50:
570:, then marched overland to reach the Mohawk villages in mid-October. All four villages had been hastily abandoned. Tracy ordered the longhouses and surrounding fields burned, then led the expedition back to Fort Sainte Anne. Despite not having engaged the Mohawk in battle, the expedition was considered a success. The only casualties were eight men who drowned when their canoes overturned on Lake Champlain during a storm.
447:, Tracy and the soldiers that had accompanied him to the West Indies transferred to smaller ships and disembarked at Quebec on 30 June, 11 days after the first four companies of the Carignan-Salières had arrived from France. To avoid overcrowding in Quebec, Tracy sent the Carignan-Salières companies to built three forts along the
574:
hostages. When the
Flemish Bastard returned in April 1667 without any hostage families, Tracy threatened another invasion. A peace settlement was finally reached in July when several hostage families arrived at Quebec, and requested Jesuit missionaries be sent to the Mohawk and Oneida homelands.
536:
A Seneca delegation arrived at Quebec in May and quickly negotiated a treaty of friendship. An Oneida delegation followed in July and within a week had agreed to a similar treaty. Later that month, however, news arrived that a hunting party on Ile La Motte had been ambushed by the Mohawk. Seven
573:
Upon his return to Quebec, Tracy had a Mohawk prisoner hanged and sent the
Flemish Bastard and two Oneida back to their people with his terms for peace. The Mohawk were given four months to release their Algonquin and Wendat captives and bring Mohawk and Oneida families to Quebec to serve as
424:, four companies of infantry from the Broglie, Chambellé, Orléans and Poitou regiments, and 650 settlers for the French colonies in the West Indies. Tracy's expedition captured Cayenne without opposition in May 1664. Leaving Le Barre and a garrison at Cayenne, Tracy sailed to
527:
where
Courcelle was able to purchase supplies. While at Schenectady a French patrol skirmished with the Mohawk resulting in the deaths of one officer, five soldiers and one volunteer. Courcelle decided to abandon the invasion and return to the Richelieu River forts.
586:
Marie de l'Incarnation wrote that Tracy had "won over everyone by his good works and by the great examples of virtue and religion which he has given the whole country." Tracy sponsored the education of indigenous children, paid for a chapel to be built for the
549:
Delegations from all five
Iroquois nations were in Quebec by late August. Tracy, however, had grown impatient with their lengthy harangues and prevarication. Talon and Courcelle agreed with Tracy that a military solution was needed. 600 French soldiers, 600
392:
In
November 1663, Tracy was commissioned by Louis XIV as "lieutenant général throughout the length and breadth of the continental countries under our authority situated in South and North America." He was assigned two tasks: remove the Dutch from
486:
Tracy quickly recognized that of the five
Iroquois nations, the Mohawk were the most aggressive towards the French. For many years the Mohawk had raided French settlements, and had disrupted the flow of beaver pelts to Montreal by blockading the
215:
514:
volunteers against the Mohawk in the winter of 1666. The French soldiers, however, were ill-equipped to operate in the cold and deep snow. They were unaccustomed to using snowshoes, and many suffered from exhaustion, frostbite or hypothermia.
582:
In August 1667, Tracy returned to France leaving
Courcelle, Talon, and the Sovereign Council to govern New France. Without the threat of Iroquois raids the colony entered a period of growth and prosperity that lasted until 1684.
541:
of the
Carignan-Salières was tasked with leading 200 men in a retaliatory strike against the Mohawk. The expedition was within two days march of Mohawk territory when they encountered a delegation led by the warrior known as the
523:, however, after waiting several weeks, Courcelle set off without them. Without guides the expedition frequently lost their way, and provisions soon became scarce. The expedition eventually reached the Anglo-Dutch settlement of
341:
Tracy was a professional soldier who was recorded as a captain of light horse in 1632. After the French intervened in the Thirty Years War, he served as a regimental commander and fought in several battles including the
532:
record that over 60 men died from hunger during the expedition, while
Captain Francois de Tapie de Monteil of the Poitou Regiment wrote in his journal that "we lost 400 men who dropped dead from cold."
537:
soldiers were killed and four others taken captive including Tracy's cousin, Lieutenant Louis de Canchy de Lerole. Tracy ordered the Oneida delegation brought back to Quebec and imprisoned. Captain
507:
appeared willing to discuss peace, the Mohawk did not. In
December 1665 an Onondaga and Oneida delegation arrived at Quebec to begin negotiations on behalf of themselves and the Seneca and Cayuga.
