Ibn al-Haytham - Knowledge

1141:, an illusion that played an important role in the scientific tradition of medieval Europe. Many authors repeated explanations that attempted to solve the problem of the Moon appearing larger near the horizon than it does when higher up in the sky. Alhazen argued against Ptolemy's refraction theory, and defined the problem in terms of perceived, rather than real, enlargement. He said that judging the distance of an object depends on there being an uninterrupted sequence of intervening bodies between the object and the observer. When the Moon is high in the sky there are no intervening objects, so the Moon appears close. The perceived size of an object of constant angular size varies with its perceived distance. Therefore, the Moon appears closer and smaller high in the sky, and further and larger on the horizon. Through works by 689:

any other part of the eye, would be perceived. He argued, using a physical analogy, that perpendicular rays were stronger than oblique rays: in the same way that a ball thrown directly at a board might break the board, whereas a ball thrown obliquely at the board would glance off, perpendicular rays were stronger than refracted rays, and it was only perpendicular rays which were perceived by the eye. As there was only one perpendicular ray that would enter the eye at any one point, and all these rays would converge on the centre of the eye in a cone, this allowed him to resolve the problem of each point on an object sending many rays to the eye; if only the perpendicular ray mattered, then he had a one-to-one correspondence and the confusion could be resolved. He later asserted (in book seven of the

11616: 2148: 13897: 5245:, pp. 395–96: In seventeenth century Europe the problems formulated by Ibn al-Haytham (965–1041) became known as 'Alhazen's problem'. ... Al-Haytham's contributions to geometry and number theory went well beyond the Archimedean tradition. Al-Haytham also worked on analytical geometry and the beginnings of the link between algebra and geometry. Subsequently, this work led in pure mathematics to the harmonious fusion of algebra and geometry that was epitomised by Descartes in geometric analysis and by Newton in the calculus. Al-Haytham was a scientist who made major contributions to the fields of mathematics, physics and astronomy during the latter half of the tenth century. 1068:

organ from the form of color or of light is a certain change; and change must take place in time; .....and it is in the time during which the form extends from the sentient organ's surface to the cavity of the common nerve, and in (the time) following that, that the sensitive faculty, which exists in the whole of the sentient body will perceive color as color...Thus the last sentient's perception of color as such and of light as such takes place at a time following that in which the form arrives from the surface of the sentient organ to the cavity of the common nerve.

13885: 616: 685:, and the intromission theories of Aristotle. Alhazen's intromission theory followed al-Kindi (and broke with Aristotle) in asserting that "from each point of every colored body, illuminated by any light, issue light and color along every straight line that can be drawn from that point". This left him with the problem of explaining how a coherent image was formed from many independent sources of radiation; in particular, every point of an object would send rays to every point on the eye. 1524:; Alhazen made the first systematic effort of evaluating the Milky Way's parallax, combining Ptolemy's data and his own. He concluded that the parallax is (probably very much) smaller than Lunar parallax, and the Milky way should be a celestial object. Though he was not the first who argued that the Milky Way does not belong to the atmosphere, he is the first who did quantitative analysis for the claim. The fourth group consists of ten works on astronomical theory, including the 13957: 884: 1029:. Besides the fact that this treatise allowed more people to study partial eclipses of the sun, it especially allowed to better understand how the camera obscura works. This treatise is a physico-mathematical study of image formation inside the camera obscura. Ibn al-Haytham takes an experimental approach, and determines the result by varying the size and the shape of the aperture, the focal length of the camera, the shape and intensity of the light source. 1951: 1541: 1119:

from an equal distance does not. He also used this result to explain how intense, direct light hurts the eye, using a mechanical analogy: Alhazen associated 'strong' lights with perpendicular rays and 'weak' lights with oblique ones. The obvious answer to the problem of multiple rays and the eye was in the choice of the perpendicular ray, since only one such ray from each point on the surface of the object could penetrate the eye.

1584: 1460:) that cannot exist, and the fact that this arrangement produces in his imagination the motions that belong to the planets does not free him from the error he committed in his assumed arrangement, for the existing motions of the planets cannot be the result of an arrangement that is impossible to exist... or a man to imagine a circle in the heavens, and to imagine the planet moving in it does not bring about the planet's motion. 1186:

not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and deficiency. The duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and ... attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency.

927:, where previously only the formulas for the sums of squares and cubes had been stated. His method can be readily generalized to find the formula for the sum of any integral powers, although he did not himself do this (perhaps because he only needed the fourth power to calculate the volume of the paraboloid he was interested in). He used his result on sums of integral powers to perform what would now be called an 13945: 775:

al-Haytham did not give the circular figure of the horopter and why, by reasoning experimentally, he was in fact closer to the discovery of Panum's fusional area than that of the Vieth-Müller circle. In this regard, Ibn al-Haytham's theory of binocular vision faced two main limits: the lack of recognition of the role of the retina, and obviously the lack of an experimental investigation of ocular tracts.

13909: 779: 13933: 5663:, p. 23: "Alhazen's works in turn inspired many scientists of the Middle Ages, such as the English bishop, Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175–1253), and the English Franciscan, Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294), Erazmus Ciolek Witelo, or Witelon (ca 1230* 1280), a Silesian-born Polish friar, philosopher and scholar, published in ca 1270 a treatise on optics, Perspectiva, largely based on Alhazen's works." 2691:, p. 11: "Ibn al-Haytham's groundbreaking studies in optics, including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics (respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light), were principally gathered in his monumental opus: Kitåb al-manåóir (The Optics; De Aspectibus or Perspectivae; composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE)." 13921: 13873: 2919:: "The three most recognizable Islamic contributors to meteorology were: the Alexandrian mathematician/ astronomer Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen 965–1039), the Arab-speaking Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980–1037), and the Spanish Moorish physician/jurist Ibn Rushd (Averroes; 1126–1198)." He has been dubbed the "father of modern optics" by the 374:. He made major contributions to catoptrics and dioptrics by studying reflection, refraction and nature of images formed by light rays. Ibn al-Haytham was an early proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be supported by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical reasoning—an early pioneer in the 1314:, arguing that Ptolemaic models must be understood in terms of physical objects rather than abstract hypotheses—in other words that it should be possible to create physical models where (for example) none of the celestial bodies would collide with each other. The suggestion of mechanical models for the Earth centred 464:. His initial influences were in the study of religion and service to the community. At the time, society had a number of conflicting views of religion that he ultimately sought to step aside from religion. This led to him delving into the study of mathematics and science. He held a position with the title of 2248:

According to medieval biographers, Alhazen wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known. Most of his works are now lost, but more than 50 of them have survived to some extent. Nearly half of his surviving works are on mathematics, 23 of

1447:

concerned what Ptolemy thought was the actual configuration of the planets. Ptolemy himself acknowledged that his theories and configurations did not always agree with each other, arguing that this was not a problem provided it did not result in noticeable error, but Alhazen was particularly scathing

1149:

and Witelo based on Alhazen's explanation, the Moon illusion gradually came to be accepted as a psychological phenomenon, with the refraction theory being rejected in the 17th century. Although Alhazen is often credited with the perceived distance explanation, he was not the first author to offer it.

1032:

In his work he explains the inversion of the image in the camera obscura, the fact that the image is similar to the source when the hole is small, but also the fact that the image can differ from the source when the hole is large. All these results are produced by using a point analysis of the image.

688:

What Alhazen needed was for each point on an object to correspond to one point only on the eye. He attempted to resolve this by asserting that the eye would only perceive perpendicular rays from the object—for any one point on the eye, only the ray that reached it directly, without being refracted by

2090:

After the death of Archimedes no really great physicist appeared until Ibn al-Haytham. If, therefore, we confine our interest only to the history of physics, there is a long period of over twelve hundred years during which the Golden Age of Greece gave way to the era of Muslim Scholasticism, and the

1248:

had not yet been fully translated from Arabic, and Toomer was concerned that without context, specific passages might be read anachronistically. While acknowledging Alhazen's importance in developing experimental techniques, Toomer argued that Alhazen should not be considered in isolation from other

1062:

Alhazen basically states the concept of unconscious inference in his discussion of colour before adding that the inferential step between sensing colour and differentiating it is shorter than the time taken between sensing and any other visible characteristic (aside from light), and that "time is so

1006:

mainly to observe a partial solar eclipse. In his essay, Ibn al-Haytham writes that he observed the sickle-like shape of the sun at the time of an eclipse. The introduction reads as follows: "The image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light passes

5091:

Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "Only when the

1916:

Truth is sought for its own sake ... Finding the truth is difficult, and the road to it is rough. For the truths are plunged in obscurity. ... God, however, has not preserved the scientist from error and has not safeguarded science from shortcomings and faults. If this had been the case, scientists

1185:

Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and

581:(English: Treasury of Optics: seven books by the Arab Alhazen, first edition; by the same, on twilight and the height of clouds). Risner is also the author of the name variant "Alhazen"; before Risner he was known in the west as Alhacen. Works by Alhazen on geometric subjects were discovered in the 1827:. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhazen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things." 918:

at which a player must aim a cue ball at a given point to make it bounce off the table edge and hit another ball at a second given point. Thus, its main application in optics is to solve the problem, "Given a light source and a spherical mirror, find the point on the mirror where the light will be

1464:

Having pointed out the problems, Alhazen appears to have intended to resolve the contradictions he pointed out in Ptolemy in a later work. Alhazen believed there was a "true configuration" of the planets that Ptolemy had failed to grasp. He intended to complete and repair Ptolemy's system, not to

1118:

projectile strikes. For example, to explain refraction from a rare to a dense medium, he used the mechanical analogy of an iron ball thrown at a thin slate covering a wide hole in a metal sheet. A perpendicular throw breaks the slate and passes through, whereas an oblique one with equal force and

1067:

the sentient organ does not sense the forms that reach it from the visible objects until after it has been affected by these forms; thus it does not sense color as color or light as light until after it has been affected by the form of color or light. Now the affectation received by the sentient

