354:, a young black carpenter, as his lab assistant. Although Blalock hired Thomas as a lab assistant, he was officially titled a janitor. From Blalock's perspective, Thomas quickly learned how to perform surgical procedures, carry out experiments, and record data for Blalock's research. As they got to know each other, Blalock granted Thomas increased independence in the laboratory, something that was very uncommon, especially for someone black at that time. Blalock and Thomas carried out various experiments relating to shock and cardiac output, as well as developing a technique for adrenal transplantation. Together, they developed innovative, unheard of techniques such as the transplantation of the kidney to the neck in order to remove the kidney's nerve supply and study the effect on “Goldblatt hypertension”. Blalock and Thomas built a strong, though unequal, relationship over the years, somewhat marred toward the end by Blalock's unwillingness to give Thomas full credit for his contribution to their collaboration.
395:, a 15-month-old baby. The operation was successful, although the baby died a few months later. After the innovative first completion of the surgery, Blalock became comfortable with the procedure and performed it on thousands of children, often with Thomas by his side. The new operation not only directly saved thousands of lives, it marked the start of the modern era of cardiac surgery, as it was the first successful surgery on the human heart of the modern medical era.
281:, a student who would go on to specialize in cardiovascular medicine. At Johns Hopkins, his record was not considered "outstanding,” given that he graduated near the middle of his class.” Nevertheless, Blalock excelled in surgical courses while he was a student at Hopkins, and this made him come to the realization that he wanted to be a surgeon. In medical school, Blalock was known by his friends and classmates as a "ladies man" due to his frequent trips to
329:
shock. At
Vanderbilt, in 1938, Blalock conducted an experiment where the left subclavian artery was connected to the left pulmonary artery. The experiment was meant to induce pulmonary hypertension, but it ended up failing. By conducting his research and mainly experimenting on dogs, Blalock discovered that surgical shock resulted from the loss of blood, which led him to encourage the use of
414:
others. Many of
Blalock's students went on to become cardiovascular surgeons themselves and rose to high levels of importance in the surgical world. His colleague and lifelong friend Tinsley Harrison spoke about Blalock's ability to teach saying, "A teacher is an individual who has the capacity to influence the horizons of his pupils. Al has had that capacity all of his life."
413:
In teaching and in research, Blalock paved the way for a new generation of surgeons. Students of
Blalock appreciated his unique ability to bring out the best of them. As chief of surgery at Hopkins, Blalock trained 38 chief residents, as well as 9 chairmen of departments, 10 division chiefs, and many
328:
first
Professor and Chief of Surgery. During his Vanderbilt years, Blalock spent much of his time in the surgical research laboratory, which he found both challenging and exciting. While at Vanderbilt, Blalock became interested and began studying the nature and treatment of hemorrhagic and traumatic
349:
While working in
Vanderbilt in 1930, Blalock became increasingly busy and had several obligations that kept him from spending much time in the laboratory. Because of this, Blalock began searching for a new lab assistant that he would be able to count on to carry out all of his experiments. He ended
429:
Blalock married Mary
Chambers O'Bryan in October 1930. The two had met while Blalock was at Vanderbilt and she worked for the Vanderbilt admissions office. Together they had three children: William Rice Blalock, Mary Elizabeth Blalock and Alfred Dandy Blalock. Together, they lived a happy marriage
31:
256:
Shortly after, Blalock attended the
University of Georgia as a sophomore undergraduate, skipping his freshman year. While in college, Blalock was heavily involved in the university social life and athletics. He played tennis and golf, was a member of the Delta Chapter of the
451:
In 1955, Blalock was elected chairman of the medical board of Johns
Hopkins Hospital. When he retired in 1964, he was named a Professor Emeritus of Surgery, as well as a Surgeon-in-Chief Emeritus for Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Hospital.
362:
In 1941 Blalock was asked to return to Johns
Hopkins Hospital to work as chief of surgery, professor, and director of the department of surgery of the medical school. When Blalock was offered this position, he immediately requested that his assistant
417:
In 1955, Blalock became chairman of the medical board of Johns
Hopkins Hospital and held that position until his retirement in 1964. Upon retirement, Blalock held the title of professor and surgeon-in-chief emeritus.
983:
Petrella F, Solli P, Borri A, Spaggiari L.Modified Blalock clamp: a single-hand autostatic device for pulmonary vessel occlusion during lung cancer resection.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012 Mar;14(3):237-8.
