Alfred Russel Wallace

8015: 965: 1100: 774: 1426:

they do not increase regularly from year to year, as otherwise the world would long ago have been crowded with those that breed most quickly. Vaguely thinking over the enormous and constant destruction which this implied, it occurred to me to ask the question, why do some die and some live? And the answer was clearly, on the whole the best fitted live ... and considering the amount of individual variation that my experience as a collector had shown me to exist, then it followed that all the changes necessary for the adaptation of the species to the changing conditions would be brought about ... In this way every part of an animals organization could be modified exactly as required, and in the very process of this modification the unmodified would die out, and thus the definite characters and the clear isolation of each new species would be explained.

1659:, which explained and defended natural selection. In it, he proposed the hypothesis that natural selection could drive the reproductive isolation of two varieties by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation. Thus it might contribute to the development of new species. He suggested the following scenario: When two populations of a species had diverged beyond a certain point, each adapted to particular conditions, hybrid offspring would be less adapted than either parent form and so natural selection would tend to eliminate the hybrids. Furthermore, under such conditions, natural selection would favour the development of barriers to hybridisation, as individuals that avoided hybrid matings would tend to have more fit offspring, and thus contribute to the reproductive isolation of the two incipient species. This idea came to be known as the 1476:

scientific status was far greater than Wallace's, and it was unlikely that, without Darwin, Wallace's views on evolution would have been taken seriously. Lyell and Hooker's arrangement relegated Wallace to the position of co-discoverer, and he was not the social equal of Darwin or the other prominent British natural scientists. All the same, the joint reading of their papers on natural selection associated Wallace with the more famous Darwin. This, combined with Darwin's (as well as Hooker's and Lyell's) advocacy on his behalf, would give Wallace greater access to the highest levels of the scientific community. The reaction to the reading was muted, with the president of the Linnean Society remarking in May 1859 that the year had not been marked by any striking discoveries; but, with Darwin's publication of

1783:, occasionally in strong disagreement. Darwin and Wallace agreed on the importance of natural selection, and some of the factors responsible for it: competition between species and geographical isolation. But Wallace believed that evolution had a purpose ("teleology") in maintaining species' fitness to their environment, whereas Darwin hesitated to attribute any purpose to a random natural process. Scientific discoveries since the 19th century support Darwin's viewpoint, by identifying additional mechanisms and triggers such as mutations triggered by environmental radiation or mutagenic chemicals. Wallace remained an ardent defender of natural selection for the rest of his life. By the 1880s, evolution was widely accepted in scientific circles, but natural selection less so. Wallace's 1889 770:(now Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia). His main objective "was to obtain specimens of natural history, both for my private collection and to supply duplicates to museums and amateurs". In addition to Allen, he "generally employed one or two, and sometimes three Malay servants" as assistants, and paid large numbers of local people at various places to bring specimens. His total was 125,660 specimens, most of which were insects including more than 83,000 beetles, Several thousand of the specimens represented species new to science, Overall, more than thirty men worked for him at some stage as full-time paid collectors. He also hired guides, porters, cooks and boat crews, so well over 100 individuals worked for him. 1947:, he wrote that the island was "now so barren and forbidding that some persons find it difficult to believe that it was once all green and fertile". He explained that the soil was protected by the island's vegetation; once that was destroyed, the soil was washed off the steep slopes by heavy tropical rain, leaving "bare rock or sterile clay". He attributed the "irreparable destruction" to feral goats, introduced in 1513. The island's forests were further damaged by the "reckless waste" of the East India Company from 1651, which used the bark of valuable redwood and ebony trees for tanning, leaving the wood to rot unused. Wallace's comments on environment grew more urgent later in his career. In 2200: 1182:, about developments in the 19th century. The first part of the book covered the major scientific and technical advances of the century; the second part covered what Wallace considered to be its social failures including the destruction and waste of wars and arms races, the rise of the urban poor and the dangerous conditions in which they lived and worked, a harsh criminal justice system that failed to reform criminals, abuses in a mental health system based on privately owned sanatoriums, the environmental damage caused by capitalism, and the evils of European colonialism. Wallace continued his social activism for the rest of his life, publishing the book 1022: 1142:, an idea supported by other prominent 19th-century evolutionary thinkers, on the grounds that contemporary society was too corrupt and unjust to allow any reasonable determination of who was fit or unfit. In his 1890 article "Human Selection" he wrote, "Those who succeed in the race for wealth are by no means the best or the most intelligent ..." He said, "The world does not want the eugenicist to set it straight," "Give the people good conditions, improve their environment, and all will tend towards the highest type. Eugenics is simply the meddlesome interference of an arrogant, scientific priestcraft." 8663: 1451:

Wallace's letter of 10 October which he had recently received, as well as Wallace's paper "On the Law which has regulated the Introduction of New Species" of 1855, showed that they thought alike, with similar conclusions, and said that he was preparing his own work for publication in about two years time. The second letter, dated 22 December 1857, said how glad he was that Wallace was theorising about distribution, adding that "without speculation there is no good and original observation" but commented that "I believe I go much further than you". Wallace believed this and sent Darwin his February 1858 essay, "

463: 2284: 1460:

did outline the mechanics of an evolutionary divergence of species from similar ones due to environmental pressures. In this sense, it was very similar to the theory that Darwin had worked on for 20 years, but had yet to publish. Darwin sent the manuscript to Charles Lyell with a letter saying "he could not have made a better short abstract! Even his terms now stand as heads of my chapters ... he does not say he wishes me to publish, but I shall, of course, at once write and offer to send to any journal." Distraught about the illness of his baby son, Darwin put the problem to Charles Lyell and

1234: 1707:. Unlike some other Darwinists, including Darwin himself, he did not "regard modern primitives as almost filling the gap between man and ape". He saw the evolution of humans in two stages: achieving a bipedal posture that freed the hands to carry out the dictates of the brain, and the "recognition of the human brain as a totally new factor in the history of life". Wallace seems to have been the first evolutionist to see that the human brain effectively made further specialisation of the body unnecessary. Wallace wrote the paper for the 713: 1585: 1820:, Wallace began research for a general review of the geographic distribution of animals. Initial progress was slow, in part because classification systems for many types of animals were in flux. He resumed the work in earnest in 1874 after the publication of a number of new works on classification. Extending the system developed by Sclater for birds—which divided the earth into six separate geographic regions for describing species distribution—to cover mammals, reptiles and insects as well, Wallace created the basis for the 2052: 941: 1743:

never believed natural selection applied to those areas. Reaction to Wallace's ideas on this topic among leading naturalists at the time varied. Lyell endorsed Wallace's views on human evolution rather than Darwin's. Wallace's belief that human consciousness could not be entirely a product of purely material causes was shared by a number of prominent intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. All the same, many, including Huxley, Hooker, and Darwin himself, were critical of Wallace's views.

1431: 1339:, a controversial work of popular science published anonymously in 1844. It advocated an evolutionary origin for the solar system, the earth, and living things. Wallace wrote to Henry Bates in 1845 describing it as "an ingenious hypothesis strongly supported by some striking facts and analogies, but which remains to be proven by ... more research". In 1847, he wrote to Bates that he would "like to take some one family to study thoroughly, ... with a view to the theory of the origin of species." 62: 1831:) and the effects of periods of increased glaciation. He provided maps showing factors, such as elevation of mountains, depths of oceans, and the character of regional vegetation, that affected the distribution of animals. He summarised all the known families and genera of the higher animals and listed their known geographic distributions. The text was organised so that it would be easy for a traveller to learn what animals could be found in a particular location. The resulting two-volume work, 1898:(then called Sandwich Islands) formed in mid-ocean and never part of any large continent. Such islands were characterised by a complete lack of terrestrial mammals and amphibians, and their inhabitants (except migratory birds and species introduced by humans) were typically the result of accidental colonisation and subsequent evolution. Continental islands, in his scheme, were divided into those that were recently separated from a continent (like Britain) and those much less recently (like 1168:. In an 1899 essay, he called for popular opinion to be rallied against warfare by showing people "that all modern wars are dynastic; that they are caused by the ambition, the interests, the jealousies, and the insatiable greed of power of their rulers, or of the great mercantile and financial classes which have power and influence over their rulers; and that the results of war are never good for the people, who yet bear all its burthens (burdens)". In a letter published by the 1672: 1871: 1801: 1735:. At about the same time, he began to maintain that natural selection could not account for mathematical, artistic, or musical genius, metaphysical musings, or wit and humour. He stated that something in "the unseen universe of Spirit" had interceded at least three times in history: the creation of life from inorganic matter; the introduction of consciousness in the higher animals; and the generation of the higher mental faculties in humankind. He believed that the 2074:, he came to believe in it. For the rest of his life, he remained convinced that at least some séance phenomena were genuine, despite accusations of fraud and evidence of trickery. One biographer suggested that the emotional shock when his first fiancée broke their engagement contributed to his receptiveness to spiritualism. Other scholars have emphasised his desire to find scientific explanations for all phenomena. In 1874, Wallace visited the spirit photographer 9850: 1728:, "Wallace found little difficulty in reconciling the extermination of native peoples with his progressive political views". In 1864, in the aforementioned paper, he stated "It is the same great law of the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, which leads to the inevitable extinction of all those low and mentally undeveloped populations with which Europeans come in contact." He argued that the natives die out due to an unequal struggle. 988: 2019:, that Lowell's analysis of Mars's climate badly overestimated the surface temperature, and that low atmospheric pressure would make liquid water, let alone a planet-girding irrigation system, impossible. Richard Milner comments that Wallace "effectively debunked Lowell's illusionary network of Martian canals." Wallace became interested in the topic because his anthropocentric philosophy inclined him to believe that man would be unique in the universe. 514:, some sources have considered him to be Welsh. Other historians have questioned this because neither of his parents were Welsh, his family only briefly lived in Monmouthshire, the Welsh people Wallace knew in his childhood considered him to be English, and because he consistently referred to himself as English rather than Welsh. One Wallace scholar has stated that the most reasonable interpretation is therefore that he was an Englishman born in Wales. 1955: 9933: 1606:. In 1867, Darwin wrote to Wallace about a problem in explaining how some caterpillars could have evolved conspicuous colour schemes. Darwin had come to believe that many conspicuous animal colour schemes were due to sexual selection, but he saw that this could not apply to caterpillars. Wallace responded that he and Bates had observed that many of the most spectacular butterflies had a peculiar odour and taste, and that he had been told by 9916: 9899: 9950: 8034: 1494:, suggested not only that there had been a conspiracy to rob Wallace of his proper credit, but that Darwin had actually stolen a key idea from Wallace to finish his own theory. These claims have been examined and found unconvincing by a number of scholars. Shipping schedules show that, contrary to these accusations, Wallace's letter could not have been delivered earlier than the date shown in Darwin's letter to Lyell. 9882: 686:. After 25 days at sea, the ship's cargo caught fire, and the crew was forced to abandon ship. All the specimens Wallace had on the ship, mostly collected during the last, and most interesting, two years of his trip, were lost. He managed to save a few notes and pencil sketches, but little else. Wallace and the crew spent ten days in an open boat before being picked up by the brig 1611:

selection. Darwin was impressed by the idea. At a later meeting of the Entomological Society, Wallace asked for any evidence anyone might have on the topic. In 1869, Weir published data from experiments and observations involving brightly coloured caterpillars that supported Wallace's idea. Wallace attributed less importance than Darwin to sexual selection. In his 1878 book

1663:, later called reinforcement. Wallace had suggested to Darwin that natural selection could play a role in preventing hybridisation in private correspondence as early as 1868, but had not worked it out to this level of detail. It continues to be a topic of research in evolutionary biology today, with both computer simulation and empirical results supporting its validity. 1777:(especially Darwin) to be a leading thinker on evolution in his day, whose ideas could not be ignored. One historian of science has pointed out that, through both private correspondence and published works, Darwin and Wallace exchanged knowledge and stimulated each other's ideas and theories over an extended period. Wallace is the most-cited naturalist in Darwin's 5380:...The red Indian in North America and in Brazil; the Tasmanian, Australian, and New Zealander in the southern hemisphere, die out, not from any one special cause, but from the inevitable effects of an unequal mental and physical struggle. The intellectual and moral, as well as the physical qualities of the European are superior; ... 2451:). He further broke down the 747 short pieces by their primary subjects: 29% were on biogeography and natural history, 27% were on evolutionary theory, 25% were social commentary, 12% were on anthropology, and 7% were on spiritualism and phrenology. An online bibliography of Wallace's writings has more than 750 entries. 2132:

an experiment in which he set up two objects along a six-mile (10 km) stretch of canal. Both objects were at the same height above the water, and he mounted a telescope on a bridge at the same height above the water as well. When seen through the telescope, one object appeared higher than the other, showing the

594:. Wallace's work on the survey was largely outdoors in the countryside, allowing him to indulge his new passion for collecting insects. Wallace persuaded his brother John to join him in starting another architecture and civil engineering firm. It carried out projects including the design of a building for the Neath 1506:. In an incident in 1863 that particularly pleased Darwin, Wallace published the short paper "Remarks on the Rev. S. Haughton's Paper on the Bee's Cell, And on the Origin of Species". This rebutted a paper by a professor of geology at the University of Dublin that had sharply criticised Darwin's comments in the 1758:(human-centred). Much later in his life Wallace returned to these themes, that evolution suggested that the universe might have a purpose, and that certain aspects of living organisms might not be explainable in terms of purely materialistic processes. He set out his ideas in a 1909 magazine article entitled 1328:, and Lyell attacked transmutation vigorously. It has been suggested that Wallace accepted the idea of the transmutation of species in part because he was always inclined to favour radical ideas in politics, religion and science, and because he was unusually open to marginal, even fringe, ideas in science. 2131:

proponent named John Hampden offered a £500 wager (roughly equivalent to £60,000 in 2023) in a magazine advertisement to anyone who could demonstrate a convex curvature in a body of water such as a river, canal, or lake. Wallace, intrigued by the challenge and short of money at the time, designed

1536:

Historians of science have noted that, while Darwin considered the ideas in Wallace's paper to be essentially the same as his own, there were differences. Darwin emphasised competition between individuals of the same species to survive and reproduce, whereas Wallace emphasised environmental pressures

1263:

called him "the last of the giants to that wonderful group of intellectuals composed of Darwin, Huxley, Spencer, Lyell, Owen, and other scientists, whose daring investigations revolutionized and evolutionized the thought of the century". Another commentator in the same edition said: "No apology need

2140:

magazine, declared Wallace the winner, but Hampden refused to accept the result. He sued Wallace and launched a campaign, which persisted for several years, of writing letters to various publications and to organisations of which Wallace was a member denouncing him as a swindler and a thief. Wallace

1906:

of Madagascar that were remnants of once widespread continental faunas. He extensively discussed how changes of climate, particularly periods of increased glaciation, may have affected the distribution of flora and fauna on some islands, and the first portion of the book discusses possible causes of

1851:, migrating between North America and Eurasia and then, much more recently, to South America after which the northern species became extinct, leaving the modern distribution of two isolated groups of tapir species in South America and Southeast Asia. Wallace was very aware of, and interested in, the 1742:

While some historians have concluded that Wallace's belief that natural selection was insufficient to explain the development of consciousness and the higher functions of the human mind was directly caused by his adoption of spiritualism, other scholars have disagreed, and some maintain that Wallace

1459:

if he thought it worthwhile. Although Wallace had sent several articles for journal publication during his travels through the Malay archipelago, the Ternate essay was in a private letter. Darwin received the essay on 18 June 1858. Although the essay did not use Darwin's term "natural selection", it

1360:

in September 1855. In this paper, he discussed observations of the geographic and geologic distribution of both living and fossil species, a field that became biogeography. His conclusion that "Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a closely allied species" has

1174:

in 1909, with aviation in its infancy, he advocated an international treaty to ban the military use of aircraft, arguing against the idea "that this new horror is 'inevitable', and that all we can do is to be sure and be in the front rank of the aerial assassins—for surely no other term can so fitly

1082:

Despite assistance from his friends, he was never able to secure a permanent salaried position such as a curatorship in a museum. To remain financially solvent, Wallace worked grading government examinations, wrote 25 papers for publication between 1872 and 1876 for various modest sums, and was paid

1053:

After a year of courtship, Wallace became engaged in 1864 to a young woman whom, in his autobiography, he would only identify as Miss L. Miss L. was the daughter of Lewis Leslie who played chess with Wallace, but to Wallace's great dismay, she broke off the engagement. In 1866, Wallace married Annie

2177:

averred that Wallace and other activists were being selective in their choice of statistics. The commission found that smallpox vaccination was effective and should remain compulsory, though they recommended some changes in procedures to improve safety, and that the penalties for people who refused

1610:

that birds would not eat a certain kind of common white moth because they found it unpalatable. Since the moth was as conspicuous at dusk as a coloured caterpillar in daylight, it seemed likely that the conspicuous colours served as a warning to predators and thus could have evolved through natural

1548:

Others have noted that Wallace appeared to have envisioned natural selection as a kind of feedback mechanism that kept species and varieties adapted to their environment (now called 'stabilizing", as opposed to 'directional' selection). They point to a largely overlooked passage of Wallace's famous

1425:

It then occurred to me that these causes or their equivalents are continually acting in the case of animals also; and as animals usually breed much more quickly than does mankind, the destruction every year from these causes must be enormous to keep down the numbers of each species, since evidently

1452: 1405:

By February 1858, Wallace had been convinced by his biogeographical research in the Malay Archipelago that evolution was real. He later wrote in his autobiography that the problem was of how species change from one well-marked form to another. He stated that it was while he was in bed with a fever

1090:

to avoid having to sell some of his personal property. Darwin was very aware of Wallace's financial difficulties and lobbied long and hard to get Wallace awarded a government pension for his lifetime contributions to science. When the £200 annual pension was awarded in 1881, it helped to stabilise

315: 1377:

of the time, writing that it was "nothing very new ... Uses my simile of tree it seems all creation with him." Lyell was more impressed, and opened a notebook on species in which he grappled with the consequences, particularly for human ancestry. Darwin had already shown his theory to their

1342:

Wallace planned fieldwork to test the evolutionary hypothesis that closely related species should inhabit neighbouring territories. During his work in the Amazon basin, he came to realise that geographical barriers—such as the Amazon and its major tributaries—often separated the ranges of closely

