460:
231:
471:
340:, known as the Williamson ether synthesis. He regarded ethers and alcohols as substances analogous to and built up on the same type as water, and he further introduced the water-type as a widely applicable basis for the classification of chemical compounds. The method of stating the rational constitution of bodies by comparison with water he believed capable of wide extension, and that one type, he thought, would suffice for all inorganic compounds, as well as for the best-known organic ones, the formula of water being taken in certain cases as doubled or tripled.
640:
321:
33:
427:. After an arduous journey reaching London, the students were placed under the care of Professor Williamson. He and his wife Catherine welcomed the group into their home, taught them English, introduced them to western society, and arranged for them to study as non-matriculated students at University College London.
250:
and his wife, Antonia McAndrew, daughter of a prominent London merchant. Despite early physical infirmity, the loss of sight in one eye and a largely useless left arm, Williamson grew up in a caring and stimulating intellectual environment. After an early childhood spent in
Brighton and then schools
450:
The Chōshū Five as they later became known all served in the
Japanese government, and made significant scientific and social contributions to the modernisation of Japan. Fourteen more international Japanese students, from the Satsuma clan, later worked with Williamson beginning in 1865.
539:
485:
in 1862, of which he became a fellow in 1855, and which he served as foreign secretary from 1873 to 1889. He was twice president of the London
Chemical Society, from 1863 to 1865 and from 1869 to 1871.
531:
958:
655:
459:
740:
805:
297:, in 1855. They had two children: Oliver Key (d. 1941) and Alice Maude. Alice Maud Williamson married the physicist Alfred Henry Fison (1857–1923).
938:
290:. From Graham's resignation in 1855 until Williamson's retirement in 1887, Williamson also held the chair of general (theoretical) chemistry.
741:
https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5g500723&chunk.id=d0e3659&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e3589&brand=ucpress
923:
660:
97:
230:
604:
Harris, J.; Brock, W. H. (1978). "From
Giessen to Gower Street: Towards a Biography of Alexander William Williamson (1824–1904)".
963:
953:
390:
with which it first united, but changes places with other atoms of hydrogen. A somewhat similar hypothesis was put forward by
948:
366:
So far back as 1850 he also suggested a view which, in a modified form, is of fundamental importance in the modern theory of
719:
374:
of any compound there is an exchange constantly going on between the elements which are contained in it; for instance, in
359:
in 1854 disproved the hypothesis that sulfuric acid is a compound of water (which was assumed to have formula of HO) and
675:
Paul, E. Robert (1978). "Alexander W. Williamson on the atomic theory: A study of nineteenth-century
British atomism".
756:
918:
851:
582:
344:
943:
209:
830:
Foster, G. Carey; Tilden, W. A.; McLeod, Herbert; Mills, Edmund J.; Scott, A.; Foster, G. Carey (1905).
370:
dissociation, for, in a paper on the theory of the formation of ether, he urged that in an aggregate of
293:
As a result of this increase in income, he was able to marry Emma
Catherine Key, the third daughter of
287:
219:
968:
436:
218:
MRIA (1 May 1824 – 6 May 1904) was an
English chemist. He is best known today for the
252:
898:
283:
506:
351:
that ethers have twice as many carbon atoms as alcohols and not the same amount as argued by
264:
140:
645:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
933:
928:
470:
8:
356:
892:
878:
784:
329:
797:
475:
409:
309:
247:
91:
789:
775:
606:
375:
294:
268:
194:
801:
843:
779:
771:
711:
684:
615:
574:
403:
215:
185:
703:
444:
424:
391:
360:
348:
432:
428:
242:, London, the second of three children of Alexander Williamson (originally from
256:
190:
715:
688:
619:
286:, Williamson was appointed professor of analytical and practical chemistry at
912:
651:
646:
578:
482:
276:
272:
112:
99:
764:
Royal
Society of Chemistry Historical Group Newsletter and Summary of Papers
439:(later Inoue Masaru) lived with the Williamsons at their Camden home, while
793:
481:
For his work on etherification, Williamson received a Royal medal from the
243:
271:, where he received his PhD in 1845. Williamson then spent three years in
847:
440:
412:
320:
160:
664:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 684.
