Al-Hatab Square 13844: 13835:Sheraton Aleppo 13798: 13731: 13725: 13661: 13657:Martyrs' Church 13647:Emmanuel Church 13633: 13615: 13596: 13551: 13501: 13480: 13390: 13356:Al-Muqaddamiyah 13324: 13270:Hammam Yalbugha 13218: 13177: 13167: 13165: 13131: 13122: 13116: 13094:Wayback Machine 13073: 13062: 13041: 13022: 12980: 12961: 12942: 12923: 12904: 12879: 12873: 12868: 12867: 12857: 12855: 12842: 12841: 12837: 12827: 12825: 12812: 12811: 12807: 12797: 12795: 12786: 12785: 12778: 12768: 12766: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12742: 12740: 12731: 12730: 12726: 12716: 12714: 12705: 12704: 12700: 12690: 12688: 12675: 12674: 12670: 12660: 12658: 12649: 12648: 12644: 12634: 12632: 12623: 12622: 12618: 12608: 12606: 12599:"Syria-Bahrain" 12597: 12596: 12592: 12582: 12580: 12567: 12566: 12562: 12552: 12550: 12537: 12536: 12532: 12522: 12520: 12505: 12501: 12495:Wayback Machine 12486: 12482: 12472: 12470: 12457: 12456: 12452: 12442: 12440: 12431: 12430: 12426: 12416: 12414: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12377: 12373: 12363: 12361: 12354: 12340: 12339: 12335: 12330:Wayback Machine 12320: 12316: 12306: 12304: 12293: 12289: 12279: 12277: 12268: 12267: 12263: 12253: 12251: 12246:. Syria Steps. 12242: 12241: 12237: 12227: 12225: 12218:"Gold in Syria" 12216: 12215: 12211: 12206:Wayback Machine 12196: 12192: 12182: 12180: 12171: 12170: 12166: 12156: 12154: 12145: 12144: 12140: 12135:Wayback Machine 12125: 12121: 12111: 12109: 12098: 12094: 12084: 12082: 12069: 12068: 12064: 12054: 12052: 12037: 12033: 12028:Wayback Machine 12018: 12014: 12004: 12002: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11976: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11940: 11936: 11926: 11924: 11915: 11914: 11910: 11900: 11898: 11885: 11884: 11880: 11864: 11863: 11859: 11837: 11833: 11823: 11821: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11797: 11795: 11786: 11785: 11781: 11775:Wayback Machine 11764: 11760: 11750: 11748: 11739: 11738: 11734: 11724: 11722: 11713: 11712: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11689: 11687: 11664: 11660: 11650: 11648: 11633: 11629: 11619: 11617: 11602: 11598: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11570: 11568: 11563:. Kuna.net.kw. 11559: 11558: 11554: 11544: 11542: 11533: 11532: 11528: 11521: 11503: 11499: 11489: 11487: 11480: 11464: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11435: 11434: 11430: 11420: 11418: 11409: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11390:, p. 402, 11386:, vol. 4, 11380: 11376: 11366: 11364: 11349: 11345: 11335: 11333: 11318: 11314: 11304: 11302: 11295: 11279: 11275: 11265: 11263: 11250: 11246: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11212: 11208: 11202: 11198: 11194:. 24 July 2012. 11188:Wayback Machine 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11132: 11117: 11113: 11103: 11101: 11092: 11091: 11087: 11077: 11075: 11066: 11065: 11061: 11051: 11049: 11040: 11039: 11035: 11025: 11023: 11014: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10973: 10971: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10947: 10945: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10901: 10900: 10896: 10886: 10884: 10875: 10874: 10870: 10860: 10858: 10851:theguardian.com 10845: 10844: 10840: 10834: 10822: 10820: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10796: 10794: 10787: 10768: 10764: 10759:Kamel Al-Ghazzi 10748: 10744: 10739:Kamel Al-Ghazzi 10728: 10724: 10719: 10715: 10710: 10706: 10701:Wayback Machine 10691: 10687: 10677: 10675: 10666: 10665: 10661: 10651: 10649: 10638: 10634: 10624: 10622: 10613: 10612: 10608: 10598: 10596: 10581: 10577: 10567: 10565: 10556: 10555: 10551: 10541: 10539: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10511: 10509: 10505: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10486: 10476: 10474: 10465: 10464: 10457: 10446: 10439: 10429: 10427: 10414: 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10369: 10367: 10354: 10353: 10349: 10332: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10315: 10302: 10301: 10297: 10280: 10279: 10275: 10265: 10263: 10250: 10249: 10245: 10235: 10233: 10220: 10219: 10215: 10205: 10203: 10188: 10187: 10183: 10173: 10171: 10156: 10152: 10142: 10140: 10125: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10100: 10099: 10092: 10075: 10074: 10070: 10060: 10058: 10049: 10048: 10044: 10034: 10032: 10023: 10022: 10018: 10008: 10006: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9985: 9975: 9973: 9958: 9954: 9944: 9942: 9927: 9923: 9914: 9912: 9897: 9886: 9876: 9874: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9823: 9821: 9806: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9773: 9766: 9756: 9754: 9753:on 5 April 2012 9745: 9744: 9740: 9730: 9728: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9694: 9679: 9675: 9664: 9662: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9641:Wayback Machine 9630: 9626: 9616: 9614: 9601: 9600: 9591: 9583: 9579: 9572: 9550: 9546: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9486: 9482: 9466: 9465: 9453: 9437: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9410: 9405: 9401: 9391: 9389: 9376: 9375: 9371: 9361: 9359: 9352: 9336: 9332: 9322: 9320: 9313: 9297: 9293: 9286: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9222: 9220: 9185: 9181: 9169: 9168: 9159: 9158: 9151: 9149: 9114:(1 July 2017). 9109: 9105: 9095: 9093: 9086: 9070: 9066: 9056: 9054: 9047: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9015: 9008: 8992: 8988: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8962: 8955: 8945: 8943: 8936: 8920: 8916: 8907: 8903: 8889:Wayback Machine 8878: 8874: 8863: 8861: 8854: 8838: 8834: 8816:Wayback Machine 8805: 8801: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8753: 8749: 8738: 8736: 8729: 8713: 8709: 8699: 8697: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8669: 8654: 8630: 8626: 8616: 8614: 8571: 8564: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8535: 8531: 8521: 8519: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8486:Wayback Machine 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8429: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8389: 8382: 8366: 8362: 8346: 8342: 8317: 8313: 8305: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8281: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8240: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8142: 8140: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8087: 8083: 8067: 8063: 8057:Wayback Machine 8041: 8037: 8031:Wayback Machine 8019: 8015: 8006: 8004: 7997: 7979: 7975: 7964: 7955: 7946: 7942: 7938:(Osprey) p. 25. 7933: 7929: 7920: 7916: 7906: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7880: 7878: 7871: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7785: 7781: 7771: 7769: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7730: 7723: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7684: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7567: 7551: 7547: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7515: 7499: 7492: 7483: 7470: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7438: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7406: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7369: 7367: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7330: 7328: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7276: 7272: 7262: 7260: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7150: 7134: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7117:on 4 March 2012 7105: 7104: 7100: 7090: 7088: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7047: 7043: 7031:The Irish Times 7022: 7013: 7003: 7001: 6990: 6989: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6944:Wayback Machine 6932: 6928: 6923:Wayback Machine 6904: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6881: 6861: 6854: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6779: 6775: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6644:Wayback Machine 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6561: 6548: 6547: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6478:Wayback Machine 6465: 6458: 6453:Wayback Machine 6443: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6292: 6285: 6282: 6277: 6267: 6260:, Turkey (2010) 6250: 6237: 6234:, Turkey (2005) 6224: 6211: 6201: 6195: 6158:to declare the 6106: 6069: 6035: 6029: 6005: 5888:Ommal Aleppo SC 5880:al-Herafyeen SC 5838: 5789: 5748: 5649: 5644: 5604: 5589:Agatha Christie 5558:Baghdad Railway 5543: 5518: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5439:Ain Dara temple 5355: 5349: 5330:Hammam Yalbugha 5293: 5170: 5142: 5105:, known as the 4981:Gate of Antioch 4974: 4895: 4889: 4887:Souqs and khans 4884: 4878: 4815: 4809: 4718:), the "plate" 4686:kәbbe labaniyye 4627: 4613: 4551: 4460: 4455: 4437:dialect of the 4427:Syriac language 4391:Syriac language 4379: 4308:Great Synagogue 4292: 4233:Syriac Orthodox 4176: 4125: 4093: 4002:Kamel Al-Ghazzi 3768: 3763: 3630: 3625: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 2978: 2905: 2886:Turkish assault 2777:Bashar al-Assad 2752: 2744:Main articles: 2742: 2554: 2470:State of Aleppo 2432:State of Aleppo 2416: 2414:State of Aleppo 2410: 2304:naval chaplain 2238:Safavid dynasty 2095: 2089: 1979: 1918:Ayyubid dynasty 1833:Uqaylid dynasty 1829:Sharaf al-Dawla 1805: 1722: 1702: 1700:Medieval period 1657:in 381 and the 1647:Basil the Great 1584: 1511:Seleucid Empire 