57:
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398:"el Chino" (the Chinaman), because of his stoicism ("la flema de Zayas") and his "oriental patience". Sometimes he was also nicknamed "pesetero", because since his imprisonment in Madrid he had always carried a Spanish Peseta coin in his vest pocket. When he took office in 1921, the country was in bankruptcy, with debts exceeding US$ 40 million, and sugar prices plummeting from 22 cents to 3 cents per pound. In spite of this, he carried out a number of reforms, particularly in the field of education.
768:
184:
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In 1884, Zayas married
Margarita Teresa Claudia del Carmen Arrieta y Diago and they had four children, Margarita (1886–1964), Alfredo (1888–1929), Francisco (1889–1934), and Maria-Teresa Zayas Arrieta (1892–1952). In 1914, he married a second time to Maria de la Asuncion Jaen y Planas, who served as
302:
Born in Havana into an aristocratic family with old sugar plantations, he was the 5th child of Dr. JosĂ© MarĂa de Zayas y JimĂ©nez (1824–1887), a noted lawyer and educator, and
Lutgarda Alfonso y Espada (1831–1898). He was brother to Dr. Juan Bruno de Zayas y Alfonso (1867–1896), a medical doctor and
397:
Although his administration was systematically defamed by the opposition as corrupt, it actually was less corrupt than preceding and subsequent administrations, and Zayas refrained from censoring the press or arresting critics, unlike prior and later Cuban presidents. This brought him the nickname
368:
Zayas became leader of the
Liberal Party (left-wing) and was elected Vice-president 1908. In the contested, 1916 presidential election in which the populist Liberal Party used violent tactics, he obtained more votes than the pro-U.S. candidate, Cornell graduate General Mario GarcĂa Menocal. The
429:
He did not run for reelection and devoted his last years to giving conferences and pursuing his manifold literary and historical interests, including the publication of his major work, the two-volume "Lexicografia
Antillana", which had seen an earlier edition in 1914, and occupying the post of
327:, he wrote some of his best poetry, like "Al Caer la Nieve" subsequently published in his Obras Completas, Vol. 1, Poesia. Zayas was sometimes referred to as the "erudite civilian president," because unlike his predecessor and his successor he did not have experience in the field of battle.
405:, which resulted in significant U.S. meddling in Cuban's financial affairs. Particularly, under the terms of the Platt Amendment, the Zayas administration needed either the implicit or the outright explicit approval of the U.S. when it came to securing large financial loans.
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Receiving the most votes again in 1920, Zayas was inaugurated as president in 1921. He served only one term, during which he started the process to give the vote to Cuban women (resolution in the Senate, 1921), negotiated the return of Cuban sovereignty over the
303:
revolutionary hero who died in the war for Cuba's independence, and of Dr. Francisco de Zayas y
Alfonso (1857–1924), Cuba's long-time Minister to Paris and Brussels. He also had an illegitimate brother, whose name was lost. As one of the leaders of the
629:
Libro De Cuba, Una
Enciclopedia Ilustrada Que Abarca Las Artes, Las Letras, Las Ciencias, La Economia, La Politica, La Historia, La Docencia, Y ElProgreso General De La Nacion Cubana - Edicion Conmemorative del Cincuentenario de la Republica de Cuba,
219:
369:
Chambelona War ensued, which, after some reverses, was won by the
Conservative Forces of Garcia Menocal with the covert support of the United States. Zayas surrendered in Cambute near Guanabacoa where it was said he was hiding. The
307:, he ceased using the noble-sounding "de" in his name and became known simply as Alfredo Zayas. Besides his successful legal practice, he was active in Cuban literary circles and was co-editor of the journal "Cuba Literaria".
223:
677:
Juan Bruno Zayas de la
Portilla: "OrĂgenes. Compendio HistĂłrico-GenealĂłgico del Linaje Zayas, Descendencia del Infante Don Jaime de AragĂłn". Zayas Publishing, Missouri, EE.UU. 2003, Vol. I, p. 413.
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of 1903), obtained a US$ 50 million loan from J.P. Morgan, and for the first time allowed full freedom of expression and of the press. On 10 October 1922 he launched PWX, the first Cuban radio station.
684:
Jose Manuel
Carbonell, "Evolución de la Cultura Cubana". La Habana, Imp. Montalvo y Cardenas, 1928, Tomo III (La Oratoria en Cuba) pp. 102–105, Tomo IV, 30f.