1074:

In the late 1860s and 1870s, Wallace was very concerned about the financial security of his family. While he was in the Malay Archipelago, the sale of specimens had brought in a considerable amount of money, which had been carefully invested by the agent who sold the specimens for Wallace. On his

897:

Ali became Wallace's most trusted assistant, a skilled collector and researcher. Wallace collected and preserved the delicate insect specimens, while most of the birds were collected and prepared by his assistants; of those, Ali collected and prepared around 5000. While exploring the archipelago,

2165:

Another factor in Wallace's thinking was his belief that, because of the action of natural selection, organisms were in a state of balance with their environment, and that everything in nature, served a useful purpose. Wallace pointed out that vaccination, which at the time was often unsanitary,

1475:

Communication with Wallace in the far-off Malay Archipelago involved months of delay, so he was not part of this rapid publication. Wallace accepted the arrangement after the fact, happy that he had been included at all, and never expressed bitterness in public or in private. Darwin's social and

1450:

Wallace had once briefly met Darwin, and was one of the correspondents whose observations Darwin used to support his own theories. Although Wallace's first letter to Darwin has been lost, Wallace carefully kept the letters he received. In the first letter, dated 1 May 1857, Darwin commented that

589:

When Wallace's brother William died in March 1845, Wallace left his teaching position to assume control of his brother's firm in Neath, but his brother John and he were unable to make the business work. After a few months, he found work as a civil engineer for a nearby firm that was working on a

2268:

argued that Wallace was "the first modern scientist to comprehend how essential cooperation is to our survival", and suggested that Wallace's understanding of natural selection and his later work on the atmosphere should be seen as a forerunner to modern ecological thinking. A collection of his

2161:

to understand why vaccination worked. Wallace discovered instances where supporters of vaccination had used questionable, in a few cases completely false, statistics to support their arguments. Always suspicious of authority, Wallace suspected that physicians had a vested interest in promoting

700:

The lost collection had been insured for £200 by Stevens. After his return to Britain, Wallace spent 18 months in London living on the insurance payment, and selling a few specimens that had been shipped home. During this period, despite having lost almost all the notes from his South American

2251:

Wallace's fame faded quickly after his death. For a long time, he was treated as a relatively obscure figure in the history of science. Reasons for this lack of attention may have included his modesty, his willingness to champion unpopular causes without regard for his own reputation, and the

2112:

responded that "Wallace has lost caste considerably, not only by his adhesion to Spiritualism, but by the fact of his having deliberately and against the whole voice of the committee of his section of the British Association, brought about a discussion on Spiritualism at one of its sectional

1776:

In many accounts of the development of evolutionary theory, Wallace is mentioned only in passing as simply being the stimulus to the publication of Darwin's own theory. In reality, Wallace developed his own distinct evolutionary views which diverged from Darwin's, and was considered by many

876:, which is often domesticated here & is doubtless one of the originals of the domestic breed of poultry." In the same letter, Wallace said birds from Bali and Lombok, divided by a narrow strait, "belong to two quite distinct zoological provinces, of which they form the extreme limits", 2226:

in 1873. The British Association elected him as head of its biology section in 1876. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1893. He was asked to chair the International Congress of Spiritualists meeting in London in 1898. He received honorary doctorates and professional honours, such the

1723:

of Borneo, had convinced him that human beings were a single species with a common ancestor. He still felt that natural selection might have continued to act on mental faculties after the development of the different races; and he did not dispute the nearly universal view among European

619:

William Jevons, the founder of the Neath institute, was impressed by Wallace and persuaded him to give lectures there on science and engineering. In the autumn of 1846, Wallace and his brother John purchased a cottage near Neath, where they lived with their mother and sister Fanny.

2393:

biogeographical region in his honour, and Operation Wallacea, named after the region, awards "Alfred Russel Wallace Grants" to undergraduate ecology students. Several hundred species of plants and animals, both living and fossil, have been named after Wallace, such as the gecko

1029:

In 1862, Wallace returned to Britain, where he moved in with his sister Fanny Sims and her husband Thomas. While recovering from his travels, Wallace organised his collections and gave numerous lectures about his adventures and discoveries to scientific societies such as the

1364:

The paper challenged Lyell's belief that species were immutable. Although Darwin had written to him in 1842 expressing support for transmutation, Lyell had continued to be strongly opposed to the idea. Around the start of 1856, he told Darwin about Wallace's paper, as did

450:

Wallace's father graduated in law but never practised it. He owned some income-generating property, but bad investments and failed business ventures resulted in a steady deterioration of the family's financial position. Wallace's mother was from a middle-class family of

964: 4659: 1863:(1876) he wrote, "We live in a zoologically impoverished world, from which all the hugest, and fiercest, and strangest forms have recently disappeared". He added that he believed the most likely cause for the rapid extinctions was glaciation, but by the time he wrote 1218:

might explain certain commonalities between the mountain flora of Europe, Asia and North America, which he published in 1891 in the paper "English and American Flowers". He met many other prominent American naturalists and viewed their collections. His 1889 book

2048:, had been harshly criticised by the medical and scientific establishment. Wallace drew a connection between his experiences with mesmerism and spiritualism, arguing that one should not deny observations on "a priori grounds of absurdity or impossibility". 1361:

come to be known as the "Sarawak Law", answering his own question in his paper on the monkeys of the Amazon basin. Although it does not mention possible mechanisms for evolution, this paper foreshadowed the momentous paper he would write three years later.

911:. This became one of the most popular books of scientific exploration of the 19th century, and has never been out of print. It was praised by scientists such as Darwin (to whom the book was dedicated), by Lyell, and by non-scientists such as the novelist 1482:

later in 1859, its significance became apparent. When Wallace returned to the UK, he met Darwin. Although some of Wallace's opinions in the ensuing years would test Darwin's patience, they remained on friendly terms for the rest of Darwin's life.

2081:

Wallace's public advocacy of spiritualism and his repeated defence of spiritualist mediums against allegations of fraud in the 1870s damaged his scientific reputation. In 1875 he published the evidence he believed proved his position in

750:, he was introduced to Darwin and they "had a few minutes' conversation." After presenting a paper and a large map of the Rio Negro to the RGS, Wallace was elected a Fellow of the society on 27 February 1854. Free passage arranged on 1927:(1878), he warned about the dangers of deforestation and soil erosion, especially in tropical climates prone to heavy rainfall. Noting the complex interactions between vegetation and climate, he warned that the extensive clearing of 517:

In 1843 Wallace's father died, and a decline in demand for surveying meant William's business no longer had work available. For a short time Wallace was unemployed, then early in 1844 he was engaged by the Collegiate School in

1343:

allied species. He included these observations in his 1853 paper "On the Monkeys of the Amazon". Near the end of the paper he asked the question, "Are very closely allied species ever separated by a wide interval of country?"

2845: 1842:

The book included evidence from the fossil record to discuss the processes of evolution and migration that had led to the geographical distribution of modern species. For example, he discussed how fossil evidence showed that

2259:

Recently, Wallace has become better known, with the publication of at least five book-length biographies and two anthologies of his writings published since 2000. A web page dedicated to Wallace scholarship is maintained at

762:

steamships. Wallace and a young assistant, Charles Allen, embarked at Southampton on 4 March 1854. After the overland journey to Suez and another change of ship at Ceylon they disembarked at Singapore on 19 April 1854.

2113:

meetings ... This he is said to have done in an underhanded manner, and I well remember the indignation it gave rise to in the B.A. Council." Hooker eventually relented and agreed to support the pension request.

1382:

and now, for the first time spelt out the full details of natural selection to Lyell. Although Lyell could not agree, he urged Darwin to publish to establish priority. Darwin demurred at first, but began writing up a

1202:. In November 1886, Wallace began a ten-month trip to the United States to give a series of popular lectures. Most of the lectures were on Darwinism (evolution through natural selection), but he also gave speeches on 6989:

Carvalho, M.R.d.; Rosa, R.S.; Araújo, M.L.G. (2016). "A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon".

644:, Wallace and Bates estimated that by collecting and selling natural history specimens such as birds and insects they could meet their costs, with the prospect of good profits. They therefore engaged as their agent 2446:

published a quantitative analysis of Wallace's publications. He found that Wallace had published 22 full-length books and at least 747 shorter pieces, 508 of which were scientific papers (191 of them published in

1762:, later expanded into a book of the same name. Shermer commented that this anticipated ideas about design in nature and directed evolution that would arise from religious traditions throughout the 20th century. 3484: 2153:. Wallace originally saw the issue as a matter of personal liberty; but, after studying statistics provided by anti-vaccination activists, he began to question the efficacy of vaccination. At the time, the 474:

Wallace then moved to London to board with his older brother John, a 19-year-old apprentice builder. This was a stopgap measure until William, his oldest brother, was ready to take him on as an apprentice

2213:

As a result of his writing, Wallace became a well-known figure both as a scientist and as a social activist, and was often sought out for his views. He became president of the anthropology section of the

1561:

observed in the 1970s that, although writing it only as an example, Wallace had "probably said the most powerful thing that'd been said in the 19th Century". Bateson revisited the topic in his 1979 book

2361:

at Richard Hale School (then called Hertford Grammar School, where he had been a pupil) was named after Wallace. The Alfred Russel Wallace building is a prominent feature of the Glyntaff campus at the

2007:

built by intelligent beings. Wallace did months of research, consulted various experts, and produced his own scientific analysis of the Martian climate and atmospheric conditions. He pointed out that

1206:, spiritualism, and socio-economic reform. During the trip, he was reunited with his brother John who had emigrated to California years before. He spent a week in Colorado, with the American botanist 1283:. Several prominent British scientists formed a committee to have a medallion of Wallace placed in Westminster Abbey near where Darwin had been buried. The medallion was unveiled on 1 November 1915. 1890:. It surveyed the distribution of both animal and plant species on islands. Wallace classified islands into oceanic and two types of continental islands. Oceanic islands, in his view, such as the 1719:, who held that different races had separate origins and were different species. Wallace's anthropological observations of Native Americans in the Amazon, and especially his time living among the 2070:

Wallace began investigating spiritualism in the summer of 1865, possibly at the urging of his older sister Fanny Sims. After reviewing the literature and attempting to test what he witnessed at

1902:). Wallace discussed how that difference affected flora and fauna. He discussed how isolation affected evolution and how that could result in the preservation of classes of animals, such as the 2252:

discomfort of much of the scientific community with some of his unconventional ideas. The reason that the theory of evolution is popularly credited to Darwin is likely the impact of Darwin's

1075:

return to the UK, Wallace made a series of bad investments in railways and mines that squandered most of the money, and he found himself badly in need of the proceeds from the publication of

7027:"An inordinate fondness for spinnerets: on some spiders of the genera Diplura C. L. Koch, 1850 and Linothele Karsch, 1879 with new species, records, and notes on types (Araneae: Dipluridae)" 2078:. He declared that a photograph of him with his deceased mother was genuine. Others reached a different conclusion: Hudson's photographs had previously been exposed as fraudulent in 1872. 1369:

who thought it "Good! Upon the whole! ... Wallace has, I think put the matter well; and according to his theory the various domestic races of animals have been fairly developed into

2162:

vaccination, and became convinced that reductions in the incidence of smallpox that had been attributed to vaccination were due to better hygiene and improvements in public sanitation.

722:

shows the physical geography of the archipelago and Wallace's travels around the area. The thin black lines indicate where Wallace travelled; the red lines indicate chains of volcanoes.

351:, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts: a western portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin, and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect 6660: 491:. He left London in 1837 to live with William and work as his apprentice for six years. They moved repeatedly to different places in Mid-Wales. Then at the end of 1839, they moved to 6370: 616:, and on 11 April 1846 wrote "As the Journal of a scientific traveller, it is second only to Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative'—as a work of general interest, perhaps superior to it." 1973: 6738: 1915:

was considered a very important work at the time of its publication. It was discussed extensively in scientific circles both in published reviews and in private correspondence.

2338:

Commemorations of the 200th anniversary of Wallace's birth celebrated during the course of 2023 range from naturalist walk events to scientific congresses and presentations. A

1528:, Wallace wrote to Darwin complaining that there were "no opponents left who know anything of natural history, so that there are none of the good discussions we used to have". 1257:

On 7 November 1913, Wallace died at home, aged 90, in the country house he called Old Orchard, which he had built a decade earlier. His death was widely reported in the press.

10155: 6761: 1099: 987: 6614: 746:(RGS) for support, proposing to again fund his exploring entirely from sale of duplicate collections. He later recalled that, while researching in the insect-room of the 397:

Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist, critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system in 19th-century Britain. His advocacy of

7629: 7607: 3390: 3330: 1951:(1911) he wrote that people should view nature "as invested with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused, and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced." 1464:, who decided to publish the essay in a joint presentation together with unpublished writings which highlighted Darwin's priority. Wallace's essay was presented to the 1406:

that he thought about Malthus's idea of positive checks on human population, and had the idea of natural selection. His autobiography says that he was on the island of

648:

who would advertise and arrange sales to institutions and private collectors, for a commission of 20% on sales plus 5% on despatching freight and remittances of money.

1054:

Mitten. Wallace had been introduced to Mitten through the botanist Richard Spruce, who had befriended Wallace in Brazil and who was a friend of Annie Mitten's father,

2872: 8735: 2141:

won multiple libel suits against Hampden, but the resulting litigation cost Wallace more than the amount of the wager, and the controversy frustrated him for years.

1621:

and plants, and proposed alternative explanations for a number of cases Darwin had attributed to sexual selection. He revisited the topic at length in his 1889 book

3481: 2326:, a paper-puppet animation film dedicated to Wallace's centennial. In addition, Bailey unveiled a bust of Wallace, sculpted by Felicity Crawley, in Twyn Square in 1537:

on varieties and species forcing them to become adapted to their local conditions, leading populations in different locations to diverge. The historian of science

405:

for the higher mental faculties of humans strained his relationship with other scientists. He was one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the

6118: 940: 4317: 667:, then explored inland separately, occasionally meeting to discuss their findings. In 1849, they were briefly joined by another young explorer, the botanist 6697: 10125: 3649: 2354: 2044:, managing to hypnotise some of his students in Leicester. When he began these experiments, the topic was very controversial: early experimenters, such as 697:

provisions were strained by the unexpected passengers, but after a difficult passage on short rations, the ship reached its destination on 1 October 1852.

7870:

An Inordinate Fondness for Beetles: Campfire Conversations with Alfred Russel Wallace on People and Nature Based on Common Travel in the Malay Archipelago

659:

for their private collections, selling the duplicates to museums and collectors back in Britain to fund the trip. Wallace hoped to gather evidence of the

10160: 6638: 5644:

Holt, Ben G.; Lessard, Jean-Philippe; Borregaard, Michael K.; et al. (4 January 2013). "An Update of Wallace's Zoogeographic Regions of the World".

409:. He wrote prolifically on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Southeast Asia, 10115: 1824:

in use today. He discussed the factors then known to influence the current and past geographic distribution of animals within each geographic region.

10110: 9995: 1750:

has stated, Wallace's views in this area were at odds with two major tenets of the emerging Darwinian philosophy. These were that evolution was not

7769: 4686:"Responses to Questions Frequently Asked About Wallace: Did Darwin really steal material from Wallace to complete his theory of natural selection?" 8370: 2322:, was donated by the A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund. It depicts Wallace as a young man, collecting in the jungle. November 2013 marked the debut of 355:. He was considered the 19th century's leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species, and is sometimes called the "father of 6787: 3938: 4914:

Kottler, Malcolm (1985). "Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace: Two decades of debate over natural selection". In Kohn, David Kohn (ed.).

628:

Inspired by the chronicles of earlier and contemporary travelling naturalists, Wallace decided to travel abroad. He later wrote that Darwin's

8728: 4474: 2796: 1107:

In 1881, Wallace was elected as the first president of the newly formed Land Nationalisation Society. In the next year, he published a book,

1050:, and the possible effect of natural selection on hybridisation and the divergence of species. In 1865, he began investigating spiritualism. 6942: 6657: 1468:

on 1 July 1858, along with excerpts from an essay which Darwin had disclosed privately to Hooker in 1847 and a letter Darwin had written to

1296:

Wallace began his career as a travelling naturalist who already believed in the transmutation of species. The concept had been advocated by

902:. In 1858 he sent an article outlining his theory to Darwin; it was published, along with a description of Darwin's theory, that same year. 4534: 2456: 1042:. During the 1860s, Wallace wrote papers and gave lectures defending natural selection. He corresponded with Darwin about topics including 6362: 3267: 10175: 10050: 10040: 8592: 2923: 2895: 773: 608: 6347: 4506: 2975: 2108:

was particularly harsh. When, in 1879, Darwin first tried to rally support among naturalists to get a civil pension awarded to Wallace,

1066:

in Essex, where he lived until 1876. The Wallaces had three children: Herbert (1867–1874), Violet (1869–1945), and William (1871–1951).

6730: 4490: 1787:

was a response to the scientific critics of natural selection. Of all Wallace's books, it is the most cited by scholarly publications.

1703:. Wallace explained the apparent stability of the human stock by pointing to the vast gap in cranial capacities between humans and the 7746:

On the Organic Law of Change, A Facsimile Edition and Annotated Transcription of Alfred Russel Wallace's Species Notebook of 1855–1859

6915: 6889: 6679: 1641:

which supported Darwin on sexual selection, attacking especially Poulton's claims on the "aesthetic preferences of the insect world".