1451: 1431:Neo-Babylonians 1403: 1297:Suppiluliumas I 1250: 1133: 1121:Main articles: 1119: 1114: 1102:Main articles: 1100: 1033:According to a 930: 914: 887: 873: 845:Baghdad Railway 725:) is a city in 717: 690: 663: 659: 580: 531: 504: 476: 431:Muhammad Hijazi 384: 330: 328: 313: 311: 309:36.20°N 37.16°E 307: 304: 299: 296: 294: 292: 291: 285: 284: 283: 282: 279: 278: 277:Aleppo (Aleppo) 275: 274: 273: 272: 268: 251: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 240: 239: 235: 218: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 207: 206: 202: 185: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173: 169: 147: 119: 118: 117: 116: 101: 100: 98: 90: 82: 74: 59: 50: 43: 36: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18980: 18970: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18937:Amorite cities 18934: 18929: 18912: 18911: 18908: 18907: 18905: 18904: 18898: 18896: 18890: 18889: 18887: 18886: 18881: 18875: 18873: 18867: 18866: 18864: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18847: 18845: 18839: 18838: 18836: 18835: 18829: 18827: 18821: 18820: 18818: 18817: 18811: 18809: 18803: 18802: 18800: 18799: 18793: 18791: 18785: 18784: 18782: 18781: 18775: 18773: 18767: 18766: 18764: 18763: 18757: 18755: 18746: 18739: 18738: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18725: 18723: 18722: 18716: 18714: 18708: 18707: 18705: 18704: 18698: 18696: 18690: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18678: 18677: 18675: 18674: 18669: 18663: 18661: 18655: 18654: 18652: 18651: 18645: 18643: 18637: 18636: 18634: 18633: 18627: 18625: 18619: 18618: 18616: 18615: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18590: 18584: 18582: 18573: 18566: 18565: 18557: 18556: 18549: 18542: 18534: 18525: 18524: 18522: 18521: 18513: 18502: 18497: 18488: 18482: 18472: 18469: 18468: 18461: 18460: 18453: 18446: 18438: 18429: 18428: 18426: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18193:al-Sabe' Biyar 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18048:Mashta al-Helu 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17888:Jubb al-Jarrah 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17758:al-Ghizlaniyah 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17564: 17562: 17555: 17554: 17552: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17300: 17298: 17291: 17290: 17283: 17281: 17279: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17207: 17205: 17198: 17197: 17183: 17182: 17175: 17168: 17160: 17151: 17150: 17147: 17146: 17143: 17142: 17140: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17121: 17119: 17113: 17112: 17110: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17081: 17079: 17073: 17072: 17070: 17069: 17064: 17056: 17054: 17048: 17047: 17045: 17044: 17036: 17034: 17028: 17027: 17025: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17006: 17004: 16994: 16993: 16981: 16980: 16977: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16970: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16932:Saan al-Ghazal 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16896: 16894: 16888: 16887: 16885: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16861: 16859: 16853: 16852: 16850: 16849: 16844: 16842:Hayyah Kabirah 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16806: 16804: 16798: 16797: 16795: 16794: 16786: 16784: 16778: 16777: 16775: 16774: 16764: 16762: 16752: 16751: 16739: 16738: 16735: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16728: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16654: 16652: 16646: 16645: 16643: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16605:Marma al-Hajar 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16565:al-Haluwaniyah 16562: 16557: 16555:al-Bir Tahtani 16552: 16550:al-Bir Fawqani 16547: 16537: 16535: 16525: 16524: 16512: 16511: 16508: 16507: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16482: 16480: 16474: 16473: 16471: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16447: 16445: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16412: 16410: 16400: 16399: 16387: 16386: 16383: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16357: 16355: 16349: 16348: 16346: 16345: 16340: 16332: 16330: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16252: 16250: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16217: 16215: 16205: 16204: 16192: 16191: 16188: 16187: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16180: 16175: 16167: 16165: 16159: 16158: 16156: 16155: 16150: 16142: 16140: 16134: 16133: 16131: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16092: 16090: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16055: 16053: 16043: 16042: 16030: 16029: 16026: 16025: 16022: 16021: 16019: 16018: 16016:Urum al-Sughra 16013: 16005: 16003: 15997: 15996: 15994: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15940: 15938: 15932: 15931: 15929: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15905: 15903: 15893: 15892: 15880: 15879: 15876: 15875: 15872: 15871: 15869: 15868: 15860: 15858: 15852: 15851: 15849: 15848: 15843: 15835: 15833: 15827: 15826: 15824: 15823: 15818: 15810: 15808: 15802: 15801: 15799: 15798: 15790: 15788: 15782: 15781: 15779: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15760: 15758: 15752: 15751: 15749: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15710: 15708: 15702: 15701: 15699: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15615: 15613: 15603: 15602: 15599:Afrin District 15590: 15589: 15586: 15585: 15582: 15581: 15579: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15536:Kafr Burayshah 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15490: 15488: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15450: 15448: 15442: 15441: 15439: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15400: 15398: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15350: 15348: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15220: 15218: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15105: 15103: 15093: 15092: 15080: 15079: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15060: 15057: 15056: 15054: 15053: 15045: 15043: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14981:Huweir al-Eiss 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14935: 14933: 14927: 14926: 14924: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14890: 14888: 14882: 14881: 14879: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14815: 14813: 14807: 14806: 14804: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14730: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14701:Oweinat Kabira 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14605: 14603: 14597: 14596: 14594: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14470: 14468: 14458: 14457: 14445: 14444: 14436: 14433: 14432: 14418: 14417: 14410: 14403: 14395: 14386: 14385: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14374: 14373: 14372: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14319:People's Party 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14299:Qudud Halabiya 14296: 14294:Aleppo Vilayet 14291: 14286: 14284:Levant Company 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14200: 14198: 14192: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14143: 14141: 14137: 14136: 14134: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14082: 14080: 14073: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14053:Aleppo plateau 14050: 14045: 14040: 14038:Kurd Mountains 14035: 14030: 14025: 14019: 14017: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13982:Paul of Aleppo 13979: 13977:Omar Abu-Riche 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13957:Nazim al-Kudsi 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13927:Jerry Seinfeld 13924: 13922:Ibrahim Hananu 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13893: 13891: 13890:Notable people 13887: 13886: 13884: 13883: 13878: 13876:Liberty Square 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13852: 13850: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13806: 13804: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13779:Aleppo College 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13735: 13733: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13677: 13675: 13674:Historic gates 13671: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13663: 13662: 13660: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13643: 13641: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13631: 13625: 13623: 13617: 13616: 13614: 13613: 13606: 13604: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13568: 13566: 13557: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13549: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13522: 13520: 13513: 13507: 13506: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13499: 13494: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13446:Bahsita Mosque 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13407: 13405: 13398: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13376:Al-Turantaiyah 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13332: 13330: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13295:Beit Achiqbash 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13240:Al-Madina Souq 13237: 13232: 13226: 13224: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13216: 13214:Sheikh Maqsood 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13185: 13183: 