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Nestor
Carbonell Cortina: "Perfil HistĂłrico del IV Presidente de Cuba Republicana Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso", San Juan, Puerto Rico 1985.
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Vidal Morales, "Iniciadores y Primeros Mártires de la Revolucion Cubana", La Habana, La Moderna Poesia, 1931 Tomo III, pp. 113ff.
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Harry Frank Guggenheim, "The United States and Cuba: A Study in International Relations", New York, Arno Press, 1970, pp. 156ff.
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See also the respective entries in the "Enciclopedia universal Espasa Calpe" and in Merriam Webster "New Biographical Dictionary".
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345:. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention 1901 and became its secretary. A vocal leader of the opposition against the
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https://web.archive.org/web/20050826154655/http://www.bnjm.cu/bnjm/espanol/publicaciones/noticias_republica/gobierno_3.htm
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Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, "Historia de la Enmienda Platt: Una Interpretacion de la Realidad Cubana", La Habana, 1935.
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Cuba's First Lady during Zayas's presidency. He had one other child out of wedlock, Alfredo Zayas y Mendez (1916- ).
381:, incorporated in the U.S.-Cuba Treaty of 1903. However, the United States only deployed forces in Oriente Province.
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was elected, but turned dictatorial, and after a series of coups that followed when Machado was forced to step down
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702:& Manuel Márquez Sterling, "Historia de la Isla de Cuba", 1975, New York, Regents Publishing Co. pp 178–181
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Alfredo Zayas, "La PoesĂa PatriĂłtica en Cuba hasta 1868", Academia Nacional de Artes y Letras, La Habana, 1931.
56:
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587:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1925, Volume II - Office of the Historian"
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615:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1922, Volume I - Office of the Historian"
601:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1921, Volume I - Office of the Historian"
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Francisco López Leiva: "Juan Bruno Zayas, General de Brigada del Ejército Libertador". La Habana, 1922.
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President Zayas, as well as other Cuban administrations, had to struggle with the implications of the
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Francisco Xavier de Santa Cruz, "Historia de Familias Cubanas", Editorial HĂ©rcules, La Habana, 1943.
649:
Alfredo Zayas, "Obras Completas", Vol.I: PoesĂas, Vol.2 Discursos y Conferencias, La Habana 1941–42.
389:(Isla de la Juventud, 2,204 square kilometers) which had been occupied by the U.S. since 1898 (
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Alfredo Zayas, "El presbiterio don José Augustin Caballero y su vida y sus obras", La Habana, 1891.
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This article is about the 4th Cuban president. For his great-grandnephew and Cuban activist, see
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from Guantánamo Naval Base, without formally invoking its right of intervention pursuant to the
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https://web.archive.org/web/20041011101510/http://cubaheritage.com/subs.asp?sID=103&cID=3
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Juan J. Remos, "Historia de la Literatura Cubana", Miami, Mnemosyne Publishing Co., 136f.
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748:. Documentos del Siglo XX, BoletĂn del Archivo Nacional. Volume 58 pp. 178–256.
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Upon his return to Cuba after the Spanish–Cuban–American War (known in the U.S. as
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Zayas was an intellectual, not a military leader, and during the 1895-1898 Cuban
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president of the "Academia de la Historia" until his death. In the next election
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https://web.archive.org/web/20061004153005/http://adpuello.com/anecdotario.htm
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Alfredo Zayas, "LexicografĂa Antillana", Bd. 1–2, La Habana, 1931–32.
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Alfredo Zayas, "Un CapĂtulo de la Historia de Cuba", La Habana, 1916.
852:
Articles: United States and Cuba, 1903-59 - Historical Text Archive
323:. When deported (September 20. 1896), while in transit to Spain's
319:, he was arrested and sent to prison in the African possession of
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Alfredo Zayas, "Por la Gloria de Luz y Caballero" La Habana 1909.
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His great-grandson is the lawyer, UN employee, and historian
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Margarita MarĂa Teresa Claudia del Carmen Arrieta y Diago
262:(February 21, 1861 – April 11, 1934), usually known as
664:
Alfredo Zayas, "La EvoluciĂłn Social" La Habana, 1891.
763:
705:
Fernando de Zayas, "Prosa y Versos", La Habana 1909
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543:"www.islasi.com - El fuiqui fuiqui de don Tomás"
38: and the second or maternal family name is
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906:
846:SĂntomas de la crisis del sistema republicano
744:Morales y Morales, Vidal 1959 (printed 1962)
732:Nosotros los liberales nos comimos la lechona
1134:acted as president during part of this term.