10020: 10015: 10005: 10000: 8061: 1689:

In 1864, Wallace published a paper, "The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection

10095: 10030: 10025: 9985: 8721: 4843:(19 December 2003). "A comparative analysis of the Darwin–Wallace papers and the development of the concept of natural selection". 4669: 8662: 3209:"Alfred Russel Wallace, The dawn of a great discovery: 'My relations with Darwin in reference to the theory of natural selection'" 598:, founded in 1843. During this period, he exchanged letters with Bates about books. By the end of 1845, Wallace was convinced by 10190: 10165: 10140: 10010: 1699: 1415: 542: 439:) and Thomas Vere Wallace. His mother was English, while his father was of Scottish ancestry. His family claimed a connection to 6611: 6565: 4544: 4516: 4500: 2933: 2905: 1510:

on how hexagonal honey bee cells could have evolved through natural selection. An even longer defence was a 1867 article in the

679:, collecting specimens and making notes on the peoples and languages he encountered as well as the geography, flora, and fauna. 10145: 8348: 8114: 4484: 3653: 2985: 2859: 922: 860:. In December 1856, Darwin had written to contacts worldwide to get specimens for his continuing research into variation under 831:, and supplemented collecting by paying workers a cent for each insect. A specimen of the previously unknown gliding tree frog 599: 540:, Wallace as well as some of the older pupils tried it out. Wallace spent many hours at the town library in Leicester; he read 7580: 7248:"On the Tendency of Species to Form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection" 10150: 10120: 9990: 9830: 7896: 7877: 7843: 7788: 7753: 7734: 7711: 7692: 7659: 7626: 7604: 7499: 7475: 7452: 7428: 7409: 7386: 7372: 7346: 7316: 7233: 7207: 7181: 7133: 6976: 6465: 6249: 5969: 5576: 5365: 5311: 5178: 4749: 4435: 3914: 3387: 2855: 1175:

describe the dropping of, say, ten thousand bombs at midnight into an enemy's capital from an invisible flight of airships."

915:. Conrad called the book his "favorite bedside companion" and used information from it for several of his novels, especially 6635: 6127:

See Wallace's letters dated 22 November and 1 December 1866 to Thomas Huxley, and Huxley's reply that he was not interested.

3277: 499:

in Wales. Between 1840 and 1843, Wallace worked as a land surveyor in the countryside of the west of England and Wales. The

7510: 7247: 3327: 3248: 2880: 1935:) and India would adversely impact the climate in those countries and lead to their impoverishment due to soil erosion. In 466:

A photograph from Wallace's autobiography shows the building Wallace and his brother John designed and built for the Neath

6000: 5881: 4806: 4352: 2589: 2306:

worldwide in the 'Wallace100' project in 2013. On 24 January, his portrait was unveiled in the Main Hall of the museum by

9870: 8470: 5417: 4693: 3596: 3208: 2501: 1724:

anthropologists of the time that Europeans were intellectually superior to other races. According to political scientist

1517: 738:, Rajah of Sarawak, who was then in London, and who arranged assistance in Sarawak for Wallace. In June Wallace wrote to 675:), but Spruce, like Bates, would spend over ten years collecting in South America. Wallace spent four years charting the 816: 10035: 8697: 4927: 3849: 2407:. More recently, several new species have been named during the bicentenary year of Wallace's birth, including a large 1312:, among others. It was widely discussed, but not generally accepted by leading naturalists, and was considered to have 1103:

Article written by Professor Wallace, published in the report of the proceedings of the International Worker's Congress

10170: 9184: 8213: 7531: 6846: 6482: 2339: 1708: 1396: 17: 6519: 1301: 636:

were "the two works to whose inspiration I owe my determination to visit the tropics as a collector." After reading

10075: 8539: 8360: 6590: 6553:

Hartland, Nick (10 August 2022). "Evolution guru's medals auctioned for £273,000". Monmouthshire Beacon. p. 9.

4670:

Chapter 5: "A Gentlemanly Arrangement: Alfred Russel Wallace, Charles Darwin & the Scientific Priority Dispute"

1923:

Wallace's extensive work in biogeography made him aware of the impact of human activities on the natural world. In

6706: 1827:

These factors included the effects of the appearance and disappearance of land bridges (such as the one currently

1264:

be made for the few literary or scientific follies of the author of that great book on the 'Malay Archipelago'." (

852:

On reaching Singapore in May 1856, Wallace hired a bird-skinner. With Ali as cook, they collected for two days on

734:, and valuable insect specimens she collected which Stevens sold as her agent. In March 1853 Wallace wrote to Sir 10135: 10105: 9922: 9825: 8702: 8681: 7961: 7937: 7913: 7093: 3361:

van Wyhe, John; Drawhorn, Gerrell M. (2015). "'I am Ali Wallace': The Malay Assistant of Alfred Russel Wallace".

2303: 2278: 2219: 2075: 2059: 1771: 1354:, Wallace wrote "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species". The paper was published in the 406: 3657: 3153:"Letter WCP3072 – James Brooke to Alfred Russel Wallace, 1 April (1853), from Ranger's Lodge, Hyde Park, London" 10185: 10100: 10090: 10055: 8604: 7159: 4718:; Rookmaaker, Kees (2012). "A new theory to explain the receipt of Wallace's Ternate Essay by Darwin in 1858". 4321: 2299: 2223: 323: 1545:. Against this, Malcolm Kottler showed that Wallace was indeed discussing individual variation and selection. 9939: 8941: 8341: 8054: 7951: 7927: 7491:

Dispelling the Darkness: Voyage in the Malay Archipelago and the Discovery of Evolution by Wallace and Darwin

4980: 3597:"S31. Wallace, A. R. 1857. [Letter dated 21 August 1856, Lombock]. Zoologist 15 (171–172): 5414–5416" 1725: 1021: 841:) came from a Chinese workman who told Wallace that it glided down. Local people also assisted with shooting 726:

Bates and others were collecting in the Amazon area, Wallace was more interested in new opportunities in the

444: 179: 10195: 9784: 7853: 4682: 3293:

van Wyhe, John (2018). "Wallace's Help: The Many People Who Aided A. R. Wallace in the Malay Archipelago".

3175:"Letter WCP4308 – Alfred Russel Wallace to Roderick Impey Murchison, Royal Geographical Society, June 1853" 2694: 2651: 2623: 2547: 1512: 1486:

Over the years, a few people have questioned this version of events. In the early 1980s, two books, one by

1332: 1031: 282: 47: 7835:

The Spice Islands Voyage: The Quest for Alfred Wallace, the Man Who Shared Darwin's Discovery of Evolution

5337:"The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced From the Theory of "Natural Selection" (1864)" 3536: 510:

One result of Wallace's early travels is a modern controversy about his nationality. Since he was born in

459:

until 1837, when he reached the age of 14, the normal leaving age for a pupil not going on to university.

10085: 10080: 9077: 9029: 8412: 8225: 7981: 6004: 5973: 5877: 5515: 5421: 4802: 4689: 4348: 3213: 2585: 2382: 2261: 2173:

investigating the controversy. It found errors in his testimony, including some questionable statistics.

1852: 1525: 645: 286: 51: 7097: 3563:"Letter WCP1703 – Alfred Russel Wallace to Samuel Stevens, from Ampanam, Lombock Island, 21 August 1856" 2199: 807:

as a general servant and cook, and spent the early 1855 wet season in a small Dyak house at the foot of

10200: 10070: 9888: 8691: 8382: 4919: 2095: 1985:

that could possibly support life, mainly because it was the only one in which water could exist in the

1828: 1715:, the belief that all human races shared a common ancestor and were one species, and the supporters of 1660: 1650: 1356: 1135:, Wallace described it as "Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century." 800: 743: 480: 371: 7521: 6341: 2314:

series "Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero". On 7 November 2013, the 100th anniversary of Wallace's death, Sir

9085: 8965: 8957: 8436: 8417: 8326: 7865: 4597: 2386: 2370: 2362: 1465: 1439: 1225:

used information he collected on his American trip and information he had compiled for the lectures.

1125:

and declared himself a socialist, despite his earlier foray as a speculative investor. After reading

833: 8885: 10180: 9645: 8973: 8446: 8047: 7726: 7300: 2467: 2319: 2287: 2122: 1478: 1435: 804: 701:

expedition, he wrote six academic papers (including "On the Monkeys of the Amazon") and two books,

660: 564: 511: 332: 263: 211: 9905: 6813: 6429: 4463: 2800: 2735: 2086:. His attitude permanently strained his relationships with previously friendly scientists such as 503:

of his surroundings aroused his interest; from 1841 he collected flowers and plants as an amateur

10065: 10060: 10045: 9515: 9280: 8587: 8279: 8136: 6946: 6233: 4425: 2186:, which stated that it repeated many of the same errors as his evidence given to the commission. 1736: 1732: 1693:", applying the theory to humankind. Darwin had not yet publicly addressed the subject, although 1502:

After Wallace returned to England in 1862, he became one of the staunchest defenders of Darwin's

1374: 1313: 595: 528: 467: 398: 7994:, ed. John van Wyhe – The first complete online edition of the writings of Alfred Russel Wallace 7685:

Alfred Russel Wallace: Explorer, Evolutionist, Public Intellectual: A Thinker for Our Own Times?

2102:

became publicly hostile to Wallace over the issue. Wallace was heavily criticised by the press;

434: 8677: 8529: 8477: 8394: 7338: 6083: 2396: 2154: 2133: 2008: 1978: 1637: 1632: 1579: 551: 492: 387: 7489: 6001:"Notes on the Growth of Opinion as to Obscure Psychical Phenomena During the Last Fifty Years" 671:, along with Wallace's younger brother Herbert. Herbert soon left (dying two years later from 9719: 9177: 8909: 8554: 8458: 8389: 8316: 1297: 995: 907: 718: 641: 574: 547: 411: 402: 7956: 7932: 7122: 7050:"The genus Nama, with the description of 14 new species (Curculionidae, Entiminae, Namaini)" 6705: 2626: 2373:

at Swansea University and lecture theatre at Cardiff University are named after him, as are

1566:, and other scholars have continued to explore the connection between natural selection and 9980: 9975: 9670: 9498: 8757: 8534: 8487: 8254: 8143: 6919: 6893: 6676: 5655: 5082: 4612: 3115: 2291: 2109: 1550: 1461: 1410:

at the time; but the evidence of his journal suggests that he was in fact on the island of

1379: 1127: 890:. After further investigation, the zoogeographical boundary eventually became known as the 533: 243: 9804: 9582: 6395: 5970:"Alfred Russel Wallace: Evolution of an Evolutionist Chapter One. Belief and Spiritualism" 1584: 374:(sometimes known as the Wallace effect), a way that natural selection could contribute to 8: 9835: 9764: 9665: 9557: 9540: 8989: 8821: 8805: 8582: 8087: 5904: 4157: 2357:

in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range was named in his honour in 1895. In 1928, a

2283: 2215: 1995: 1848: 1821: 1491: 1309: 1161: 1115:

policies for the negative impact they had on working-class people. In 1889, Wallace read

1059: 828: 781: 456: 390:. He was one of the first scientists to write a serious exploration of whether there was 8797: 7640: 7561: 6308: 5659: 5511: 5117: 5086: 4616: 4092: 4067: 4029: 4003: 3953: 3878: 3614:

Proceedings of Natural-History Collectors in Foreign Countries, by Alfred Russel Wallace

3613: 2697: 2654: 2157:

was new and far from universally accepted. Moreover, no one knew enough about the human

1541:

has suggested that in the paper he mailed to Darwin, Wallace might have been discussing

10130: 9756: 9650: 9204: 9061: 9045: 9021: 9005: 8611: 8519: 8482: 8465: 8353: 8102: 7822: 7763: 7398: 7331: 7264: 7222: 7196: 7148: 6862: 6434: 6188: 5838: 5679: 5371: 5231: 5098: 5031: 4860: 4767: 4636: 4162: 3932: 3465: 3446:"In Alfred Russel Wallace's Shadow: His Forgotten Assistant, Charles Allen (1839–1892)" 3378: 3318: 2876: 2550: 2389:

in North Sulawesi named Project Wallace. A group of Indonesian islands is known as the

2315: 2087: 2055: 2016: 1603: 1280: 1259: 1238: 1047: 978: 881: 739: 731: 676: 579: 352: 340: 327: 193: 106: 8429: 1666: 9737: 9616: 9547: 9535: 8925: 8687: 8274: 8168: 8148: 8121: 8010: 7892: 7873: 7839: 7833: 7784: 7778: 7749: 7730: 7707: 7688: 7655: 7537: 7527: 7495: 7471: 7464: 7448: 7424: 7405: 7368: 7361: 7342: 7312: 7229: 7203: 7177: 7155: 7129: 7026: 7007: 6972: 6842: 6490: 6461: 6245: 6087: 5830: 5671: 5646: 5361: 5317: 5307: 5223: 5174: 4923: 4771: 4731: 4628: 4431: 4194: 4073: 3920: 3910: 3845: 3562: 3457: 3382: 3322: 3310: 3174: 3152: 2063: 1676: 1618: 1443: 1400: 1276: 1250: 1241:

Cemetery, Dorset, restored by the A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund in 2000. It features a

956: 899: 877: 846: 820: 727: 656: 462: 366:

Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century, working on

344: 311: 122: 7024: 5418:"Alfred Russel Wallace: Evolution of an Evolutionist Chapter Six. A Change of Mind?" 5375: 5355: 5235: 5206:

Ollerton, J. (September 2005). "Speciation: Flowering time and the Wallace Effect".

5102: 4864: 845:. They spent time with Sir James, then in February 1856 Allen chose to stay on with 766:

From 1854 to 1862, Wallace travelled around the islands of the Malay Archipelago or

415:, was first published in 1869. It continues to be both popular and highly regarded. 9853: 9779: 9170: 9141: 8789: 8561: 8509: 8494: 8299: 8193: 8019: 7572: 7259: 7061: 6999: 6788:"Events, Books etc to Commemorate the 200th Anniversary of Wallace's Birth in 2023" 5842: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5683: 5663: 5215: 5090: 5027: 4959: 4852: 4840: 4757: 4727: 4640: 4620: 3370: 3302: 2205: 2170: 2099: 1993:

in this book was brief, and in 1907, Wallace returned to the subject with the book

1940: 1895: 1681: 1627: 1607: 1589: 1246: 1221: 1117: 1043: 884:. Stevens arranged publication of relevant paragraphs in the January 1857 issue of 788: 759: 537: 379: 7821:(Project Gutenberg). London: Cassell and Company. Published in a single volume by 7550: 5977: 5425: 905:

Accounts of Wallace's studies and adventures were eventually published in 1869 as

582:, who was 19 years old, and had published an 1843 paper on beetles in the journal 483:. Here he was exposed to the radical political ideas of the Welsh social reformer 9742: 9677: 9474: 9449: 9253: 9093: 8997: 8949: 8901: 8893: 8781: 8633: 8309: 8220: 8198: 8188: 8131: 8070: 7977: 7633: 7611: 7442: 7438: 7169: 7143: 7117: 6683: 6664: 6642: 6618: 6241: 6194: 4344: 3839: 3488: 3394: 3334: 2443: 2269:

medals, including the Order of Merit, were sold at auction for £273,000 in 2022.

2000: 1765: 1755: 1747: 1558: 1542: 1538: 1487: 1211: 1039: 868:, Wallace wrote telling his agent, Stevens, about specimens shipped, including a 812: 808: 777: 500: 440: 8713: 5336: 1874:

The line separating the Indo-Malayan and the Austro-Malayan region in Wallace's

709:. At the same time, he made connections with several other British naturalists. 9774: 9769: 9630: 9611: 9530: 9410: 9268: 9248: 9225: 9149: 9133: 9013: 8829: 8643: 8441: 8424: 8294: 8284: 8208: 8203: 8173: 7798: 7382: 7296: 7284: 7280: 7243: 7025:

Sherwood, D.; Drolshagen, B.; Osorio, L. V.; Benavides, L.; Seiter, M. (2023).

6199: 6195:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 6008: 5869: 4798: 2581: 2471: 2240: 2178:

to comply be made less severe. Years later, in 1898, Wallace wrote a pamphlet,

2045: 2004: 1813: 1779: 1567: 1317: 1316:, even revolutionary connotations. Prominent anatomists and geologists such as 1305: 1279:, but his wife followed his wishes and had him buried in the small cemetery at 1242: 1233: 1207: 1122: 1055: 947: 865: 824: 747: 668: 455:, to which place his family moved when Wallace was five years old. He attended 432:, Monmouthshire. He was the eighth of nine children born to Mary Anne Wallace ( 319: 299: 217: 138: 8006: 7003: 6762:"Bicentenary celebrations of 'forgotten' father of evolution begin in Wayanad" 4856: 4685: 4624: 3924: 3418: 61: 9969: 9794: 9789: 9692: 9604: 9572: 9525: 9464: 9385: 9324: 9305: 9274: 9220: 9069: 8917: 8861: 8853: 8837: 8765: 8626: 8621: 8549: 8514: 8499: 8377: 8365: 8304: 8183: 7618: 7597: 7485: 7356: 7305: 7289:

The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter

6340: 6336: 5581: 5321: 5254: 4762: 4715: 4077: 3461: 3314: 2731: 2532:

I was the only Englishman who had lived some months alone in that country....

2497: 2374: 2228: 2158: 2091: 1817: 1694: 1456: 1325: 1150: 912: 886: 869: 861: 569: 199: 31: 7997: 7541: 5667: 5512:"The World of Life: As Visualised and Interpreted by Darwinism (S669: 1909)" 2582:"On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type" 2525: 2051: 1867:(1911) he had come to believe those extinctions were "due to man's agency". 1160:

Wallace wrote on other social and political topics, including in support of

1091:

Wallace's financial position by supplementing the income from his writings.