1283:
1308:
1288:
300:, in which he performed exceptionally well. He also completed one year of an assistant residency on the general surgical service (his contract was not renewed), and an externship in
398:
During his later years at Hopkins, Blalock continued his research on the heart and vascular surgery. With Edwards Park, he developed a bypass operation in 1944, and in 1948, with
1033:
Amazon.com: American Experience - Partners Of The Heart: Morgan Freeman, Dr. Levi Watkins, Dr. J. Alex Haller Jr., John Dryden (IV), Dr. Helen Taussig, Dr. Denton A. Cooley, C...
296:
for the next three years. However, he was denied a surgical residency with Halsted because of his average academic record. Instead, Blalock decided to complete an internship in
559:
546:
about the Blalock-Thomas collaboration, based on Katie McCabe's National Magazine Award winning Washingtonian magazine article of the same name, Blalock was portrayed by
499:
In 2012 a modified Blalock clamp was described by prof. Francesco Petrella (Milan, Italy) for clamping the pulmonary artery during lung cancer resection.
288:
Blalock earned his medical degree at Johns Hopkins in 1922, hoping to gain appointment to a surgical residency at Johns Hopkins due to his admiration of
217:, a surgical procedure to relieve the cyanosis from tetralogy of Fallot. This operation ushered in the modern era of cardiac surgery. He worked at both
893:
1243:
470:
226:
162:
1273:
558:
for Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie, Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special and
430:
for 28 years until her death in 1958. A year later, he married Alice Waters, who was a close neighbor that Blalock had known for many years.
1117:
1263:
1253:
1148:
1143:
1044:
1248:
225:, where he studied medicine and later served as chief of surgery. He is known as a medical pioneer who won various awards, including
1303:
1278:
1071:
433:
Blalock was known for having an appreciation of sports and the outdoors. He enjoyed playing tennis, golfing, fishing, and boating.
325:
333:
or whole blood products to prevent. Blalock's innovative research resulted in the saving of many lives on the battlefield during
170:
1258:
573:
478:
1238:
421:
Blalock retired from Hopkins in 1964 due to health problems. His retirement was just two and a half months before his death.
230:
1153:
517:
documentary "Partners of the Heart", which was about the collaboration between Blalock and Vivien Thomas at Vanderbilt and
1086:
1161:
783:
Toledo-Pereyra, Luis H. (January 2005). "Alfred Blalock. Surgeon, Educator, and Pioneer in Shock and Cardiac Research".
245:, the son of Martha "Mattie" (Davis) and George Zadock Blalock, a merchant. At the age of 14, he entered as a senior at
1268:
859:
191:(April 5, 1899 – September 15, 1964) was an American surgeon most noted for his work on the medical condition of
402:, a cardiac surgeon, he created a technique for overcoming the transposition of the great blood vessels of the heart.
1129:
1002:
1138:
1032:
274:
79:
1298:
463:
199:– commonly known as blue baby syndrome. He created, with assistance from his research and laboratory assistant
135:
462:
Blalock also belonged to 43 medical societies in the United States and other countries. These included the
459:
He also delivered more than 40 honorary lectures, and was awarded honorary degrees from nine universities.
367:
come with him. While working together at Hopkins, Blalock and Thomas developed a shunt technique to bypass
901:
1293:
1233:
1173:"Historical perspectives of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery: Alfred Blalock (1899-1964)"
214:
1149:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090603010229/http://www.oah.org/activities/awards/barnouw/winners.html
1144:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080724185558/http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2003-01/partners.html
577:
518:
368:
246:
222:
881:"Hopkins pioneered 'blue baby' surgery 50 years ago; 'I Remember ... Thinking It Was Impossible'"
542:
1114:
972:
436:
In Blalock's later years he developed several health problems and eventually died in 1964 from
131:
672:
Hansson N, Schlich T. "Why Did Alfred Blalock and Helen Taussig Not Receive the Nobel Prize?"
603:
525:
and written by Kalin and Lou Potter, with re-creations directed by Bill Duke and narration by
405:
By the 1950s, Blalock had performed over 1,000 surgeries to correct congenital heart defects.
313:
250:
218:
75:
1048:
1228:
1223:
317:
301:
1109:
880:
8:
509:
380:
293:
196:
192:
149:
145:
1068:
1197:
1172:
945:
928:
808:
755:
722:
655:
493:
The Alfred Blalock Clinical Sciences Building at Hopkins Hospital was named after him.
