707:
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in 1235 without difficulty; nor did an invasion attempted soon afterwards by its exiled leaders meet with success. Soon afterwards, a claim for homage from Henry of
England drew forth from Alexander a counter-claim to the northern English counties. The two kingdoms, however, settled this dispute by a
782:
fully into the power of the
Scottish Crown. In any case, when he finally decided to continue in his endeavour, despite the dream, and having been advised against it by his men, he died shortly afterwards. The incident was portrayed in the saga as
644:
A threat of invasion by Henry in 1243 for a time interrupted the friendly relations between the two countries; but the prompt action of
Alexander in anticipating his attack, and the disinclination of the English barons for war, compelled him to
777:
to desist. King Ewen of the Isles' status as
Monarch had been confirmed by Haakon IV and was disputed by Alexander. The episode might be emblematic of a broader desire on the part of Alexander to bring the
668:. He repeatedly attempted negotiations and purchase but without success. Alexander set out to conquer these islands but died on the way in 1249. This dispute over the Western Isles, also known as the
991:
2008:
1432:
942:
458:, inveterate enemies of the Scottish crown, broke into revolt, but loyalist forces speedily quelled the insurrection. In the same year, Alexander joined the
2001:
1161:
1994:
1340:
1317:
2786:
765:
records additional information, in that before attempting to invade the Isles, where Ewen held power, he was supposedly warned in a dream by
489:, forcing the French and the Scots armies to return home. Peace between Henry, Louis and Alexander followed on 12 September 1217 with the
1425:
996:
536:
jarldom. He visited
Caithness in person and hanged the majority of the farmers while mutilating the rest. His actions were applauded by
803:
89:
431:
61:
42:
916:
697:
taunted King
Alexander, and because he was red-headed, sent word to him, saying, "so shall we hunt the red fox-cub from his lairs".
1155:
2791:
68:
1418:
435:
423:
in 1213) before he returned home. He succeeded to the kingdom on the death of his father on 4 December 1214, being crowned at
2796:
1266:
1178:
1050:
744:. When Ewen rejected these attempts, Alexander sailed forth to compel him, but on the way he suffered a fever at the Isle of
618:
compromise in 1237. This was the Treaty of York, which defined the boundary between the two kingdoms as running between the
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75:
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244:
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712:
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57:
1257:
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swore oaths to his own innocence, Alexander took the opportunity to assert his claims to the mainland part of the
761:
46:
806:(22 July 1210 – 4 March 1238), who was the eldest legitimate daughter and third child of John of England and
2668:
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1954:
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1449:
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82:
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2673:
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2413:
2021:
1845:
1785:
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1402:
831:
791:
638:
380:
307:
181:
2474:
2169:
2025:
2017:
1850:
1649:
493:. Diplomacy further strengthened the reconciliation by the marriage of Alexander to Henry's sister
424:
400:
197:
1634:
1614:
807:
2443:
2438:
2423:
2398:
1820:
1815:
1795:
1770:
143:
35:
2105:
1594:
1016:
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2507:
2453:
2428:
2403:
2388:
2260:
2095:
1949:
1889:
1830:
1810:
1800:
1775:
1760:
408:
344:
2565:
1097:
2612:
2522:
2502:
2433:
2371:
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2351:
2230:
2225:
2198:
2159:
2154:
1934:
1904:
1884:
1805:
1745:
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1270:
819:
610:
451:
2317:
2069:
1699:
981:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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2137:
1929:
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1909:
1899:
1879:
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1780:
1709:
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779:
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486:
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391:(1237) which defined the boundary between England and Scotland, virtually unchanged today.
8:
2617:
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2245:
2235:
2215:
2181:
1986:
1939:
1894:
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729:
673:
650:
477:
where in
September 1216, Alexander paid homage for his lands in England to the pretender
716:). The inverted shield represents the king's death in 1249. The blazon for the arms was
2654:
2292:
2240:
2164:
1973:
1969:
1944:
1574:
1529:
1334:
1311:
883:
573:
During the same period, Alexander subjugated the hitherto semi-independent district of
540:, and a quarter of a century later, he was continuing to receive commendation from the
490:
467:
463:
420:
2287:
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1474:
1174:
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302:
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had been sent to
England as hostages to King John. He appealed to John through the
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2127:
2117:
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1514:
871:
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689:
598:
541:
509:
416:
368:
1410:
2698:
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2542:
2496:
2281:
1924:
1469:
1240:
1209:
827:
749:
733:
710:
Coat of arms of
Alexander II as it appears on folio 146v of Royal MS 14 C VII (
634:
505:
501:
388:
277:
2760:
1479:
1170:
987:
982:
878:
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684:
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226:
481:, chosen by the barons to replace John. After John died, the papacy and the
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1862:
1539:
838:
811:
619:
529:
356:
2075:
1639:
1134:
The
Norwegian account of Haco's expedition against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII
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2713:
2298:
1619:
1559:
1524:
677:
623:
582:
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in their struggle against King John of England and led an army into the
132:
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2693:
2683:
2270:
2132:
1669:
1624:
1569:
1554:
1549:
1494:
1284:
1000:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 563.