13182:Neighbourhoods 13179: 13178: 13164: 13163: 13156: 13149: 13141: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13124: 13117: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13096: 13084: 13079: 13072: 13071:External links 13069: 13068: 13067: 13053: 13039: 13026: 13020: 13007: 13004:978-0140137040 12984: 12979:978-1612009544 12978: 12965: 12959: 12946: 12940: 12927: 12921: 12908: 12902: 12889: 12872: 12869: 12866: 12865: 12835: 12805: 12776: 12750: 12724: 12698: 12668: 12642: 12616: 12590: 12560: 12530: 12499: 12480: 12450: 12424: 12398: 12371: 12352: 12333: 12314: 12287: 12261: 12235: 12209: 12190: 12164: 12138: 12119: 12092: 12062: 12031: 12012: 11985: 11974: 11960: 11934: 11908: 11878: 11857: 11831: 11805: 11779: 11758: 11732: 11706: 11697: 11658: 11627: 11596: 11578: 11552: 11526: 11519: 11497: 11478: 11458: 11428: 11402: 11396: 11374: 11343: 11312: 11293: 11273: 11244: 11230: 11206: 11196: 11173: 11142: 11111: 11085: 11059: 11033: 11007: 10981: 10955: 10924: 10894: 10868: 10838: 10819:on 20 May 2012 10804: 10785: 10762: 10742: 10722: 10713: 10704: 10685: 10659: 10632: 10606: 10575: 10549: 10519: 10484: 10455: 10437: 10407: 10377: 10347: 10325: 10295: 10273: 10243: 10213: 10181: 10150: 10119: 10090: 10081:The Daily Star 10068: 10042: 10016: 9983: 9952: 9921: 9907:, p. 42, 9884: 9857: 9831: 9800: 9782:The Herald-Sun 9764: 9738: 9704: 9673: 9661:on 5 July 2008 9646: 9624: 9589: 9577: 9570: 9544: 9501: 9492: 9480: 9451: 9431: 9429:, p. 316. 9419: 9408: 9399: 9369: 9350: 9330: 9311: 9291: 9284: 9260: 9230: 9199:(4): 344–351. 9179: 9170:|journal= 9103: 9084: 9064: 9045: 9025: 9006: 8986: 8977: 8965: 8953: 8934: 8914: 8901: 8872: 8852: 8832: 8799: 8778: 8771: 8765:. p. 68. 8747: 8727: 8707: 8681: 8667: 8652: 8624: 8585:(5): 422–456. 8562: 8529: 8499: 8490: 8471: 8469:, p. 463. 8459: 8457:, p. 142. 8447: 8445:, p. 179. 8435: 8423: 8421:, p. 314. 8411: 8409:, p. 307. 8399: 8380: 8360: 8340: 8311: 8309:, p. 215. 8299: 8287: 8283:Beihammer 2017 8275: 8263: 8234: 8232:, p. 247. 8230:Beihammer 2017 8222: 8210: 8208:, p. 202. 8198: 8186: 8174: 8162: 8150: 8135:. 9 May 2023. 8120: 8090: 8081: 8061: 8035: 8013: 7995: 7973: 7953: 7940: 7927: 7914: 7888: 7869: 7849: 7830: 7810: 7779: 7760: 7740: 7721: 7701: 7682: 7662: 7660:, p. 117. 7650: 7631: 7611: 7592: 7572: 7565: 7545: 7532: 7513: 7490: 7468: 7455: 7436: 7416: 7397: 7377: 7358: 7338: 7319: 7299: 7270: 7238: 7219: 7199: 7188:on 6 July 2018 7167: 7148: 7128: 7098: 7066: 7041: 7011: 6980: 6948: 6926: 6898: 6879: 6873:. p. 30. 6852: 6838: 6826: 6773: 6754: 6747: 6727: 6720: 6700: 6693: 6673: 6647: 6629: 6597: 6571: 6538: 6512: 6482: 6456: 6434: 6400: 6377:Almaany Team. 6368: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6349: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6297: 6281: 6278: 6266: 6265:Notable people 6263: 6262: 6261: 6248: 6235: 6222: 6194: 6191: 6152:Stefano Bianca 6149:urban designer 6105: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6028: 6025: 6004: 6001: 5991:played at the 5900:opened in 2021 5837: 5834: 5788: 5785: 5777: 5776: 5768: 5747: 5744: 5740:soap of Aleppo 5694:Constantinople 5690:Ottoman Empire 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5603: 5600: 5562:Ottoman Empire 5542: 5539: 5517: 5514: 5465: 5462: 5454: 5453:Transportation 5451: 5424:Saint Julianus 5351:Main article: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5334:Emir of Aleppo 5327: 5324: 5321:Az-Zahir Ghazi 5317: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5281: 5262: 5235:Bahsita Mosque 5212: 5198: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5133:Khachadur Bali 5124: 5116:Beit Achiqbash 5112: 5074: 5073: 5039: 5029: 5028: 4973: 4970: 4945:Al-Madina Souq 4919:Al-Madina Souq 4909:products, 2004 4903:al-Madina Souq 4893:Al-Madina Souq 4891:Main article: 4888: 4885: 4880:Main article: 4877: 4874: 4814: 4811: 4782:), cheese and 4730:) and the raw 4728:kәbbe bṣēniyye 4672:prepared with 4649:, ful halabi, 4625:Syrian cuisine 4612: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4576:Beit Achiqbash 4572:Aleppine House 4568: 4550: 4547: 4479:Qudud Halabiya 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4439:Greek language 4411:Syrian Turkmen 4378: 4375: 4334:, an Arab mob 4291: 4288: 4248:Melkite Greeks 4175: 4172: 4138:, followed by 4124: 4121: 4092: 4089: 4081:Soviet Armenia 3980: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3714:Aleppo Citadel 3693:Liberty Square 3637:Aleppo Citadel 3629: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3612: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3562:sunshine hours 3557: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3515:sunshine hours 3510: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3006: 2977: 2974: 2958:Aintab plateau 2913:Kurd Mountains 2904: 2901: 2825:Al-Madina Souq 2773:New York Times 2741: 2738: 2698:Hafez al-Assad 2634:Adib Shishakly 2581:People's Party 2577:National Party 2573:National Block 2553: 2550: 2409: 2408:French mandate 2406: 2386:Ibrahim Hananu 2232:Aleppo in 1690 2172:Constantinople 2126:Ottoman Empire 2088: 2085: 1978: 1975: 1930:city was taken 1926:An-Nasir Yusuf 1883:Zengid dynasty 1804: 1801: 1750:Jund Qinnasrin 1721: 1718: 1714:An-Nasir Yusuf 1701: 1698: 1627:Constantius II 1600:Roman province 1583: 1580: 1563:Late Antiquity 1544:Roman province 1486:established a 1450: 1447: 1402: 1399: 1267:, king of the 1249: 1248:Hittite period 1246: 1238:Shamshi-Adad I 1210:Old Babylonian 1189:Aleppo Citadel 1162:Wayne Horowitz 1131:Yamhad dynasty 1118: 1115: 1099: 1096: 1035:folk etymology 977:). During the 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 920: 919: 910: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 872: 869: 802:Constantinople 798:Ottoman Empire 751:largest cities 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 633: 632: 627: 623: 622: 612: 608: 607: 604: 600: 599: 596: 592: 591: 586: 582: 581: 576: 573: 572: 568: 567: 562: 556: 555: 550: 544: 543: 540: 534: 533: 528: 522: 521: 516: 510: 509: 495: 489: 488: 485: 481: 480: 471: 467: 466: 463: 459: 458: 454: 453: 450: 446: 445: 442: 438: 437: 433: 432: 429: 425: 424: 421: 414: 413: 408: 404: 403: 399: 398: 395: 391: 390: 379: 375: 374: 371: 365: 364: 363:(Jabal Semaan) 358: 352: 351: 346: 340: 339: 326: 322: 321: 287: 286: 276: 270: 269: 262: 261: 255: 254: 253: 252: 243: 237: 236: 229: 228: 222: 221: 220: 219: 210: 204: 203: 196: 195: 189: 188: 187: 186: 177: 171: 170: 163: 162: 156: 155: 154: 153: 152: 149: 148: 125: 121: 120: 114: 108: 107: 106: 103: 102: 80:al-Madina Souq 76:Aleppo Citadel 70: 69: 61: 60: 55: 52: 51: 44: 41: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18979: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18924: 18922: 18903: 18900: 18899: 18897: 18895: 18891: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18876: 18874: 18872: 18868: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18848: 18846: 18844: 18840: 18834: 18831: 18830: 18828: 18826: 18822: 18816: 18813: 18812: 18810: 18808: 18804: 18798: 18795: 18794: 18792: 18790: 18786: 18780: 18777: 18776: 18774: 18772: 18768: 18762: 18759: 18758: 18756: 18754: 18750: 18747: 18744: 18740: 18735: 18721: 18718: 18717: 18715: 18713: 18709: 18703: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18695: 18691: 18685: 18683: 18679: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18664: 18662: 18660: 18656: 18650: 18647: 18646: 18644: 18642: 18638: 18632: 18629: 18628: 18626: 18624: 18620: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18585: 18583: 18581: 18577: 18574: 18571: 18567: 18562: 18555: 18550: 18548: 18543: 18541: 18536: 18535: 18532: 18520: 18514: 18512: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18483: 18481: 18477: 18474: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18459: 18454: 18452: 18447: 18445: 18440: 18439: 18436: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18413:al-Yaarubiyah 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18403:Urum al-Kubra 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18363:Tell al-Daman 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18118:al-Qahtaniyah 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18093:al-Nashabiyah 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18078:al-Musayfirah 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17953:Khan Shaykhun 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17923:Kafr Takharim 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17718:al-Darbasiyah 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17623:Assal al-Ward 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17573:Abu al-Thuhur 17571: 17569: 17566: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17556: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17292: 17287: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17199: 17195: 17190: 17181: 17176: 17174: 17169: 17167: 17162: 17161: 17158: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17127: 17123: 17122: 17120: 17118: 17114: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17087: 17083: 17082: 17080: 17078: 17074: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17062: 17058: 17057: 17055: 17053: 17049: 17043: 17042: 17038: 17037: 17035: 17033: 17029: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17012: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17003: 16999: 16995: 16991: 16986: 16982: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16902: 