391:
In 1944 Blalock, with Thomas by his side, performed the first "blue baby" operation on
376:
529:. The "Partners of the Heart" went on to win the Organization of American Historians'
1202:
800:
760:
742:
686:
647:
242:
51:
812:
659:
1192:
1184:
985:
940:
792:
750:
734:
639:
372:
278:
270:
1165:
1133:
1121:
1075:
289:
282:
1188:
1139:
https://www.amazon.com/American-Experience-Partners-Morgan-Freeman/dp/B00008G97L
1104:
853:
826:
738:
526:
399:
1158:
796:
643:
1217:
746:
496:
Blalock was also honored with the Baltimore "Man of the Year" award in 1948.
487:
483:
440:
364:
351:
321:
210:
200:
1206:
989:
804:
764:
651:
565:
547:
530:
522:
473:"For distinguished contributions to cardiovascular surgery and knowledge."
392:
338:
334:
330:
207:
1126:
1012:
514:
580:
through re-enactments with a family sitcom set-up and archival footage.
630:
Timmermans, Stefan (April 2003). "A Black Technician and Blue Babies".
555:
437:
721:
Beaty, Claude A.; George, Timothy J.; Conte, John V. (February 2012).
258:
204:
933:
Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
625:
623:
621:
469:
In 1954 Blalock received (with Robert Gross and Helen Taussig) the
466:, the National Academy of Sciences and Royal Society of Medicine.
455:
Blalock published more than 200 articles along with a book titled
618:
569:
551:
297:
261:
fraternity, and was secretary and treasurer of his senior class.
121:
1284:
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
1159:
Alfred Blalock Papers at Duke University Medical Center Archives
30:
357:
1115:
http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/biolib/hc/biopages/ablalock.html
554:. Robert Cort produced the film, which went on to win three
277:, where he roomed with and began a lifelong friendship with
1309:
Presidents of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery
307:
375:, a cardiologist, presented to Blalock the problem of the
1289:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1007:
723:"Centennial Presidential Perspective: Dr. Alfred Blalock"
537:
341:, which developed during his later years at Vanderbilt.
1110:
http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/papers/blalock.html
894:"American Experience | Partners of the Heart | Legacy"
383:
which results in inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
312:
In September 1925, Blalock joined Tinsley Harrison at
778:
776:
774:
229:. Blalock was also nominated several times for the
727:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
771:
502:
457:Principles of Surgery, Shock and Other Problems.
1215:
1170:
1154:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
720:
337:. Unfortunately, Blalock had frequent bouts of
92:Mary Chambers O'Bryan (1930-1958) (her death)
782:
583:
292:Because of this, Blalock decided to remain in
163:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
1105:http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/blbio.htm
1003:"American Experience | Partners of the Heart"
471:Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award
344:
227:Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award
922:
920:
918:
533:Award for Best History Documentary in 2004.
358:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
236:
629:
424:
386:
326:Vanderbilt University School of Medicine’s
273:in 1918 at the age of 19, Blalock entered
29:
1196:
944:
926:
915:
848:
846:
754:
446:
716:
597:
595:
593:
308:Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
1244:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
1127:https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/
1088:Dentist Had Hankering for Show Business
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
171:Gairdner Foundation International Award
1216:
1171:Beaty CA, George TJ, Conte JV (2012).
843:
601:
408:
590:
560:Outstanding Made for Television Movie
379:- a congenital heart defect known as
95:Alice Waters (1959-1964) (his death)
1274:Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
1091:, Washington Post, November 11, 2007
693:
264:
574:Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History
285:, a women's school located nearby.
13:
1264:People from Monroe County, Georgia
860:Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
521:. The documentary was directed by
441:urothelial carcinoma of the ureter
14:
1320:
1254:Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
1098:
1249:Johns Hopkins University faculty
785:Journal of Investigative Surgery
479:Chevalier de la LĂ©gion d'honneur
320:to complete his residency under
275:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
80:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
1304:Georgia Military College alumni
1279:Burials at Druid Ridge Cemetery
1080:
1062:
1037:
1026:
995:
977:
966:
953:
886:
687:"Blalock, Alfred (1899 - 1964)"
249:, a preparatory school for the
873:
819:
679:
666:
604:"Like Something the Lord Made"
568:portrayed Blalock in the 2019
503:Films about Blalock and Thomas
464:American Philosophical Society
136:Vanderbilt University Hospital
1:
1259:Vanderbilt University faculty
602:McCabe, Katie (August 1989).