590:
560:
545:
158:
473:
The Scottish forces reached the south coast of England at the port of
442:, which promised to deal with the rights of Alexander and his family.
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1659:
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1504:
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559:
Alexander the warrior and knight: the reverse side of Alexander II's
517:
2376:
1750:
1283:. Vol. 1. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. pp. 47–49 – via
814:. Alexander was 23; Joan was 11. They had no children. Joan died in
24:
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2255:
2080:
1644:
1609:
1604:
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1499:
1489:
1464:
669:
614:
606:
577:(much smaller than the modern area by that name, it only comprised
455:
384:
1327:
Scotland, England and France after the Loss of Normandy, 1204–1296
1017:""Alexander II, King of Scots 1214–1249", Scotland's History, BBC"
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1914:
1674:
1534:
1509:
1459:
766:
745:
602:
513:
319:
214:
637:, the following year on 15 May 1239. Together they had one son,
411:. He was forced to spend time in England under the terms of the
2418:
2366:
2090:
2085:
1790:
1740:
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661:
574:
533:
864:. "Their friendship withstands treachery, danger and rivalry";
2338:
1714:
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594:
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466:
in support of their cause. This action led to the sacking of
459:
361:
860:. The novel depicts the friendship between Alexander II and
837:
He also had an illegitimate daughter, Marjorie, who married
2122:
2016:
1084:
Scottish annals from English chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286
787:. His body was then transported back to the mainland.
563:, enhanced as a 19th-century steel engraving. Legend:
485:
changed their allegiance to John's nine-year-old son,
1228:
The Court and Household of Eleanor of Castile in 1290
1210:""Tranter First Edition Books, Publication Timeline""
849:
Alexander II has been depicted in historical novels:
569:(Alexander, with God as his guide, king of the Scots)
373:
897:
629:
Alexander's first wife, Joan, died in March 1238 in
528:
blamed Haraldsson for the bishop's death. After the
1045:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2012. p. 32.
1023:
810:. She and Alexander II married on 21 June 1221, at
656:Alexander now turned his attention to securing the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1154:
1440:
450:In 1215, the year after his accession, the clans
2758:
790:He was succeeded by his son, the seven-year-old
508:, was indirectly implicated in the burning of
387:) from 1214 until his death. He concluded the
2002:
1426:
1281:A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen
1230:. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
1165:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2569:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
1261:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
718:Or, a lion rampant and an orle fleury gules
564:
2746:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
2009:
1995:
1433:
1419:
1339:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1316:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1043:Scotland A Concise History, Fourth Edition
752:. He died there in 1249 and was buried at
430:At the time of his accession, his sisters
131:
1156:"Alexander II (1198–1249), king of Scots"
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1152:
1086:, Alan Orr Anderson, Paul Watkins, 1991.
1029:
986:
969:
967:
965:
963:
705:
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1324:
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1162:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
921:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
903:
844:
2759:
940:
676:ceded them to Scotland along with the
1990:
1414:
1304:Alexander II: King of Scots 1214–1249
1095:
1011:
1009:
1007:
960:
633:. Alexander married his second wife,
504:, the last native Scandinavian to be
2787:People from Haddington, East Lothian
1301:
613:). Royal forces crushed a revolt in
470:as John's forces ravaged the north.
403:, the only son of the Scottish king
379:; 24 August 1198 – 6 July 1249) was
264:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
693:described Alexander as red-haired:
672:, was not resolved until 1266 when
622:(in the west) and the mouth of the
566:Alexander Deo rectore Rex Scottorum
516:by local farmers when this part of
290:
13:
1234:
1004:
14:
2818:
1265:
1099:Armies of Feudal Europe 1066–1300
909:
260:
1258:Dictionary of National Biography
1067:"Alexander III King of Scotland"
974:
724:Alexander attempted to persuade
445:
23:
2046:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
1243:at the official website of the
1202:
1146:
1123:
1089:
943:"Isabella, countess of Norfolk"
941:Nelson, Dr. Jessica A. (2015).
802:Alexander II had two wives: 1.