16898: 16897: 16895: 16893: 16889: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16867: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16858: 16854: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16837:Hamir Labidah 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16822:Awsajli Kabir 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16812: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16803: 16799: 16793: 16792: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16783: 16779: 16773: 16772: 16771: 16766: 16765: 16763: 16761: 16757: 16753: 16749: 16744: 16740: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16660: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16651: 16647: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16545: 16544: 16539: 16538: 16536: 16534: 16530: 16526: 16522: 16517: 16513: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16484: 16483: 16481: 16479: 16475: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16453: 16449: 16448: 16446: 16444: 16440: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16418: 16414: 16413: 16411: 16409: 16405: 16401: 16397: 16392: 16388: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16363: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16354: 16350: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16338: 16334: 16333: 16331: 16329: 16325: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16303:Kherbet Kiyar 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16258: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16249: 16245: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16223: 16219: 16218: 16216: 16214: 16210: 16206: 16202: 16197: 16193: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16173: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16164: 16160: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16148: 16144: 16143: 16141: 16139: 16135: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16098: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16089: 16085: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16057: 16056: 16054: 16052: 16048: 16044: 16040: 16035: 16031: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16011: 16010:Urum al-Kubra 16007: 16006: 16004: 16002: 15998: 15992: 15991:al-Shaykh Ali 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15976:Maarat Atarib 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15946: 15942: 15941: 15939: 15937: 15933: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15911: 15907: 15906: 15904: 15902: 15898: 15894: 15890: 15885: 15881: 15867: 15866: 15862: 15861: 15859: 15857: 15853: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15841: 15837: 15836: 15834: 15832: 15828: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15816: 15812: 15811: 15809: 15807: 15803: 15797: 15796: 15792: 15791: 15789: 15787: 15783: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15766: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15757: 15753: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15716: 15712: 15711: 15709: 15707: 15703: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15661:Burj Abdullah 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15631:Awlad al-Arab 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15621: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15612: 15608: 15604: 15600: 15595: 15591: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15561:al-Yaarubiyah 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15487: 15483: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15456: 15452: 15451: 15449: 15447: 15443: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15406: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15397: 15393: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15356: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15347: 15343: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15331:Turkman Bareh 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15311:Tal'ar Sharqi 15309: 15307: 15306:Tal'ar Gharbi 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15226: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15217: 15213: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15116:al-Fayruziyah 15114: 15112: 15111: 15107: 15106: 15104: 15102: 15098: 15094: 15090: 15089:Azaz District 15085: 15081: 15076: 15070: 15052: 15051: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15032: 15031:Ziyara Samaan 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14941: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14932: 14928: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14896: 14892: 14891: 14889: 14887: 14883: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14817: 14816: 14814: 14812: 14808: 14802: 14801:Yaqed al-Adas 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14786:Shaykh Najjar 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14736: 14732: 14731: 14729: 14727: 14723: 14717: 14716:Um al-Karamel 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14611: 14610:Tell al-Daman 14607: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14598: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14586:al-Dhahabiyah 14584: 14582: 14581:Tell Shughayb 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14546:al-Muslimiyah 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14491:Ayn al-Kabira 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14476: 14472: 14471: 14469: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14439: 14434: 14430: 14425: 14416: 14411: 14409: 14404: 14402: 14397: 14396: 14393: 14383: 14378: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14346: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14279:Aleppo Eyalet 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14193: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14157:Al-Yarmouk SC 14155: 14153: 14152:Al-Hurriya SC 14150: 14148: 14147:Al-Ittihad SC 14145: 14144: 14142: 14138: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14083: 14081: 14077: 14074: 14070: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14048:Mount al-Hass 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14014: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13888: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13861:Farhat Square 13859: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13847: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13810:Al-Sabil Park 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803:Entertainment 13801: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13728: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13701:Bab Qinnasrin 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13691:Bab al-Nairab 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13672: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13652:Bethel Church 13650: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13640: 13636: 13630: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13622: 13618: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13605: 13603: 13599: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13558: 13554: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13508: 13498: 13497:Tawhid Mosque 13495: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13381:Al-Uthmaniyah 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13371:Al-Sultaniyah 13369: 13367: 13366:Al-Sharafiyah 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13327: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13290:Beit Ghazaleh 13288: 13286: 13285:Beit Junblatt 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13221: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13194:Bab al-Nairab 13192: 13190: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13171: 13162: 13157: 13155: 13150: 13148: 13143: 13142: 13139: 13130: 13121: 13115: 13109: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13091: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13061: 13060: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13040:0-520-06667-7 13036: 13032: 13027: 13023: 13021:9780521347723 13017: 13013: 13008: 13005: 13001: 12995: 12994: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12975: 12971: 12966: 12962: 12956: 12952: 12947: 12943: 12941:9782070259847 12937: 12933: 12928: 12924: 12922:9780415737210 12918: 12915:. Routledge. 12914: 12909: 12905: 12899: 12896:. Routledge. 