1239:University of Georgia alumni
959:Hatcher CR: Alfred Blalock.
831:www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu
215:Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt
16:American surgeon (1899–1964)
7:
1189:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.071
1177:J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg
883:, The Gazette, May 30, 1995
739:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.071
584:References and bibliography
486:, the Matas Award, and the
10:
1325:
1069:Erik Barnouw Award Winners
674:Journal of Cardiac Surgery
476:Blalock also received the
345:Working with Vivien Thomas
1269:Physicians from Baltimore
854:"Surgeon, Alfred Blalock"
827:"Surgeon, Alfred Blalock"
797:10.1080/08941930500232379
644:10.1177/03063127030332014
632:Social Studies of Science
269:After graduating with an
182:
155:
141:
127:
117:
110:
102:
85:
71:
59:
37:
28:
21:
578:African-American history
519:Johns Hopkins University
507:In 2003, the PBS series
369:coarctation of the aorta
247:Georgia Military College
237:Early life and education
223:Johns Hopkins University
1045:"Partners of the Heart"
543:Something the Lord Made
425:Personal life and death
387:The blue baby operation
231:Nobel Prize in Medicine
927:Strayhorn, D. (1965).
447:Awards and recognition
132:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1299:20th-century surgeons
314:Vanderbilt University
251:University of Georgia
219:Vanderbilt University
76:University of Georgia
990:10.1093/icvts/ivr122
858:Medical Archives of
241:Blalock was born in
992:. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
961:Clinical Cardiology
676:2015;30(6):506-509.
606:. The Washingtonian
510:American Experience
488:Henry Jacob Bigelow
409:Blalock as a mentor
381:Tetralogy of Fallot
371:. Simultaneously,
302:otorhinolaryngology
290:William S. Halsted.
197:tetralogy of Fallot
146:Tetralogy of Fallot
1294:History of surgery
1164:2013-03-09 at the
1132:2017-03-23 at the
1120:2008-04-05 at the
1074:2012-02-06 at the
377:blue baby syndrome
63:September 15, 1964
1234:American surgeons
973:Lasker Award 1954
963:1986; 9: 172-175.
265:Medical education
243:Culloden, Georgia
186:
185:
175:
167:
52:Culloden, Georgia
1316:
1210:
1200:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1047:. Archived from
1041:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1011:. Archived from
999:
993:
981:
975:
970:
964:
957:
951:
950:
948:
929:"Alfred Blalock"
924:
913:
912:
910:
909:
900:. Archived from
890:
884:
877:
871:
870:
868:
867:
850:
841:
840:
838:
837:
823:
817:
816:
780:
769:
768:
758:
718:
691:
690:
683:
677:
670:
664:
663:
627:
616:
615:
613:
611:
599:
572:variety special
279:Tinsley Harrison
173:
165:
66:
47:
45:
33:
19:
18:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1214:
1213:
1166:Wayback Machine
1134:Wayback Machine
1122:Wayback Machine
1101:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1076:Wayback Machine
1067:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1001:
1000:
996:
982:
978:
971:
967:
958:
954:
925:
916:
907:
905:
892:
891:
887:
878:
874:
865:
863:
852:
851:
844:
835:
833:
825:
824:
820:
781:
772:
719:
694:
685:
684:
680:
671:
667:
628:
619:
609:
607:
600:
591:
586:
505:
449:
427:
411:
389:
360:
347:
310:
283:Goucher College
267:
239:
178:
98:
78:
64:
55:
49:
43:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1212:
1211:
1168:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1099:External links
1097:
1094:
1093:
1079:
1061:
1036:
1025:
994:
976:
965:
952:
914:
885:
872:
842:
818:
791:(4): 161–165.
770:
733:(2): 260–263.
692:
678:
665:
638:(2): 197–229.