660:, which were still part of the
601:was a separate province, while
286:
256:
34:needs additional citations for
2792:13th-century Scottish monarchs
2043:Monarchs of England until 1603
1077:
1059:
1035:
934:
886:, Day the Second: Third Story.
740:), to sever his allegiance to
16:King of Alba from 1214 to 1249
1:
1442:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
890:
524:. A contemporary chronicler,
522:part of the Kingdom of Norway
427:on 6 December the same year.
394:
153:4 December 1214 – 6 July 1249
2797:12th-century Scottish people
1226:Parsons, John Carmi (1977).
1196:UK public library membership
497:on 18 June or 25 June 1221.
7:
2807:Gaelic monarchs in Scotland
2653:British monarchs after the
1297:Rotuli Litterarum Patencium
1153:Stringer, Keith J. (2004).
917:"Isabella (Isabella Bigod)"
10:
2823:
1220:
862:Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar
818:in 1238 and was buried at
137:Great Seal of Alexander II
58:"Alexander II of Scotland"
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1963:
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1399:
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1377:
1352:Alexander II of Scotland
1350:
1102:. Lulu.com. p. 250.
832:Alexander III of Scotland
797:
792:Alexander III of Scotland
762:Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar
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308:Alexander III of Scotland
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2802:Burials at Melrose Abbey
2767:Scottish Roman Catholics
701:
544:, as in the reward of a
401:Haddington, East Lothian
198:Haddington, East Lothian
1325:Pollock, M. A. (2015).
1071:Encyclopedia Britannica
997:Encyclopædia Britannica
830:, who became mother of
683:The English chronicler
362:
144:King of Alba (Scotland)
1450:Monarchs of the Picts
1302:Oram, Richard (2015).
1271:Thomson, Thomas Napier
721:
699:
570:
565:
409:Ermengarde de Beaumont
399:Alexander was born at
374:
363:Alaxandair mac Uilliam
345:Ermengarde de Beaumont
1685:Monarchs of the Scots
820:Tarant Crawford Abbey
808:Isabella of Angoulême
709:
695:
558:
2623:William III & II
2188:Henry the Young King
2138:Edward the Confessor
2106:Æthelred the Unready
1766:Constantine III (IV)
1731:Constantine II (III)
1276:"Alexander II"
1252:"Alexander II"
1171:10.1093/ref:odnb/322
868:Child of the Phoenix
845:Fictional portrayals
780:Kingdom of the Isles
479:Louis VIII of France
375:Alasdair mac Uilleim
263:; died
43:improve this article
2571:Union of the Crowns
1796:Malcolm III Canmore
1096:Heath, Ian (2016).
1073:. 28 November 2017.
742:Haakon IV of Norway
674:Magnus VI of Norway
483:English aristocracy
2655:Acts of Union 1707
2618:James II & VII
2311:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2096:Edgar the Peaceful
1869:Second Interregnum
1836:William I the Lion
1705:Constantine I (II)
1695:Kenneth I MacAlpin
884:Giovanni Boccaccio
722:
571:
491:Treaty of Kingston
468:Berwick-upon-Tweed
464:Kingdom of England
421:Clerkenwell Priory
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2101:Edward the Martyr
1984:
1983:
1857:First Interregnum
1409:
1408:
1400:Succeeded by
1194:(Subscription or
1180:978-0-19-861412-8
1139:Project Gutenberg
1052:978-0-500-28987-7
947:Magna Carta 800th
785:divine punishment
738:King of the Isles
713:Historia Anglorum
649:the next year at
550:Pope Celestine IV
538:Pope Honorius III
526:Boethius the Dane
413:Treaty of Falaise
350:
349:
119:
118:
111:
93:
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2772:House of Dunkeld
2646:
2645:
2606:Richard Cromwell
2596:The Protectorate
2586:James I & VI
2562:
2561:
2143:Harold Godwinson
2063:Edward the Elder
2056:Alfred the Great
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1968:also monarch of
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1393:King of Scotland
1383:Preceded by
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1357:House of Dunkeld
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1292:Worcester Annals
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1267:Chambers, Robert
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1245:British monarchy
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662:Norwegian domain
641:, born in 1241.
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419:knighted him at
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2601:Oliver Cromwell
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2394:Constantine III
2303:
2128:Harold Harefoot
2118:Edmund Ironside
2029:
2024: and
2015:
1985:
1980:
1967:
1959:
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1635:Constantine (I)
1515:Galam Cennalath
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990:, ed. (1911). "
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804:Joan of England
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690:Chronica Majora
626:(in the east).