701:

perpendicular rays were perceived; why would the weaker oblique rays not be perceived more weakly? His later argument that refracted rays would be perceived as if perpendicular does not seem persuasive. However, despite its weaknesses, no other theory of the time was so comprehensive, and it was

1092:

Again the light does not travel from the colored object to the eye unaccompanied by the color, nor does the form of the color pass from the colored object to the eye unaccompanied by the light. Neither the form of the light nor that of the color existing in the colored object can pass except as

771:, with whom Alhazen was extremely familiar. Alhazen corrected a significant error of Ptolemy regarding binocular vision, but otherwise his account is very similar; Ptolemy also attempted to explain what is now called Hering's law. In general, Alhazen built on and expanded the optics of Ptolemy. 9442:, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies in the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. 5743:, p. 66: "Even Kepler, however, used some of Alhazen's ideas, for example, the one-to-one correspondence between points on the object and points in the eye. It would not be going too far to say that Alhazen's optical theories defined the scope and goals of the field from his day to ours." 1047:

In the seventh tract of his book of optics, Alhazen described an apparatus for experimenting with various cases of refraction, in order to investigate the relations between the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction and the angle of deflection. This apparatus was a modified version of an

807:

from his experiments appears to have influenced his consideration of image inversion in the eye, which he sought to avoid. He maintained that the rays that fell perpendicularly on the lens (or glacial humor as he called it) were further refracted outward as they left the glacial humor and the

9251:, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies in the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. 774:

In a more detailed account of Ibn al-Haytham's contribution to the study of binocular vision based on Lejeune and Sabra, Raynaud showed that the concepts of correspondence, homonymous and crossed diplopia were in place in Ibn al-Haytham's optics. But contrary to Howard, he explained why Ibn

545:), written from 1011 to 1021. In it, Ibn al-Haytham was the first to explain that vision occurs when light reflects from an object and then passes to one's eyes, and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience. 1500:, Alhazen described a new, geometry-based planetary model, describing the motions of the planets in terms of spherical geometry, infinitesimal geometry and trigonometry. He kept a geocentric universe and assumed that celestial motions are uniformly circular, which required the inclusion of 1249:

Islamic and ancient thinkers. Toomer concluded his review by saying that it would not be possible to assess Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics without translating more of Alhazen's work and fully investigating his influence on later medieval writers.

2228:

featuring a series of interactive exhibits, workshops and live shows about his work, partnering with science centers, science festivals, museums, and educational institutions, as well as digital and social media platforms. The campaign also produced and released the short educational film

369:

Ibn al-Haytham was the first to correctly explain the theory of vision, and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience. He also stated the principle of least time for refraction which would later become

1495:

1038. Only one damaged manuscript has been found, with only the introduction and the first section, on the theory of planetary motion, surviving. (There was also a second section on astronomical calculation, and a third section, on astronomical instruments.) Following on from his

3524:

Esposito (2000)، The Oxford History of Islam، Oxford University Press، P. 192. : "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on

9246: 3685:, p. 164), Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70. "Alhazen, a Persian scientist, showed that the eye saw light from other objects. This started optics, the science of light. The Arabs also studied astronomy, the study of the stars. " 1318:"greatly contributed to the eventual triumph of the Ptolemaic system among the Christians of the West". Alhazen's determination to root astronomy in the realm of physical objects was important, however, because it meant astronomical hypotheses "were accountable to the 66: 2616:

A. Mark Smith has determined that there were at least two translators, based on their facility with Arabic; the first, more experienced scholar began the translation at the beginning of Book One, and handed it off in the middle of Chapter Three of Book Three.

1235:

According to Matthias Schramm, Alhazen "was the first to make a systematic use of the method of varying the experimental conditions in a constant and uniform manner, in an experiment showing that the intensity of the light-spot formed by the projection of the

1093:

mingled together and the last sentient can only perceive them as mingled together. Nevertheless, the sentient perceives that the visible object is luminous and that the light seen in the object is other than the color and that these are two properties.

681:, while the description of the anatomy and physiology of the eye was based on Galen's account. Alhazen's achievement was to come up with a theory that successfully combined parts of the mathematical ray arguments of Euclid, the medical tradition of 1087:

by observing that the light reflected from an object is modified by the object's color. He explained that the quality of the light and the color of the object are mixed, and the visual system separates light and color. In Book II, Chapter 3 he

1508:. In general, his model didn't try to provide a causal explanation of the motions, but concentrated on providing a complete, geometric description that could explain observed motions without the contradictions inherent in Ptolemy's model. 868:

Alhazen was the first physicist to give complete statement of the law of reflection. He was first to state that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in a same plane perpendicular to reflecting plane.

4243:"Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume Two" 2219:

and its Director-General Irina Bokova dubbed Ibn al-Haytham 'the father of optics'. Amongst others, this was to celebrate Ibn Al-Haytham's achievements in optics, mathematics and astronomy. An international campaign, created by the

5460:

Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017. 31–70. "For example, Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī were among the most important medieval scholars who used the scientific method in their approach to natural science, and they were both

1063:

short as not to be clearly apparent to the beholder." Naturally, this suggests that the colour and form are perceived elsewhere. Alhazen goes on to say that information must travel to the central nerve cavity for processing and:

1134:", a sub-discipline and precursor to modern psychology. Although Alhazen made many subjective reports regarding vision, there is no evidence that he used quantitative psychophysical techniques and the claim has been rebuffed. 802:

Alhazen's most original contribution was that, after describing how he thought the eye was anatomically constructed, he went on to consider how this anatomy would behave functionally as an optical system. His understanding of

5945: 5687:, p. 5: "The Latin translation of Alhazen's work influenced scientists and philosophers such as (Roger) Bacon and da Vinci, and formed the foundation for the work by mathematicians like Kepler, Descartes and Huygens..." 4838: 1687:, Alhazen considers the solution of a system of congruences, and gives two general methods of solution. His first method, the canonical method, involved Wilson's theorem, while his second method involved a version of the 1370:

The earth as a whole is a round sphere whose center is the center of the world. It is stationary in its middle, fixed in it and not moving in any direction nor moving with any of the varieties of motion, but always at

5699:, p. 12: "This version of Ibn al-Haytham's Optics, which became available in print, was read and consulted by scientists and philosophers of the caliber of Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and Huygens as discussed by 5092:

influence of ibn al-Haytam and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that ibn al-Haytam was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated."

943:' analytical methods to analyse the problem. An algebraic solution to the problem was finally found in 1965 by Jack M. Elkin, an actuarian. Other solutions were discovered in 1989, by Harald Riede and in 1997 by the 1933:); that is how experts in the prophetic tradition have faith in Prophets, may the blessing of God be upon them. But it is not the way that mathematicians have faith in specialists in the demonstrative sciences. 1017:

Ancient optics and medieval optics were divided into optics and burning mirrors. Optics proper mainly focused on the study of vision, while burning mirrors focused on the properties of light and luminous rays.

4811: 2812:("Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics.") 8467:

Alhacen's theory of visual perception: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of the first three books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab

3617: 2784:: "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics." 4426: 2209:), Bronowski remarked that in his view, Alhazen was "the one really original scientific mind that Arab culture produced", whose theory of optics was not improved on till the time of Newton and Leibniz. 1892:

Alhazen wrote a work on Islamic theology in which he discussed prophethood and developed a system of philosophical criteria to discern its false claimants in his time. He also wrote a treatise entitled

1106:(Book of Optics) describes several experimental observations that Alhazen made and how he used his results to explain certain optical phenomena using mechanical analogies. He conducted experiments with 766:

was repeated by Panum in 1858. Craig Aaen-Stockdale, while agreeing that Alhazen should be credited with many advances, has expressed some caution, especially when considering Alhazen in isolation from

750:

article that Alhazen should be credited with many discoveries and theories previously attributed to Western Europeans writing centuries later. For example, he described what became in the 19th century

1941:

I constantly sought knowledge and truth, and it became my belief that for gaining access to the effulgence and closeness to God, there is no better way than that of searching for truth and knowledge.

1929:

From the statements made by the noble Shaykh, it is clear that he believes in Ptolemy's words in everything he says, without relying on a demonstration or calling on a proof, but by pure imitation (

4348: 3552: 1963:

Alhazen made significant contributions to optics, number theory, geometry, astronomy and natural philosophy. Alhazen's work on optics is credited with contributing a new emphasis on experiment.

1722:, although no copies have survived. It appears to have been concerned with the question of whether animals could react to music, for example whether a camel would increase or decrease its pace. 2512:

A Book in which I have Summarized the Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book

6260:

Sweileh, Waleed M; Al-Jabi, Samah W; Shanti, Yousef I; Sawalha, Ansam F; Zyoud, Sa'ed H (2015), "Contribution of Arab researchers to ophthalmology: a bibliometric and comparative analysis",

1244:

onto a screen diminishes constantly as one of the apertures is gradually blocked up." G. J. Toomer expressed some skepticism regarding Schramm's view, partly because at the time (1964) the

1170:, but the text is obscure. Alhazen's writings were more widely available in the Middle Ages than those of these earlier authors, and that probably explains why Alhazen received the credit. 3850: 1452:, failed to satisfy the physical requirement of uniform circular motion, and noted the absurdity of relating actual physical motions to imaginary mathematical points, lines and circles: 2979: 2861: 3656: 1699:

Alhazen discovered the sum formula for the fourth power, using a method that could be generally used to determine the sum for any integral power. He used this to find the volume of a

589:

in 1834 by E. A. Sedillot. In all, A. Mark Smith has accounted for 18 full or near-complete manuscripts, and five fragments, which are preserved in 14 locations, including one in the

2249:

them are on astronomy, and 14 of them are on optics, with a few on other subjects. Not all his surviving works have yet been studied, but some of the ones that have are given below.

