325:, the coastal suburb to the east of Trebizond, and the Genoese demanded more room; the Genoese merchants refused to allow the emperor's customs officials to inspect their wares. After Alexios refused the Genoese demands for further concessions in 1306, they threatened to leave Trebizond altogether. When they denied his demand for dues on any goods they took with them from Trebizond, Alexios ordered his Georgian mercenaries to attack them. Although the emperor's troops were successful, the Genoese set fire to the suburbs of Trebizond and damaged much of their own and the citizens' property. Eventually the two parties made peace, confirmed in a surviving treaty from 1314 and another from 1316.
36:
249:
287:, around 1300. Andronikos appealed to the Church to annul the marriage but the Patriarch refused to oblige, on the ground that the young man’s wife was reported to be already pregnant. Alexios' mother Eudokia, who now returned to Trebizond on the pretext of inducing her son to dissolve the marriage, advised him to keep his Iberian wife.
343:, whose targets were Christian traders, including the Genoese. The pirates even set fire to Trebizond itself (1319); to protect his people from these raiders, Alexios built sea walls for the city's harbour in 1324. He had already organized a police force to guard the city at night over a decade earlier.
390:
issued by the
Emperors of Trebizond were notably modified in appearance and weight, perhaps the most notable change made to this coin which otherwise saw few changes between its first issue and the end of the Empire. Early in his reign not only was the silver content of the coins reduced by 15%, but
400:
of
Bulgaria a generation before. He admits that it is unclear whether "there is any connection with the ideals of chivalry prevailing in Western Europe at this time." The horseback motif appeared unchanged on the coins of all subsequent rulers until the fall of Trebizond in 1461.
395:
on the reverse were replaced with images of both on horseback. Jan Olof
Rosenqvist provides evidence showing this horseback motif had become common on coins in the Black Sea area, beginning with the coinage of king
336:
observed that
Alexios, as well as his successors, "did better out of the foreigners than their colleagues in Constantinople, since the Italian merchants were not allowed to trade tax-free."
469:
website, has asserted that
Alexios had three wives: Pekai, daughter of Bekha Jaqeli, by whom he had Andronikos, Basil, and Eudokia; the daughter of Anachoutlou, ruler of the
220:
Alexios proved to be a skillful and energetic ruler, under whose rule the Empire of
Trebizond reached the climax of its prosperity. He rebuffed the inroads of the marauding
371:
302:), the second most important city of the Empire. Alexios captured their general and built a fort overlooking the sea to secure his possession of the city.
350:
in 1329, but five months later; on May 3, 1330, the
Emperor died of bubonic plague, after a reign of 33 years and the throne passed to his eldest son,
885:
328:
This did not put a complete end to the tensions between the
Genoese and the Emperor of Trebizond. So, in 1319 he concluded a treaty with the
1062:
1057:
665:
525:
Byzantino-Nordica 2004: Papers
Presented at the International Symposium of Byzantine Studies Held on 7–11 May 2004 in Tartu, Estonia
346:
Like his father before him, Alexios II was also the target of the Pope's efforts to convert to
Catholicism. The letter was sent by
473:, by whom he had Michael Anachoutlou and Anna Anachoutlou; and "the otherwise unknown Sargale", by whom he had George Achpougas.
488:
Lampsidis Odysseus has published a note written in 1332 where the writer calls Alexios "Alexios Grand Komnenos Palaiologos". (
636:
489:
878:
332:, Genoa's main rivals, granting them the same privileges as the Genoese as long as they paid their dues. The Byzantinist
1072:
1067:
972:
256:
He ascended the throne at the age of 14 after the death of his father. He came under the care of his uncle, the
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232:. He also cultivated the arts and sciences at his court serving as a patron to the Byzantine astronomer
932:
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354:. Two works survive written on the topic of the Emperor's death: a funeral oration written by his
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263:. The latter wanted to marry his young ward to a daughter of the high court official
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Alexios is known to have had at least six children, and to have at least one wife,
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The Hagiographic Dossier of St Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athous Dionysiou 154
669:
410:
362:
272:
112:
730:, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 52 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 2019), p. 9
910:
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Jan Olof Rosenquvist, "Byzantine Trebizond, A Provincial Literary Landscape,"
500:(1984), pp. 225–228) It is uncertain if this was the proper style of his name.
1041:
442:
356:
340:
276:
702:
Kelsey Jackson Williams, "A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond",
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298:, had penetrated deep into Trebizond's territory to sack Kerasous (modern
35:
291:
863:
740:
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528:, ed. Ivo Volt, Janika Päll (Tartu: University Press, 2005), pp. 39–41
631:
Zehiroglu, Ahmet M. ; "Trabzon Imparatorlugu 2" 2016, Trabzon, (
347:
310:
28:
Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, of the Iberians and of Perateia
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Michael Anachoutlou, murdered by his brother Andronikos III in 1330.