921:. A set of 80 bird skeletons Wallace collected in Indonesia are held in the 898:

Wallace refined his thoughts about evolution, and had his famous insight on

9660: 9599: 9594: 9454: 9400: 9395: 9314: 9295: 9290: 9117: 9109: 9101: 9037: 8773: 8744: 8599: 8331: 8321: 8267: 8262: 8109: 7512:

The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-utan, and the Bird of Paradise

7326: 7217: 7191: 7011: 6622: 6494: 6091: 5834: 5675: 5262: 5227: 5219: 4632: 4593: 4198: 3904: 3841:

Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community

2424: 2402: 2358: 2265: 2236: 2012: 1986: 1982: 1944: 1836: 1751: 1418:, which he used as a base for expeditions to other islands such as Gilolo. 1366: 1321: 1203: 1132: 1063: 891: 735: 672: 603: 523: 488: 391: 360: 356: 348: 205: 187: 133: 128: 5357:

Dark Vanishings: Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800–1930

5301: 3374: 3306: 1453:

On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type

819:'s Palaeontology, and wrote his "Sarawak Paper". In March he moved to the 795:, Wallace and Allen reached Sarawak in October 1854, and were welcomed at 712: 9707: 9587: 9577: 9405: 9390: 9374: 9330: 9310: 9285: 9263: 9258: 9239: 9229: 9125: 8933: 8877: 8869: 8845: 8504: 8289: 8239: 8160: 8001: 7986: 7829: 7676:

There is an extensive literature on Wallace. Recent books on him include:

6515: 5166: 4745: 2369:, with several teaching spaces and laboratories for science courses. The 2307: 2232: 2150: 1856: 1613: 1599: 1554: 1442:

on the 50th anniversary of the reading of Darwin and Wallace's papers on

1000: 838: 767: 755: 591: 484: 367: 170: 7818: 7802: 6988: 6612:"Alfred Russel Wallace, the forgotten man of evolution, gets his moment" 6566:"Alfred Russel Wallace, the forgotten man of evolution, gets his moment" 6483:"Missing Link: Alfred Russel Wallace, Charles Darwin's neglected double" 3469: 1553:

of the steam engine, which checks and corrects any irregularities". The

1524:, which aimed to refute natural selection. After an 1870 meeting of the 1269: 1265: 9799: 9567: 9520: 9469: 9434: 9380: 9364: 9344: 9339: 9335: 9244: 9053: 8981: 4964: 4947: 3565:. Beccaloni, G. W. (ed.), Ɛpsilon: The Alfred Russel Wallace Collection 3445: 3399: 3177:. Beccaloni, G. W. (ed.), Ɛpsilon: The Alfred Russel Wallace Collection 3155:. Beccaloni, G. W. (ed.), Ɛpsilon: The Alfred Russel Wallace Collection 2366: 2128: 2104: 2033: 1928: 1899: 1716: 1712: 1430: 1215: 1170: 1165: 1146: 1112: 1035: 972: 873: 751: 375: 295: 291: 9956: 7971: 7066: 7049: 2149:

In the early 1880s, Wallace joined the debate over mandatory smallpox

9655: 9507: 9369: 9350: 9319: 9233: 8097: 5094: 2551:"Responses to Questions Frequently Asked About Alfred Russel Wallace" 2343: 2041: 1932: 1891: 1704: 1411: 842: 655:. They intended to collect insects and other animal specimens in the 519: 476: 429: 322:'s earlier writings on the topic. It spurred Darwin to set aside the 307: 303: 85: 6814:"Darwin Day Talk: How Science Works: Darwin, Wallace, and Evolution" 5825: 5806: 5070: 3971: 2318:

unveiled a statue of Wallace at the museum. The statue, sculpted by

2182:, attacking the commission's findings. It, in turn, was attacked by 2071: 1414:. From 1858 to 1861, he rented a house on Ternate from the Dutchman 9697: 9484: 9479: 9459: 9444: 9439: 9429: 9359: 9354: 9300: 8524: 8336: 8028: 8024: 2504:

and was even considered by some to be in England, which it borders.

2390: 2310:, a fervent admirer. Bailey further championed Wallace in his 2013 2037: 1667:

Application of theory to humans, and role of teleology in evolution

1469: 1139: 952: 917: 504: 452: 8039: 6591:"Wallace100 – celebrating Alfred Russel Wallace's life and legacy" 4984: 3015: 2627:"Alfred Russel Wallace: Evolution of an Evolutionist Introduction" 1602:

was one of Wallace's contributions to the evolutionary biology of

1421:

Wallace describes how he discovered natural selection as follows:

1373:." Despite this hint, Darwin mistook Wallace's conclusion for the 664: 479:. While in London, Alfred attended lectures and read books at the 9494: 9193: 7444:

In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace

6658:

Natural History Museum: David Attenborough unveils Wallace Statue

3229: 2311: 1908: 1812:

In 1872, at the urging of many of his friends, including Darwin,

1407: 1347: 796: 792: 612:, but he found Bates was more critical. Wallace re-read Darwin's 248: 7466:

The Heretic in Darwin's Court: The Life of Alfred Russel Wallace

5135: 3505: 2530:. Wellcome Library. London: Chapman & Hall, Ld. p. 34. 1870: 1671: 522:

to teach drawing, mapmaking, and surveying. He had already read

9420: 4234: 2427: 2408: 1844: 1351: 857: 6278: 6276: 6263: 6261: 6135: 6133: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5469: 5467: 4246: 1766:

Assessment of Wallace's role in history of evolutionary theory

1214:

and gathering evidence that would lead him to a theory on how

663:. Bates and he spent most of their first year collecting near 9864: 9714: 9702: 9687: 9682: 7991: 5637: 2442:

Wallace was a prolific author. In 2002, historian of science

1977:

was the first serious attempt by a biologist to evaluate the

1903: 1835:, was published in 1876 and served as the definitive text on 1720: 1086:

In 1876, Wallace needed a £500 advance from the publisher of

872:

variety "for Mr. Darwin & he would perhaps also like the

623: 496: 386:

was the first serious attempt by a biologist to evaluate the

7780:

An Elusive Victorian: The Evolution of Alfred Russel Wallace

7652:

The Forgotten Naturalist: In search of Alfred Russel Wallace

7224:

Charles Darwin: The Power of Place: Volume II of a Biography

6971:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. 5360:(1st ed.). Cornell University Press. pp. 185–186. 4444: 4367: 4345:"On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of Species" 3450:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

3363:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

3295:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

1954: 1800: 586:. He befriended Wallace and started him collecting insects. 7998:

Great Lives – Bill Bailey on his hero Alfred Russel Wallace

7092: 6288: 6273: 6258: 6214: 6145: 6130: 6059: 6047: 5963: 5961: 5946: 5934: 5762: 5750: 5690: 5556: 5491: 5479: 5464: 5397: 5281: 5269: 5147: 5050: 5038: 4999: 4883: 4778: 4647: 4562: 4522: 4403: 3577: 3517: 3493: 3056: 3054: 2835: 2833: 2412: 2378: 2294:. Natural History Museum, London, unveiled 7 November 2013. 1990: 1592:: a wasp (top) mimicked by a beetle in Wallace's 1889 book 1016: 925:, and described as of exceptional historical significance. 853: 9162: 5643: 4750:"Shipping timetables debunk Darwin plagiarism accusations" 4379: 4222: 4122: 4110: 4047: 3983: 3858: 3807: 3780: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3684: 3672: 3249:"Chronology of Wallace's travels in the Malay Archipelago" 1943:. On the impact of European colonisation on the island of 1573: 1038:, and became friendly with both Lyell and the philosopher 306:

and illustrator. He independently conceived the theory of

7889:

Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters from The Malay Archipelago

7074: 5020:

Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London

4139: 4137: 3241: 3133: 2991: 2327: 2062:

of Wallace and his late mother in 1882; he may have used

1981:. He concluded that the Earth was the only planet in the 1739:

of the universe was the development of the human spirit.

1549:

1858 paper, in which he likened "this principle ... the

1531: 1275:

Some of Wallace's friends suggested that he be buried in

1131:, the bestselling book by the progressive land reformist 682:

On 12 July 1852, Wallace embarked for the UK on the brig

7047: 6967:

Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).

5958: 5534: 5532: 4895: 4574: 4550: 4391: 4263: 4261: 3051: 3039: 2963: 2939: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2777: 2604: 1999:

to criticise the claims made by the American astronomer

314:; his 1858 paper on the subject was published that year 6636:

Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero: An audience with the sultan"

6534: 6410: 6169: 6157: 6035: 6023: 5922: 5905:"A Wet Red World? The Search for Water on Mars Goes On" 5849: 5783: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5625: 5613: 5589: 5544: 5452: 5385: 5187: 4941: 4939: 4821: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4158:"We Are Guarded by Spirits, Declares Dr. A. R. Wallace" 3708: 3618: 3116:"Bibliography of the Writings of Alfred Russel Wallace" 2951: 1675:

An illustration from the chapter on the application of

495:, near the Welsh border, before eventually settling at 347:, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the 7363:

Evolution: The Remarkable History of Scientific Theory

6839:

Place Names of the Sierra Nevada From Abbot to Zumwalt

6309:"Anthropology at the British Association (S120: 1866)" 5702: 5601: 5440: 4170: 4134: 3819: 3768: 3720: 3696: 3630: 3201: 3189: 3066: 2753: 2346:-designed special cocktail to honor Wallace's legacy. 1083:

by Lyell and Darwin to help edit some of their works.

758:, but eventually the RGS funded first class travel by 651:

In 1848, Wallace and Bates left for Brazil aboard the

10156:

People associated with Birkbeck, University of London

6098: 5529: 5306:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 209–210. 4983:. CoEvolutionary Quarterly, June 1976. Archived from 4871: 4298: 4273: 4258: 4069:

The Wonderful Century: Its Successes and Its Failures

3339: 3288: 3286: 3027: 2911: 2815: 2765: 2290:

statue of Wallace, looking up at a bronze model of a

2180:

Vaccination a Delusion; Its Penal Enforcement a Crime

1180:

The Wonderful Century: Its Successes and Its Failures

1147:

pure paper money system, not backed by silver or gold

30:"Alfred Wallace" redirects here. For the artist, see 7704:

Infinite Tropics: An Alfred Russel Wallace Anthology

4936: 4318:"Wallace Collection – Wallace's 'Sarawak law' paper" 4205: 3529: 3078: 3003: 2094:, and even Darwin. Others, such as the physiologist 428:

Alfred Russel Wallace was born on 8 January 1823 in

6945:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Website. Archived from 6892:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Website. Archived from 6458:

Evolution, the most complex process of the universe

6454:

La evolución, el fenómeno más complejo del universo

4291:Wallace Family Archive, 11 October 1847, quoted in 3090: 2466:is used to indicate this person as the author when 2189: 378:by encouraging the development of barriers against 7804:Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, 7463: 7397: 7360: 7330: 7304: 7221: 7195: 7147: 7121: 4714: 4004:"The Causes of War, and the Remedies (S567: 1899)" 3283: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2672: 1876:On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago 1497: 1164:and repeatedly on the dangers and wastefulness of 1025:A photograph of Wallace taken in Singapore in 1862 290:(8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913) was an English 8743: 7198:Charles Darwin: Voyaging: Volume I of a Biography 6396:"Chronology of the Main Events in Wallace's Life" 3954:"Paper Money as a Standard of Value (S557: 1898)" 2203:Wallace and his signature on the frontispiece of 1790: 339:Wallace did extensive fieldwork, starting in the 9967: 7987:The Alfred Russel Wallace Correspondence Project 7856:; Costa, James T.; Collard, David, eds. (2019). 7388:Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences 6884: 6882: 6880: 6123:The Alfred Russel Wallace Correspondence Project 3801:Land Nationalisation; Its Necessity and Its Aims 3360: 1711:to address the debate between the supporters of 1109:Land Nationalisation; Its Necessity and Its Aims 6731:"Comedian to unveil bust of famous son Wallace" 5795: 3109: 3107: 3105: 2715: 2246: 1390: 970:Wallace collected many specimens, such as this 815:. He read about species distribution, notes on 7333:Here on Earth: A Natural History of the Planet 6390: 6388: 5568: 3589: 3555: 3443: 2736:"Alfred Russel Wallace. A biographical sketch" 2655:"Is Mars Habitable?, by Alfred Russel Wallace" 2304:commemorative events for the Wallace centenary 1291: 1058:, an expert on mosses. In 1872, Wallace built 9178: 8729: 8055: 7242: 6877: 6857: 6855: 6181: 2610: 1931:for coffee cultivation in Ceylon (now called 1455:", asking Darwin to review it and pass it to 690:, which was sailing from Cuba to London. The 7768:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7295: 6563: 6438:(Supplement). 9 November 1908. p. 8162. 6351:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5303:Genocide : a comprehensive introduction 4586: 4373: 4193:. Roger & Robert Nicholson. p. 52. 3102: 2144: 2036:. Early in his career, he experimented with 1939:, Wallace again mentioned deforestation and 1808:shows Wallace's six biogeographical regions. 1145:In 1898, Wallace wrote a paper advocating a 1062:, a house of concrete, on land he leased in 177: 10126:Fellows of the Zoological Society of London 8593:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 7860:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 7838:. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. 7654:. Arcadia/Australian Scholarly Publishing. 7116: 6447: 6445: 6385: 6117:Wallace, Alfred Russel (16 November 2010). 5972:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Page hosted by 5876:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Page hosted by 5353: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5159: 4889: 4801:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Page hosted by 4688:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Page hosted by 4228: 2584:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Page hosted by 2333: 1795: 1337:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation 609:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation 578:. One evening Wallace met the entomologist 487:and of the English-born political theorist 10161:People educated at Hertford Grammar School 9185: 9171: 8736: 8722: 8062: 8048: 7723:Wallace, Darwin, and the Origin of Species 6852: 6331: 6329: 5018:Smith, Frederick (1867). "March 4, 1867". 3937:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3906:Superior : the return of race science 2698:"Alfred Russel Wallace: Capsule Biography" 2575: 2573: 2571: 1829:connecting North America and South America 1189: 730:as demonstrated by the travel writings of 624:Exploration and study of the natural world 60: 10116:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society 7887:van Wyhe, John; Rookmaaker, Kees (2013). 7263: 7252:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 7065: 6940: 6785: 6518:. hosted by Western Kentucky University. 6191:inflation figures are based on data from 6080:Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847 5824: 5801: 5577:"Viruses: The unsung heroes of evolution" 5071:"[Review] The Colours of Animals" 4963: 4839: 4761: 4720:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3444:Rookmaaker, Kees; Wyhe, John van (2012). 2689: 2687: 2272: 2136:. The judge for the wager, the editor of 1625:. In 1890, he wrote a critical review in 1446:. Wallace received the only gold example. 1210:as his guide, exploring the flora of the 1111:, on the subject. He criticised the UK's 443:, a leader of Scottish forces during the 10111:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London 9996:20th-century English non-fiction writers 8244:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes 7783:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7620:My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions 7616: 7599:My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions 7595: 7552:The Geographical Distribution of Animals 7515:. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan and Co. 7484: 7381: 7325: 6943:"Plants and animals named after Wallace" 6728: 6695: 6552: 6540: 6442: 6428: 6335: 5574: 5242: 5205: 5173:. Sinauer Associates. pp. 353–381. 5165: 4480: 4450: 4397: 3714: 3583: 3523: 3511: 3499: 3405: 3292: 3235: 3195: 3139: 3072: 2997: 2981: 2929: 2901: 2851: 2527:My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions 2342:event in April 2023 will also include a 2282: 2198: 2050: 1953: 1888:The Geographical Distribution of Animals 1869: 1861:The Geographical Distribution of Animals 1833:The Geographical Distribution of Animals 1806:The Geographical Distribution of Animals 1799: 1746:As the historian of science and sceptic 1670: 1583: 1429: 1232: 1153:so much that he dedicated his 1920 book 1098: 1088:The Geographical Distribution of Animals 1034:. Later that year, he visited Darwin at 1020: 1017:Return to Britain, marriage and children 772: 711: 461: 8016:Works by or about Alfred Russel Wallace 7638: 7570: 7559: 7548: 7519: 7508: 7470:. New York: Columbia University Press. 7461: 7437: 7395: 7080: 6451: 6416: 6326: 6294: 6282: 6267: 6232: 6220: 6175: 6163: 6151: 6139: 6116: 6104: 6065: 6053: 6041: 6029: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5855: 5789: 5777: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5696: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5458: 5403: 5391: 5334: 5287: 5275: 5253: 5193: 5153: 5141: 5109: 5069:Wallace, Alfred Russel (24 July 1890). 5068: 5056: 5044: 5005: 4913: 4827: 4784: 4665: 4653: 4568: 4528: 4409: 4342: 4304: 4279: 4267: 4240: 4176: 4143: 4128: 4116: 4065: 4053: 3989: 3977: 3864: 3844:. Oxford University Press. p. 20. 3837: 3825: 3813: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3636: 3345: 3273: 3167: 3145: 3060: 3045: 2969: 2945: 2917: 2839: 2824: 2783: 2568: 2542: 2540: 2523: 2264:. In a 2010 book, the environmentalist 1574:Warning coloration and sexual selection 1416:Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode 780:around 1855, watercolour by missionary 703:Palm Trees of the Amazon and Their Uses 543:An Essay on the Principle of Population 14: 9968: 7744:Costa, James T., annotated by (2013). 7649: 7355: 7279: 7216: 7190: 7168: 7142: 6077: 5902: 5708: 5446: 5341:Alfred Russel Wallace Classic Writings 4901: 4877: 4592: 4580: 4556: 4540: 4512: 4496: 4385: 4252: 4216: 4093:"The Revolt of Democracy (S734: 1913)" 4030:"Flying Machines in War. (S670: 1909)" 3654:Cambridge University Museum of Zoology 3624: 3356: 3354: 3084: 3009: 2957: 2759: 2684: 2678: 2385:mounted a year-long expedition to the 1754:(purpose-driven), and that it was not 1532:Differences between Darwin and Wallace 1516:called "Creation by Law". It reviewed 1357:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1286: 1200:The Geographic Distribution of Animals 1069: 923:Cambridge University Museum of Zoology 407:environmental impact of human activity 330:of it, which was published in 1859 as 9166: 8717: 8043: 7872:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. 7687:. Manchester: Siri Scientific Press. 6811: 6786:Beccaloni, George (2 December 2022). 6759: 6480: 6460:] (in Spanish). RBA. p. 11. 6192: 5299: 5017: 4945: 3902: 1731:Shortly afterwards, Wallace became a 1331:Wallace was profoundly influenced by 602:'s anonymously published treatise on 590:survey for a proposed railway in the 433: 326:he was drafting and quickly write an 9871: 7418: 6918:. Operation Wallacea. Archived from 6689: 6583: 5807:"Wallace pioneered astrobiology too" 4744: 4421: 4292: 4188: 4155: 3437: 3096: 3033: 3021: 2771: 2730: 2537: 2169:In 1890, Wallace gave evidence to a 1882:In 1880, Wallace published the book 1700:Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature 1387:of his continuing work in May 1856. 856:, then from 17 June to 30 August on 813:a branch outlet of the Sarawak River 8471:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 8069: 7891:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7523:On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism 7176:. The University of Chicago Press. 7128:. The University of Chicago Press. 7048:Meregalli, M.; Borovec, R. (2023). 6741:from the original on 11 August 2022 6698:"The Animated Life of A.R. Wallace" 6696:Lichtman, Flora (5 November 2013). 6481:Rosen, Jonathan (4 February 2007). 6306: 5998: 5903:Milner, Richard (4 November 2011). 5867: 5509: 5115: 4796: 4090: 4027: 4001: 3951: 3876: 3425:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Website 3351: 2579: 2292:Wallace's golden birdwing butterfly 2116: 2084:On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism 2022: 1979:likelihood of life on other planets 1918: 1346:In February 1855, while working in 388:likelihood of life on other planets 24: 10176:People from Kington, Herefordshire 10051:British anti-vaccination activists 10041:English people of Scottish descent 7858:An Alfred Russel Wallace Companion 7670: 7583:from the original on 13 March 2007 7579:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Page. 7391:. New York: Harper & Brothers. 7265:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x 7154:. University of California Press. 6890:"Other things named after Wallace" 6812:Berry, Andrew (12 February 2023). 6729:Hartland, Nick (6 November 2021). 6489:. The New Yorker Feb 2007: 76–81. 5575:Hamilton, Garry (27 August 2008). 5335:Wallace, Alfred (1 January 2010). 5032:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1967.tb01466.x 4355:from the original on 28 April 2007 2799:. 100 Welsh heroes. Archived from 2592:from the original on 29 April 2007 2330:, Monmouthshire in November 2021. 2324:The Animated Life of A. R. Wallace 1564:Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity 1094: 799:by Sir James Brooke's (then) heir 25: 10212: 7972:The Alfred Russel Wallace Website 7907: 7825:, New York and London, June 1916. 7623:. Vol. II. Chapman and Hall. 7311:. Michael Joseph, Penguin Group. 7246:; Wallace, Alfred Russel (1858). 7150:Evolution: The History of an Idea 6969:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles 6792:The Alfred Russel Wallace Website 5967: 5884:from the original on 5 April 2007 5415: 4978: 4681: 3253:The Alfred Russel Wallace Website 3113: 2693: 2650: 2622: 2546: 2340:Harvard Museum of Natural History 1709:Anthropological Society of London 1679:to humans in Wallace's 1889 book 1644: 1617:, he wrote extensively about the 1520:, the 8th Duke of Argyll's book, 1003:that a workman handed to Wallace. 878:Java, Borneo, Sumatra and Malacca 10021:20th-century British geographers 10016:19th-century British geographers 10006:20th-century English naturalists 10001:19th-century English naturalists 9948: 9931: 9914: 9897: 9880: 9849: 9848: 9568:Mammalian anatomy and morphology 8661: 8032: 7823:Harper & Brothers Publishers 7617:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1905b). 7602:. Vol. I. Chapman and Hall. 7596:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1905a). 7086: 7041: 7018: 6982: 6961: 6934: 6908: 6865:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 6831: 6805: 6779: 6760:Manoj, E. M. (12 January 2023). 6753: 6722: 6670: 6651: 6629: 6605: 6564:McKie, Robin (20 January 2013). 6557: 6546: 6522:from the original on 23 May 2007 6516:"The Alfred Russel Wallace Page" 6508: 6474: 6422: 6398:. The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 6355: 6300: 6226: 6110: 6071: 5992: 5896: 5861: 5503: 5409: 5347: 5328: 5293: 5199: 5062: 5011: 4972: 4907: 4833: 4809:from the original on 2 June 2007 4790: 4738: 4732:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01808.x 4708: 4675: 4456: 4415: 4336: 4066:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1903) . 3537:"Letter no. 1812, CD memorandum" 2190:Legacy and historical perception 1925:Tropical Nature and Other Essays 1655:In 1889, Wallace wrote the book 1614:Tropical Nature and Other Essays 1149:, which impressed the economist 986: 963: 939: 787:After collecting expeditions to 10096:British evolutionary biologists 10031:20th-century British biologists 10026:19th-century British biologists 9986:19th-century English scientists 8703:List of natural history dealers 8371:The Natural History of Selborne 7639:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1911). 7571:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1889). 7560:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1881). 7549:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1876). 7520:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1875). 7509:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). 7094:International Plant Names Index 6373:from the original on 1 May 2021 4948:"Wallace's Unfinished Business" 4696:from the original on 9 May 2008 4343:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1855). 4310: 4285: 4182: 4149: 4084: 4059: 4021: 3995: 3945: 3896: 3870: 3831: 3799:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1906). 3792: 3656:. 18 April 2009. Archived from 3642: 3411: 3408:, pp. 97, 99–101, 103–105. 2865: 2789: 2524:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1905). 2434:Meregalli & Borovec, 2023. 2279:Alfred Russel Wallace centenary 2222:in 1870. He was elected to the 2220:Entomological Society of London 2027: 1966: 1772:History of evolutionary thought 1498:Defence of Darwin and his ideas 343:. He then did fieldwork in the 10191:Recipients of the Copley Medal 10166:People from Broadstone, Dorset 10141:British botanical illustrators 10011:19th-century English explorers 8605:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 8025:Works by Alfred Russel Wallace 8007:Works by Alfred Russel Wallace 7423:. Princeton University Press. 7228:. Princeton University Press. 7202:. Princeton University Press. 6941:Beccaloni, H. (October 2017). 6916:"Alfred Russel Wallace Grants" 6593:. Natural History Museum. 2013 6452:Laserna, David Blanco (2016). 6342:"Wallace, Alfred Russel" 6313:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 5122:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 4799:"Creation by Law (S140: 1867)" 4097:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 4034:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 4008:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 3958:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 3883:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 3879:"Human Selection (S427: 1890)" 3120:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 3024:, pp. 89, 98–99, 120–121. 2702:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 2659:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 2644: 2631:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 2616: 2555:The Alfred Russel Wallace Page 2517: 2490: 2400:, and the freshwater stingray 2224:American Philosophical Society 1791:Other scientific contributions 1397:Publication of Darwin's theory 803:. Wallace hired a Malay named 27:British naturalist (1823–1913) 13: 1: 10146:Members of the Order of Merit 8942:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer 7421:Alfred Russel Wallace: A Life 7396:McGowan, Christopher (2001). 6667:. Retrieved 13 November 2013. 5354:Brantlinger, Patrick (2003). 3980:, pp. 366, 453, 487–488. 3541:Darwin Correspondence Project 2478: 2032:Wallace was an enthusiast of 1186:just weeks before his death. 638:A voyage up the river Amazon, 445:Wars of Scottish Independence 423: 10151:Natural history of Indonesia 10121:Fellows of the Royal Society 9991:19th-century British writers 7962:Resources in other libraries 7938:Resources in other libraries 7748:. Harvard University Press. 7725:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 6686:. Retrieved 10 January 2014. 2873:"Neath Mechanics' Institute" 2511: 2349: 2247:Obscurity and rehabilitation 1853:mass extinction of megafauna 1513:Quarterly Journal of Science 1391:Natural selection and Darwin 1032:Zoological Society of London 823:coal-works, operated by the 418: 264:Author abbrev. (botany) 7: 9192: 9030:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 8361:Bernard Germain de Lacépède 8031:(public domain audiobooks) 7982:Western Kentucky University 7447:. Oxford University Press. 7120:; Morus, Iwan Rhys (2005). 6005:Western Kentucky University 5974:Western Kentucky University 5878:Western Kentucky University 5516:Western Kentucky University 5422:Western Kentucky University 4803:Western Kentucky University 4690:Western Kentucky University 4349:Western Kentucky University 2797:"28. Alfred Russel Wallace" 2586:Western Kentucky University 2437: 2383:Royal Entomological Society 2262:Western Kentucky University 1974:Man's Place in the Universe 1960:Man’s Place in the Universe 1526:British Science Association 1292:Early evolutionary thinking 1178:In 1898, Wallace published 930:Specimens and illustrations 384:Man's Place in the Universe 359:", or more specifically of 10: 10217: 8383:A History of British Birds 7866:Sochaczewski, Paul Spencer 7404:. Cambridge: Perseus Pub. 7109: 6841:, 1986, Wilderness Press, 6677:"Bronze statue of Wallace" 4981:"For God's Sake, Margaret" 4946:Smith, Charles H. (2004). 4920:Princeton University Press 4464:"The Darwin-Wallace Medal" 3301:(1). Project Muse: 41–68. 2276: 2194: 2120: 2096:William Benjamin Carpenter 1769: 1651:Reinforcement (speciation) 1648: 1577: 1394: 882:Australia and the Moluccas 744:Royal Geographical Society 481:London Mechanics Institute 29: 10036:People from Monmouthshire 9844: 9818: 9755: 9730: 9638: 9629: 9556: 9506: 9493: 9419: 9213: 9200: 8966:Charles Scott Sherrington 8958:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 8752: 8698:Natural History Societies 8670: 8659: 8575: 8566:The Royal Natural History 8418:Ornithological Dictionary 8405: 8327:Johan Christian Fabricius 8253: 8159: 8086: 8077: 7957:Resources in your library 7933:Resources in your library 7462:Slotten, Ross A. (2004). 7004:10.11646/zootaxa.4107.4.5 4857:10.1007/s12064-003-0063-6 4625:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.045 3650:"Historical significance" 3421:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 3238:, pp. 41, 46, 54–59. 