12895: 12890: 12886: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12839: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12809: 12793: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12738: 12735:. Esyria.sy. 12734: 12728: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12672: 12656: 12652: 12646: 12630: 12626: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12564: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12503: 12496: 12492: 12489: 12484: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12454: 12438: 12434: 12428: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12386: 12382: 12375: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12345: 12344: 12337: 12331: 12327: 12324: 12318: 12302: 12298: 12291: 12275: 12271: 12265: 12249: 12245: 12239: 12223: 12219: 12213: 12207: 12203: 12200: 12199:Economy Syria 12194: 12178: 12174: 12168: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12123: 12107: 12103: 12096: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12066: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12035: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12016: 12000: 11996: 11989: 11983: 11978: 11963: 11957: 11953: 11948: 11947: 11938: 11922: 11918: 11912: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11874: 11868: 11860: 11858:9781860642449 11854: 11850: 11845: 11844: 11835: 11819: 11815: 11809: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11762: 11746: 11743:. Esyria.sy. 11742: 11736: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11701: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11662: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11631: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11566: 11562: 11556: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11522: 11516: 11511: 11510: 11501: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11471: 11470: 11462: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11432: 11416: 11412: 11406: 11399: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11378: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11347: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11316: 11300: 11296: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11277: 11261: 11257: 11256: 11248: 11233: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11210: 11200: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11177: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11146: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11115: 11099: 11095: 11089: 11073: 11069: 11063: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11021: 11017: 11011: 10995: 10991: 10985: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10898: 10882: 10878: 10872: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10842: 10832: 10818: 10814: 10808: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10752: 10746: 10740: 10732: 10726: 10717: 10708: 10702: 10698: 10695: 10689: 10673: 10669: 10663: 10647: 10643: 10636: 10620: 10616: 10610: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10579: 10563: 10559: 10553: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10523: 10504: 10497: 10491: 10489: 10472: 10469:(in Arabic). 10468: 10462: 10460: 10451: 10444: 10442: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10381: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10351: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10277: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10247: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10217: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10185: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10154: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10123: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10095: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10072: 10056: 10052: 10046: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9987: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9956: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9925: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9872: 9868: 9861: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9771: 9769: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9677: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9635: 9628: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9586: 9581: 9573: 9571:9780815713791 9567: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9548: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9505: 9496: 9489: 9484: 9476: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9444: 9443: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9417: 9412: 9403: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9357: 9353: 9351:9781491766583 9347: 9344:. iUniverse. 9343: 9342: 9334: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9295: 9287: 9285:9780465019656 9281: 9277: 9273: 9272: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9183: 9175: 9163: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9068: 9052: 9048: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9029: 9013: 9009: 9007:9781848546189 9003: 8999: 8998: 8990: 8981: 8972: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8918: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8898:0-521-57455-2 8895: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8876: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8836: 8830: 8829:0-521-57455-2 8826: 8822: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8803: 8795: 8791: 8790: 8782: 8774: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8751: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8711: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8628: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8569: 8567: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8503: 8494: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8467:Runciman 1987 8463: 8456: 8455:Demurger 2007 8451: 8444: 8439: 8432: 8431:Runciman 1987 8427: 8420: 8419:Runciman 1987 8415: 8408: 8407:Runciman 1987 8403: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8364: 8357: 8356:2-262-02569-X 8353: 8349: 8344: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8315: 8308: 8307:Runciman 1952 8303: 8296: 8291: 8284: 8279: 8272: 8267: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8238: 8231: 8226: 8220:, p. 91. 8219: 8214: 8207: 8202: 8196:, p. 99. 8195: 8190: 8183: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8159: 8154: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8085: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8017: 8002: 7998: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7950: 7944: 7937: 7931: 7924: 7918: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7876: 7872: 7870:9781589837218 7866: 7862: 7861: 7853: 7837: 7833: 7831:9780191002922 7827: 7823: 7822: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7767: 7763: 7761:9789042918177 7757: 7753: 7752: 7744: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7705: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7666: 7659: 7654: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7585: 7584: 7576: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7549: 7542: 7536: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7497: 7495: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7420: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7381: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7342: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7303: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7274: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7171: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7018: 7016: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6952: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6930: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6859: 6857: 6849: 6848: 6842: 6835: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6731: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6704: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6677: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6633: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6369: 6353: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6077: 6076:Souq al-Dira' 6073: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6044: 6043:Tawhid Mosque 6039: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6009: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5989:al-Hurriya SC 5986: 5985:al-Ittihad SC 5981: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5917:Al-Ittihad SC 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5868:al-Yarmouk SC 5865: 5864:al-Hurriya SC 5861: 5860:al-Ittihad SC 5857: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5793: 5784: 5782: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5752: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5729:Sheikh Najjar 5725: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5653: 5639: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5538: 5536: 5531: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5392: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5301: 5297: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5128:Beit Ghazaleh 5125: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5066:Beit Junblatt 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5009:Bab Qinnasrin 5006: 5002: 5001:Bab al-Nairab 4998: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962:caravanserais 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4801: 4800:Al-Shark beer 4797: 4793: 4789: 4788:kebab ma'juʔa 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4772:kebab kamayeh 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4746:), eggplant ( 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724:kәbbe bәṣfīḥa 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4617: 4605: 4602: 4600:in al-Jdayde. 