626:
Tracy, a city on the south shore of the St Lawrence River at the mouth of the Richelieu River was incorporated in 1952 but merged with the much older City of Sorel in 2000 to form
214:
603:. When Tracy returned to France, Intendant Jean Talon wrote that "he has set the affairs of Canada in such good order that I shall have little to do there."
606:
Tracy was named commandant of Dunkirk shortly after his return, and in October 1668 was appointed governor of the Château Trompette in Bordeaux. He died in
546:
who was bringing the unharmed French prisoners back to Fort Sainte Anne. The expedition turned back and Saurel escorted the Mohawk delegation to Quebec.
385:
had been the subject of attacks by the Iroquois. By the early 1660s, the colony was on the verge of collapse. After receiving numerous pleas for help,
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122:
338:, and a daughter, Marie Chrisante. Tracy married his second wife, Louise de Fouilleuse, on 15 April 1657 at Saint-Eustache in Paris.
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17:
164:
145:
805:
760:
335:
631:
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467:. Salières and eight more companies of the Carignan-Salières landed at Quebec in mid-August. The newly appointed
362:. He was appointed commissary general of the French army in Germany, and represented France in negotiations with
421:
157:
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472:
359:
199:
187:
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330:. He married Marie de Belin in Paris on 17 November 1624. Tracy had had a son, Charles-Henri, who died at
692:
367:
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343:
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took several steps to ensure the survival of New France, including sending professional soldiers.
476:
405:, commanded by Henri de Chastelard de Salières, was assigned to Tracy and would sail directly to
291:
homeland. He returned to France after reaching peace settlements with the Mohawk and the other
615:
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warriors rendezvoused at Fort Sainte Anne at the end of September. The expedition crossed
8:
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351:
591:, and made a substantial donation to the Jesuits for their chapel. He reorganized the
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288:
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249:, France. A professional soldier, he was a regimental commander during the
451:, the main route used by the Mohawk in their raids on French settlements.
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483:, arrived with the final contingent of eight companies in mid-September.
417:
410:
406:
543:
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436:
429:
425:
331:
274:
753:
The Good Regiment: The Carignan-Salières Regiment in Canada, 1665-1668
668:
381:
For many years the small French settlements on the north shore of the
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Tracy authorized Courcelle to lead an expedition of 500 regulars and
386:
825:
Word from New France: The Selected Letters of Marie de l'Incarnation
304:
292:
262:
394:
316:
315:
Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, the son of Pierre de Prouville,
296:
254:
253:, and was later appointed commissary general of French forces in
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39:
782:. London: Longman, Bees, Orme, Brown, and Green. pp. 49–56.
611:
567:
555:
363:
320:
68:
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82:
800:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
401:), and end the threat of the Iroquois to New France. The
241:– 1670) was a French military leader, statesman, and the
599:
back to France on indefinite leave, replacing him with
699:. Vol. 1. University of Toronto/Université Laval
428:
where he reappointed the governor, then proceeded to
376:
323:, and Marie Bochart de Champigny, was born in Amiens
839:
755:. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queens University Press.
840:Taschereau, Sylvie; Durflinger, Serge Marc (2009).
822:
726:
265:. In 1664, he led an expedition that expelled the
891:
733:. Toronto, Ontario: McLelland & Stewart.
720:
718:
716:
714:
791:
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653:"La Carrière Pré-Canadienne de M. de Tracy"
798:The Edge of the Woods: Iroquoia, 1534–1701
690:
48:
795:
711:
295:nations, and was appointed commandant at
915:Governors general of the French Antilles
820:
786:
779:Chronological History of the West Indies
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744:
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409:while the lieutenant général was in the
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686:
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177:6 May 1665 – 12 September 1665
123:Governor general of the French Antilles
14:
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630:. The Tracy Squadron of cadets at the
597:Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve
519:guides were to meet the expedition at
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595:, and sent the governor of Montreal,
245:of Tracy-le-Val and Tracy-le-Mont in
675:
459:was erected the following spring on
432:where a new governor was installed.