939:

and a geometric proof. His solution was extremely long and complicated and may not have been understood by mathematicians reading him in Latin translation. Later mathematicians used

5941: 2071:). Alhazen wrote as many as 200 books, although only 55 have survived. Some of his treatises on optics survived only through Latin translation. During the Middle Ages his books on 11635: 3179: 9443: 9059:

Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2006), "Alhacen on the principles of reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's

2012:

was made probably in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century. This translation was read by and greatly influenced a number of scholars in Christian Europe including:

1617:, which Boris Abramovich Rozenfeld names the "Ibn al-Haytham–Lambert quadrilateral". He was criticised by Omar Khayyam who pointed that Aristotle had condemned the use of 1294:. Experiments with mirrors and the refractive interfaces between air, water, and glass cubes, hemispheres, and quarter-spheres provided the foundation for his theories on 5281:, p. 269: "In effect, this method characterised parallel lines as lines always equidistant from one another and also introduced the concept of motion into geometry." 1448:

in his criticism of the inherent contradictions in Ptolemy's works. He considered that some of the mathematical devices Ptolemy introduced into astronomy, especially the

9300: 4592: 4309: 481:, and is said to have been forced into hiding until the caliph's death in 1021, after which his confiscated possessions were returned to him. Legend has it that Alhazen 5320: 4387: 955:(MERL) researchers solved the extension of Alhazen's problem to general rotationally symmetric quadric mirrors including hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptical mirrors. 11624: 9525: 5447:

Ishaq, Usep Mohamad, and Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud. "Tinjauan biografi-bibliografi Ibn al-haytham." HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah 5.2 (2017): 107–24.

2755: 9278:(2016), "Grosseteste's Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham", in Cunningham, Jack P.; Hocknull, Mark (eds.), 7857: 6398:

Arjomand, Kamran (1997), "The emergence of scientific modernity in Iran: controversies surrounding astrology and modern astronomy in the mid-nineteenth century",

350:, "Book of Optics"), written during 1011–1021, which survived in a Latin edition. The works of Alhazen were frequently cited during the scientific revolution by 5916: 5812: 3601: 3515:"Alhazen Arab mathematician and physicist who was born around 965 in what is now Iraq." Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work 1520:, a second group concerning accurate astronomical observation, a third group concerning various astronomical problems and questions such as the location of the 11670: 4410: 14062: 11039: 9624: 9040:

The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables

718:

image (which resolved the problem of the correspondence of points on an object and points in the eye) built directly on the conceptual framework of Alhazen.

5715:, p. 66: "Sabra discusses in detail the impact of Alhazen's ideas on the optical discoveries of such men as Descartes and Christiaan Huygens; see also 13668: 5883: 3247: 2948: 823:

Alhazen's synthesis of light and vision adhered to the Aristotelian scheme, exhaustively describing the process of vision in a logical, complete fashion.

14037: 11928: 4332: 3536: 8988: 477:

Upon his return to Cairo, he was given an administrative post. After he proved unable to fulfill this task as well, he contracted the ire of the caliph

14012: 13835: 6492:

Eckart, Andreas (March 2018), "The Early Great Debate: A Comment on Ibn Al-Haytham's Work on the Location of the Milky Way with Respect to the Earth",

3578: 12782: 9227: 9175: 9123: 8717: 8671: 8625: 8508: 5456:

Kaminski, Joseph J. "The Trajectory of the Development of Islamic Thought – A Comparison Between Two Earlier and Two Later Scholars."

14067: 14027: 9089: 8888: 8862: 7112: 14022: 11331: 9958: 7620: 5675:, p. 66: "Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Giambattista della Porta are only some of the many thinkers who were influenced by Alhazen's work." 4650:: "The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham." 2230: 9555: 9308:, presented at a plenary session at the International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications, archived from 10896: 9776: 9589: 6902: 5862: 3846: 1025:

Very often Ibn al-Haytham's discoveries benefited from the intersection of mathematical and experimental contributions. This is the case with

11022: 10526: 8097: 7485: 2971: 2853: 3640: 13759: 12975: 11901: 9685: 8638:

Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's

8592:

Alhacen on the principles of reflection : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's

8176:(1978b), "An Eleventh-Century Refutation of Ptolemy's Planetary Theory", in Hilfstein, Erna; Czartoryski, Paweł; Grande, Frank D. (eds.), 7012: 6723: 1636:

by erecting a semicircle on each of the triangle's sides, inward for the hypotenuse and outward for the other two sides, are known as the

1469:

Alhazen set out his views on the difficulty of attaining scientific knowledge and the need to question existing authorities and theories:

13653: 9536: 9389:

Roshdi Rashed, Geometry and Dioptrics the tenth century: Ibn Sahl al-Quhi and Ibn al-Haytham (in French), Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1993

8959: 6970: 12765: 11069: 9751: 9487: 9424: 7008: 1799: 1477:

He held that the criticism of existing theories—which dominated this book—holds a special place in the growth of scientific knowledge.

968: 627:. The illustration incorporates many examples of optical phenomena including perspective effects, the rainbow, mirrors, and refraction. 14007: 12407: 11756: 11031: 10902: 9617: 8520: 3803: 3163: 952: 13658: 12039: 7932:

Ross, H.E. (2000), "Cleomedes c. 1st century AD) on the celestial illusion, atmospheric enlargement and size-distance invariance",

6352: 6337: 4784: 4757: 2895: 7569: 13459: 11964: 11959: 10675: 9633: 8878: 8842: 8379: 8267: 7596: 3936: 2808:("Ibn al-Ḥaytam was an eminent eleventh-century Arab optician, geometer, arithmetician, algebraist, astronomer, and engineer."), 2655: 315: 8302: 1660:, he may have been the first to state that every even perfect number is of the form 2(2 − 1) where 2 − 1 is 413:

and earned his living authoring various treatises and tutoring members of the nobilities. Ibn al-Haytham is sometimes given the

11677: 10430: 8912:

Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective",

552: 9501: 9309: 4293: 3318:

Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrical Methods and the Philosophy of Mathematics: A History of Arabic Sciences and Mathematics, Volume 5

14072: 12034: 12011: 11818: 11509: 10451: 10201: 9479: 9418: 9393: 9342: 9287: 9012: 8749: 8479: 8456: 8432: 7985: 7923: 7877: 7509: 7136: 6759: 6712: 6447: 6429: 6389: 5314: 5304: 4848: 4821: 4794: 4767: 4420: 4381: 4371: 4342: 4303: 3650: 3611: 3546: 3488: 3438: 3173: 3047: 3005: 2586: 1212:; geometry in particular). This mathematical-physical approach to experimental science supported most of his propositions in 470:

in his native Basra, and became famous for his knowledge of applied mathematics, as evidenced by his attempt to regulate the

379: 319: 9348: 7326: 7031: 6831: 4968: 3494: 3444: 3391: 3053: 3011: 2933: 1196:

An aspect associated with Alhazen's optical research is related to systemic and methodological reliance on experimentation (

326:

from present-day Iraq. Referred to as "the father of modern optics", he made significant contributions to the principles of

14002: 13992: 13710: 12985: 12117: 9610: 9052:

The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV–V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols

8428: 6624:(2007), "In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place", 4978: 751: 13217: 12367: 11615: 5023: 13850: 13561: 10976: 10155: 8598:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 95–4, 95–5, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: 8470:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 91–4, 91–5, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: 7826: 6998:

Heeffer, Albrecht (14–15 September 2003), "Kepler's near discovery of the sine law: A qualitative computational model",

2137:(Pakistan) named its Ophthalmology endowed chair as "The Ibn-e-Haitham Associate Professor and Chief of Ophthalmology". 1855:, were themselves followers of the Ashʿari school of Islamic theology. Like other Ashʿarites who believed that faith or 737:. His analyses of reflection and refraction considered the vertical and horizontal components of light rays separately. 14087: 14057: 13581: 12965: 12341: 12275: 11596: 11560: 11413: 10945: 10338: 10100: 8856: 8374: 5084: 3417:, p. 331:"Peckham continually bows to the authority of Alhazen, whom he cites as "the Author" or "the Physicist"." 3230: 2992:. Specifically, he was the first to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then enters an eye. 579:

Opticae thesaurus: Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nuncprimum editi; Eiusdem liber De Crepusculis et nubium ascensionibus

11535: 10272: 9494:'A Brief Introduction on Ibn al-Haytham' based on a lecture delivered at the Royal Society in London by Nader El-Bizri 9386:, Optics and Mathematics: Research on the history of scientific thought in Arabic, Variorum reprints, Aldershot, 1992. 7870:

A Critical Edition of Ibn al-Haytham's On the Shape of the Eclipse. The First Experimental Study of the Camera Obscura

2736:, etc.; the identity of "Alhazen" with Ibn al-Haytham al-Basri "was identified towards the end of the 19th century". ( 13997: 11064: 11015: 8409: 8246: 8217: 8164: 8107: 8070: 8039: 7886:

Raynaud, Dominique (2020), "On the Latin Source of the Italian Version of Alhacen's De aspectibus (Vat. lat. 4595)",

7827:"La perspective aérienne de Léonard de Vinci et ses origines dans l'optique d'Ibn al-Haytham (De aspectibus, III, 7)" 7648: 7529: 7452: 7312: 7284: 7085: 7045: 6941: 6874: 6784: 6604: 6575: 6192: 5909: 5804: 4606: 898:

in Book V of the Book of Optics contains a discussion of what is now known as Alhazen's problem, first formulated by

4740: 2703:, p. 39: "As a rigorous experimental physicist, he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method." 1848: 14042: 13323: 11894: 11555: 11478: 10302: 10292: 9493: 9216: 9164: 9109: 8703: 8690:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 100–3, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: 8657: 8611: 8062: 2715:, p. 449: "As shown earlier, Ibn al-Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology. 1981: 13896: 8644:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 98–1, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: 8506:

Vol 2 English translation I: TOC pp. 339–41, II: TOC pp. 415–16, III: TOC pp. 559–60, Notes 681ff, Bibl. via JSTOR

8497: 6779:, London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 6022: 4270: 14082: 13597: 12122: 11839: 7797:

Raynaud, Dominique (2003), "Ibn al-Haytham sur la vision binoculaire: un précurseur de l'optique physiologique",

6147:

Daneshfard, Babak (2016), "Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039 AD), the original portrayal of the modern theory of vision",

3912:(1871). "Nota intorno ad una traduzione italiana fatta nel secolo decimoquarto del trattato d'ottica d'Alhazen". 3289: 1731: 931:, where the formulas for the sums of integral squares and fourth powers allowed him to calculate the volume of a 721:

Alhazen showed through experiment that light travels in straight lines, and carried out various experiments with

5887: 3251: 2956: 1575:

He developed a formula for summing the first 100 natural numbers, using a geometric proof to prove the formula.