617:
588:
587:
585:
582:
550:and Thomas by
527:Morgan Freeman
513:premiered the
504:
501:
448:
445:
426:
423:
410:
407:
400:Rollins Hanlon
388:
385:
359:
356:
346:
343:
309:
306:
266:
263:
238:
235:
189:Alfred Blalock
184:
183:
180:
179:
177:
176:
168:
159:
157:
153:
152:
143:
139:
138:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
112:Medical career
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
97:
96:
93:
89:
87:
83:
82:
73:
69:
68:
67:(aged 65)
61:
57:
56:
50:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
23:Alfred Blalock
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1321:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1051:on 2008-07-24
1050:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1015:on 2017-03-23
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
998:
991:
987:
980:
974:
969:
962:
956:
947:
942:
939:: xliv–xlvi.
938:
934:
930:
923:
921:
919:
904:on 2017-01-28
903:
899:
895:
889:
882:
879:Field, Mike,
876:
862:
861:
855:
849:
847:
832:
828:
822:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
777:
775:
766:
762:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
688:
682:
675:
669:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
624:
622:
605:
598:
596:
594:
589:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:
500:
497:
494:
491:
489:
485:
484:Passano Award
481:
480:
474:
472:
467:
465:
460:
458:
453:
444:
442:
439:
434:
431:
422:
419:
415:
406:
403:
401:
396:
394:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:Helen Taussig
370:
366:
365:Vivien Thomas
355:
353:
352:Vivien Thomas
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
323:
322:Barney Brooks
319:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
262:
260:
254:
252:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Helen Taussig
209:
206:
202:
201:Vivien Thomas
198:
194:
190:
181:
172:
169:
164:
161:
160:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
94:
91:
90:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
62:
58:
53:
48:April 5, 1899
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1183:(2): 260–3.
1180:
1176:
1087:
1082:
1064:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1039:
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
1006:
997:
979:
968:
960:
955:
936:
932:
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
897:
888:
875:
864:. Retrieved
857:
834:. Retrieved
830:
821:
788:
784:
730:
726:
681:
673:
668:
635:
631:
608:. Retrieved
566:Greg Germann
564:
548:Alan Rickman
541:
536:In the 2004
535:
531:Erik Barnouw
523:Andrea Kalin
508:
506:
498:
495:
492:
477:
475:
468:
461:
456:
454:
450:
435:
432:
428:
420:
416:
412:
404:
397:
393:Eileen Saxon
390:
361:
348:
339:tuberculosis
335:World War II
331:blood plasma
311:
287:
268:
255:
240:
208:cardiologist
188:
187:
128:Institutions
111:
65:(1964-09-15)
1229:1964 deaths
1224:1899 births
898:www.pbs.org
576:a guide to
556:Emmy Awards
515:Spark Media
195:as well as
1218:Categories
1055:2008-05-19
1019:2017-08-24
908:2015-04-09
866:2015-04-09
836:2017-02-28
610:8 November
438:metastatic
350:up hiring
118:Profession
44:1899-04-05
747:0022-5223
318:Nashville
294:Baltimore
259:Sigma Chi
205:pediatric
72:Education
1207:22248679
1162:Archived
1130:Archived
1118:Archived
1072:Archived
813:23513499
805:16126626
765:22248679
660:22674747
652:13678058
142:Research
103:Children
1198:4128896
946:2279465
756:4128896
570:Netflix
552:Mos Def
490:medal.
298:urology
122:Surgeon
86:Spouses
1205:
1195:
943:
811:
803:
763:
753:
745:
658:
650:
482:, the
213:, the
174:(1959)
166:(1954)
156:Awards
809:S2CID
656:S2CID
540:film
193:shock
150:shock
54:, U.S
1203:PMID
801:PMID
761:PMID
743:ISSN
648:PMID
612:2014
271:A.B.
221:and
203:and
60:Died
38:Born
1193:PMC
1185:doi
1181:143
1008:PBS
986:doi
941:PMC
793:doi
751:PMC
735:doi
731:143
640:doi
538:HBO
316:in
1220::
1201:.
1191:.
1179:.
1175:.
1005:.
937:76
935:.
931:.
917:^
896:.
856:.
845:^
829:.
807:.
799:.
789:18
787:.
773:^
759:.
749:.
741:.
729:.
725:.
695:^
654:.
646:.
636:33
634:.
620:^
592:^
562:.
443:.
324:,
304:.
253:.
233:.
148:,
134:,
1209:.
1187::
1058:.
1022:.
988::
949:.
911:.
869:.
839:.
815:.
795::
767:.
737::
689:.
662:.
642::
614:.
106:3
46:)
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