337:
260:
239:
56:
32:
420:
301:
831:
562:
387:
383:
371:
333:
79:
959:
Corresponding members of the Saint
Petersburg Academy of Sciences
829:
343:
His synthesis of unsymmetrical ethers proved the theory posed by
300:
Williamson died on 6 May 1904, at High
Pitfold, Shottermill near
419:. At the time Japan was still a closed society; the laws of the
352:
305:
890:
876:
416:
150:
328:
Williamson is credited for his research on the formation of
379:
212:
386:
does not remain quietly in juxtaposition with the atom of
894:
Papers on Etherification and on the Constitution of Salts
464:
Papers on etherification and on the constitution of salts
367:
757:"Alexander Williamson and the Modernisation of Japan"
701:
447:lived adjacent to the university in Gower Street.
397:
910:
710:. Vol. 37, no. 251. pp. 350–356.
560:
563:"Gedächtnisfeier: Alexander William Williamson"
695:
567:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
234:Alexander William Williamson in his late years
536:University College London Special Collections
603:
823:
783:
554:
750:
748:
650:
633:
631:
629:
526:
524:
522:
520:
469:
458:
319:
251:in Kensington, Williams enrolled at the
229:
897:. Edinburgh: The Alembic Club. p.
939:Academics of University College London
911:
891:Williamson, Alexander William (1902).
877:Williamson, Alexander William (1868).
754:
811:from the original on 18 November 2015
745:
626:
597:
517:
501:
499:
454:
315:
674:
854:from the original on 18 August 2020
668:
614:(2). Taylor & Francis: 95–130.
585:from the original on 18 August 2020
423:making travel to another country a
13:
924:English people of Scottish descent
722:from the original on 23 April 2019
496:
275:studying higher mathematics under
14:
980:
870:
542:from the original on 26 July 2020
776:10.3184/003685015X14388848108342
638:
31:
885:alexander williamson chemistry.
836:Journal of the Chemical Society
507:"WILLIAMSON, Alexander William"
408:In 1863 five students from the
238:Williamson was born in 1824 in
832:"Alexander William Williamson"
734:
702:Williamson, Alexander (1850).
398:Williamson and the Chōshū Five
355:. Similarly, his synthesis of
1:
964:19th-century British chemists
954:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
656:Williamson, Alexander William
489:
308:, England, and was buried at
282:In 1849, with the support of
255:in 1841. After working under
949:Fellows of the Royal Society
207:Alexander William Williamson
37:Alexander William Williamson
25:Alexander William Williamson
7:
903:alexander williamson ether.
883:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
704:"Theory of Aetherification"
511:Who's who biographies, 1901
16:English chemist (1824–1904)
10:
985:
401:
288:University College, London
220:Williamson ether synthesis
716:10.1080/14786445008646627
689:10.1080/00033797800200111
620:10.1080/00033797400200171
561:Foster, G. Carey (1911).
443:(later Inoue Kaoru), and
345:Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
332:by the interaction of an
200:
184:
176:
169:
156:
146:
136:
128:
87:
64:
42:
30:
23:
579:10.1002/cber.19110440339
263:, he transferred to the
253:University of Heidelberg
661:Encyclopædia Britannica
225:
919:Scientists from London
880:Chemistry for Students
755:Davies, Alwyn (2014).
708:Philosophical Magazine
478:
474:Williamson's grave in
467:
431:(later Itō Hirobumi),
325:
235:
113:51.297389°N 0.625667°W
513:. 1901. p. 1197.
473:
462:
415:were smuggled out of
394:about the same time.
323:
265:University of Giessen
233:
141:University of Giessen
848:10.1039/CT9058700565
330:unsymmetrical ethers
324:Alexander Williamson
118:51.297389; -0.625667
944:Royal Medal winners
532:"Williamson Papers"
357:chlorosulfuric acid
246:) a clerk with the
151:Synthesis of ethers
109: /
770:(Winter): 276–90.
479:
476:Brookwood Cemetery
468:
455:Honours and awards
421:Tokugawa Shogunate
326:
316:Research on ethers
310:Brookwood Cemetery
248:East India Company
236:
92:Brookwood Cemetery
677:Annals of Science
607:Annals of Science
376:hydrochloric acid
295:Thomas Hewitt Key
269:Justus von Liebig
204:
203:
195:Justus von Liebig
171:Scientific career
82:, Surrey, England
59:, London, England
976:
969:English chemists
905:
887:
864:
863:
861:
859:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
810:
787:
761:
752:
743:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
699:
693:
692:
672:
666:
665:
644:
642:
641:
635:
624:
623:
601:
595:
594:
592:
590:
573:(3): 2253–2269.