2611:Darwin & Wallace 1858 2387:Dumoga-Bone National Park 2371:Natural Sciences Building 2363:University of South Wales 2145:Anti-vaccination campaign 1466:Linnean Society of London 1245:7 feet (2.1 m) tall from 864:. At Lombok's port city, 834:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 754:ships was stalled by the 272: 262: 234: 227: 163: 155: 147: 114: 93: 71: 59: 41: 10171:People from Grays, Essex 8974:Charles Algernon Parsons 8544:The Naturalist's Library 8447:On the Origin of Species 7946:By Alfred Russel Wallace 7819:Vol. 2 (Parts III – VII) 7777:Fichman, Martin (2004). 7727:Harvard University Press 7721:Costa, James T. (2014). 7632:26 November 2011 at the 7610:26 November 2011 at the 6663:13 November 2013 at the 6307:Wallace, Alfred Russel. 6119:"Wallace Letters Online" 5510:Wallace, Alfred Russel. 5169:; Orr, H. Allen (2004). 5144:, pp. 174–179, 353. 5118:"The Colours of Animals" 5116:Wallace, Alfred Russel. 4763:10.1038/nature.2011.9613 4374:Desmond & Moore 1991 4255:, pp. 23–24, 37–38. 4243:, pp. 101, 154–155. 4091:Wallace, Alfred Russel. 4028:Wallace, Alfred Russel. 4002:Wallace, Alfred Russel. 3952:Wallace, Alfred Russel. 3877:Wallace, Alfred Russel. 3514:, pp. 137, 145–147. 3419:"Wallace's Flying Frog ( 2483: 2334:Bicentenary celebrations 2254:On the Origin of Species 2123:Bedford Level experiment 1804:A map of the world from 1796:Biogeography and ecology 1504:On the Origin of Species 1479:On the Origin of Species 1249:, mounted on a block of 1228: 661:transmutation of species 565:The Voyage of the Beagle 333:On the Origin of Species 159:Herbert, Violet, William 10076:English anthropologists 9281:Biological anthropology 8678:Natural history museums 8280:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 6682:4 February 2022 at the 6648:. Retrieved 3 May 2013. 6641:31 October 2022 at the 6626:. Retrieved 3 May 2013. 6617:31 October 2022 at the 6348:Encyclopædia Britannica 6193:Clark, Gregory (2017). 6078:McCabe, Joseph (1920). 5668:10.1126/science.1228282 4890:Bowler & Morus 2005 4426:Antonie Augustus Bruijn 4229:Bowler & Morus 2005 4156:Anon (8 October 1911). 3838:Stanley, Buder (1990). 3487:31 October 2022 at the 3393:31 October 2022 at the 3333:31 October 2022 at the 2496:Though today in Wales, 2302:, London, co-ordinated 1839:for the next 80 years. 1375:progressive creationism 1190:Further scientific work 1184:The Revolt of Democracy 951:sketched by Wallace in 604:progressive development 529:The Constitution of Man 457:Hertford Grammar School 10136:English lepidopterists 10106:Explorers of Indonesia 9102:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor 8886:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 8530:William Jackson Hooker 8478:Alexander von Humboldt 8395:Philosophie zoologique 8178:Pinax theatri botanici 7702:Berry, Andrew (2003). 7566:. Harper and brothers. 7339:Atlantic Monthly Press 7291:. Vol. 2. John Murray. 6979:. ("Wallace", p. 279). 6084:Dodd, Mead and Company 5220:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800718 4916:The Darwinian Heritage 4424:Biographical Notes of 4322:Natural History Museum 3909:. Boston. p. 66. 3903:Saini, Angela (2019). 2397:Cyrtodactylus wallacei 2300:Natural History Museum 2295: 2273:Centenary celebrations 2210: 2155:germ theory of disease 2134:curvature of the Earth 2067: 2011:had shown no signs of 2009:spectroscopic analysis 1963: 1879: 1847:had originated in the 1809: 1686: 1638:The Colours of Animals 1633:Edward Bagnall Poulton 1596: 1580:The Colours of Animals 1447: 1428: 1302:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1254: 1194:In 1880, he published 1155:Stabilizing the Dollar 1104: 1026: 837:(now called Wallace's 784: 723: 552:Alexander von Humboldt 493:Kington, Herefordshire 471: 382:. Wallace's 1904 book 178: 151:Annie Mitten (m. 1866) 88:, Monmouthshire, Wales 10186:Philosophical theists 10101:Explorers of Amazonia 10091:English spiritualists 10056:English coleopterists 9867:Alfred Russel Wallace 9810:Alfred Russel Wallace 9720:Water vascular system 8910:Horace Tabberer Brown 8814:Alfred Russel Wallace 8616:The Study of Instinct 8555:Kunstformen der Natur 8459:The Malay Archipelago 8454:Alfred Russel Wallace 8390:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 7978:Alfred Russel Wallace 7919:Alfred Russel Wallace 7650:Wilson, John (2000). 7124:Making Modern Science 6735:Abergavenny Chronicle 5909:Astrobiology Magazine 4845:Theory in Biosciences 4072:. Swan Sonnenschein. 3375:10.1353/ras.2015.0012 3307:10.1353/ras.2018.0003 2502:ambiguous at the time 2286: 2202: 2054: 1957: 1873: 1822:zoogeographic regions 1803: 1770:Further information: 1674: 1649:Further information: 1619:coloration of animals 1587: 1578:Further information: 1433: 1423: 1298:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1236: 1102: 1077:The Malay Archipelago 1024: 996:The Malay Archipelago 993:An illustration from 908:The Malay Archipelago 791:in Singapore, and to 776: 719:The Malay Archipelago 715: 707:Travels on the Amazon 642:William Henry Edwards 575:Principles of Geology 548:Thomas Robert Malthus 465: 447:in the 13th century. 412:The Malay Archipelago 279:Alfred Russel Wallace 180:Société de Géographie 43:Alfred Russel Wallace 9671:Cellular respiration 9118:Edgar Douglas Adrian 8758:Josiah Willard Gibbs 8535:Joseph Dalton Hooker 8488:The Birds of America 7683:Benton, Ted (2013). 7494:. World Scientific. 7419:Raby, Peter (2002). 6367:search.amphilsoc.org 6363:"APS Member History" 5376:10.7591/j.ctt1287f39 5300:Jones, Adam (2011). 4922:. pp. 367–432. 4748:(12 December 2011). 4598:"Wallace and Darwin" 4430:. Bogor: IBP Press. 4422:Heij, C. J. (2011). 4191:The Abbey Scientists 4189:Hall, A. R. (1966). 3803:. Swan Sonnenschein. 3482:pdf at Darwin Online 3388:pdf at Darwin Online 3328:pdf at Darwin Online 2218:in 1866, and of the 2166:could be dangerous. 1971:Wallace's 1904 book 1551:centrifugal governor 1436:Darwin–Wallace Medal 1128:Progress and Poverty 596:Mechanics' Institute 468:Mechanics' Institute 401:and his belief in a 244:evolutionary biology 212:Darwin–Wallace Medal 10196:Royal Medal winners 9836:Timeline of zoology 9765:Karl Ernst von Baer 9666:Respiratory pigment 9541:Mineralized tissues 8990:William Henry Bragg 8822:George William Hill 8806:Albert A. Michelson 8583:Martinus Beijerinck 8126:De Natura Animalium 7974:by George Beccaloni 7814:(Project Gutenberg) 6922:on 23 November 2015 6297:, pp. 292–294. 6285:, pp. 215–216. 6270:, pp. 422–436. 6223:, pp. 258–261. 6154:, pp. 357–358. 6142:, pp. 298–351. 6068:, pp. 190–191. 6056:, pp. 199–201. 6011:on 18 February 2009 5980:on 18 February 2009 5955:, pp. 234–235. 5943:, pp. 203–205. 5780:, pp. 283–284. 5759:, pp. 352–353. 5699:, pp. 320–325. 5660:2013Sci...339...74H 5565:, pp. 289–290. 5500:, pp. 208–209. 5488:, pp. 280–296. 5476:, pp. 231–233. 5406:, pp. 157–160. 5290:, pp. 218–221. 5278:, pp. 207–213. 5265:. pp. 305–306. 5156:, pp. 413–415. 5087:1890Natur..42..289W 5059:, pp. 353–356. 5047:, pp. 253–254. 5008:, pp. 251–254. 4787:, pp. 197–199. 4656:, pp. 157–162. 4617:2013CBio...23R1071B 4611:(24): R1071–R1072. 4571:, pp. 148–150. 4531:, pp. 153–154. 4468:The Wallace Website 4453:, pp. 361–362. 4412:, pp. 144–145. 4388:, pp. 537–546. 4131:, pp. 379–400. 4119:, pp. 274–278. 4056:, pp. 453–455. 3992:, pp. 23, 279. 3867:, pp. 436–438. 3816:, pp. 365–372. 3789:, pp. 361–364. 3765:, pp. 299–300. 3753:, pp. 265–267. 3741:, pp. 239–240. 3693:, pp. 249–258. 3681:, pp. 151–152. 3660:on 19 November 2010 3586:, pp. 149–151. 3526:, pp. 133–134. 3502:, pp. 133–137. 2883:on 10 November 2013 2457:author abbreviation 2216:British Association 1989:. His treatment of 1849:Northern Hemisphere 1685:shows a chimpanzee. 1557:and anthropologist 1492:John Langdon Brooks 1287:Theory of evolution 1237:Wallace's grave in 1070:Financial struggles 932: 829:Ludvig Verner Helms 801:Captain John Brooke 782:Harriette McDougall 403:non-material origin 127:Pioneering work on 10086:English socialists 10081:English biologists 9651:Respiratory system 9639:General physiology 9536:Connective tissues 9062:Thomas Hunt Morgan 9046:Henry Hallett Dale 9022:John Scott Haldane 9006:George Ellery Hale 8688:Parson-naturalists 8520:Philip Henry Gosse 8483:John James Audubon 8466:Henry Walter Bates 8354:Histoire Naturelle 8342:Historia Plantarum 8230:Avium Praecipuarum 8214:Historia animalium 8115:Historia Plantarum 8103:History of Animals 7400:The Dragon Seekers 7367:. Modern Library. 6949:on 31 January 2020 6702:The New York Times 6435:The London Gazette 6189:Retail Price Index 5968:Smith, Charles H. 5416:Smith, Charles H. 4965:10.1002/cplx.20062 4163:The New York Times 3114:Smith, Charles H. 2877:Swansea University 2803:on 24 January 2010 2417:Linothele wallacei 2316:David Attenborough 2296: 2211: 2068: 2017:Martian atmosphere 1996:Is Mars Habitable? 1964: 1880: 1810: 1687: 1600:Warning coloration 1597: 1448: 1438:was issued by the 1281:Broadstone, Dorset 1260:The New York Times 1255: 1105: 1048:warning coloration 1027: 928: 785: 732:Ida Laura Pfeiffer 724: 634:Personal Narrative 556:Personal Narrative 472: 368:warning coloration 341:Amazon River basin 324:"big species book" 316:alongside extracts 176:Gold Medal of the 107:Broadstone, Dorset 10201:Victorian writers 10071:English activists 9862: 9861: 9805:Jakob von Uexküll 9751: 9750: 9738:Insect physiology 9631:Animal physiology 9625: 9624: 9617:Insect morphology 9548:Molecular anatomy 9521:Epithelial tissue 9499:Animal morphology 9160: 9159: 8926:Ernest Rutherford 8745:Copley Medallists 8711: 8710: 8657: 8656: 8275:Marcello Malpighi 8169:Ulisse Aldrovandi 8149:De Materia Medica 8011:Project Gutenberg 7914:Library resources 7898:978-0-19-968399-4 7879:978-981-4385-20-6 7854:Smith, Charles H. 7845:978-0-7867-0518-4 7790:978-0-226-24613-0 7755:978-0-674-72488-4 7736:978-0-674-72969-8 7713:978-1-85984-478-6 7706:. London: Verso. 7694:978-0-9574530-2-9 7661:978-1-875606-72-6 7642:The World of Life 7501:978-981-4458-79-5 7477:978-0-231-13010-3 7454:978-0-19-514830-5 7430:978-0-691-10240-5 7411:978-0-7382-0282-2 7374:978-0-679-64288-6 7357:Larson, Edward J. 7348:978-0-8021-1976-6 7318:978-0-7181-3430-3 7235:978-0-691-11439-2 7209:978-1-84413-314-7 7183:978-0-226-00984-1 7135:978-0-226-06861-9 7083:, pp. 15–17. 7067:10.3390/d15080944 6977:978-1-4214-0135-5 6837:Browning, Peter, 6710:on 1 January 2022 6467:978-84-473-8675-8 6251:978-0-525-53885-1 5999:Wallace, Alfred. 5872:Is Mars Habitable 5868:Wallace, Alfred. 5803:Kutschera, Ulrich 5367:978-0-8014-3809-7 5313:978-0-203-84696-4 5180:978-0-87893-091-3 5081:(1082): 289–291. 4904:, pp. 61–63. 4841:Kutschera, Ulrich 4797:Wallace, Alfred. 4683:Smith, Charles H. 4583:, pp. 40–42. 4559:, pp. 33–42. 4437:978-979-493-294-0 3916:978-0-8070-7691-0 3627:, pp. 35–42. 3217:. 17 January 1903 3214:Black & White 3142:, pp. 37–40. 3063:, pp. 84–88. 3048:, pp. 72–73. 3036:, pp. 89–95. 3000:, pp. 34–36. 2972:, pp. 34–37. 2960:, pp. 19–20. 2948:, pp. 26–29. 2842:, pp. 22–26. 2786:, pp. 11–14. 2774:, pp. 77–78. 2695:Smith, Charles H. 2652:Smith, Charles H. 2624:Smith, Charles H. 2580:Wallace, Alfred. 2548:Smith, Charles H. 2239:in 1890, and the 2056:Spirit photograph 1949:The World of Life 1760:The World of Life 1677:natural selection 1604:animal coloration 1444:natural selection 1401:Natural selection 1350:on the island of 1277:Westminster Abbey 1251:Purbeck limestone 1243:fossil tree trunk 1014: 1013: 957:Walter Hood Fitch 900:natural selection 728:Malay Archipelago 657:Amazon Rainforest 345:Malay Archipelago 312:natural selection 276: 275: 229:Scientific career 123:natural selection 18:Alfred R. Wallace 16:(Redirected from 10208: 9961: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9944: 9943:from Wikispecies 9936: 9935: 9934: 9927: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9910: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9893: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9873: 9852: 9851: 9780:Jean-Henri Fabre 9636: 9635: 9504: 9503: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9164: 9163: 9153: 9145: 9142:George de Hevesy 9137: 9129: 9121: 9113: 9105: 9097: 9089: 9081: 9073: 9065: 9057: 9049: 9041: 9033: 9025: 9017: 9009: 9001: 8993: 8985: 8977: 8969: 8961: 8953: 8945: 8937: 8929: 8921: 8913: 8905: 8897: 8889: 8881: 8873: 8865: 8857: 8849: 8841: 8833: 8825: 8817: 8809: 8801: 8798:Élie Metchnikoff 8793: 8790:Dmitri Mendeleev 8785: 8777: 8769: 8761: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8715: 8714: 8665: 8638:The Dancing Bees 8562:Richard Lydekker 8510:Jean-Henri Fabre 8495:William Buckland 8300:Regnier de Graaf 8194:Andrea Cesalpino 8084: 8083: 8064: 8057: 8050: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8020:Internet Archive 7902: 7883: 7861: 7849: 7817: 7815: 7809:(Parts I and II) 7794: 7773: 7767: 7759: 7740: 7717: 7698: 7665: 7646: 7624: 7603: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7567: 7556: 7545: 7516: 7505: 7481: 7469: 7458: 7439:Shermer, Michael 7434: 7415: 7403: 7392: 7378: 7366: 7352: 7336: 7322: 7310: 7292: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7239: 7227: 7213: 7201: 7187: 7170:Bowler, Peter J. 7165: 7153: 7144:Bowler, Peter J. 7139: 7127: 7118:Bowler, Peter J. 7104: 7103: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7022: 7016: 7015: 6986: 6980: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6886: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6859: 6850: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6709: 6704:. Archived from 6693: 6687: 6674: 6668: 6655: 6649: 6633: 6627: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6392: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6333: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6271: 6265: 6256: 6255: 6240:(1st ed.). 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6128: 6126: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6007:. Archived from 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5976:. Archived from 5965: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5828: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5424:. Archived from 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5259:Darwin's Century 5251: 5240: 5239: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5095:10.1038/042289a0 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4987:on 15 April 2007 4979:Brand, Stewart. 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4679: 4673: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4602: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4510: 4504: 4494: 4488: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4203: 4202: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3456:(2 303): 17–54. 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3386: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3326: 3290: 3281: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3111: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2879:. Archived from 2869: 2863: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2828: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2762:, pp. 6–10. 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2728: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2691: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2577: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2521: 2505: 2494: 2475: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2377:on Mars and the 2235:in 1868 and its 2171:Royal Commission 2117:Flat Earth wager 2100:E. Ray Lankester 2076:Frederick Hudson 2060:Frederick Hudson 2040:, then known as 2023:Other activities 2003:that there were 1941:invasive species 1919:Environmentalism 1896:Hawaiian Islands 1692: 1608:John Jenner Weir 1590:Batesian mimicry 1588:Illustration of 1522:The Reign of Law 1162:women's suffrage 1138:Wallace opposed 1118:Looking Backward 1044:sexual selection 990: 967: 943: 933: 927: 847:the missionaries 789:Bukit Timah Hill 696: 438: 289: 183: 121:Co-discovery of 103: 101: 81: 79: 64: 54: 39: 38: 21: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10181:People from Usk 9966: 9965: 9964: 9954: 9949: 9947: 9937: 9932: 9930: 9926:from Wikisource 9920: 9915: 9913: 9903: 9898: 9896: 9886: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9872:sister projects 9869:at Knowledge's 9863: 9858: 9840: 9814: 9747: 9743:Fish physiology 9726: 9678:Vascular system 9621: 9559: 9552: 9526:Muscular tissue 9497: 9489: 9475:Platyhelminthes 9450:Xenacoelomorpha 9415: 9254:Lepidopterology 9209: 9196: 9191: 9161: 9156: 9148: 9140: 9132: 9124: 9116: 9108: 9100: 9094:Joseph Barcroft 9092: 9086:Robert Robinson 9084: 9076: 9068: 9060: 9052: 9044: 9036: 9028: 9020: 9012: 9004: 8998:Arthur Schuster 8996: 8988: 8980: 8972: 8964: 8956: 8950:Albert Einstein 8948: 8940: 8932: 8924: 8916: 8908: 8902:William Bayliss 8900: 8894:Hendrik Lorentz 8892: 8884: 8876: 8868: 8860: 8852: 8844: 8836: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8804: 8796: 8788: 8782:William Crookes 8780: 8772: 8764: 8756: 8748: 8742: 8712: 8707: 8666: 8653: 8634:Karl von Frisch 8571: 8540:William Jardine 8430:Le Règne Animal 8401: 8349:Comte de Buffon 8310:Systema Naturae 8249: 8221:Frederik Ruysch 8199:Valerius Cordus 8189:Hieronymus Bock 8155: 8137:Natural History 8132:Pliny the Elder 8089: 8079: 8073: 8071:Natural history 8068: 8033: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7943: 7942: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7886: 7880: 7864: 7852: 7846: 7828: 7813: 7799:Marchant, James 7797: 7791: 7776: 7761: 7760: 7756: 7743: 7737: 7720: 7714: 7701: 7695: 7682: 7673: 7671:Further reading 7668: 7662: 7645:. Moffat, Yard. 7634:Wayback Machine 7612:Wayback Machine 7586: 7584: 7534: 7526:. James Burns. 7502: 7478: 7455: 7431: 7412: 7383:Marchant, James 7375: 7349: 7319: 7297:Desmond, Adrian 7285:Darwin, Francis 7281:Darwin, Charles 7270: 7268: 7244:Darwin, Charles 7236: 7210: 7184: 7162: 7136: 7112: 7107: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7046: 7042: 7023: 7019: 6987: 6983: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6896:on 27 June 2012 6888: 6887: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6860: 6853: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6784: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6694: 6690: 6684:Wayback Machine 6675: 6671: 6665:Wayback Machine 6656: 6652: 6643:Wayback Machine 6634: 6630: 6619:Wayback Machine 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6450: 6443: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6334: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6274: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6242:Riverhead Books 6234:Johnson, Steven 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6086:. p. 157. 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5826:10.1038/489208e 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5654:(6115): 74–78. 