4599: 4598: 4597:Beit Ghazaleh 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4521:Sayed Darwish 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383:Syrian Arabic 4374: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3758: 3756: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513:Mean monthly 3511: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3346:precipitation 3342: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2998:Nur Mountains 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980:Aleppo has a 2973: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2937:Syrian Desert 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2827:(part of the 2826: 2821: 2818: 2817:no man's land 2809: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2758:The scene at 2756: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2734: 2733:Shaykh Najjar 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2683:Amin al-Hafiz 2679: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2525:Syrian Revolt 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486:Subhi Barakat 2483: 2482:Alawite State 2479: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2456:Syrian Desert 2453: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2436:Henri Gouraud 2433: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:Hananu Revolt 2379: 2375: 2374:Kemal Atatürk 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:Allied forces 2355: 2351: 2350:Prince Feisal 2347: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2274:Beit Ghazaleh 2270: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:Halil İnalcık 2239: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209:in 1613. The 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2142:Aleppo Eyalet 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2114:daguerreotype 2110: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2093:Aleppo Eyalet 2084: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1983: 1977:Mamluk period 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1916:and then the 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Sayf al-Dawla 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1624:Roman Emperor 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:episcopal see 1588: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1460: 1455: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1395: 1394:Gershon Galil 1391: 1387: 1386:Hittitologist 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:Ilim-Ilimma I 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1072: 1063: 1057: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 970: 966: 962: 959:, and to the 958: 954: 950: 941: 940: 937: 936: 929: 925: 922: 921: 918: 912: 911: 899: 896: 893: 890: 885: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:Syrian region 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 714: 708: 699: 695: 694: 684: 657: 648: 644: 641: 638: 634: 631: 628: 624: 619: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590: 587: 585:Official name 583: 579: 574: 569: 566: 563: 561: 557: 554: 551: 549: 545: 541: 539: 535: 532:City code: 21 529: 527: 523: 520: 517: 515: 511: 499: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 479: 475: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 430: 426: 422: 420: 417: • 415: 412: 409: 405: 400: 396: 392: 389: 380: 378:First settled 376: 372: 370: 366: 362: 359: 357: 353: 350: 347: 345: 341: 338: 327: 323: 318: 290:Coordinates: 288: 259: 244:Aleppo (Asia) 226: 193: 160: 150: 144: 138: 129: 122: 112: 104: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 67: 62: 58: 53: 39: 33: 29: 22: 18860: 18771:Unqi-Pattina 18561:Syro-Hittite 18491:Ancient City 18479: 18476:Ancient City 18408:Wadi al-Oyun 18248:al-Shaddadah 18133:al-Qaryatayn 18083:al-Mushannaf 17883:al-Jawadiyah 17863:al-Janudiyah 17843:Ibbin Samaan 17788:al-Hamidiyah 17678:Bir al-Helou 17663:Barri Sharqi 17633:Ayn al-Fijah 17559:Sub-district 17474:Ra's al-'Ayn 17404:al-Malikiyah 17210: 17124: 17102:al-Samiriyah 17097:Rasm Al-Nafl 17084: 17059: 17039: 17009: 16899: 16872:Khan al-Humr 16864: 16809: 16789: 16768: 16767: 16710:Tell Aghbar‎ 16657: 16580:Ayn al-Bayda 16541: 16540: 16493:Shaykh Ahmad 16485: 16468:Rasm al-Abed 16450: 16433:Umm el-Marra 16415: 16360: 16335: 16255: 16220: 16170: 16145: 16095: 16059: 16058: 16008: 15945:Ibbin Samaan 15943: 15908: 15863: 15838: 15821:Meidan Ekbis 15813: 15793: 15763: 15726:Darmashkanli 15713: 15618: 15571:Az-Zahiriyah 15493: 15453: 15403: 15353: 15223: 15151:al-Malikiyah 15131:Kafr Khasher 15108: 15048: 15006:Rasm al-Eiss 14938: 14893: 14871:al-Sakhriyah 14818: 14791:Shaykh Zayat 14733: 14608: 14474: 14473: 14440: 14437: 14244:Aleppo Codex 14033:Mount Simeon 14028:Dhahab River 13997:Sabah Fakhri 13942:Louay Kayali 13932:Joseph Safra 13730:Culture and 13716:Bab al-Faraj 13711:Bab al-Jinan 13706:Bab Antakeya 13696:Bab al-Maqam 13686:Bab al-Ahmar 13681:Bab al-Hadid 13386:Al-Zahiriyah 13351:Al-Kameliyah 13346:Al-Halawiyah 13336:Al-Ahmadiyah 13174: 13119: 13058: 13030: 13011: 12992: 12969: 12950: 12931: 12912: 12893: 12884: 12871:Bibliography 12858:16 September 12856:. Retrieved 12847: 12838: 12828:16 September 12826:. Retrieved 12817: 12808: 12796:. Retrieved 12791: 12767:. Retrieved 12759:"UDP-Aleppo" 12753: 12741:. Retrieved 12727: 12715:. Retrieved 12701: 12689:. Retrieved 12680: 12671: 12659:. Retrieved 12655:the original 12645: 12633:. Retrieved 12625:"Syria-Iran" 12619: 12607:. Retrieved 12593: 12581:. Retrieved 12572: 12563: 12551:. Retrieved 12542: 12533: 12521:. Retrieved 12502: 12483: 12471:. Retrieved 12462: 12453: 12441:. Retrieved 12427: 12417:14 September 12415:. Retrieved 12401: 12389:. Retrieved 12374: 12364:19 September 12362:. Retrieved 12342: 12336: 12323:Soap History 12321:Aleppo Soap 12317: 12305:. Retrieved 12290: 12278:. Retrieved 12264: 12252:. Retrieved 12238: 12226:. Retrieved 12212: 12193: 12181:. Retrieved 12167: 12155:. Retrieved 12141: 12122: 12110:. Retrieved 12095: 12083:. Retrieved 12065: 12053:. Retrieved 12044: 12034: 12015: 12003:. Retrieved 11988: 11977: 11965:. Retrieved 11945: 11937: 11925:. 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Retrieved 6382: 6372: 6352: 6339:Al-Shahbaa ( 6335: 6308: 6301: 6202: 6176: 6172: 6145:Bab al-Jinan 6140:André Gutton 6136:World War II 6131: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6099: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6048: 6027:Subdivisions 6014: 6003:Municipality 5982: 5963: 5955:table tennis 5936: 5921: 5903: 5849: 5823: 5812: 5805: 5801: 5778: 5761: 5757: 5746:Construction 5737: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5719:Tilel street 5710: 5686: 5658: 5633: 5615: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5555: 5527: 5467: 5436:Syro-Hittite 5399: 5397: 5377:Mount Simeon 5366: 5364: 5345: 5304: 5185:, father of 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5106: 5094: 5085: 5030: 5021:Bab al-Faraj 5013:Bab Antakeya 5005:Bab al-Maqam 4997:Bab al-Ahmar 4993:Bab al-Hadid 4986: 4965: 4957: 4943: 4942: 4923: 4865: 4863: 4852: 4848:bridge games 4842: 4827: 4808: 4804: 4787: 4779: 4776:tomato paste 4771: 4763: 4752:chili pepper 4748:kebab banjan 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4699: 4693: 4685: 4677: 4669: 4667: 4628: 4603: 4595: 4571: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4529: 4505:Sabah Fakhri 4500: 4498: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4431:Greco-Syrian 4421:form of the 4380: 4371:Hebrew Bible 4360: 4340: 4322:. After the 4312:Aleppo Codex 4301: 4272: 4264:Latin Church 4241: 4210: 4206: 4187: 4126: 4110: 4104: 4084: 4077: 4052: 4050: 4042: 4010: 4001: 3999: 3761:Demographics 3752: 3739: 3735: 3719: 3686: 3655: 3641: 3628:Architecture 3348:mm (inches) 2989: 2979: 2970: 2951: 2918: 2894: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2822: 2813: 2781: 2772: 2765: 2730: 2710: 2695: 2680: 2669: 2646: 2630:Sami Hinnawi 2619: 2570: 2560: 2538:Alexandretta 2535: 2522: 2502: 2474: 2444: 2429: 2394:Alexandretta 2343: 2318: 2306:Henry Teonge 2300: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2262: 2255: 2235: 2192: 2165: 2150: 2146: 2123: 2074: 2064: 2060:Hospitallers 2033: 2010: 1988: 1911: 1897:launched an 1880: 1861: 1841:Malik-Shah I 1806: 1766:al-Mutanabbi 1728:led by King 1723: 1691: 1629:. After the 1593: 1556: 1534:. After the 1521: 1514: 1508: 1491: 1478: 1472:basilica in 1404: 1374:Amouq Valley 1359: 1336: 1309:Muwatalli II 1262: 1251: 1207: 1193: 1177: 1157: 1154:Ebla tablets 1147: 1144: 1123:Armi (Syria) 1081: 1032: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1003: 998: 997: 995: 990: 986: 968: 956: 952: 948: 946: 830: 818:Central Asia 759: 739:largest city 655: 654: 526:Area code(s) 474:2nd in Syria 361:Mount Simeon 314:36.20; 37.16 126:Al-Shahbaa ( 32: 18825:Bit Bahiani 18789:Bit Gabbari 18378:Tell Salhab 18373:Tell Rifaat 18173:al-Ruhaybah 18058:al-Masmiyah 18033:al-Mansurah 17893:Jubb Ramlah 17873:al-Jarniyah 17753:al-Ghariyah 17723:Deir Atiyah 17648:Ayn al-Nasr 17638:Ayn Halaqim 17504:al-Sanamayn 17469:al-Qutayfah 17324:Ayn al-Arab 17266:Rif Dimashq 17226:Deir ez-Zor 17202:Governorate 16952:Tell Akhdar 16877:al-Maamurah 16725:al-Suwaydah 16695:Jubb al-Dam 16625:Qirq Maghar 16560:al-Hajaliah 16097:al-Jalbiyah 16068:al-Farazdaq 16061:Ayn al-Arab 15986:al-Sahharah 15956:Kafr Karmin 15731:Deir Ballut 15721:Burj Haider 15541:Kafr Shoush 15526:al-Judaydah 15516:Hawar Kilis 15381:Shaykh Issa 15355:Tell Rifaat 15316:Tall Battal 15126:Kafr Kalbin 15021:Tell Hidyah 15016:Tell Allush 14771:Kafr Hamrah 14666:Deir Saliba 14526:Kafr Saghir 14234:Dead Cities 14229:Aleppo soap 14043:Mount Barsa 14023:Queiq River 14002:Saint Maron 13840:Shahba Mall 13830:Club d'Alep 13721:Bab al-Nasr 13305:Baron Hotel 13082:Aleppo news 12798:13 November 12792:mobtada.com 12717:26 December 12583:20 December 12573:asia-basket 12553:21 December 12543:asia-basket 11620:27 December 11421:18 December 11367:14 December 11357:The Forward 11166:26 December 11135:13 February 10948:13 February 