542:Catholic Church
512:at his hall at
510:Adam of Melrose
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417:John of England
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357:Medieval Gaelic
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854:Sword of State
846:
843:
828:Marie de Coucy
799:
796:
750:Inner Hebrides
734:Lord of Argyll
703:
700:
635:Marie de Coucy
506:Jarl of Orkney
502:Jon Haraldsson
460:English barons
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396:
393:
389:Treaty of York
348:
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314:(illegitimate)
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1846:Alexander III
1844:
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1687:(traditional)
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1480:Galan Erilich
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1452:(traditional)
1447:
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1436:
1431:
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1417:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1403:Alexander III
1395:
1394:
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1371:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:. Woodbridge.
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1109:9781326256524
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1031:
1030:Chisholm 1911
1026:
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1008:
999:
998:
993:
989:
984:
983:public domain
970:
968:
966:
964:
948:
944:
937:
922:
918:
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906:, p. 43.
905:
900:
896:
885:
881:
880:
879:The Decameron
876:
873:
869:
866:
863:
859:
858:Nigel Tranter
855:
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764:
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754:Melrose Abbey
751:
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735:
731:
728:, the son of
727:
719:
715:
714:
708:
698:
694:
692:
691:
686:
685:Matthew Paris
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:Western Isles
654:
652:
648:
642:
640:
639:Alexander III
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
616:
612:
609:were part of
608:
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471:
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446:King of Scots
443:
441:
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428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
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378:
376:
370:
369:Modern Gaelic
366:
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329:
326:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
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279:
272:
271:
246:
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236:
232:
228:
227:Melrose Abbey
224:
220:
216:
207:
203:
199:
194:
190:
186:
183:
182:Alexander III
180:
176:
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102:
99:December 2016
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2745:
2724:Elizabeth II
2652:
2568:
2495:
2473:
2464:Alexander II
2463:
2381:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2291:
2280:
2203:
2186:
2174:
2147:
2110:
2068:
2061:
2054:
1867:
1855:
1841:Alexander II
1840:
1540:Gartnait III
1391:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1326:
1306:. Edinburgh.
1303:
1296:
1291:
1280:
1256:
1241:Alexander II
1227:
1224:
1204:
1184:. Retrieved
1160:
1148:
1132:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1042:
1037:
1025:
995:
992:Alexander II
950:. Retrieved
946:
936:
924:. Retrieved
920:
911:
904:Parsons 1977
899:
877:
867:
853:
848:
839:Alan Durward
836:
812:York Minster
801:
789:
760:
758:
723:
717:
711:
696:
688:
682:
655:
643:
628:
620:Solway Firth
572:
499:
472:
452:Meic Uilleim
449:
429:
398:
381:King of Alba
372:
360:
353:Alexander II
352:
351:
210:(1249-07-06)
126:Alexander II
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2782:1249 deaths
2777:1198 births
2729:Charles III
2714:Edward VIII
2444:Alexander I
2424:Malcolm III
2399:Kenneth III
2299:Elizabeth I
2261:Richard III
1821:Alexander I
1771:Kenneth III
1722:(uncertain)
1620:Talorgan II
1585:Nechtan III
1560:Gartnait IV
1525:Gartnait II
1372:6 July 1249
1186:29 December
767:St. Columba
678:Isle of Man
624:River Tweed
583:Ardscotnish
440:Magna Carta
208:6 July 1249
168:Predecessor
2761:Categories
2704:Edward VII
2694:William IV
2684:George III
2613:Charles II
2508:Robert III
2454:Malcolm IV
2429:Donald III
2404:Malcolm II
2389:Kenneth II
2271:Henry VIII
2231:Richard II
2226:Edward III
2160:William II
2133:Harthacnut
1950:William II
1935:Charles II
1890:Robert III
1831:Malcolm IV
1811:Donald III
1801:Donald III
1776:Malcolm II
1761:Kenneth II
1670:Bridei VII
1625:Drest VIII
1570:Bridei III
1555:Talorgan I
1550:Talorc III
1530:Nechtan II
1495:Gartnait I
1397:1214–1249
1285:Wikisource
1198:required.)