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5428:on 18 June 2009 5414: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5333: 5329: 5314: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5252: 5243: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5114: 5110: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4977: 4973: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4743: 4739: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4680: 4676: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4605:Current Biology 4600: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4511: 4507: 4495: 4491: 4479: 4475: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4206: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4089: 4085: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3950: 3946: 3930: 3929: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3543:. December 1855 3535: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3489:Wayback Machine 3474: 3472: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3395:Wayback Machine 3359: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3335:Wayback Machine 3291: 3284: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3112: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2729: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2692: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2545: 2538: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2444:Michael Shermer 2440: 2423:., 2023 and a 2381:. In 1986, the 2352: 2336: 2288:Anthony Smith's 2281: 2275: 2249: 2197: 2192: 2147: 2125: 2119: 2064:double exposure 2030: 2025: 2001:Percival Lowell 1969: 1921: 1886:as a sequel to 1798: 1793: 1774: 1768: 1756:anthropocentric 1748:Michael Shermer 1690: 1669: 1653: 1647: 1582: 1576: 1559:Gregory Bateson 1543:group selection 1539:Peter J. Bowler 1534: 1518:George Campbell 1500: 1490:and another by 1488:Arnold Brackman 1440:Linnean Society 1403: 1393: 1333:Robert Chambers 1294: 1289: 1231: 1212:Rocky Mountains 1198:as a sequel to 1192: 1097: 1095:Social activism 1072: 1040:Herbert Spencer 1019: 1004: 991: 982: 968: 959: 944: 809:Mount Santubong 778:Mount Santubong 694: 632:and Humboldt's 626: 600:Robert Chambers 501:natural history 441:William Wallace 426: 421: 370:in animals and 281: 223: 194:Founder's Medal 143: 110: 104: 99: 98:7 November 1913 97: 89: 83: 77: 75: 67: 66:Wallace in 1895 55: 46: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10214: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10066:Charles Darwin 10063: 10061:British deists 10058: 10053: 10048: 10046:Biogeographers 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9963: 9962: 9945: 9928: 9911: 9909:from Wikiquote 9894: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9856: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9775:Charles Darwin 9772: 9770:Georges Cuvier 9767: 9761: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9690: 9685: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9642: 9640: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9619: 9614: 9612:Spider anatomy 9609: 9608: 9607: 9597: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9564: 9562: 9560:and morphology 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9531:Nervous tissue 9528: 9523: 9512: 9510: 9501: 9495:Animal anatomy 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9426: 9424: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9411:Zooarchaeology 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9348: 9342: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9317: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9272: 9269:Orthopterology 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9249:Coleopterology 9242: 9237: 9226:Arthropodology 9223: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9190: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9167: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9150:James Chadwick 9146: 9138: 9134:Archibald Hill 9130: 9122: 9114: 9106: 9098: 9090: 9082: 9074: 9066: 9058: 9050: 9042: 9034: 9026: 9018: 9014:Theobald Smith 9010: 9002: 8994: 8986: 8978: 8970: 8962: 8954: 8946: 8938: 8930: 8922: 8914: 8906: 8898: 8890: 8882: 8874: 8866: 8858: 8850: 8842: 8834: 8830:Francis Galton 8826: 8818: 8810: 8802: 8794: 8786: 8778: 8770: 8762: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8741: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8718: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8685: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8644:Ronald Lockley 8641: 8631: 8619: 8612:Niko Tinbergen 8609: 8597: 8585: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8559: 8547: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8480: 8475: 8463: 8451: 8442:Charles Darwin 8439: 8434: 8425:Georges Cuvier 8422: 8413:George Montagu 8409: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8387: 8375: 8363: 8358: 8346: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8302: 8297: 8295:Jan Swammerdam 8292: 8287: 8285:William Derham 8282: 8277: 8272: 8259: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8237: 8226:William Turner 8223: 8218: 8209:Conrad Gessner 8206: 8204:Leonhart Fuchs 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8174:Gaspard Bauhin 8171: 8165: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8141: 8129: 8119: 8107: 8094: 8092: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8067: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8022: 8013: 8004: 7995: 7992:Wallace Online 7989: 7984: 7975: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908:External links 7906: 7904: 7903: 7897: 7884: 7878: 7862: 7850: 7844: 7826: 7801:, ed. (1916). 7795: 7789: 7774: 7754: 7741: 7735: 7718: 7712: 7699: 7693: 7679: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7660: 7647: 7636: 7614: 7593: 7568: 7557: 7546: 7532: 7517: 7506: 7500: 7486:van Wyhe, John 7482: 7476: 7459: 7453: 7435: 7429: 7416: 7410: 7393: 7379: 7373: 7353: 7347: 7323: 7317: 7293: 7277: 7240: 7234: 7214: 7208: 7188: 7182: 7174:Darwin Deleted 7166: 7160: 7140: 7134: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7085: 7073: 7040: 7017: 6998:(4): 566–586. 6981: 6960: 6933: 6907: 6876: 6863:"Just for Fun" 6851: 6830: 6804: 6778: 6752: 6721: 6688: 6669: 6650: 6628: 6604: 6582: 6556: 6545: 6533: 6507: 6473: 6466: 6441: 6421: 6419:, p. 454. 6409: 6384: 6354: 6339:, ed. (1911). 6337:Chisholm, Hugh 6325: 6299: 6287: 6272: 6257: 6250: 6244:. p. 55. 6225: 6213: 6200:MeasuringWorth 6180: 6178:, p. 362. 6168: 6166:, p. 274. 6156: 6144: 6129: 6109: 6097: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6044:, p. 236. 6034: 6032:, p. 231. 6022: 5991: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5931:, p. 294. 5921: 5895: 5860: 5858:, p. 474. 5848: 5794: 5792:, p. 279. 5782: 5761: 5749: 5747:, p. 361. 5737: 5735:, p. 264. 5725: 5723:, p. 150. 5713: 5711:, p. 152. 5701: 5689: 5636: 5634:, p. 315. 5624: 5622:, p. 301. 5612: 5600: 5598:, p. 409. 5588: 5567: 5555: 5553:, p. 149. 5543: 5528: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5463: 5461:, p. 160. 5451: 5449:, p. 100. 5439: 5408: 5396: 5394:, p. 477. 5384: 5366: 5346: 5327: 5312: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5255:Eiseley, Loren 5241: 5214:(3): 181–182. 5198: 5196:, p. 404. 5186: 5179: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5108: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5026:(7): 509–566. 5010: 4998: 4971: 4935: 4929:978-0691083568 4928: 4906: 4894: 4892:, p. 149. 4882: 4870: 4851:(4): 343–359. 4832: 4830:, p. 261. 4820: 4789: 4777: 4737: 4716:van Wyhe, John 4707: 4674: 4658: 4646: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4533: 4521: 4505: 4489: 4473: 4455: 4443: 4436: 4414: 4402: 4400:, p. 361. 4390: 4378: 4376:, p. 438. 4366: 4335: 4309: 4297: 4284: 4272: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4231:, p. 141. 4221: 4204: 4181: 4179:, p. 491. 4169: 4148: 4146:, p. 490. 4133: 4121: 4109: 4083: 4058: 4046: 4020: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3944: 3915: 3895: 3869: 3857: 3851:978-0195362886 3850: 3830: 3828:, p. 436. 3818: 3806: 3791: 3779: 3777:, p. 325. 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3729:, p. 156. 3719: 3717:, p. 210. 3707: 3705:, p. 235. 3695: 3683: 3671: 3641: 3639:, p. 267. 3629: 3617: 3601:Wallace Online 3588: 3576: 3554: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3436: 3410: 3398: 3350: 3338: 3282: 3266: 3255:. 4 April 2018 3240: 3228: 3200: 3188: 3166: 3144: 3132: 3101: 3099:, p. 148. 3089: 3077: 3065: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2922: 2910: 2894: 2864: 2844: 2829: 2814: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2740:Wallace Online 2732:van Wyhe, John 2714: 2683: 2671: 2643: 2615: 2603: 2567: 2536: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2500:'s status was 2488: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2472:botanical name 2439: 2436: 2375:impact craters 2351: 2348: 2335: 2332: 2277:Main article: 2274: 2271: 2248: 2245: 2241:Order of Merit 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2146: 2143: 2118: 2115: 2098:and zoologist 2046:John Elliotson 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2005:Martian canals 1968: 1965: 1958:Title page to 1920: 1917: 1814:Philip Sclater 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1780:Descent of Man 1767: 1764: 1668: 1665: 1661:Wallace effect 1646: 1645:Wallace effect 1643: 1631:of his friend 1575: 1572: 1568:systems theory 1533: 1530: 1499: 1496: 1392: 1389: 1385:species sketch 1378:mutual friend 1318:Georges Cuvier 1306:Erasmus Darwin 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1230: 1227: 1208:Alice Eastwood 1191: 1188: 1123:Edward Bellamy 1096: 1093: 1071: 1068: 1056:William Mitten 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 992: 985: 983: 969: 962: 960: 955:, reworked by 948:Arenga pinnata 945: 938: 825:Borneo Company 811:, overlooking 748:British Museum 669:Richard Spruce 646:Samuel Stevens 625: 622: 437: Greenell 425: 422: 420: 417: 320:Charles Darwin 300:anthropologist 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 260: 259: 258: 257: 254: 251: 246: 241: 236: 232: 231: 225: 224: 222: 221: 218:Order of Merit 215: 209: 203: 197: 191: 185: 174: 167: 165: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 142: 141: 139:Wallace effect 136: 131: 125: 118: 116: 115:Known for 112: 111: 105: 102:(aged 90) 95: 91: 90: 84: 82:8 January 1823 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10213: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9960:from Wikidata 9959: 9958: 9946: 9942: 9941: 9929: 9925: 9924: 9912: 9908: 9907: 9895: 9891: 9890: 9878: 9877: 9874: 9868: 9855: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9795:Konrad Lorenz 9793: 9791: 9790:Carl Linnaeus 9788: 9786: 9785:William Kirby 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9729: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9693:Blood vessels 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9605:Shark anatomy 9603: 9602: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9555: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9465:Aschelminthes 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9386:Neuroethology 9384: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9325:Testudinology 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9306:Helminthology 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9276: 9275:Myriapodology 9273: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9221:Anthrozoology 9219: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9183: 9181: 9176: 9174: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9070:Paul Langevin 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8918:Joseph Larmor 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8862:J. J. Thomson 8859: 8855: 8854:Ray Lankester 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8838:George Darwin 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8766:Joseph Lister 8763: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8746: 8739: 8734: 8732: 8727: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8664: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8627:On Aggression 8623: 8622:Konrad Lorenz 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8588:Abbott Thayer 8586: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8550:Ernst Haeckel 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8515:Louis Agassiz 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8500:Charles Lyell 8498: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8437:William Smith 8435: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8378:Thomas Bewick 8376: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8366:Gilbert White 8364: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8317:Georg Steller 8315: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8305:Carl Linnaeus 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8255:Enlightenment 8252: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8184:Otto Brunfels 8182: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8060: 8058: 8053: 8051: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7594: 7582: 7578: 7577:, Chapter 15" 7576: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7533:9780837056876 7529: 7525: 7524: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7468: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7402: 7401: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7365: 7364: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7328: 7327:Flannery, Tim 7324: 7320: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7219: 7218:Browne, Janet 7215: 7211: 7205: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7192:Browne, Janet 7189: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7101: 7100: 7099: Wallace 7095: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6848: 6847:9780899970479 6844: 6840: 6834: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6673: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6654: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6632: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6608: 6592: 6586: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6549: 6543:, p. 32. 6542: 6541:Flannery 2010 6537: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6446: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6397: 6391: 6389: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6350: 6349: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6269: 6264: 6262: 6253: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6222: 6217: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6134: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5962: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5874:(S730: 1907)" 5873: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5819:(7415): 208. 5818: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5610:, p. 18. 5609: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5584: 5583: 5582:New Scientist 5578: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5296: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4940: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4880:, p. 75. 4879: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4595: 4594:Browne, Janet 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4482: 4481:Marchant 1916 4477: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4451:Wallace 1905a 4447: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4398:Wallace 1905a 4394: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4307:, p. 94. 4306: 4301: 4294: 4288: 4282:, p. 31. 4281: 4276: 4270:, p. 54. 4269: 4264: 4262: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4219:, p. 73. 4218: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3899: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3715:van Wyhe 2013 3711: 3704: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3584:van Wyhe 2013 3580: 3564: 3558: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3524:van Wyhe 2013 3520: 3513: 3512:van Wyhe 2013 3508: 3501: 3500:van Wyhe 2013 3496: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3424: 3422: 3414: 3407: 3406:van Wyhe 2013 3402: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3355: 3348:, p. 14. 3347: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3237: 3236:van Wyhe 2013 3232: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3204: 3198:, p. 41. 3197: 3196:van Wyhe 2013 3192: 3176: 3170: 3154: 3148: 3141: 3140:van Wyhe 2013 3136: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3087:, p. 45. 3086: 3081: 3075:, p. 36. 3074: 3073:van Wyhe 2013 3069: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3012:, p. 36. 3011: 3006: 2999: 2998:van Wyhe 2013 2994: 2987: 2983: 2982:Wallace 1905a 2978: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2931: 2930:Wallace 1905a 2926: 2920:, p. 65. 2919: 2914: 2907: 2903: 2902:Wallace 1905a 2898: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852:Wallace 1905a 2848: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2827:, p. 53. 2826: 2821: 2819: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2503: 2499: 2498:Monmouthshire 2493: 2489: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2458: 2455:The standard 2452: 2450: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2432:Nama wallacei 2429: 2426: 2425:South African 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355:Mount Wallace 2347: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320:Anthony Smith 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229:Royal Society 2225: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2159:immune system 2156: 2152: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2114: 2111: 2110:Joseph Hooker 2107: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092:Thomas Huxley 2089: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1865:World of Life 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1818:Alfred Newton 1815: 1807: 1802: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1737:raison d'être 1734: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1695:Thomas Huxley 1684: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1555:cybernetician 1552: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:Joseph Hooker 1458: 1457:Charles Lyell 1454: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1380:Joseph Hooker 1376: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1326:Adam Sedgwick 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1151:Irving Fisher 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1010: 1009: 1002: 998: 997: 989: 984: 980: 976: 974: 966: 961: 958: 954: 950: 949: 942: 937: 936: 935: 934: 931: 926: 924: 920: 919: 914: 913:Joseph Conrad 910: 909: 903: 901: 895: 893: 889: 888: 887:The Zoologist 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:domestic duck 867: 863: 862:domestication 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 783: 779: 775: 771: 769: 764: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 721: 720: 714: 710: 708: 704: 698: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 621: 617: 615: 611: 610: 605: 601: 597: 593: 592:Vale of Neath 587: 585: 581: 577: 576: 571: 570:Charles Lyell 567: 566: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 544: 539: 535: 531: 530: 525: 521: 515: 513: 512:Monmouthshire 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 469: 464: 460: 458: 454: 448: 446: 442: 436: 431: 416: 414: 413: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 380:hybridisation 377: 373: 372:reinforcement 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 334: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 284: 280: 271: 267: 265: 261: 256:social reform 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 239: 238: 237: 233: 230: 226: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200:Linnean Medal 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 182: 181: 175: 172: 169: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 126: 124: 120: 119: 117: 113: 108: 96: 92: 87: 74: 70: 63: 58: 53: 49: 40: 37: 33: 32:Alfred Wallis 19: 9955: 9938: 9921: 9904: 9892:from Commons 9887: 9866: 9809: 9661:Gas exchange 9600:Fish anatomy 9595:Bird anatomy 9455:Ambulacraria 9401:Paleozoology 9396:Parasitology 9315:Batrachology 9296:Ethnozoology 9291:Cnidariology 9110:Oswald Avery 9078:Thomas Lewis 9038:Arthur Evans 8813: 8774:Eduard Suess 8647: 8637: 8625: 8615: 8603: 8600:Hugh B. Cott 8591: 8576:20th century 8565: 8553: 8543: 8486: 8469: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8428: 8416: 8406:19th century 8393: 8381: 8369: 8352: 8340: 8332:James Hutton 8322:Joseph Banks 8308: 8268:Micrographia 8266: 8263:Robert Hooke 8243: 8233: 8229: 8212: 8177: 8147: 8135: 8125: 8113: 8110:Theophrastus 8101: 7952:Online books 7945: 7928:Online books 7918: 7888: 7869: 7857: 7834: 7830:Severin, Tim 7810: 7807: 7803: 7779: 7745: 7722: 7703: 7684: 7675: 7674: 7651: 7641: 7619: 7598: 7585:. Retrieved 7574: 7562: 7555:. Macmillan. 