1007:

through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moonsickle."

13282: 13202: 12758: 11514: 11473: 11458: 10160: 10095: 9209: 9157: 9099: 9076: 8691: 8645: 8599: 8471: 7678: 6354:

Beyond Alhazen's Problem: Analytical Projection Model for Non-Central Catadioptric Cameras with Quadric Mirrors

6129: 3771: 2082:

H. J. J. Winter, a British historian of science, summing up the importance of Ibn al-Haytham in the history of

12448: 9577: 8978: 2800:, p. 788 ("He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist.") 14047: 13272: 12894: 12674: 12664: 12619: 12255: 11649: 10211: 7564: 5866: 4546: 2576: 311: 8562:

Smith, A. Mark (2005), "The Alhacenian Account of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological Implications",

3574: 14032: 13520: 13212: 13207: 13060: 11336: 11326: 11270: 11008: 10328: 10236: 10115: 9334: 9224: 9172: 9117: 8711: 8684:

Alhacen on Refraction: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's

8665: 8619: 8268:"Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy" 5335: 2566: 1204:

in his scientific inquiries. Moreover, his experimental directives rested on combining classical physics (

13449: 11054: 9700: 8505: 8198:

The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols

7519: 3790: 13697: 13535: 12227: 12019: 12001: 11954: 11933: 11887: 11771: 10891: 10770: 10644: 9690: 8733: 7190:

Howard, Ian P.; Wade, Nicholas J. (1996), "Ptolemy's contributions to the geometry of binocular vision",

7037: 6862: 6384:, Dolciani mathematical expositions, vol. 42, Mathematical Association of America, pp. 137–44, 6054: 2216: 2180: 2141: 839: 667:

and his followers, had physical forms entering the eye from an object. Previous Islamic writers (such as

13602: 9248:

Afterthoughts on Alhazen's Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective

8882: 8846: 3642:

Quantum Mechanics for Beginners: With Applications to Quantum Communication By M. Suhail Zubairy page 81

14077: 14052: 14017: 13863: 13745: 13530: 13479: 12519: 12300: 11741: 11720: 11468: 11438: 11215: 11129: 10145: 10135: 9756: 9646: 8096:

Russell, Gül A. (1996), "Emergence of Physiological Optics", in Rāshid, Rushdī; Morelon, Régis (eds.),

7098: 6536: 5520: 1114:

projectiles on surfaces was forceful enough to make them penetrate, whereas surfaces tended to deflect

671:) had argued essentially on Euclidean, Galenist, or Aristotelian lines. The strongest influence on the 465: 11094: 9766: 7612: 13454: 13373: 13055: 12751: 12724: 12534: 11423: 11175: 10412: 9993: 9877: 6400: 2581: 2091:

experimental spirit of the noblest physicist of Antiquity lived again in the Arab Scholar from Basra.

1844: 1688: 791: 9584: 6892: 6363: 1908:

There are occasional references to theology or religious sentiment in his technical works, e.g. in

1703:. He could find the integral formula for any polynomial without having developed a general formula. 1439:, pointing out various contradictions he found in these works, particularly in astronomy. Ptolemy's 740:

Alhazen studied the process of sight, the structure of the eye, image formation in the eye, and the

582: 13814: 13474: 13338: 13303: 13136: 13096: 13025: 13000: 12812: 12714: 12065: 11494: 11453: 11321: 11205: 10226: 10120: 9998: 9761: 9721: 9282:, Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind, vol. 18, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 21–39, 8767: 7479: 6202:

Masoud, Mohammad T; Masoud, Faiza (2006), "How Islam changed medicine: Ibn al-Haytham and optics",

2571: 2025: 1860: 1669: 1228:) and grounded his theories of vision, light and colour, as well as his research in catoptrics and 636: 31: 11180: 10216: 9571: 9560: 8087:

Rozenfeld, Boris Abramovich; Youschkevitch, Adolf P. (1996), "Geometry", in Rashed, Roshdi (ed.),

1766:. His field work, however, later made him aware of the impracticality of this scheme, and he soon 1516:

Alhazen wrote a total of twenty-five astronomical works, some concerning technical issues such as

13977: 13731: 13677: 13633: 13515: 13378: 13101: 13030: 12351: 12260: 12183: 11863: 11858: 11848: 11155: 11150: 10231: 10180: 9842: 9832: 9771: 8328:"The "Commentary" That Saved the Text: The Hazardous Journey of Ibn al-Haytham's Arabic "Optics"" 3992: 2750: 2147: 1587:

The lunes of Alhazen. The two blue lunes together have the same area as the green right triangle.

1123: 515: 17: 8395: 6999: 3208: 1473:

Truth is sought for itself the truths, are immersed in uncertainties not immune from error...

1122:

Sudanese psychologist Omar Khaleefa has argued that Alhazen should be considered the founder of

495:, and lived from the proceeds of his literary production until his death in c. 1040. (A copy of 13809: 13469: 13383: 13328: 13227: 13121: 13091: 12995: 12684: 12634: 12629: 12595: 12463: 12290: 12280: 12112: 11787: 11463: 11448: 11382: 11311: 10649: 10609: 10423: 10364: 10323: 10150: 10130: 10049: 9927: 9540: 8401: 8156: 6733: 6728: 6358: 3382: 2541: 2485:القول المعروف بالغریب فی حساب المعاملات (Saying the unknown in the calculation of transactions) 2057: 2005: 1022:

is probably one of the first attempts made by Ibn al-Haytham to articulate these two sciences.

485:

and was kept under house arrest during this period. During this time, he wrote his influential

429: 208: 6983: 5837: 5621: 13793: 13783: 13684: 13505: 13111: 12944: 12719: 12468: 12387: 11601: 11428: 11392: 10916: 10710: 10624: 10297: 10110: 10079: 10024: 9812: 9376: 7077:

Science and Technology in a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of Facts and Artifacts

6917:

Faruqi, Yasmeen M. (2006), "Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise",

4295:

Waves in Focal Regions: Propagation, Diffraction and Focusing of Light, Sound and Water Waves

1872: 1743: 1614: 1057: 808:

resulting image thus passed upright into the optic nerve at the back of the eye. He followed

478: 371: 249: 13035: 11000: 9467: 9404: 9188: : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's 9136: : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's 8949: 2972:"International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO" 2854:"International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO" 795: 13987: 13982: 13576: 13500: 13333: 13277: 12919: 12802: 12699: 12575: 12509: 12458: 12453: 12382: 12372: 11766: 11715: 11591: 11570: 11443: 11351: 10935: 10909: 10750: 10720: 10125: 10105: 9796: 9695: 9680: 9510: 9280:

Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages

8881:, in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.), 8737: 8623:

5 – Vol 2 English translation IV: TOC pp. 289–94, V: TOC pp. 377–84, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR

8209: 7973: 7363: 7341:

Khaleefa, Omar (1999), "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?",

6810: 6696: 6465: 5762: 4597: 4575: 3103: 2199:

presented Alhazen's work in a similar television documentary (and the corresponding book),

2101: 1610: 1603: 944: 878: 835: 804: 746: 734: 555:

by an unknown scholar at the end of the 12th century or the beginning of the 13th century.

471: 184: 168: 9602: 8551: 6456:

Bettany, Laurence (1995), "Ibn al-Haytham: an answer to multicultural science teaching?",

3807: 2624:

Volume 1: Commentary and Latin text pp.xx-xxi. See also his 2006, 2008, 2010 translations.

1798:) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. 289: 8: 13949: 13845: 13766: 13703: 13607: 13398: 13343: 13287: 13186: 13065: 12929: 12659: 12590: 12570: 12529: 12006: 11971: 11736: 11663: 11185: 11089: 10876: 10715: 10695: 10629: 10614: 10485: 10444: 10165: 10140: 9827: 9746: 8449:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

7670: 7103: 6695:(2010). "Classical Optics and the Perspectiva Traditions Leading to the Renaissance". In 4840:

Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham

4813:

Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham

3165:

Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham

2546: 2535: 2185: 2175: 2134: 2052:' writings on optics, and his legacy was further advanced through the 'reforming' of his 1680: 1676: 1637: 1632:(crescent shapes), but later gave up on the impossible task. The two lunes formed from a 1625: 1549: 1390: 903: 863: 763: 660: 632: 496: 492: 188: 11124: 9791: 9565: 8741: 7977: 7367: 6469: 6368: 6343: 5766: 5414: 5095: 3107: 2887: 1389:

in the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently had an influence on astronomers such as

13937: 13889: 13691: 13617: 13308: 13010: 12990: 12939: 12858: 12832: 12827: 12669: 12524: 12285: 12057: 11910: 11868: 11823: 11797: 11746: 11387: 11265: 11200: 10940: 10881: 10559: 10511: 10369: 9922: 9716: 9597: 9521:

Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham

8937: 8795: 8787: 8715:(#3, section 2) – Vol 2 English translation VII: TOC pp. 213–18, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 8579: 8535: 8347: 8287: 8019: 7957: 7903: 7849: 7814: 7786: 7432: 7407:

Lindberg, David C. (1967), "Alhazen's Theory of Vision and Its Reception in the West",

7255: 7215: 7179: 6931: 6898: 6704: 6641: 6548: 6509: 6481: 6325: 6284: 6224: 6172: 6109: 5774: 5391: 4563: 4505: 4262: 3729: 3696: 3129: 2596: 2561: 2556: 2095:

Although only one commentary on Alhazen's optics has survived the Islamic Middle Ages,

2037: 2017: 1835:

Alhazen was a Muslim and most sources report that he was a Sunni and a follower of the

1802:, a supporter of Aristotle's philosophical view of place, later criticized the work in 1629: 1595: 1592: 1201: 566:

was translated at the end of the 14th century into Italian vernacular, under the title

414: 359: 323: 8669:(#1, section 2) – Vol 2 English translation VI:TOC pp. 155–160, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 8369: 7588: 7559: 7001:

Third International workshop: Computer models of scientific reasoning and applications

5942:"1000 Years of Arabic Optics to be a Focus of the International Year of Light in 2015" 4983: 4981: 3942: 3237:

Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up achievement in the development of scientific method."