696:, "Historia de Cuba", Miami, pp. 289ff.
224:MarĂa AsunciĂłn de las Mercedes JaĂ©n y Planas
282:. He served as prosecutor, judge, mayor of
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311:During the last Cuban war for independence
55:
874:History of Cuba Timetable: 1905 thru 1928
794:Works by or about Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso
734:. Editorial de Ciencias Sociales. Havana
357:and against granting naval bases to the
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739:Caicaje: Batalla Final de una Revuelta
527:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
894:
835:Poemas alfredo zayas, poesia y mas...
626:
455:Poemas alfredo zayas, poesia y mas...
858:Diccionario de la literatura Cubana
294:from May 20, 1921, to May 20, 1925.
880:History of Cuban-American Relations
863:DICCIONARIO DE LA LITERATURA CUBANA
330:
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85:20 May 1921 – 20 May 1925
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16:Cuban lawyer, poet and politician
854:at www.historicaltextarchive.com
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1189:Cuban people of Spanish descent
820:at www.latinamericanstudies.org
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1204:20th-century Cuban politicians
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746:Sobre la guerra civil de 1917
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373:provided military support to
341:), he became acting mayor of
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627:Otero, Juan Joaquin (1954).
239:Maria-Teresa Zayas y Arrieta
30:, the first or paternal
7:
865:at www.cervantesvirtual.com
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755:. pp. 12–13, 112–125.
305:Cuban Insurrection of 1895
260:Alfredo de Zayas y Alfonso
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237:Francisco Zayas y Arrieta
233:Margarita Zayas y Arrieta
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1179:Mayors of places in Cuba
876:at www.historyofcuba.com
806:- Zayas Publishing, Inc.
753:La Chambelona en Oriente
730:González, Reynaldo 1978
1159:Vice presidents of Cuba
788:Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso
751:Portell Vila, Herminio
741:. pp. 100–103, 113
700:Carlos Márquez Sterling
694:Carlos Márquez Sterling
678:www.origenesdezayas.com
419:Alfred-Maurice de Zayas
353:, he voted against the
325:Cárcel Modelo of Madrid
235:Alfredo Zayas y Arrieta
21:Alfred-Maurice de Zayas
947:US occupation, 1906–09
882:at www.ianchadwick.com
290:from 1909 to 1913 and
288:Vice President of Cuba
268:Spanish naming customs
241:Alfredo Zayas y Mendez
837:at www.geocities.com
826:at www.cubafacts.com
790:at Wikimedia Commons
457:at www.geocities.com
338:Spanish–American War
249:Attorney, politician
108:Mario GarcĂa Menocal
848:at www.pdc-Cuba.org
317:War of Independence
1184:People from Havana
1154:Presidents of Cuba
922:Presidents of Cuba
811:2011-07-18 at the
572:2011-05-17 at the
468:"Memoria PolĂtica"
391:Hay-Quesada Treaty
270:and also known as
96:Francisco Carrillo
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1075:Presidents of the
984:Pentarchy of 1933
786:Media related to
436:Fulgencio Batista
365:and Bahia Honda.
292:President of Cuba
278:lawyer, poet and
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73:President of Cuba
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331:Political career
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264:Alfredo de Zayas
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163:(1934-04-11)
152:Spanish Cuba
115:Succeeded by
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28:Spanish name
1169:1934 deaths
1164:1861 births
774:Cuba portal
409:Family life
222:, 2nd 1914
178:Nationality
103:Preceded by
1148:Categories
1112:DĂaz-Canel
1105:Presidents
1096:DĂaz-Canel
934:Presidents
553:2006-01-04
514:2006-01-04
482:12 January
442:References
425:Later life
363:Guantánamo
298:Background
246:Occupation
141:1861-02-21
1124:* Interim
1091:R. Castro
1086:F. Castro
634:(Spanish)
630:1902-1952
567:Noti-CUTC
215:Spouse(s)
81:In office
1066:DorticĂłs
1049:Alliegro
1018:M. GĂłmez
1006:Mendieta
979:CĂ©spedes
953:J. GĂłmez
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570:Archived
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230:Children
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1061:Urrutia
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941:Estrada
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32:surname
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343:Havana
284:Havana
266:under
168:Havana
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321:Ceuta
276:Cuban
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36:Zayas
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1033:Grau
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529:link
484:2022
351:Cuba
347:U.S.
218:1st
172:Cuba
158:Died
135:Born
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361:in
34:is
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