558:
552:
551:
549:
547:
528:
515:
514:
503:
186:Doctoral advisor
165:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
75:
73:
53:
51:
35:
21:
20:
984:
983:
979:
978:
977:
975:
974:
973:
909:
908:
873:
868:
867:
857:
855:
828:
824:
814:
812:
808:
759:
753:
746:
739:
735:
725:
723:
700:
696:
673:
669:
654:, ed. (1911). "
639:
637:
636:
627:
602:
598:
588:
586:
559:
555:
545:
543:
530:
529:
518:
505:
504:
497:
492:
457:
425:capital offence
406:
400:
392:Rudolf Clausius
361:sulfur trioxide
349:Auguste Laurent
318:
228:
193:
163:
137:Alma mater
117:
115:
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
94:
83:
77:
71:
69:
60:
54:
49:
47:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
982:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
907:
906:
888:
872:
871:External links
869:
866:
865:
822:
744:
733:
694:
667:
652:Chisholm, Hugh
625:
596:
553:
516:
494:
493:
491:
488:
456:
453:
437:Nomura Yakichi
402:Main article:
399:
396:
317:
314:
257:Leopold Gmelin
227:
224:
202:
201:
198:
197:
191:Leopold Gmelin
188:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
167:
166:
158:
154:
153:
148:
147:Known for
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
89:
85:
84:
78:
76:(aged 80)
66:
62:
61:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
981:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
904:
900:
896:
895:
889:
886:
882:
881:
875:
874:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
751:
749:
742:
737:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
663:
662:
657:
653:
648:
647:public domain
634:
632:
630:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
600:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
541:
537:
533:
527:
525:
523:
521:
512:
508:
502:
500:
495:
487:
484:
483:Royal Society
477:
472:
465:
461:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
405:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
322:
313:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
291:
289:
285:
284:Thomas Graham
280:
278:
277:Auguste Comte
274:
270:
267:to work with
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
232:
223:
221:
217:
214:
211:
208:
199:
196:
192:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
162:
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
93:
90:
88:Resting place
86:
81:
67:
63:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
902:
893:
884:
879:
858:12 September
856:. Retrieved
839:
835:
825:
813:. Retrieved
767:
763:
736:
724:. Retrieved
707:
697:
683:(1): 17–31.
680:
676:
670:
659:
611:
605:
599:
587:. Retrieved
570:
566:
556:
544:. Retrieved
535:
510:
480:
463:
449:
433:Endō Kinsuke
429:Itō Shunsuke
407:
365:
342:
327:
299:
292:
281:
237:
206:
205:
170:
101:51°17′50.6″N
18:
934:1904 deaths
929:1824 births
842:: 605–618.
815:17 November
546:17 November
441:Inoue Monta
404:Chōshū Five
312:in Surrey.
161:Royal Medal
129:Nationality
116: /
104:0°37′32.4″W
913:Categories
726:1 December
490:References
445:Yamao Yōzō
338:haloalkane
261:Heidelberg
240:Wandsworth
72:1904-05-07
68:6 May 1904
57:Wandsworth
46:1 May 1824
372:molecules
302:Haslemere
180:Chemistry
852:Archived
806:Archived
802:13604962
794:26601342
785:10365517
720:Archived
583:Archived
540:Archived
388:chlorine
384:hydrogen
334:alkoxide
80:Hindhead
649::
589:29 June
336:with a
132:British
70: (
50:1824-05
48: (
800:
792:
782:
643:
466:, 1949
410:Chōshū
353:Liebig
306:Surrey
177:Fields
164:(1862)
157:Awards
809:(PDF)
798:S2CID
760:(PDF)
417:Japan
378:each
368:ionic
273:Paris
244:Elgin
860:2019
817:2015
790:PMID
728:2008
591:2019
548:2015
435:and
413:clan
380:atom
347:and
226:Life
213:FRSE
65:Died
43:Born
844:doi
780:PMC
772:doi
712:doi
685:doi
658:".
616:doi
575:doi
382:of
304:in
259:at
216:PCS
210:FRS
915::
901:.
899:64
850:.
840:87
838:.
834:.
804:.
796:.
788:.
778:.
768:65
766:.
762:.
747:^
718:.
706:.
681:35
679:.
628:^
612:31
610:.
581:.
571:44
569:.
565:.
538:.
534:.
519:^
509:.
498:^
363:.
279:.
222:.
862:.
846::
819:.
774::
730:.
714::
691:.
687::
622:.
618::
593:.
577::
550:.
74:)
52:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