2649: 816:

was the receptive organ of sight, although some of his work hints that he thought the

13884: 13393: 13368: 13222: 12837: 12585: 12504: 12428: 11813: 11792: 11230: 11119: 10971: 10966: 10840: 10700: 10241: 10175: 10170: 9887: 9475: 9414: 9338: 9283: 9083: 9008: 8929: 8852: 8799: 8779: 8745: 8583: 8543: 8485: 8475: 8452: 8405: 8327: 8308: 8291: 8252: 8242: 8223: 8213: 8205: 8160: 8113: 8103: 8076: 8066: 8045: 8035: 8011: 7981: 7949: 7919: 7907: 7873: 7853: 7818: 7790: 7758: 7750: 7736: 7716: 7708: 7689: 7674: 7654: 7644: 7535: 7525: 7505: 7458: 7448: 7424: 7318: 7308: 7290: 7280: 7270: 7207: 7171: 7142: 7132: 7081: 7051: 7041: 6947: 6937: 6880: 6870: 6790: 6780: 6755: 6708: 6645: 6610: 6600: 6581: 6571: 6552: 6513: 6485: 6477: 6443: 6425: 6385: 6339:

Analytical Forward Projection for Axial Non-Central Dioptric and Catadioptric Cameras

6317: 6289: 6249: 6229: 6188: 6164: 6135: 6125: 6113: 5786: 5778: 5310: 5162: 5134: 4844: 4817: 4790: 4763: 4416: 4377: 4338: 4299: 3767: 3734: 3716: 3646: 3607: 3542: 3484: 3434: 3401: 3204: 3169: 3133: 3121: 3043: 3001: 2835: 2551: 2201: 2029: 1868: 1852: 1618: 1179: 983: 911: 697:

perpendicular. His arguments regarding perpendicular rays do not clearly explain why

406: 375: 331: 204: 192: 145: 9330:İBNÜ'l-HEYSEM – An article published in 21st volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam 8023: 7961: 7436: 7219: 7183: 6859:

To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical theory from Plato to Galileo

6329: 6240:

Masic I (2008), "Ibn al-Haitham – father of optics and describer of vision theory",

6176: 6055:

Physical thought from the Presocratics to the quantum physicists : an anthology

4659:

German physicist Eilhard Wiedemann first provided an abridged German translation of

4145: 2823: 2041: 702:

enormously influential, particularly in Western Europe. Directly or indirectly, his

13913: 13877: 13840: 13510: 13444: 13388: 13126: 13050: 12980: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12774: 12709: 12679: 12654: 12639: 12499: 12265: 12100: 11691: 11565: 11540: 11245: 11225: 11134: 11114: 11099: 10981: 10950: 10825: 10815: 10745: 10604: 10564: 10549: 10472: 10437: 10417: 10359: 10282: 10267: 10262: 9988: 9837: 9726: 9574:

From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009

9498: 9296: 8941: 8921: 8822: 8771: 8571: 8339: 8279: 8003: 7941: 7895: 7841: 7806: 7778: 7740: 7698: 7416: 7371: 7247: 7199: 7163: 6818: 6633: 6540: 6501: 6473: 6409: 6309: 6279: 6269: 6219: 6211: 6156: 6101: 6050: 5967: 5770: 5528: 5496:

Anwar, Sabieh (October 2008), "Is Ghazālī really the Halagu of Science in Islam?",

5383: 4837:

Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (15 August 2017).

4810:

Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (15 August 2017).

4559: 4555: 4541: 4497: 4254: 3782: 3724: 3708: 3162:

Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (15 August 2017).

3111: 2123: 2096: 1814: 1613:, and in effect introducing the concept of motion into geometry. He formulated the 1557: 1342: 1127: 948: 920: 762:

that is actually closer to the modern definition than Aguilonius's—and his work on

590: 574: 259: 94: 13556: 8422: 8059:

A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry: Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space

4522:

Riede, Harald (1989), "Reflexion am Kugelspiegel. Oder: das Problem des Alhazen",

1158:

2nd century) gave this account (in addition to refraction), and he credited it to

1130:. Khaleefa has also argued that Alhazen should also be considered the "founder of 13566: 13181: 12970: 12934: 12797: 12694: 12689: 12644: 12105: 12090: 12085: 11852: 11844: 11751: 11504: 11367: 11286: 11170: 10886: 10820: 10584: 10539: 10069: 9943: 9912: 9862: 9847: 9675: 9593: 9529: 9505: 9328: 9231: 9220: 9179: 9168: 9127: 9113: 8721: 8707: 8675: 8661: 8629: 8615: 8512: 8501: 8418: 7394: 7302: 7094: 7075: 7059: 6959: 6839: 6806: 6776: 6749: 6377: 6067: 6026: 5088: 4972: 4962: 4588: 4571: 3909: 3478: 3428: 3395: 3388: 3234: 3037: 2995: 2925: 2591: 2221: 2196: 2167: 2076: 2045: 2033: 1840: 1767: 1443:

concerned mathematical theories regarding the motion of the planets, whereas the

1382: 1315: 1084: 1078: 1010:

It is admitted that his findings solidified the importance in the history of the

914:

at that point. This is equivalent to finding the point on the edge of a circular

482: 382:, he is sometimes described as the world's "first true scientist". He was also a 363: 355: 9902: 9520: 8301:(October–December 2003), "Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician", 7727:

Rashed, Roshdi (2002b), "PORTRAITS OF SCIENCE: A Polymath in the 10th Century",

7392:

Lejeune, Albert (1958), "Les recherches de Ptolémée sur la vision binoculaire",

6655:(2009a), "La perception de la profondeur: Alhazen, Berkeley, et Merleau-Ponty", 1366:

Alhazen presented a detailed description of the physical structure of the earth:

13961: 13901: 13571: 13551: 13262: 13171: 13146: 13116: 13075: 12949: 12624: 12600: 12580: 12560: 12095: 11976: 11684: 11656: 11397: 11296: 11240: 11109: 11079: 10730: 10705: 10491: 10354: 10008: 9983: 9953: 9917: 9786: 9275: 9255: 8974: 7276: 7266: 7235: 6933:

The Grip of Gravity: The Quest to Understand the Laws of Motion and Gravitation

6692: 6672: 6652: 6621: 6592: 6559: 6520: 6215: 6105: 5753:

Winter, H. J. J. (September 1953). "The Optical Researches of Ibn Al-Haitham".

5700: 5371: 5005: 3712: 3116: 3091: 2255: 1968: 1956: 1885: 1823: 1735: 1665: 1653: 1633: 1011: 1003: 996: 964: 915: 813: 707: 615: 529: 487: 336: 157: 9373:

Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology

8575: 7994:

Ross, H .E.; Ross, G .M. (1976), "Did Ptolemy understand the moon illusion?",

7899: 7845: 7810: 7782: 7154:

Howard, Ian P. (1996), "Alhazen's neglected discoveries of visual phenomena",

6637: 6544: 6505: 6413: 6274: 3603:

Renaissance Theories of Vision edited by John Shannon Hendrix, Charles page 77

3248:"International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics" 2949:"International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics" 13971: 13738: 13434: 13429: 13353: 13318: 13141: 13045: 12514: 12438: 12412: 12346: 11499: 11418: 11059: 10850: 10760: 10634: 10504: 10497: 10196: 10064: 9978: 9400: 9383: 8783: 8489: 8343: 8227: 8127:(1971), "The astronomical origin of Ibn al-Haytham's concept of experiment", 7754: 7712: 7322: 6951: 6614: 6585: 6160: 5782: 5078: 3720: 3313: 3224: 3125: 2189: 2156: 2130: 2120: 1649: 1569: 1138: 1131: 1115: 1111: 1042: 936: 907: 851: 847: 741: 722: 511: 461: 457: 196: 106: 13247: 11372: 10039: 9456: 8256: 8117: 8080: 8049: 7745: 7703: 7619:, Scotland: School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, 7539: 7294: 7146: 7055: 6894:

Views of Euclid's Parallel Postulate in Ancient Greece and in Medieval Islam

6884: 6794: 6139: 4786:

The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton: Volume 1, The Optical Lectures 1670-1672

4412:

The Principles of Physical Optics: An Historical and Philosophical Treatment

4334:

The Principles of Physical Optics: An Historical and Philosophical Treatment

2144:

celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the works on optics by Ibn Al-Haytham.