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Trouble for the Empire came also from the pirates of the Emirate of
808:
790:
761:
295:
284:
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named in a Greek epitaph at Erzincan who died on 28 December 1342.
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George Achpougas, murdered by his brother Andronikos III in 1330.
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202:
145:
542:
Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461
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726:, ch. 16. Greek text and English translation in Scott Kennedy,
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280:
663:"The Earliest Aspers of Alexius II of Trebizond (1297–1330)"
596:, second edition (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), p. 402
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the standing images of both the Emperor on the obverse and
267:, but Alexios without asking for the permission married an
40:
Coin depicting Alexios II Megas Komnenos mounted on a horse
252:
Empire of Trebizond (pink) and surrounding states in 1300
309:, who had established virtual economic monopoly in the
196:
791:Vougiouklaki Penelope, "Alexios II Grand Komnenos"
1039:
465:However, Penelope Vougiouklaki, writing for the
438:, a nun, became Empress of Trebizond 1341–1342.
795:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor
766:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor
467:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor
879:
224:, and adequately handled the encroachment of
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716:
741:"Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception"
294:invasion, who after conquering province of
209:from 1297 to 1330. He was the elder son of
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693:(Uppsala: University Press, 1996), pp. 79f
594:The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
34:
893:
713:
544:, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), pp. 32f
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321:in 1261. Their settlement had outgrown
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386:It was during Alexios' reign that the
16:Emperor of Trebizond from 1297 to 1330
867:
453:An unnamed daughter, who may be the
370:; and a later eulogy by Joseph, the
201:; Sept./Dec. 1282 – 3 May 1330) was
511:"Astronomy in the Trebizond Empire"
449:One more child has been suggested:
445:for marrying the Emir of that city.
441:Eudokia, also known as despoina of
13:
1063:14th-century emperors of Trebizond
1058:13th-century emperors of Trebizond
14:
1084:
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426:, Emperor of Trebizond 1332–1340.
420:, Emperor of Trebizond 1330–1332.
780:, Oxford University Press, 1991.
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290:In 1301 or 1302 he defeated a
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762:"Alexios II Grand Komnenos"
494:Revue des études byzantines
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60:16 August 1297 – 3 May 1330
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674:Spinks Numismatic Circular
490:"Grand Comnène Paléologue"
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319:Michael VIII Palaiologos
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1068:Grand Komnenos dynasty
728:Two Works on Trebizond
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198:Alexios Megas Komnēnos
187:Αλέξιος Μέγας Κομνηνός
161:John II Megas Komnenos
895:Emperors of Trebizond
745:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
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846:Emperor of Trebizond
368:Constantine Loukites
238:Constantine Loukites
215:Eudokia Palaiologina
171:Eudokia Palaiologina
129:Basil Megas Komnenos
315:Treaty of Nymphaeum
313:area following the
265:Nikephoros Choumnos
132:Michael Anachoutlou
668:2014-04-20 at the
275:, the daughter of
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234:Gregory Chioniades
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102:(1330-05-03)
27:
1053:1330 deaths
1048:1282 births
993:Alexios III
722:Panaretos,
704:Foundations
570:, pp. 33–35
65:Predecessor
1042:Categories
1003:Alexios IV
998:Manuel III
953:Alexios II
850:1297–1330
680:, pp. 118f
477:References
471:Laz people
352:Andronikos
271:princess,
100:3 May 1330
1022:Alexios V
1014:Alexander
963:Manuel II
906:Alexios I
724:Chronicle
650:Trebizond
622:, pp. 39f
620:Trebizond
607:Trebizond
583:, pp. 38f
581:Trebizond
568:Trebizond
555:Trebizond
455:ulu hatun
348:John XXII
330:Venetians
311:Black Sea
207:Trebizond
192:romanized
75:Successor
51:Trebizond
983:John III
948:Theodora
928:Manuel I
809:Komnenid
666:Archived
648:Miller,
618:Miller,
605:Miller,
592:Nicols,
579:Miller,
566:Miller,
553:Miller,
323:Daphnous
296:Chalybia
292:Turkoman
285:Samtskhe
151:Komnenos
1008:John IV
988:Michael
943:John II
839:John II
811:dynasty
652:, p. 41
609:, p. 39
557:, p. 33
382:Coinage
307:Genoese
300:Giresun
269:Iberian
211:John II
203:Emperor
194::
146:Dynasty
140:Eudokia
69:John II
47:Emperor
938:George
923:John I
821:
635:
443:Sinope
405:Family
388:aspers
374:(born
341:Sinope
281:atabeg
230:Venice
167:Mother
157:Father
109:Spouse
1027:David
973:Irene
968:Basil
911:David
823:Died:
816:Born:
424:Basil
317:with
226:Genoa
222:Turks
183:Greek
120:Issue
57:Reign
1011:(w.
978:Anna
908:(w.
825:1330
818:1282
775:The
633:ISBN
457:and
360:and
244:Life
228:and
213:and
97:Died
92:1282
89:Born
678:116
378:).
283:of
205:of
49:of
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