27:French military leader and statesman
829:. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
577:
491:and St. Lawrence Rivers. While the
146:Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy
24:
693:"Prouville de Tracy, Alexandre de"
554:volunteers, and 100 Algonquin and
377:Lieutenant Général of the Americas
273:. The following year he sailed to
106:Lieutenant Général of the Americas
25:
926:
872:Royal Military College Saint-Jean
729:Canada under Louis XIV, 1663–1701
632:Royal Military College Saint-Jean
287:volunteers in an invasion of the
42:of Tracy-le-Val and Tracy-le-Mont
697:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
420:in February 1664 accompanied by
213:
135:7 Jun 1664 – April 1665
257:. In 1663, he was commissioned
232:Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy
165:Governor of New France (acting)
36:Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy
860:
833:
814:
769:
469:Governor General of New France
261:of the French colonies in the
13:
1:
821:Marshall, Joyce, ed. (1967).
725:Eccles, William John (1964).
637:
324:
310:
235:
117:November 1664 – 1667
93:Military leader and statesman
60:
691:Lamontague, LĂ©opold (2019).
422:Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre
299:, and later governor of the
158:Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre
7:
473:Daniel de RĂ©my de Courcelle
397:(a former French colony in
277:where, in 1666, he led the
200:Daniel de RĂ©my de Courcelle
188:Augustin de Saffray de MĂ©sy
10:
931:
651:Fauteux, Aegidius (1936).
475:, and the newly appointed
435:In April 1665, Tracy left
403:Carignan-Salières Regiment
279:Carignan-Salieres Regiment
846:The Canadian Encyclopedia
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776:Southey, Thomas (1827).
796:Parmenter, Jon (2010).
463:at the northern end of
874:. Government of Canada
634:is named after Tracy.
443:. After anchoring off
344:Battle of WolfenbĂĽttel
18:Alexandre de Prouville
751:Verney, Jack (1991).
370:that led to the 1647
356:Siege of Philippsburg
910:People of New France
530:The Jesuit Relations
441:Gulf of St. Lawrence
360:Battle of Nordlingen
657:Les Cahiers des Dix
334:in 1655 during the
848:. Historica Canada
618:on 28 April 1670.
416:Tracy sailed from
383:St. Lawrence River
368:Elector of Bavaria
352:Battle of Freiburg
336:Franco-Spanish War
319:of the citadel of
259:lieutenant-général
905:French marquesses
669:10.7202/1078418ar
593:Sovereign Council
455:was restored and
301:Château Trompette
251:Thirty Years Wars
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578:Return to France
539:Pierre de Saurel
457:Fort Sainte Anne
348:Battle of Kempen
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868:"Backgrounder"
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601:Zacharie Dupuy
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560:Lake Champlain
521:Fort St. Louis
465:Lake Champlain
453:Fort Richelieu
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90:Occupation(s)
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79:28 April 1670
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876:. Retrieved
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850:. Retrieved
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195:Succeeded by
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153:Succeeded by
130:
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29:
900:1670 deaths
628:Sorel-Tracy
564:Lake George
525:Schenectady
418:La Rochelle
411:West Indies
328: 1603
239: 1603
183:Preceded by
141:Preceded by
64: 1603
894:Categories
878:17 January
852:20 January
638:References
481:Jean Talon
437:Guadeloupe
430:Guadeloupe
426:Martinique
358:, and the
332:Landrecies
311:Early life
275:New France
703:8 January
663:: 59–93.
589:Ursulines
517:Algonquin
477:intendant
387:Louis XIV
210:Signature
173:In office
131:In office
113:In office
552:Canadien
512:Canadien
493:Onondaga
439:for the
366:and the
305:Bordeaux
293:Iroquois
284:Canadien
263:Americas
243:seigneur
40:Seigneur
610:in the
568:bateaux
395:Cayenne
317:bailiff
297:Dunkirk
255:Germany
247:Picardy
804:
759:
622:Legacy
612:parish
556:Wendat
505:Cayuga
503:, and
501:Seneca
497:Oneida
489:Ottawa
407:Quebec
399:Guiana
364:Sweden
354:, the
350:, the
346:, the
321:Amiens
289:Mohawk
271:Guiana
69:Amiens
608:Paris
445:Percé
269:from
267:Dutch
83:Paris
880:2024
854:2024
802:ISBN
757:ISBN
705:2024
562:and
281:and
76:Died
57:Born
665:doi
614:of
303:in
896::
870:.
844:.
788:^
739:^
713:^
695:.
677:^
659:.
655:.
499:,
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479:,
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325:c.
307:.
236:c.
61:c.
882:.
856:.
810:.
765:.
707:.
671:.
667::
661:1
234:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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