1950: 13925: 13484: 13358: 13176: 12889: 12704: 12649: 12473: 12402: 12158: 12143: 11981: 11530: 11346: 11104: 10680: 10574: 10287: 10221: 10074: 9817: 9781: 9460: 9205: 9153: 9095: 8983: 8933: 8806: 8547: 8148: 7953: 7762: 7720: 7658: 7462: 6854: 6768: 6321: 6293: 6253: 6233: 6168: 6020:(c.1027-1038) The Light of the Stars: A Short Discourse by Ibn Al-Haytham 5790: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5074: 3738: 3430:

Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics

3220: 2839: 2488:خواص المثلث من جهة العمود (Triangle properties from the side of the column) 1977: 1818: 1661: 1319: 1266:, Alhazen wrote several other treatises on the same subject, including his 924: 787: 652: 504: 433: 351: 12336: 7428: 7226:

Kalin, Ibrahim; Ayduz, Salim; Dagli, Caner, eds. (2009), "Ibn al-Ḥaytam",

7211: 7175: 3914:

Bollettino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche

1980:

mainly, but not exclusively, through the thirteenth-century commentary by

830:(the study of optical systems using mirrors) was centred on spherical and 436:. Ibn al-Haytham paved the way for the modern science of physical optics. 13717: 13419: 13363: 13015: 12822: 12565: 12489: 12295: 11642: 11586: 11341: 11306: 11235: 10855: 10845: 10810: 10619: 10599: 10478: 10318: 10054: 10003: 9963: 9731: 9047: 9035: 8365: 8323: 8298: 8283: 8263: 8234: 8201: 8193: 8173: 8144: 8124: 8015: 7640: 7500:

Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998), "The Middles Ages: Alhazen",

4501: 3200: 3039:

Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps

2997:

Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps

2522:

Treatise on the Nature of Sight and on How Vision is Achieved Through It

2237: 2013: 1398: 1394: 1146: 1142: 972: 559: 229: 9213: 9161: 9103: 8696: 8650: 8604: 8351: 4634:, p. 83: "The first clear description of the device appears in the 4509: 3282:

Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

3275:"Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision" 888: 883: 710:) inspired much activity in optics between the 13th and 17th centuries. 676: 491:. Alhazen continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous 13788: 13612: 13525: 13424: 13414: 13348: 13313: 13267: 13252: 13151: 13040: 13005: 12884: 12494: 12397: 12316: 12231: 12075: 11550: 11377: 11250: 11220: 11195: 11190: 10800: 10790: 10780: 10685: 10665: 10589: 10257: 10206: 10044: 10034: 9872: 9867: 9852: 9515: 8791: 8539: 8494: 8181: 7637:

Ibn al-Haytham's Optics: A Study of the Origins of Experimental Science

7259: 7228:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam

6019: 5395: 4665:

Eilhard Wiedemann (1914). "Über der Camera obscura bei Ibn al Haiṭam".

4567: 4266: 3274: 1993: 1836: 1755: 1700: 1295: 1159: 1107: 932: 895: 843: 827: 759: 730: 387: 200: 176: 13956: 8185: 4242: 1232:(the study of the reflection and refraction of light, respectively). 13724: 13464: 13242: 13161: 13156: 13106: 13020: 12924: 12899: 12879: 12853: 12817: 12807: 12555: 12443: 12377: 12321: 12270: 12138: 12080: 12070: 11879: 11545: 11433: 11301: 11260: 11210: 11165: 11160: 11084: 10835: 10775: 10554: 10333: 10277: 9948: 9882: 9857: 9741: 9410: 8955: 8239:

Optics, Astronomy and Logic: Studies in Arabic Science and Philosophy

7769:

Rashed, Roshdi (2007), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham",

7354:

Al-Khalili, Jim (12 February 2015), "In retrospect: Book of Optics",

6979: 6832:"Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and Medicine" 6803:

Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100–1700

6567: 6440:

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology: Global Perspectives

5515:

Rashed, Roshdi (2007), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham",

5498: 2188:, focused on the accomplishments of Ibn al-Haytham. He was voiced by 2072: 1783: 1763: 1521: 1501: 1291: 1275: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1151: 1126:, for his pioneering work on the psychology of visual perception and 988: 940: 783: 664: 233: 8775: 8007: 7376: 7251: 7203: 7167: 6248:(3), Academy of medical sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina: 183–88, 5387: 4258: 3575:"Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, Volume 34 page 59" 1480: 13819: 13439: 13257: 13237: 13232: 13131: 12874: 12743: 12392: 12331: 12326: 12250: 12148: 11316: 11255: 11074: 10860: 10830: 10795: 10785: 10725: 10544: 10059: 10029: 9973: 9907: 9897: 9822: 9736: 8826: 7420: 7304:

Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy

6599:, vol. II, New York & London: Routledge, pp. 343–45, 3330: 2151: 2127: 2049: 2001: 1997: 1791: 1747: 1565: 1540: 1423:, published at some time between 1025 and 1028, Alhazen criticized 1377: 1287: 1166:

135–50 BCE). Ptolemy may also have offered this explanation in his

978: 975: 928: 831: 755: 693:) that other rays would be refracted through the eye and perceived 668: 610: 449: 395: 391: 383: 180: 172: 8925: 7945: 7131:, Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing (published 15 January 2006), 6724:"Some fear Iraq may be rebuilding its weapons of mass destruction" 6701:

Renaissance Theories of Vision (Visual Culture in Early Modernity)

6313: 6300:

Aaen-Stockdale, C. R. (2008), "Ibn al-Haytham and psychophysics",

3203:(2009). "Science in Islam". Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. 1871:

and not to any other authorities formed the basis for much of his

1624:

In elementary geometry, Alhazen attempted to solve the problem of

1504:

to explain observed motion, but he managed to eliminate Ptolemy's

623:, which included the first printed Latin translation of Alhazen's 13752: 12173: 12153: 12024: 11943: 11761: 10765: 10755: 10690: 10639: 10579: 10569: 10534: 9892: 7687:

Rashed, Roshdi (August 2002a), "A Polymath in the 10th century",

6866: 5079:

Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963)

3997: 3995: 3225:

Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963)

2824:"Ibn al-Haitham--father of optics and describer of vision theory" 2083: 1876: 1583: 1561: 1424: 1307: 1283: 1279: 923:. This eventually led Alhazen to derive a formula for the sum of 899: 768: 644: 425: 225: 8758:

Smith, John D. (1 March 1992), "The Remarkable Ibn al-Haytham",

8397:

Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists

8241:, Collected Studies Series, vol. 444, Variorum, Aldershot, 8200:, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, translated by 8091:, vol. 2, London & New York: Routledge, pp. 447–94 6817:

Dallal, Ahmad S. (1999), "Science, Medicine and Technology", in

6183:

Dessel, Norman F.; Nehrich, Richard B.; Voran, Glenn I. (1973).

1754:

River. He carried out a detailed scientific study of the annual

1711: 12203: 12044: 11636:

The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing

10740: 10735: 7543: 4836: 4809: 3161: 2920: 2476:كتاب في تحليل المسائل الهندسية (A book in engineering analysis) 2212: 2021: 1787: 1739: 1553: 1505: 1449: 817: 726: 715: 711: 640: 598: 594: 535: 341: 327: 27:

Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c. 965 – c. 1040)

9511:

The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham

8730:

From Sight to Light: The Passage from Ancient to Modern Optics

6595:(2006), "Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen", in Meri, Josef W. (ed.), 6357:, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 3766:

The Prisoner of Al-Hakim. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press, 2017.

2479:الجامع في أصول الحساب (The whole in the assets of the account) 1668:

later proved it in the 18th century, and it is now called the

995:, but Alhazen's work contained the first clear description of 778: 280: 13070: 12208: 12198: 12193: 12163: 11030: 10805: 10670: 10594: 7471:

Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages

6351:

Agrawal, Amit; Taguchi, Yuichi; Ramalingam, Srikumar (2011),

6336:

Agrawal, Amit; Taguchi, Yuichi; Ramalingam, Srikumar (2010),

5419: 5417: 5100: 5098: 5010:(Steiner, Wiesbaden, 1963) as cited by Rüdiger Thiele (2005) 3600:

Hendrix, John Shannon; Carman, Charles H. (5 December 2016).

2471:

Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals

2048:. Meanwhile, in the Islamic world, Alhazen's work influenced 1902: 1898: 1720:

Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals

1599: 1386: 1322:", and could be criticised and improved upon in those terms. 902:

in 150 AD. It comprises drawing lines from two points in the

809: 682: 656: 586: 453: 445: 410: 402: 141: 102: 8495:

Books I-III (2001) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR

8147:(1978a), "Ibn al-Haytham and the Visual Ray Hypothesis", in 2497:المرايا المحرقة بالقطوع (The burning mirrors of the rainbow) 12539: 12433: 12188: 12178: 12168: 11991: 9632: 9267: 8701:(#3, section 1) – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 8655:(#1, section 1) – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 8129:

Actes du XIIe congrès international d'histoire des sciences

7970:

The mystery of the moon illusion: Exploring size perception

7584: 6684: 6664: 6564:

Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia

6259: 4544:(1998), "Reflections on Reflection in a Spherical Mirror", 2491:رسالة فی مساحة المسجم المکافی (A message in the free space) 2236:

Ibn al-Haytham appears on the 10,000 dinar banknote of the

1751: 534:

Alhazen's most famous work is his seven-volume treatise on

13920: 9406:

Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance

5167: 5165: 11698: 10463: 9162:

Book 6 (2008) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR

9107:(#2) Books 4–5 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 7667:

Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism

7611:

O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F., eds. (November 1999),

4152: 4150: 4148: 2162: 1759: 648: 510:

Among his students were Sorkhab (Sohrab), a Persian from

507:: (MS Aya Sofya 2762, 307 fob., dated Safar 415 A.H. ).) 274: 262: 9379:, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations 9258:(2009b), "Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur", 9054:, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters 9042:, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters 6964:, vol. One, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 6675:(2009b), "Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur", 6350: 6342:, European Conference on Computer Vision, archived from 6335: 5886:. 2015 International Year of Light. 2015. Archived from 4619: 3145: 3143: 2756:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1640:; they have the same total area as the triangle itself. 503:, written in Ibn al-Haytham's own handwriting exists in 444:

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was born c. 965 to a family of

65: 9302:

Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis

9214:

Book 7 (2010) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR

9200:(#3, section 1 – Vol 1, Introduction and Latin text); 9121:(#3) Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 3073: 3071: 1014:

but this treatise is important in many other respects.