7551: 7522: 7511: 7490: 7465: 7443: 7420: 7399: 7387: 7362: 7332: 7306: 7301:Moore, James 7288: 7271:20 September 7269:. Retrieved 7258:(9): 46–62. 7255: 7251: 7223: 7197: 7173: 7149: 7123: 7098: 7088: 7081:Shermer 2002 7076: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7034: 7030: 7020: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6968: 6963: 6951:. Retrieved 6947:the original 6936: 6924:. Retrieved 6920:the original 6910: 6898:. Retrieved 6894:the original 6867:. Retrieved 6838: 6833: 6821:. Retrieved 6817: 6807: 6795:. Retrieved 6791: 6781: 6769:. Retrieved 6765: 6755: 6743:. Retrieved 6734: 6724: 6712:. Retrieved 6707:the original 6701: 6691: 6672: 6653: 6645: 6631: 6623:The Guardian 6621: 6607: 6595:. Retrieved 6585: 6573:. Retrieved 6570:The Guardian 6569: 6559: 6548: 6536: 6524:. Retrieved 6510: 6498:. Retrieved 6486: 6476: 6457: 6453: 6433: 6424: 6417:Slotten 2004 6412: 6400:. Retrieved 6377:12 September 6375:. Retrieved 6366: 6357: 6346: 6316:. Retrieved 6312: 6302: 6295:Shermer 2002 6290: 6283:Shermer 2002 6268:Slotten 2004 6237: 6228: 6221:Shermer 2002 6216: 6204:. Retrieved 6198: 6183: 6176:Slotten 2004 6171: 6164:Shermer 2002 6159: 6152:Slotten 2004 6147: 6140:Slotten 2004 6122: 6112: 6107:, p. v. 6105:Wallace 1875 6100: 6079: 6073: 6066:Wallace 1875 6061: 6054:Shermer 2002 6049: 6042:Slotten 2004 6037: 6030:Slotten 2004 6025: 6013:. Retrieved 6009:the original 5994: 5982:. Retrieved 5978:the original 5953:Slotten 2004 5948: 5941:Slotten 2004 5936: 5929:Shermer 2002 5924: 5912:. Retrieved 5908: 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5871: 5863: 5856:Slotten 2004 5851: 5816: 5810: 5797: 5790:Wallace 1911 5785: 5778:Wallace 1881 5757:Slotten 2004 5752: 5745:Slotten 2004 5740: 5733:Wallace 1911 5728: 5721:Wallace 1876 5716: 5704: 5697:Slotten 2004 5692: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5632:Slotten 2004 5627: 5620:Slotten 2004 5615: 5608:Shermer 2002 5603: 5596:Slotten 2004 5591: 5580: 5570: 5563:Slotten 2004 5558: 5551:Shermer 2002 5546: 5541:, p. 6. 5539:Slotten 2004 5519:. Retrieved 5505: 5498:Shermer 2002 5493: 5486:Slotten 2004 5481: 5474:Shermer 2002 5459:Shermer 2002 5454: 5442: 5430:. Retrieved 5426:the original 5411: 5404:Shermer 2002 5399: 5392:Wallace 1889 5387: 5379: 5356: 5349: 5340: 5330: 5302: 5295: 5288:Shermer 2002 5283: 5276:Slotten 2004 5271: 5263:Anchor Books 5258: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5194:Slotten 2004 5189: 5170: 5167:Coyne, Jerry 5161: 5154:Slotten 2004 5149: 5142:Wallace 1889 5137: 5125:. Retrieved 5121: 5111: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5057:Slotten 2004 5052: 5045:Slotten 2004 5040: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5006:Slotten 2004 5001: 4989:. Retrieved 4985:the original 4974: 4955: 4951: 4915: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4848: 4844: 4835: 4828:Slotten 2004 4823: 4811:. Retrieved 4792: 4785:Slotten 2004 4780: 4753: 4746:Ball, Philip 4740: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4698:. Retrieved 4677: 4666:Shermer 2002 4661: 4654:Slotten 2004 4649: 4608: 4604: 4588: 4576: 4569:Shermer 2002 4564: 4552: 4536: 4529:Slotten 2004 4524: 4508: 4492: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4446: 4423: 4417: 4410:Slotten 2004 4405: 4393: 4381: 4369: 4357:. Retrieved 4338: 4326:. Retrieved 4312: 4305:Slotten 2004 4300: 4295:, p. 1. 4287: 4280:Slotten 2004 4275: 4268:Shermer 2002 4248: 4241:McGowan 2001 4236: 4224: 4190: 4184: 4177:Slotten 2004 4172: 4161: 4151: 4144:Slotten 2004 4129:Slotten 2004 4124: 4117:Shermer 2002 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4096: 4086: 4068: 4061: 4054:Slotten 2004 4049: 4037:. Retrieved 4033: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 4007: 3997: 3990:Shermer 2002 3985: 3978:Slotten 2004 3973: 3961:. Retrieved 3957: 3947: 3905: 3898: 3886:. Retrieved 3882: 3872: 3865:Slotten 2004 3860: 3840: 3833: 3826:Slotten 2004 3821: 3814:Slotten 2004 3809: 3800: 3794: 3787:Slotten 2004 3782: 3775:Slotten 2004 3770: 3763:Slotten 2004 3758: 3751:Slotten 2004 3746: 3739:Slotten 2004 3734: 3727:Shermer 2002 3722: 3710: 3703:Slotten 2004 3698: 3691:Slotten 2004 3686: 3679:Shermer 2002 3674: 3662:. Retrieved 3658:the original 3644: 3637:Slotten 2004 3632: 3620: 3604:. Retrieved 3600: 3591: 3579: 3567:. Retrieved 3557: 3545:. Retrieved 3540: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3473:. Retrieved 3453: 3449: 3439: 3427:. Retrieved 3420: 3413: 3401: 3366: 3362: 3346:Shermer 2002 3341: 3298: 3294: 3274:Wallace 1869 3269: 3257:. Retrieved 3252: 3243: 3231: 3219:. Retrieved 3212: 3203: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3169: 3157:. Retrieved 3147: 3135: 3123:. Retrieved 3119: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3061:Slotten 2004 3046:Shermer 2002 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2977: 2970:Slotten 2004 2965: 2953: 2946:Slotten 2004 2941: 2925: 2918:Shermer 2002 2913: 2897: 2885:. Retrieved 2881:the original 2867: 2847: 2840:Slotten 2004 2825:Shermer 2002 2807:23 September 2805:. Retrieved 2801:the original 2791: 2784:Slotten 2004 2779: 2767: 2755: 2745:22 September 2743:. Retrieved 2739: 2705:. Retrieved 2701: 2681:, p. 1. 2674: 2662:. Retrieved 2658: 2646: 2634:. Retrieved 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594:. Retrieved 2558:. Retrieved 2554: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2492: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2431: 2420: 2416: 2403:Potamotrygon 2401: 2395: 2353: 2337: 2323: 2297: 2266:Tim Flannery 2258: 2253: 2250: 2237:Darwin Medal 2212: 2204: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2148: 2137: 2126: 2103: 2083: 2080: 2069: 2031: 2028:Spiritualism 2013:water vapour 1994: 1987:liquid phase 1983:Solar System 1972: 1970: 1967:Astrobiology 1959: 1948: 1945:Saint Helena 1936: 1924: 1922: 1912: 1907:these great 1887: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1864: 1860: 1855:in the late 1841: 1837:zoogeography 1832: 1826: 1811: 1805: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1759: 1752:teleological 1745: 1741: 1733:spiritualist 1730: 1721:Dayak people 1698: 1688: 1680: 1656: 1654: 1636: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1598: 1593: 1563: 1547: 1535: 1521: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1485: 1477: 1474: 1449: 1424: 1420: 1404: 1384: 1370: 1367:Edward Blyth 1363: 1355: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1322:Richard Owen 1310:Robert Grant 1295: 1274: 1258: 1256: 1220: 1204:biogeography 1199: 1195: 1193: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1169: 1159: 1157:to Wallace. 1154: 1144: 1137: 1133:Henry George 1126: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1052: 1028: 999:depicts the 994: 971: 946: 929: 916: 906: 904: 896: 892:Wallace Line 885: 851: 849:at Kuching. 832: 786: 765: 736:James Brooke 725: 717: 706: 702: 699: 691: 687: 683: 681: 673:yellow fever 652: 650: 637: 633: 629: 627: 618: 613: 607: 588: 583: 573: 563: 559: 555: 541: 536:lectured on 534:Spencer Hall 532:, and after 527: 524:George Combe 516: 509: 489:Thomas Paine 473: 449: 427: 410: 399:spiritualism 396: 392:life on Mars 383: 365: 361:zoogeography 357:biogeography 349:Wallace Line 338: 331: 294:, explorer, 278: 277: 253:biogeography 228: 214:(Gold, 1908) 206:Copley Medal 188:Darwin Medal 134:Wallace Line 129:biogeography 100:(1913-11-07) 36: 9981:1913 deaths 9976:1823 births 9831:Post-Darwin 9708:Capillaries 9646:Respiration 9406:Planktology 9391:Ornithology 9375:Primatology 9331:Ichthyology 9311:Herpetology 9286:Bryozoology 9264:Myrmecology 9259:Melittology 9240:Carcinology 9230:Arachnology 9126:G. H. Hardy 8934:Horace Lamb 8878:James Dewar 8870:Ivan Pavlov 8846:Felix Klein 8747:(1901–1950) 8648:Shearwaters 8505:Mary Anning 8290:Hans Sloane 8240:John Gerard 8234:New Herball 8161:Renaissance 8144:Dioscorides 8080:naturalists 8002:BBC Radio 4 7563:Island Life 6926:22 November 6900:30 November 6869:30 November 6823:12 February 6797:12 February 6771:12 February 6646:BBC TV Blog 6430:"No. 28194" 5914:22 November 5709:Bowler 2013 5447:Larson 2004 4902:Bowler 2013 4878:Larson 2004 4726:: 249–252. 4581:Browne 2002 4557:Browne 2002 4541:Darwin 2009 4513:Darwin 2009 4497:Darwin 2009 4428:(1842–1890) 4386:Browne 1995 4328:14 February 4253:Larson 2004 4217:Larson 2004 3625:Browne 2002 3276:, pp. 3085:Wilson 2000 3010:Wilson 2000 2958:Wilson 2000 2854:, pp. 2760:Wilson 2000 2679:Wilson 2000 2308:Bill Bailey 2233:Royal Medal 2151:vaccination 2127:In 1870, a 2088:Henry Bates 1937:Island Life 1913:Island Life 1884:Island Life 1857:Pleistocene 1196:Island Life 1001:flying frog 977:from South 874:jungle cock 839:flying frog 768:East Indies 756:Crimean War 716:A map from 580:Henry Bates 558:, Darwin's 485:Robert Owen 353:Australasia 240:Exploration 171:Royal Medal 9970:Categories 9906:Quotations 9826:Pre-Darwin 9800:Thomas Say 9757:Zoologists 9731:By species 9470:Arthropoda 9435:Ctenophora 9381:Nematology 9365:Felinology 9345:Teuthology 9340:Conchology 9336:Malacology 9245:Entomology 9054:Niels Bohr 8982:Max Planck 8078:Pioneering 7161:0520063864 7060:(8): 944. 6953:26 October 6487:New Yorker 6402:5 December 6238:Extra Life 5171:Speciation 4952:Complexity 4515:, p. 4499:, p. 3925:1091260230 3606:8 November 3569:30 October 3547:30 October 3475:24 October 3429:20 October 3259:20 October 3221:14 October 3181:14 October 3159:13 October 2984:, p. 2932:, p. 2904:, p. 2479:References 2367:Pontypridd 2344:mixologist 2184:The Lancet 2175:The Lancet 2129:flat-Earth 2121:See also: 2105:The Lancet 2034:phrenology 1929:rainforest 1900:Madagascar 1726:Adam Jones 1717:polygenism 1713:monogenism 1705:great apes 1395:See also: 1239:Broadstone 1216:glaciation 1171:Daily Mail 1166:militarism 1113:free trade 1036:Down House 979:West Papua 973:Mino anais 843:orangutans 752:Royal Navy 424:Early life 376:speciation 296:geographer 292:naturalist 78:1823-01-08 10131:Georgists 9656:Breathing 9508:Histology 9370:Hippology 9351:Mammalogy 9320:Ophiology 9234:Acarology 8098:Aristotle 8090:antiquity 8088:Classical 7764:cite book 7575:Darwinism 7283:(2009) . 7054:Diversity 6766:The Hindu 6745:11 August 6597:5 October 6575:6 October 5322:672333335 4772:178946874 4293:Raby 2002 4078:935283134 3933:cite book 3462:0126-7353 3383:159453047 3323:201769115 3315:2180-4338 3097:Raby 2002 3034:Raby 2002 3022:Raby 2002 2772:Raby 2002 2512:Citations 2419:Sherwood 2350:Memorials 2243:in 1908. 2206:Darwinism 2058:taken by 2042:mesmerism 1933:Sri Lanka 1892:Galapagos 1785:Darwinism 1682:Darwinism 1657:Darwinism 1623:Darwinism 1594:Darwinism 1472:in 1857. 1222:Darwinism 740:Murchison 677:Rio Negro 584:Zoologist 538:mesmerism 520:Leicester 430:Llanbadoc 419:Biography 308:evolution 304:biologist 109:, England 86:Llanbadoc 9854:Category 9698:Arteries 9583:Elephant 9558:Anatomy 9485:Annelida 9480:Mollusca 9460:Chordata 9445:Cnidaria 9440:Placozoa 9430:Porifera 9360:Cynology 9355:Cetology 9301:Ethology 9214:Branches 8525:Asa Gray 8337:John Ray 8029:LibriVox 7868:(2012). 7832:(1997). 7630:Archived 7608:Archived 7581:Archived 7542:22744309 7488:(2013). 7441:(2002). 7385:(1916). 7359:(2004). 7329:(2010). 7303:(1991). 7220:(2002). 7194:(1995). 7172:(2013). 7146:(1989). 7012:27394840 6739:Archived 6680:Archived 6661:Archived 6639:Archived 6615:Archived 6520:Archived 6500:25 April 6495:17323543 6371:Archived 6236:(2021). 6015:20 April 5984:20 April 5882:Archived 5835:22972286 5805:(2012). 5676:23258408 5432:29 April 5257:(1958). 5236:13300641 5228:16077739 5208:Heredity 5103:27117910 4865:24297627 4807:Archived 4700:29 April 4694:Archived 4633:24501768 4596:(2013). 4353:Archived 3664:13 March 3485:Archived 3470:24894190 3391:Archived 3369:: 3–31. 3331:Archived 3278:xiii–xiv 2887:21 April 2596:22 April 2590:Archived 2438:Writings 2405:wallacei 2391:Wallacea 2038:hypnosis 1909:ice ages 1470:Asa Gray 1247:Portland 1140:eugenics 1060:the Dell 918:Lord Jim 821:Simunjon 692:Jordeson 688:Jordeson 653:Mischief 505:botanist 477:surveyor 453:Hertford 328:abstract 310:through 156:Children 9819:History 9516:Tissues 9205:Outline 9194:Zoology 8018:at the 7587:4 April 7287:(ed.). 7110:Sources 7037:: 1–22. 7031:ZooNova 6992:Zootaxa 6714:27 June 6092:2683858 5843:4333070 5684:1723657 5656:Bibcode 5647:Science 5083:Bibcode 4991:4 April 4641:4281426 4613:Bibcode 4199:2553524 3612:, also 2856:232–235 2462:Wallace 2312:BBC Two 2195:Honours 2072:séances 2015:in the 1697:had in 1408:Ternate 1371:species 1348:Sarawak 1314:radical 981:, 1863. 953:Celebes 866:Ampanam 817:Pictets 797:Kuching 793:Malacca 760:P&O 742:at the 630:Journal 614:Journal 568:), and 560:Journal 268:Wallace 249:zoology 9423:groups 9421:Animal 9152:(1950) 9144:(1949) 9136:(1948) 9128:(1947) 9120:(1946) 9112:(1945) 9104:(1944) 9096:(1943) 9088:(1942) 9080:(1941) 9072:(1940) 9064:(1939) 9056:(1938) 9048:(1937) 9040:(1936) 9032:(1935) 9024:(1934) 9016:(1933) 9008:(1932) 9000:(1931) 8992:(1930) 8984:(1929) 8976:(1928) 8968:(1927) 8960:(1926) 8952:(1925) 8944:(1924) 8936:(1923) 8928:(1922) 8920:(1921) 8912:(1920) 8904:(1919) 8896:(1918) 8888:(1917) 8880:(1916) 8872:(1915) 8864:(1914) 8856:(1913) 8848:(1912) 8840:(1911) 8832:(1910) 8824:(1909) 8816:(1908) 8808:(1907) 8800:(1906) 8792:(1905) 8784:(1904) 8776:(1903) 8768:(1902) 8760:(1901) 8671:Topics 8122:Aelian 7916:about 7895: 7876: 7842: 7806:Vol. 1 7787: 7752: 7733: 7710: 7691: 7658: 7627:Vol. 2 7605:Vol. 1 7540: 7530: 7498: 7474: 7451: 7427: 7408: 7371: 7345: 7315: 7307:Darwin 7232: 7206: 7180: 7158: 7132: 7010: 6975: 6845: 6818:Meetup 6526:13 May 6493: 6464: 6318:25 May 6248: 6090: 5888:13 May 5841: 5833: 5812:Nature 5682: 5674: 5521:25 May 5374: 5364: 5343:: 164. 5320: 5310: 5234: 5226: 5177: 5127:25 May 5101: 5075:Nature 4926: 4863: 4813:23 May 4770: 4754:Nature 4639: 4631: 4545:p. 116 4485:p. 105 4434: 4324:. 2012 4197: 4102:25 May 4076: 4039:25 May 4013:25 May 3963:25 May 3923: 3913: 3888:25 May 3848: 3468: 3460: 3381: 3321: 3313: 3125:25 May 2707:25 May 2664:25 May 2636:25 May 2560:25 May 2468:citing 2449:Nature 2428:weevil 2409:spider 2209:(1889) 1962:(1903) 1904:lemurs 1878:(1863) 1845:tapirs 1816:, and 1628:Nature 1508:Origin 1412:Gilolo 1352:Borneo 1308:, and 880:, and 858:Lombok 827:under 695:'s 235:Fields 220:(1908) 208:(1908) 202:(1892) 196:(1892) 190:(1890) 184:(1870) 173:(1868) 164:Awards 148:Spouse 9923:Texts 9889:Media 9715:Heart 9703:Veins 9688:Lymph 9683:Blood 9573:Human 6456:[ 6206:7 May 5839:S2CID 5680:S2CID 5372:JSTOR 5232:S2CID 5099:S2CID 4958:(2). 4861:S2CID 4768:S2CID 4637:S2CID 4601:(PDF) 4359:8 May 3466:JSTOR 3379:S2CID 3319:S2CID 2484:Notes 2421:et al 2411:from 2365:, by 2359:house 2138:Field 1859:. In 1270:Vol.2 1266:Vol.1 1229:Death 1064:Grays 975:anais 684:Helen 665:Belém 497:Neath 318:from 285: 50: 9957:Data 9940:Taxa 8692:List 8682:List 7893:ISBN 7874:ISBN 7840:ISBN 7785:ISBN 7770:link 7750:ISBN 7731:ISBN 7708:ISBN 7689:ISBN 7656:ISBN 7589:2007 7538:OCLC 7528:ISBN 7496:ISBN 7472:ISBN 7449:ISBN 7425:ISBN 7406:ISBN 7369:ISBN 7343:ISBN 7313:ISBN 7273:2022 7230:ISBN 7204:ISBN 7178:ISBN 7156:ISBN 7130:ISBN 7008:PMID 6996:4107 6973:ISBN 6955:2017 6928:2015 6902:2015 6871:2015 6843:ISBN 6825:2023 6799:2023 6773:2023 6747:2022 6716:2014 6599:2013 6577:2013 6528:2007 6502:2007 6491:PMID 6462:ISBN 6404:2015 6379:2022 6320:2022 6246:ISBN 6208:2024 6088:OCLC 6017:2007 5986:2007 5916:2012 5890:2007 5831:PMID 5672:PMID 5523:2022 5434:2007 5362:ISBN 5318:OCLC 5308:ISBN 5224:PMID 5175:ISBN 5129:2022 4993:2007 4924:ISBN 4815:2007 4702:2008 4629:PMID 4432:ISBN 4361:2007 4330:2012 4195:OCLC 4104:2022 4074:OCLC 4041:2022 4015:2022 3965:2022 3939:link 3921:OCLC 3911:ISBN 3890:2022 3846:ISBN 3666:2013 3608:2022 3571:2022 3549:2022 3477:2022 3458:ISSN 3431:2022 3311:ISSN 3261:2022 3223:2022 3183:2022 3161:2022 3127:2022 2889:2013 2809:2008 2747:2022 2709:2022 2666:2022 2638:2022 2598:2007 2562:2022 2413:Peru 2379:Moon 2298:The 1991:Mars 1894:and 1434:The 1399:and 854:Bali 705:and 94:Died 72:Born 9588:Cat 9578:Dog 8027:at 8009:at 8000:on 7980:at 7260:doi 7062:doi 7000:doi 6187:UK 5821:doi 5817:489 5664:doi 5652:339 5216:doi 5091:doi 5028:doi 4960:doi 4853:doi 4849:122 4758:doi 4728:doi 4724:105 4621:doi 4517:108 3371:doi 3303:doi 2986:256 2934:256 2906:254 2860:256 2328:Usk 2231:'s 1635:'s 1335:'s 1121:by 805:Ali 640:by 572:'s 554:'s 546:by 526:'s 435:née 287:FRS 52:FRS 9972:: 8232:, 7766:}} 7762:{{ 7729:. 7625:. 7536:. 7341:. 7337:. 7299:; 7254:. 7250:. 7096:. 7058:15 7056:. 7052:. 7035:29 7033:. 7029:. 7006:. 6994:. 6879:^ 6854:^ 6816:. 6790:. 6764:. 6737:. 6733:. 6700:. 6568:. 6485:. 6444:^ 6432:. 6387:^ 6369:. 6365:. 6345:. 6328:^ 6311:. 6275:^ 6260:^ 6197:. 6132:^ 6121:. 6082:. 6003:. 5960:^ 5907:. 5880:. 5837:. 5829:. 5815:. 5809:. 5764:^ 5678:. 5670:. 5662:. 5650:. 5579:. 5531:^ 5514:. 5466:^ 5420:. 5378:. 5370:. 5339:. 5316:. 5261:. 5244:^ 5230:. 5222:. 5212:95 5210:. 5120:. 5097:. 5089:. 5079:42 5077:. 5073:. 5024:15 5022:. 4956:10 4954:. 4950:. 4938:^ 4918:. 4859:. 4847:. 4805:. 4766:. 4756:. 4752:. 4722:. 4692:. 4668:, 4635:. 4627:. 4619:. 4609:23 4607:. 4603:. 4543:, 4501:95 4483:, 4466:. 4351:. 4347:. 4320:. 4260:^ 4207:^ 4160:. 4136:^ 4095:. 4032:. 4006:. 3956:. 3935:}} 3931:{{ 3919:. 3881:. 3652:. 3599:. 3539:. 3464:. 3454:85 3452:. 3448:. 3423:)" 3377:. 3367:88 3365:. 3353:^ 3317:. 3309:. 3299:91 3297:. 3285:^ 3251:. 3211:. 3118:. 3104:^ 3053:^ 2875:. 2858:, 2832:^ 2817:^ 2738:. 2734:. 2717:^ 2700:. 2686:^ 2657:. 2629:. 2588:. 2570:^ 2553:. 2539:^ 2470:a 2430:, 2415:, 2256:. 2090:, 1911:. 1570:. 1324:, 1320:, 1304:, 1300:, 1272:) 1268:, 1079:. 1046:, 894:. 606:, 550:, 507:. 394:. 363:. 336:. 302:, 298:, 283:OM 48:OM 9875:: 9377:) 9353:( 9347:) 9338:( 9327:) 9313:( 9277:) 9271:) 9247:( 9236:) 9232:( 9228:( 9186:e 9179:t 9172:v 8737:e 8730:t 8723:v 8694:) 8690:( 8684:) 8680:( 8650:) 8646:( 8640:) 8636:( 8630:) 8624:( 8618:) 8614:( 8608:) 8602:( 8596:) 8590:( 8568:) 8564:( 8558:) 8552:( 8546:) 8542:( 8491:) 8485:( 8474:) 8468:( 8462:) 8456:( 8450:) 8444:( 8433:) 8427:( 8421:) 8415:( 8398:) 8392:( 8386:) 8380:( 8374:) 8368:( 8357:) 8351:( 8345:) 8339:( 8313:) 8307:( 8271:) 8265:( 8246:) 8242:( 8236:) 8228:( 8217:) 8211:( 8180:) 8176:( 8152:) 8146:( 8140:) 8134:( 8128:) 8124:( 8118:) 8112:( 8106:) 8100:( 8063:e 8056:t 8049:v 7901:. 7882:. 7848:. 7816:. 7793:. 7772:) 7758:. 7739:. 7716:. 7697:. 7664:. 7591:. 7573:" 7544:. 7504:. 7480:. 7457:. 7433:. 7414:. 7377:. 7351:. 7321:. 7275:. 7262:: 7256:3 7238:. 7212:. 7186:. 7164:. 7138:. 7102:. 7070:. 7064:: 7014:. 7002:: 6957:. 6930:. 6904:. 6873:. 6849:. 6827:. 6801:. 6775:. 6749:. 6718:. 6601:. 6579:. 6530:. 6504:. 6470:. 6406:. 6381:. 6322:. 6254:. 6210:. 6125:. 6094:. 6019:. 5988:. 5918:. 5892:. 5870:" 5845:. 5823:: 5686:. 5666:: 5658:: 5585:. 5525:. 5436:. 5324:. 5238:. 5218:: 5183:. 5131:. 5105:. 5093:: 5085:: 5034:. 5030:: 4995:. 4968:. 4962:: 4932:. 4867:. 4855:: 4817:. 4774:. 4760:: 4734:. 4730:: 4704:. 4672:. 4643:. 4623:: 4615:: 4547:. 4519:. 4503:. 4487:. 4470:. 4440:. 4363:. 4332:. 4201:. 4166:. 4106:. 4080:. 4043:. 4017:. 3967:. 3941:) 3927:. 3892:. 3854:. 3668:. 3610:. 3573:. 3551:. 3479:. 3433:. 3385:. 3373:: 3325:. 3305:: 3280:. 3263:. 3225:. 3185:. 3163:. 3129:. 2988:. 2936:. 2908:. 2891:. 2862:. 2811:. 2749:. 2711:. 2668:. 2640:. 2613:. 2600:. 2564:. 2474:. 2066:. 1691:' 1253:. 562:( 470:. 80:) 76:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.