10861:22 November 10835:(in Arabic) 10542:2 September 10512:13 December 10430:16 February 10400:16 February 10370:23 February 10266:23 February 10236:23 February 10206:26 December 10174:16 December 10143:26 December 9824:11 February 9793:11 February 9731:14 February 9713:Bakri, Nada 9323:5 September 9243:ibtimes.com 8870:pp. 175-203 8864:5 September 8739:5 September 8662:j.ctvc16s06 8256:15 February 8206:Zakkar 1969 8007:26 November 7252:Daily Sabah 6946:, pp. 33–34 6611:Macrotrends 6444:Syria News 6427:12 February 6383:almaany.com 6316:Aleppo Room 6294:Asia portal 5852:team sports 5772:Queiq River 5535:share taxis 5480:leading to 5474:Queiq River 5428:Saint Maron 5400:Dead cities 5368:Dead Cities 5353:Dead Cities 5346:Dead Cities 5108:Aleppo Room 5036:The Citadel 5025:Bab al-Nasr 4926:Mesopotamia 4907:Aleppo soap 4905:displaying 4870:Shahba Mall 4866:Blue Lagoon 4859:Queiq River 4844:Club d'Alep 4823:Shahba Mall 4780:kebab hindi 4744:kebab karaz 4736:kәbbe nayye 4704:pomegranate 4700:kәbbe ḥāmḍa 4517:Nour Mhanna 4509:Shadi Jamil 4473:Muwashshahs 4435:Koine Greek 4348:Syrian Jews 4268:Evangelical 4190:Middle East 4148:Circassians 3674:Neo-classic 3560:Mean daily 2954:Queiq River 2947:Queiq River 2911:The nearby 2626:Hussni Zaim 2622:coup d'état 2589:Nazim Qudsi 2542:Hatay State 2402:Mesopotamia 2398:Sykes-Picot 2362:World War I 2207:Netherlands 2161:Franciscans 2087:Ottoman era 1946:Bohemond VI 1825:Wadi Butnan 1687:titular see 1604:Syria Prima 1571:Roman Syria 1337:Aleppo had 1317:Ramesses II 1311:during the 1293:Tudhaliya I 1271:kingdom of 1226:Yarim-Lim I 1220:dynasty of 1168:, known as 1092:Syrian Jews 1043:Ibn Battuta 928:New Kingdom 917:hieroglyphs 837:World War I 824:. When the 822:Mesopotamia 782:Mesopotamia 640:Arab States 502:حلبي Ḥalabi 385: 5000 369:Subdistrict 344:Governorate 312: / 143:ash-Shahbāʾ 132:الشَّهْبَاء 96:Queiq River 88:Baron Hotel 18921:Categories 18815:Til Barsip 18720:Carchemish 18712:Carchemish 18423:az-Ziyarah 18383:Tell Tamer 18368:Tell Hamis 18353:al-Tamanah 18333:al-Sukhnah 18253:al-Shajara 18198:al-Sabkhah 18138:al-Qurayya 18098:al-Nasirah 18028:al-Malihah 17948:al-Khafsah 17933:al-Karamah 17913:Kafr Batna 17803:Harbnafsah 17708:Darat Izza 17618:al-Asharah 17603:al-Arishah 17568:Abu Qilqil 17539:al-Thawrah 17534:Tell Abyad 17349:Dayr Hafir 17271:as-Suwayda 17236:al-Hasakah 17132:Tell Hasil 16962:al-Zahirah 16947:Tell Aswad 16937:al-Tadamon 16866:Al-Khafsah 16847:Jubb Hamza 16811:Abu Qilqil 16715:Tell Hajar 16680:Arab Azzah 16635:Yusuf Bayk 16615:Qandariyah 16498:Tell Ayoub 16417:Dayr Hafir 16368:Tell Rahal 16313:Oweishiyeh 16233:Abu Taltal 16228:Abu Jabbar 15971:Kafr Nuran 15951:Kafr Halab 15776:Kafr Safra 15746:Karzahayel 15566:al-Yamamah 15436:Tell Qarah 15386:Tell Jabin 15371:Kafr Naseh 15366:Deir Jamal 15321:Tall Tanah 15296:Qar Kalbin 15176:al-Salameh 14921:Tell Dadin 14820:Darat Izza 14766:Kafr Bssin 14686:Kafr Obeid 14681:Jubb Aleis 14561:Rasm Assan 14531:Khan Tuman 14177:Ouroube SC 13902:Al-Ma'arri 13784:École Amal 13639:Protestant 13548:(Maronite) 13341:Al-Firdaws 13315:Villa Rose 12875:See also: 12523:21 January 12112:3 February 12085:22 October 12005:30 October 11967:12 October 11725:3 December 11266:12 October 11237:12 October 10917:3 December 9937:. London. 9905:New Yorker 9869:. Cbc.ca. 9689:. London. 9517:(4): 546. 9461:1112495832 9223:28 October 9142:1005506048 8443:Burns 2016 8392:12 October 8295:Burns 2016 8271:Basan 2010 8218:Basan 2010 8194:Burns 2016 8182:Burns 2016 8170:Burns 2016 8158:Burns 2016 8133:Britannica 8044:2. Berrhée 7842:12 October 7772:12 October 7733:12 October 7694:12 October 7643:12 October 7604:12 October 7525:12 October 7409:12 October 7370:12 October 7331:12 October 7292:12 October 7192:19 January 7004:12 October 6891:12 October 6531:4 February 6495:Al Jazeera 6409:"Aleppine" 6364:References 6269:See also: 6203:Aleppo is 6197:See also: 6031:See also: 5947:volleyball 5905:Basketball 5876:Ouroube SC 5674:Cape route 5478:M5 Highway 5470:M4 Highway 5457:See also: 5404:Mount Kurd 5171: 715 5095:Beit Wakil 4901:A shop in 4716:kәbbe ʔrāṣ 4706:sauce and 4623:See also: 4513:Abed Azrie 4367:Aram-Zobah 4174:Christians 4168:Bulgarians 3753:Thus, the 3670:Villa Rose 3650:Villa Rose 3616:Source 2: 3607:Source 1: 3420:(≥ 1.0 mm) 2806:Destroyed 2786:, suicide 2696:President 2676:Nasserists 2620:The first 2546:Iskenderun 2480:, and the 2412:See also: 2258:Suez Canal 2091:See also: 2076:al-Jdeydeh 1872:Baldwin II 1752:under the 1559:Byzantines 1088:Aram-Zobah 1020:al-Shahbāʾ 989:was used. 857:İskenderun 826:Suez Canal 796:, and the 611:Designated 493:Demonym(s) 457:Population 402:Government 57:Metropolis 18879:Hatarikka 18843:Bit Agusi 18807:Bit Adini 18418:al-Zirbah 18398:Uqayribat 18168:al-Riqama 18113:al-Qadmus 18063:al-Mazraa 17988:al-Kiswah 17938:al-Kasrah 17928:Kafr Zita 17918:Kafr Nabl 17838:al-Huwash 17793:al-Hamraa 17748:Ghandoura 17743:Ghabaghib 17733:al-Dumayr 17668:Beit Jinn 17598:al-Ariqah 17524:Talkalakh 17494:Salamiyah 17484:as-Safira 17479:al-Rastan 17464:al-Qusayr 17389:Jarabulus 17369:al-Haffah 17359:Duraykish 17304:Abu Kamal 17126:Tell Aran 17011:as-Safira 16942:Talhuthan 16832:Dandaniya 16670:Al-Shahid 16665:Al-Kuliya 16659:Ghandoura 16543:Jarabulus 16428:al-Jabbul 16293:Haji Kusa 15961:Kafr Naha 15916:al-Abzamo 15671:Kafr Nabu 15656:Beit Adin 15641:Baselhaya 15556:Shuwayrin 15546:Murayghil 15521:Ihtaimlat 15501:Baraghida 15476:al-Zahraa 15376:Kafr Naya 15246:Bahwartah 15236:Aq Burhan 15181:Shamarikh 15136:Kaljibrin 14971:Bawabiyah 14940:al-Zirbah 14895:al-Hadher 14841:Kafrantin 14836:Bishqatin 14826:Bshantara 14691:al-Mintar 14616:Abu Rweil 14591:al-Wadihi 14254:Mirdasids 14249:Hamdanids 14224:Bit Agusi 13732:education 12473:21 August 12443:20 August 12254:29 August 12228:29 August 12157:6 January 11867:cite book 11690:21 August 11680:0362-4331 11651:1 January 11571:29 August 10887:29 August 10640:bleeker. 10061:29 August 10035:29 August 9877:29 August 9850:29 August 9539:146869114 9531:1353-0194 9469:cite book 9213:0029-1463 9172:ignored ( 9162:cite book 9134:0020-5850 8846:. Brill. 8823:. p.651. 8745:pp. 28-61 8721:. Brill. 8607:244587800 8599:1385-3783 8079:), p. 848 7951:. p. 626. 7907:1 October 7881:1 October 7803:1 October 7091:17 August 7056:TRT World 6821:221663582 6813:2194-9034 6622:21 August 6505:4 October 6258:Osmangazi 6232:Gaziantep 6221:, Lebanon 5951:athletics 5817:(SU) and 5787:Education 5665:Euphrates 5498:Gaziantep 5416:Kafr Nabu 5088:al-Jdayde 4966:caeserias 4838:al-Jdayde 4834:nightlife 4663:lahmajoun 4661:Aleppine 4631:Silk Road 4580:al-Jdayde 4284:Christmas 4282:victory, 4275:al-Jdayde 4256:Chaldeans 4252:Maronites 4239:as well. 4213:Assyrians 4202:Assyrians 4198:Armenians 4156:Albanians 4063:from the 4053:Al-Ghazzi 3970:2,098,210 3959:1,800,000 3948:2,301,570 3937:2,132,100 3926:1,937,858 3915:1,500,000 3904:1,216,000 3747:Tamerlane 3743:al-Jdayde 3731:acropolis 3662:al-Jdayde 2962:Qinnasrin 2933:pistachio 2903:Geography 2788:car bombs 2713:massacred 2672:Baathists 2523:When the 2448:Euphrates 2157:jizya tax 2067:Tamerlane 2052:Hethum II 2044:Euphrates 1967:al-Ashraf 1868:Crusaders 1773:al-Farabi 1730:Khosrow I 1694:Mirdasids 1443:Eber Nari 1419:Assyrians 1411:Bit Agusi 1409:realm of 1351:Phrygians 1347:Assyrians 1343:Storm-God 1301:Telepinus 1265:Baratarna 1258:Mursili I 1234:Babylonia 1230:Hammurabi 871:Etymology 814:Silk Road 774:cuneiform 514:Time zone 505:English: 465:2,098,210 449:Elevation 137:romanized 18753:Palistin 18743:Aramaean 18667:Karatepe 18613:Ištuanda 18516:Site of 18495:Damascus 18343:Talbiseh 18338:al-Tabni 18328:al-Susah 18318:al-Suwar 18298:Sirghaya 18213:Saidnaya 18188:Sabburah 18143:Qurqania 18088:Muzayrib 18068:Muhambal 18053:Maskanah 18008:Maaloula 17998:Maabatli 17973:Khanaser 17898:Jindires 17868:Jaramana 17858:al-Jalaa 17833:Huraytan 17813:al-Hirak 17778:al-Hajib 17763:al-Hader 17728:al-Dimas 17693:Busayrah 17643:Ayn Issa 17578:Akhtarin 17549:Zabadani 17444:Qamishli 17295:District 17256:Quneitra 17216:Damascus 17086:Khanasir 17061:al-Hajib 16901:Maskanah 16827:Dakhirah 16791:Abu Kahf 16640:Zugharah 16610:Mazaalah 16570:al-Jamel 16463:al-Raa'i 16458:Mazburah 16318:Qabbasin 16288:Haddabat 16283:Deir Qaq 16268:Barlahin 16238:Ameriyeh 16073:al-Haqel 15926:al-Jinah 15795:Maabatli 15765:Jindires 15736:Fafertin 15686:Maryamin 15626:Ain Dara 15576:Zayzafun 15511:Duwaybiq 15461:Bayanoun 15336:Ziadiyah 15326:Tat Hims 15266:Duweidan 15225:Akhtarin 15186:Shamarin 15156:Maraanaz 14996:Kassibeh 14991:Jubb Kas 14976:Humayrah 14846:al-Hoteh 14781:Naqqarin 14651:Batranah 14621:Ameriyeh 14506:Haddadin 14438:Capital: 14219:Palistin 14167:Jalaa SC 13825:Abu Abdo 13564:Catholic 13519:Historic 13511:Churches 13404:Historic 13329:Madrasas 13204:Ramouseh 13090:Archived 13049:19130614 12990:(1952). 12852:Archived 12822:Archived 12769:11 March 12763:Archived 12743:11 March 12737:Archived 12711:Archived 12685:Archived 12681:BBC News 12661:11 March 12629:Archived 12627:. FIBA. 12603:Archived 12601:. FIBA. 12577:Archived 12547:Archived 12517:Archived 12491:Archived 12488:Students 12467:Archived 12437:Archived 12411:Archived 12385:Archived 12383:. SANA. 12358:Archived 12326:Archived 12301:Archived 12299:. SANA. 12280:11 March 12274:Archived 12248:Archived 12222:Archived 12202:Archived 12183:29 April 12177:Archived 12151:Archived 12131:Archived 12106:Archived 12079:Archived 12055:28 March 12049:Archived 12024:Archived 11999:Archived 11993:UNESCO. 