1115:11 October
891:References
870:(1992) by
856:(1999) by
775:St. Magnus
647:make peace
561:Great Seal
520:was still
395:Early life
217:, Scotland
200:, Scotland
159:Coronation
69:newspapers
2719:George VI
2689:George IV
2679:George II
2591:Charles I
2573:from 1603
2523:James III
2503:Robert II
2459:William I
2434:Duncan II
2362:Malcolm I
2352:Donald II
2276:Edward VI
2266:Henry VII
2251:Edward IV
2221:Edward II
2211:Henry III
2194:Richard I
2155:William I
2076:Æthelstan
1940:James VII
1930:Charles I
1905:James III
1885:Robert II
1806:Duncan II
1736:Malcolm I
1726:Donald II
1665:Ciniod II
1660:Bridei VI
1640:Óengus II
1590:Drest VII
1580:Bridei IV
1545:Bridei II
1505:Talorc II
1485:Drest III
1470:Nechtan I
1386:William I
1335:cite book
1312:cite book
666:Suðreyjar
651:Newcastle
579:Craignish
518:Caithness
487:Henry III
178:Successor
172:William I
2709:George V
2699:Victoria
2674:George I
2543:James VI
2528:James IV
2518:James II
2491:David II
2486:Robert I
2475:Margaret
2409:Duncan I
2318:Donald I
2256:Edward V
2246:Henry VI
2236:Henry IV
2216:Edward I
2182:Henry II
2081:Edmund I
2070:Ælfweard
2028:monarchs
2022:Scottish
1925:James VI
1910:James IV
1900:James II
1880:David II
1875:Robert I
1851:Margaret
1781:Duncan I
1700:Donald I
1645:Drest IX
1615:Alpín II
1610:Ciniod I
1605:Bridei V
1600:Óengus I
1565:Drest VI
1520:Bridei I
1500:Cailtram
1490:Drest IV
1475:Drest II
1465:Talorc I
1273:(1857).
771:St. Olaf
670:Hebrides
615:Galloway
611:Suðreyar
607:Knapdale
587:Glassary
500:In 1222
456:MacHeths
436:Margaret
432:Isabella
385:Scotland
312:Marjorie
2627:Mary II
2533:James V
2513:James I
2449:David I
2414:Macbeth
2346:Eochaid
2241:Henry V
2176:Matilda
2170:Stephen
2165:Henry I
2026:British
2020:,
2018:English
1974:Ireland
1970:England
1945:Mary II
1915:James V
1895:James I
1826:David I
1786:Macbeth
1720:Eochaid
1675:Drest X
1595:Alpín I
1535:Cinioch
1510:Drest V
1460:Drest I
1221:Sources
985::
748:in the
746:Kerrera
687:in his
603:Kintyre
591:Glenary
514:Halkirk
415:, and (
325:Dunkeld
295:
283:
269:
253:
249:
234:Spouses
215:Kerrera
83:scholar
2538:Mary I
2419:Lulach
2383:Amlaíb
2377:Cuilén
2367:Indulf
2293:Philip
2288:Mary I
2091:Eadwig
2086:Eadred
1791:Lulach
1756:Amlaíb
1751:Cuilén
1741:Indulf
1630:Conall
1368:
1192:
1177:
1106:
1049:
979:
824:Dorset
798:Family
730:Duncan
575:Argyll
534:Orkney
341:Mother
331:Father
289:
259:
222:Burial
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2439:Edgar
2339:Giric
2205:Louis
2112:Sweyn
1816:Edgar
1715:Giric
1655:Uurad
1575:Taran
1370:Died:
1363:Born:
952:5 May
926:5 May
826:; 2.
816:Essex
736:(and
702:Death
631:Essex
595:Cowal
548:from
475:Dover
425:Scone
320:House
303:Issue
293:)
285:(
281:
267:)
255:(
251:
150:Reign
90:JSTOR
76:books
2669:Anne
2632:Anne
2625:and
2481:John
2290:and
2282:Jane
2199:John
2123:Cnut
1972:and
1955:Anne
1920:Mary
1863:John
1650:Uuen
1341:link
1318:link
1188:2021
1175:ISBN
1117:2017
1104:ISBN
1047:ISBN
954:2024
928:2024
773:and
759:The
726:Ewen
605:and
599:Lorn
593:and
546:bull
530:jarl
495:Joan
454:and
434:and
407:and
291:1239
265:1238
261:1221
205:Died
192:Born
62:news
2372:Dub
2332:Áed
1746:Dub
1710:Áed
1167:doi
1137:at
994:".
882:by
822:in
664:of
45:by
2763::
1337:}}
1333:{{
1314:}}
1310:{{
1279:.
1269:;
1255:.
1173:.
1159:.
1069:.
1006:^
962:^
945:.
919:.
841:.
834:.
794:.
769:,
756:.
732:,
680:.
653:.
597:;
589:,
585:,
581:,
552:.
371::
367:;
359::
287:m.
257:m.
2010:e
2003:t
1996:v
1976:.
1434:e
1427:t
1420:v
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