11921:Archived 11895:Archived 11818:Archived 11798:11 March 11792:Archived 11771:Archived 11751:11 March 11745:Archived 11684:Archived 11645:Archived 11614:Archived 11565:Archived 11539:Archived 11484:Archived 11445:Archived 11415:Archived 11361:Archived 11336:11 March 11330:Archived 11305:16 March 11299:Archived 11260:Archived 11192:BBC News 11184:Archived 11160:Archived 11129:Archived 11104:27 April 11078:27 April 11072:Archived 11052:27 April 11046:Archived 11026:27 April 11020:Archived 10994:Archived 10942:Archived 10911:Archived 10907:aina.org 10855:Archived 10791:Archived 10773:(2004). 10697:Archived 10678:2 August 10672:Archived 10652:11 March 10646:Archived 10625:11 March 10619:Archived 10615:"Aleppo" 10599:11 March 10593:Archived 10568:26 April 10562:Archived 10503:Archived 10471:Archived 10394:Archived 10364:Archived 10342:Archived 10318:25 April 10312:Archived 10308:ABC News 10290:Archived 10260:Archived 10230:Archived 10200:Archived 10195:CBS News 10168:Archived 10137:Archived 10133:IB Times 10112:27 April 10106:Archived 10085:Archived 10055:Archived 10029:Archived 10009:3 August 10003:Archived 9976:1 August 9970:Archived 9945:2 August 9939:Archived 9909:archived 9871:Archived 9844:Archived 9818:Archived 9787:Archived 9757:11 March 9725:Archived 9697:11 March 9691:Archived 9637:Archived 9611:Archived 9386:Archived 9356:Archived 9317:Archived 9253:15 April 9247:Archived 9217:Archived 9146:Archived 9090:Archived 9051:Archived 9012:Archived 8940:Archived 8885:Archived 8858:Archived 8812:Archived 8733:Archived 8700:11 March 8617:24 March 8611:Archived 8555:24 March 8546:Archived 8482:Archived 8386:Archived 8250:Archived 8143:3 August 8137:Archived 8129:"Aleppo" 8113:3 August 8107:Archived 8099:"Aleppo" 8053:Archived 8027:Archived 8001:archived 7901:Archived 7875:Archived 7836:Archived 7797:Archived 7766:Archived 7727:Archived 7688:Archived 7637:Archived 7598:Archived 7519:Archived 7442:Archived 7403:Archived 7364:Archived 7325:Archived 7310:6 ICAANE 7286:Archived 7263:9 August 7257:Archived 7231:16 March 7225:Archived 7160:16 March 7154:Archived 7121:11 March 7107:"Aleppo" 7061:Archived 7036:Archived 6967:Archived 6940:Archived 6919:Archived 6908:(1794), 6885:Archived 6660:Archived 6640:Archived 6616:Archived 6590:11 March 6584:Archived 6564:24 April 6558:Archived 6525:Archived 6499:Archived 6474:Archived 6449:Archived 6387:Archived 6280:See also 6247:, Turkey 6132:madrasas 5959:swimming 5943:handball 5913:Jalaa SC 5872:Jalaa SC 5856:football 5767:citadel. 5669:Damascus 5490:Damascus 5443:Iron Age 5412:Surqanya 5408:Fafertin 5195:Tutush I 5179:Sulayman 5017:Bāb Jnēn 4954:Damascus 4784:mushroom 4760:pine nut 4365:city of 4352:Brooklyn 4320:Baqashot 4316:Pizmonim 4160:Bosniaks 4152:Chechens 4140:Turkmens 4029:Armenian 4021:Armenian 4017:Assyrian 4013:Armenian 3990:Bedouins 3658:old city 3555:3,001.9 3465:Average 3413:(12.35) 3344:Average 3129:(114.3) 3114:(102.2) 3109:(111.2) 3104:(111.7) 3099:(114.3) 3094:(111.2) 3089:(105.8) 3084:(101.5) 2996:and the 2842:and the 2478:Damascus 2422:General 2346:captured 2338:Tanzimat 2329:attacked 2211:Armenian 2176:Damascus 2168:Anatolia 2153:Maronite 2134:Alawites 2056:Templars 2025:Turcoman 2021:Anatolia 1971:Damascus 1954:Hethum I 1950:Armenian 1942:Frankish 1809:Tutush I 1770:polymath 1758:Hamdanid 1675:Justin I 1639:Sebastea 1524:Armenian 1488:Hellenic 1470:Maronite 1433:and the 1370:Palistin 1254:Hittites 1236:against 1150:Damascus 1084:Rabbinic 979:Crusades 957:Khalibon 806:Istanbul 770:Amorites 757:region. 743:Damascus 603:Criteria 598:Cultural 507:Aleppine 419:Governor 356:District 94: • 86: • 18856:Nampigi 18779:Kinalua 18761:Kinalua 18682:Hilakku 18623:Kammanu 18608:Šinuḫtu 18603:Ḫubišna 18519:Palmyra 18303:Slinfah 18268:Shathah 18263:Sharran 18223:Saraqib 18208:Sahnaya 18178:al-Saan 18073:Muhasan 18043:Markada 17958:Khasham 17908:al-Qabu 17903:al-Jiza 17828:al-Hawl 17798:Harasta 17768:Hadidah 17738:Furqlus 17713:Darkush 17703:al-Dana 17673:Binnish 17653:Babbila 17608:Armanaz 17561:centres 17544:Yabroud 17529:al-Tall 17499:Salkhad 17459:Qudsaya 17449:Qardaha 17439:Palmyra 17434:an-Nabk 17424:Mhardeh 17419:Mayadin 17344:Darayya 17339:Baniyas 17297:centres 17251:Latakia 17204:centres 17137:Zira'ah 17092:Qulayaa 17022:Aqrabah 16957:Tishrin 16705:Nabghah 16675:Al-Qadi 16585:Balaban 16575:Amarnah 16373:al-Waqf 16278:al-Burj 16123:Ramilah 16118:Qinayah 15981:Awayjil 15840:Sharran 15771:Jalamah 15651:Basufan 15431:Talalin 15286:Kadrish 15281:Ka'ibah 15271:Ghaytun 15196:Tatiyah 15191:Sijaraz 15166:Nayarah 15146:Ma'arin 15141:Al-Krum 15011:Talafeh 14986:Jazraya 14911:Jmeimeh 14906:Dalamah 14901:al-Eiss 14856:Injarah 14831:Basrtun 14751:Bashkoy 14735:Haritan 14696:Mreiqes 14566:Saqlaya 14521:Hreibel 14259:Zengids 13907:Buhturi 13396:Mosques 13101:at the 12818:uab.cat 12691:21 June 12391:10 July 12307:10 July 11927:23 June 11901:23 June 11891:Haaretz 11545:3 March 11490:25 July 10797:25 July 10589:Reuters 10390:AP NEWS 10360:Reuters 10256:Reuters 10226:Reuters 9617:5 April 9607:NPR.org 9276:94, 101 8997:Ataturk 6973:13 July 6962:Archnet 6916:pp. 1–2 6791:Bibcode 6666:28 June 6469:(CBS). 6393:22 June 6345:الشهباء 6205:twinned 6128:hammams 5682:Red Sea 5680:to the 5642:Economy 5623:: ALP, 5602:Airport 5574:Latakia 5541:Railway 5502:Latakia 5447:Cyrrhus 5441:of the 5307:hammams 5291:Hammams 5183:Zachary 5175:Walid I 4768:truffle 4756:parsley 4651:za'atar 4611:Cuisine 4549:Museums 4536:sammi'a 4532:sammi'a 4453:Culture 4443:English 4419:Western 4363:Aramean 4217:Aramaic 4132:Muslims 4123:Muslims 4045:Cilicia 3893:639,000 3882:500,000 3871:425,467 3860:362,500 3849:325,000 3838:249,921 3827:210,000 3816:156,748 3805:108,143 3766:History 3408:(2.30) 3403:(1.40) 3398:(0.91) 3393:(0.14) 3388:(0.00) 3378:(0.07) 3373:(0.63) 3368:(1.09) 3363:(1.67) 3358:(1.88) 3353:(2.26) 3339:(10.4) 3334:(12.6) 3329:(10.4) 3324:(28.4) 3319:(42.8) 3314:(53.8) 3309:(53.6) 3304:(50.0) 3299:(41.0) 3294:(24.8) 3289:(22.1) 3284:(17.1) 3279:(11.7) 3269:(54.0) 3264:(38.7) 3259:(45.1) 3254:(57.6) 3249:(66.9) 3244:(73.0) 3239:(73.0) 3234:(67.6) 3229:(59.0) 3224:(50.0) 3219:(43.0) 3214:(37.8) 3209:(36.3) 3199:(76.0) 3194:(54.0) 3189:(65.8) 3184:(81.7) 3179:(92.3) 3174:(98.2) 3169:(98.2) 3164:(93.6) 3159:(84.9) 3154:(73.6) 3149:(63.7) 3144:(55.2) 3139:(51.3) 3124:(76.1) 3119:(85.5) 3079:(85.6) 3074:(77.7) 3069:(68.9) 2976:Climate 2966:Mamluks 2925:plateau 2923:, on a 2490:Antioch 2424:Gouraud 2356:of the 2336:by the 2321:cholera 2301:Othello 2293:Macbeth 2285:Jdeydeh 2247:Bedouin 2203:England 2130:Selim I 2036:Qalawun 2017:Samagar 2013:Baibars 1995:Kitbuqa 1958:citadel 1934:Mongols 1932:by the 1922:Mamluks 1914:Saladin 1891:Antioch 1831:of the 1815:of the 1760:prince 1742:Muslims 1740:by the 1616:Antioch 1567:Antioch 1552:Aramaic 1504:1 Macc. 1500:Macedon 1407:Aramean 1382:Shaizar 1378:Maharda 1289:Alalakh 1285:Niqmepa 1273:Mitanni 1269:Hurrian 1242:Assyria 1218:Amorite 1208:In the 1203:Armanum 1098:History 1077:Abraham 1073: 1058: 1028:الشهباء 853:Antakya 831:At the 753:in the 618:session 606:iii, iv 548:Climate 538:Geocode 325:Country 300:37°10′E 297:36°12′N 139:: 18962:Levant 18932:Aleppo 18902:Hamath 18894:Hamath 18884:Shuksi 18871:Luhuti 18833:Guzana 18797:Sam'al 18745:states 18702:Marqas 18694:Gurgum 18687: 18649:Samsat 18641:Kummuh 18593:Tuwana 18572:states 18570:Luwian 18480:Aleppo 18393:Thiban 18348:Taldou 18293:Sinjar 18258:Shaqqa 18238:Sawran 18233:Sarrin 18228:Sarmin 18218:Salqin 18183:Saasaa 18163:al-Rai 18153:Rankus 18013:Madaya 18003:Maadan 17963:Kirnaz 17943:Kessab 17853:Jayrud 17823:Hisyah 17688:Bulbul 17588:Arbeen 17509:Shahba 17489:Safita 17454:Qatana 17414:Masyaf 17409:Manbij 17384:Jableh 17334:al-Bab 17319:Atarib 17314:Arihah 17276:Tartus 17211:Aleppo 17067:Hawwaz 16967:Zunqul 16907:Mallah 16770:Manbij 16700:Lilawa 16690:Fursan 16620:Qirata 16595:Haymar 16343:Sosyan 16337:Al-Rai 16298:Hezwan 16273:Bizaah 16222:al-Bab 16147:Sarrin 16113:Qibbah 15921:Batibo 15910:Atarib 15741:Jalbul 15715:Bulbul 15691:Oqayba 15676:Kalota 15646:Basuta 15495:Sawran 15471:Ratyan 15426:Sunbul 15416:Herbel 15301:Taanah 15291:Qabtan 15276:Ghurur 15261:Dudyan 15251:Baruza 15241:Arshaf 15206:Yahmul 15171:Naddah 15161:Menagh 15050:Zammar 14966:Barqum 14961:Barnah 14796:Shamer 14756:Hayyan 14741:Anadan 14671:Hmeidi 14641:Ballas 14571:Siefat 14556:Qarras 14511:Hayyan 14475:Aleppo 14441:Aleppo 14214:Yamhad 14079:Venues 14016:Nature 13556:Modern 13485:Modern 13175:Aleppo 13047: 13037: 13018: 13002: 12976: 12957: 12938: 12919: 12900: 12635:7 June 12609:7 June 12463:UNICEF 12350: 11958: 11855: 11678: 11641:ORIENT 11517: 11476: 11394: 11291: 11228: 10823:20 May 10783: 10751:Arabic 10731:Arabic 9915:13 May 9665:5 July 9568: 9537: 9529: 9459: 9449: 9392:31 May 9362:7 July 9348: 9309: 9282: 9211: 9152:17 May 9140: 9132: 9082: 9043: 9004: 8932: 8896: 8850: 8827: 8769: 8725: 8660: 8650: 8605: 8597: 8522:28 May 8378: 8354: 8103:UNESCO 8075: 7993: 7867: 7828: 7758: 7719: 7680: 7629: 7590: 7563: 7511: 7434: 7395: 7356: 7317: 7217: 7146: 6877: 6850:(2010) 6836:(1997) 6819: 6811: 6745: 6718: 6691: 6413:Lexico 6341:Arabic 6219:Beirut 6207:with: 6181:) and 6156:UNESCO 6045:, 2020 5976:, and 5939:tennis 5926:, the 5803:2021. 5692:after 5661:Tigris 5566:Ankara 5506:Tartus 5488:, and 5276:, the 5268:, the 5261:, etc. 5209:Husayn 5205:Shī'ah 5191:Mongol 5099:Berlin 5072:, etc. 4732:kibbeh 4720:kibbeh 4712:kibbeh 4708:cherry 4690:quince 4682:yogurt 4670:kibbeh 4647:hummus 4639:kibbeh 4485:Maqams 4447:French 4425:. 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