919:

reflected to the eye of an observer." This leads to an

786:

according to Ibn al-Haytham. Note the depiction of the

11671:

Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures

8521:"What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About?" 8086: 7301:

Kelley, David H.; Milone, E. F.; Aveni, A. F. (2005),

6420:

Authier, André (2013), "3: The Dual Nature of Light",

6018:

Ibn Al-Haytham, W. 'Arafat and H. J. J. Winter (1971)

4742:

History Of Science And Technology In Islam Fuat Sezgin

13861: 9392:

Roshdi Rashed, Infinitesimal Mathematics, vols. 1–5,

9148:(#1, section 1 – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text); 8178:

Science and History: Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen

7610: 6036:, No. 3 (Jun., 1971), pp. 282-288 (7 pages) via JSTOR 6012: 5346: 5017:, 271–74. "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm, 1928–2005"" 4488:

Elkin, Jack M. (1965), "A deceptively easy problem",

4447: 3357: 3346: 3334: 3140: 2676: 2430:

The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets

1917:

would not have disagreed upon any point of science...

1489:

The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets

1375:

The book is a non-technical explanation of Ptolemy's

838:. He made the observation that the ratio between the 277: 9134:

Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors

5303:

Boyer, Carl B.; Merzbach, Uta C. (25 January 2011).

3538:

History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics page 24

3068: 1996:, it was used by the eleventh-century prince of the 1758:

of the Nile River, and he drew plans for building a

1355: 424:("the Egyptian"). Al-Haytham was dubbed the "Second 265: 45: 9444:

Buchhandlung Walther-König - KWB 45: Variantology 4

8887:(Second ed.), Brill Online: Brill Publishers, 7099:"Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks" 6562:(2005b), "Ibn al-Haytham", in Wallis, Faith (ed.), 6523:(2005a), "A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen's 6382:

Charming Proofs: A Journey into Elegant Mathematics

4593:"Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks" 1937:Regarding the relation of objective truth and God: 991:had discussed the basic principle behind it in his 334:in particular. His most influential work is titled 271: 268: 9225:Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 9194:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9173:Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 9142:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9069:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 7386:Ibn al Haytham's on the Configuration of the World 6182: 4693:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 37. 4247:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3847:"A. I. Sabra encyclopedia.com Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū" 3750: 3748: 3682: 3031: 3029: 2796:For the description of his main fields, see e.g. 2407:Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Winding Motion 1859:should apply only to Islam and not to any ancient 1560:and worked on "the beginnings of the link between 9063:, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's 9005:4D Electron Microscopy: Imaging in Space and Time 8528:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 7300: 6120:Child, John; Shuter, Paul; Taylor, David (1992). 6119: 6039: 5478: 5068: 4664: 4631: 3938:Alhazen (965–1040): Library of Congress Citations 3678: 2792: 2790: 2749: 2651:Ibn al-Haytham: Arab astronomer and mathematician 2500:مقالة في القرصتن (Treatise on Centers of Gravity) 1482:Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets 13969: 12226: 9468:"Ibn al-Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan" 9204:(#3, section 2 – Vol 2 English translation). ( 8370:"Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan" 7238:(1995), "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India", 6092:Simon, G (2006), "The gaze in Ibn al-Haytham.", 5884:"Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics" 5374:(1995). "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India". 4667:Sitzungsberichte phys.-med. Sozietät in Erlangen 1544:Alhazen's geometrically proven summation formula 558:This work enjoyed a great reputation during the 405:, he spent most of his productive period in the 7225: 6597:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopaedia 5469: 5467: 5370: 3908: 3745: 3026: 2885: 2805: 2494:شرح أصول إقليدس (Explain the origins of Euclid) 2231:1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham 2226:1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham 2126:on the Moon is named in his honour, as was the 1341:In his work, Alhazen discussed theories on the 1048:apparatus used by Ptolemy for similar purpose. 846:does not remain constant, and investigated the 9152:(#1, section 2 – Vol 2 English translation). ( 9003:Zewail, Ahmed H.; Thomas, John Meurig (2010), 6299: 6210:(7533), British Medical Association: 332:120, 6030:The British Journal for the History of Science 5558: 4901: 4240: 4112: 3638: 3433:. American Philosophical Society. p. 57. 2787: 2004:and author of an important mathematical text, 1770:so he could avoid punishment from the Caliph. 935:. Alhazen eventually solved the problem using 163: 30:"Alhazen" redirects here. For other uses, see 12759: 11895: 11016: 9618: 9326: 8835:Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039): His Life and Works 8609:4 – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 8099:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 8089:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 5302: 3599: 3426: 2412:The Correction of the Operations in Astronomy 2299:Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation 2114:On strange mirrors and optical instruments." 1895:Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation 1713:Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals 1552:, Alhazen built on the mathematical works of 291:Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham 14063:Scientists who worked on qibla determination 12976:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari 9578:The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al-Haytham 9556:Biography from Trinity College (Connecticut) 9472:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 9438:Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, 9088:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9002: 8851:(First ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, 7560:"No more 'Saddams': Iraqis get new currency" 6375: 6201: 5684: 5464: 5358: 2473:(تأثير اللحون الموسيقية في النفوس الحيوانية) 2401:Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Almagest 1664:, but he was not able to prove this result; 1404: 345: 294: 55: 8375:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography 7343:American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 6929: 6748:Chong, S.M.; Lim, A.C.H.; Ang, P.S (2002), 6747: 5833: 5156: 4998: 1511: 14038:Philosophers of the medieval Islamic world 12766: 12752: 11902: 11888: 11023: 11009: 9625: 9611: 9465: 8911: 7894:(1), Cambridge University Press: 139–153, 7840:(2), Cambridge University Press: 225–246, 7499: 7445:Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler 7383: 7362:(7538), Nature Publishing Group: 164–165, 7353: 7189: 7029: 7009:National Library of the Argentine Republic 6146: 5740: 5712: 5672: 5183: 5152: 5128: 4925: 4647: 4127: 3884: 3695:Tbakhi, Abdelghani; Amr, Samir S. (2007). 3459: 2881: 2879: 2448:The Ratios of Hourly Arcs to their Heights 1804:Fi al-Radd 'ala Ibn al-Haytham fi al-makan 1591:Alhazen explored what is now known as the 631:Two major theories on vision prevailed in 64: 14013:Mathematicians from the Fatimid Caliphate 13760:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon 11757:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din 11032:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world 9254: 8947: 8845:, in Gibb, H. A. R.; Bearman, P. (eds.), 8570:(2), Cambridge University Press: 219–40, 8421:(1998), "Science in Islamic philosophy", 8393: 8056: 7744: 7702: 7478:Lorch, Richard (2008), "Ibn al-Haytham", 7375: 7093: 6671: 6651: 6558: 6519: 6376:Alsina, Claudi; Nelsen, Roger B. (2010), 6362: 6283: 6273: 6223: 5716: 5565: 5290: 5058: 5056: 4992: 4988: 4886: 4884: 4755: 4587: 4451: 4376:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3728: 3697:"Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of Modern Optics" 3694: 3534: 3115: 2112:And Aristotle, who wrote, in their lives, 1794:in an attempt to demonstrate that place ( 1738:has him summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid 1252: 953:Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories 9470:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). 9274: 8973: 8832: 8153:Ismaili Contributions to Islamic Culture 7993: 7967: 7805:(1), Cambridge University Press: 79–99, 7468: 7447:, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 7442: 7406: 7340: 6838:(November–December 2004), archived from 6691: 6620: 6591: 6397: 6007: 5728: 5696: 5648: 5552: 5458:The Contemporary Islamic Governed State. 5423: 5104: 4949: 4913: 4890: 4204: 4061: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3414: 3092:"Fermat et le principe du moindre temps" 2777: 2688: 2146: 1949: 1905:) are directed towards, mathematically. 1863:authorities, Ibn al-Haytham's view that 1582: 1539: 1051: 882: 777: 647:, who believed that sight worked by the 614: 14068:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world 14028:Engineers of the medieval Islamic world 13460:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi 9634:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world 9596:(English) – digital facsimile from the 9474:. New York: Springer. pp. 556–67. 8833:Topdemir, Huseyin Gazi (18 July 2007), 8451:, vol. 1, Springer, p. 1667, 8095: 8029: 7914:Rooney, Anne (2012), "Ibn Al-Haytham", 7885: 7867: 7824: 7796: 7726: 7686: 7617:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 7517: 7391: 7272:History of Mathematics: An Introduction 7126: 6997: 6829: 6800: 6455: 6419: 6239: 5991: 5660: 5484: 5450: 5254: 4875: 4863: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4676: 4540: 4291: 4192: 4180: 4168: 4139: 4088: 4076: 4072: 4070: 3941:, Malaspina Great Books, archived from 3923: 3896: 3483:. Oxford University Press. p. 24. 3476: 3375: 3042:. Oxford University Press. p. 77. 3035: 3000:. Oxford University Press. p. 77. 2993: 2876: 2782:. Oxford University Press. p. 192. 2643: 2641: 1954:Cover page of the Latin translation of 1381:, which was eventually translated into 14: 14023:Mathematicians under the Buyid dynasty 13970: 11909: 11678:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 10431:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 9777:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi 9516:Biography from Malaspina Global Portal 9399: 9333:(in Turkish). Vol. 21. Istanbul: 9184:Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2010) 9132:Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2008) 8991:from the original on 16 September 2014 8876: 8840: 8805: 8417: 8172: 8143: 7913: 7768: 7557: 7153: 7149:, DDC: 201.653, LCC: BL265.P4 H63 2005 6916: 6816: 6767: 6491: 6003: 5752: 5577: 5473: 5441: 5242: 5230: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5062: 5053: 5047: 4881: 4782: 4620:Agrawal, Taguchi & Ramalingam 2011 4369: 4100: 3754: 3688: 3369: 3272: 3089: 2982:from the original on 18 September 2015 2864:from the original on 18 September 2015 2809: 2797: 2737: 2700: 2482:قول فی مساحة الکرة (Say in the sphere) 1808:A refutation of Ibn al-Haytham's place 1137:Alhazen offered an explanation of the 1110:and concluded that only the impact of 1097: 906:of a circle meeting at a point on the 12747: 12225: 11883: 11004: 10452:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries 10390: 9644: 9606: 9499:Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes 9394:al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation 9295: 9058: 9046: 9034: 8757: 8727: 8681: 8635: 8589: 8561: 8518: 8464: 8446: 8364: 8322: 8297: 8262: 8233: 8192: 8180:, Studia Copernicana, vol. XVI, 8138: 8123: 7664: 7477: 6968: 6957: 6853: 6721: 6632:, Cambridge University Press: 57–80, 6437: 6091: 6071: 5948:from the original on 21 November 2014 5617: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5564:Translated by S. Pines, as quoted in 5540: 5435: 5408: 5323:from the original on 7 September 2023 5171: 5140: 5116: 5006:"see Schramm's Habilitationsschrift, 4521: 4487: 4475: 4216: 4156: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3833: 3829: 3828:For Ibn al-Haytham's life and works, 3639:Suhail Zubairy, M. (6 January 2024). 3465: 3149: 3077: 2916: 2821: 2801: 2712: 2647: 2618: 2587:Science in the medieval Islamic world 1879:and other ancient authorities in his 1535: 1350: 1274:). He investigated the properties of 754:. He wrote a description of vertical 13711:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye 12773: 10401: 9561:Biography from Molecular Expressions 9370: 8902: 8429:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7931: 7872:, New York: Springer International, 7777:, Cambridge University Press: 7–55, 7634: 7583: 7329:from the original on 5 February 2023 7265: 7234: 7073: 6890: 5849: 5815:from the original on 25 October 2021 5805:"Ibn al-Haytham's scientific method" 5278: 5266: 5029:from the original on 25 October 2017 4937: 4759:Descartes: An Intellectual Biography 4756:Gaukroger, Stephen (30 March 1995). 4688: 4463: 4408: 4330: 4228: 4123: 4067: 3787:Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur 3535:Varvoglis, Harry (29 January 2014). 3497:from the original on 4 December 2023 3447:from the original on 5 February 2023 3056:from the original on 5 February 2023 3014:from the original on 5 February 2023 2936:from the original on 5 February 2023 2638: 2418:The Different Heights of the Planets 1301: 1257: 1173: 999:. and early analysis of the device. 872: 857: 639:, was supported by such thinkers as 460:, which was at the time part of the 13562:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani 8891:from the original on 9 January 2012 8865:from the original on 9 January 2012 7863:from the original on 9 October 2022 7018:from the original on 9 October 2022 6905:from the original on 19 August 2016 6775:, translated by Sherrard, Liadain; 6422:Early Days of X-ray Crystallography 5910:"2015, International Year of Light" 5863:"AKU Research Publications 1995–98" 4975:, for his experiments in refraction 4675:The work is now available in full: 4292:Stamnes, J. J. (13 November 2017). 3295:from the original on 9 October 2022 2658:from the original on 12 August 2018 2293:Exact Determination of the Meridian 2110:"They spoke of Alhazen and Vitello, 1810:) for its geometrization of place. 1518:Exact Determination of the Meridian 604: 346: 295: 56: 24: 9427:from the original on 19 April 2017 9365:How Islam Created the Modern World 9022: 8979:"Centuries in the House of Wisdom" 8962:from the original on 17 April 2021 8032:A first course in Abstract Algebra 7623:from the original on 19 April 2009 7599:from the original on 7 August 2011 7595:, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 7572:from the original on 17 April 2021 7115:from the original on 10 April 2015 6930:Gondhalekar, Prabhakar M. (2001), 5922:from the original on 15 April 2017 5775:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1953.tb00529.x 4429:from the original on 31 March 2023 4390:from the original on 31 March 2023 4370:Iizuka, Keigo (11 November 2013). 4351:from the original on 31 March 2023 4312:from the original on 31 March 2023 3853:from the original on 26 March 2023 3581:from the original on 26 March 2023 2898:from the original on 26 April 2015 2886:Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009). 2648:Lorch, Richard (1 February 2017). 1897:in which he discussed finding the 1675:Alhazen solved problems involving 1072: 987:, published in the year 1088 C.E. 794:(MS Fatih 3212, vol. 1, fol. 81b, 25: 14099: 12986:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi 9450: 9371:Omar, Saleh Beshara (June 1975), 8447:Selin, Helaine, ed. (2008), "M", 8135:, Paris: Albert Blanchard: 133–36 7613:"Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham" 7488:from the original on 12 June 2008 6969:Grant, Edward (2008), "Alhazen", 6961:A source book in medieval science 6124:. Oxford: Heinemann Educational. 4273:from the original on 30 June 2015 3659:from the original on 20 June 2023 3620:from the original on 20 June 2023 3555:from the original on 20 June 2023 3477:Gregory, Richard Langton (2004). 3182:from the original on 6 March 2023 2353:On the Configuration of the World 1734:, one account of his career as a 1364:On the Configuration of the World 1357:On the Configuration of the World 958: 910:and making equal angles with the 752:Hering's law of equal innervation 744:. Ian P. Howard argued in a 1996 521: 296:أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم 14008:Scholars under the Buyid dynasty 13955: 13943: 13931: 13919: 13907: 13895: 13883: 13871: 13324:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat 11614: 9658: 9351:from the original on 9 June 2021 8435:from the original on 26 May 2018 8382:from the original on 17 May 2016 6155:(2), Sage Publications: 227–31, 6060: 5997: 5985: 5960: 5934: 5902: 5876: 5855: 5843: 5827: 5797: 5746: 5734: 5722: 5706: 5690: 5678: 5666: 5654: 5642: 5630:Opticae Thesaurus Alhazen Arabis 5607: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5546: 5534: 5509: 5490: 5429: 5402: 5364: 5352: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5146: 5122: 5110: 5041: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4869: 4857: 3804:"the Great Islamic Encyclopedia" 3683:Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973 3480:The Oxford Companion to the Mind 3273:Gorini, Rosanna (October 2003). 2243: 1762:, at the site of the modern-day 1643: 1568:". Alhazen made developments in 1456:Ptolemy assumed an arrangement ( 1036: 258: 13598:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani 13582:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf 10156:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi 9645: 9532: (archived 13 October 1999) 9327:Gazı Topdemır, Hüseyın (2000). 8102:, Routledge, pp. 672–716, 8063:Springer Science+Business Media 7593:JPL Small-Body Database Browser 7558:Murphy, Dan (17 October 2003), 6919:International Education Journal 6722:Burns, Robert (8 August 1999), 5506:(10), retrieved 14 October 2008 4830: 4803: 4783:Newton, Isaac (29 March 1984). 4776: 4749: 4733: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4682: 4653: 4641: 4632:Kelley, Milone & Aveni 2005 4625: 4613: 4581: 4534: 4515: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4441: 4409:Mach, Ernst (23 January 2013). 4402: 4363: 4331:Mach, Ernst (23 January 2013). 4324: 4285: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4133: 4126:, pp. 240, 316, 334, 367; 4117: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3929: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3865: 3839: 3822: 3796: 3776: 3760: 3679:Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992 3671: 3632: 3593: 3567: 3528: 3518: 3509: 3470: 3420: 3408: 3362: 3351: 3340: 3323: 3307: 3266: 3240: 3214: 3194: 3155: 3090:Rashed, Roshdi (1 April 2019). 3083: 2910: 2846: 2815: 2610: 2287:Exact Determination of the Pole 2166:] representing reason, and 2060:(died c. 1320) in the latter's 1843:says that some of the greatest 1310:of the celestial region in his 13203:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali 10645:Schema for horizontal sundials 10161:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi 9686:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 9210:American Philosophical Society 9158:American Philosophical Society 9100:American Philosophical Society 9077:American Philosophical Society 8811:Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik 8692:American Philosophical Society 8646:American Philosophical Society 8600:American Philosophical Society 8564:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 8472:American Philosophical Society 7968:Ross, H .E.; Plug, C. (2002), 7918:, The Rosen Publishing Group, 7888:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 7834:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 7799:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 7771:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 7127:Hodgson, Peter Edward (2006), 6936:, Cambridge University Press, 6754:, Cambridge University Press, 6751:Photographic Atlas of the Moon 6626:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 6529:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 6494:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 5517:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 5081:Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik 5008:Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik 4789:. Cambridge University Press. 4560:10.1080/00029890.1998.12004920 3227:Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik 2926:"Impact of Science on Society" 2771: 2743: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2682: 2670: 1725: 1706: 1465:replace it completely. In the 516:Abu al-Wafa Mubashir ibn Fatek 13: 1: 13273:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi 12895:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 12675:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 12665:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 12256:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 11650:Principles of Hindu Reckoning 7565:The Christian Science Monitor 7502:Dictionary of World Biography 7080:, Columbia University Press, 6773:History of Islamic Philosophy 6699:; Carman, Charles H. (eds.). 6438:Baker, David B., ed. (2012), 6268:, Springer Publishing: 4:42, 6049:(رسالة في الضوء) as cited in 5347:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 4547:American Mathematical Monthly 4448:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 3806:. Cgie.org.ir. Archived from 3358:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 3347:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 3335:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 3211:. Retrievedn 22 October 2014. 2806:Kalin, Ayduz & Dagli 2009 2759:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 2677:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 2631: 2577:Mathematics in medieval Islam 2505: 2195:Over forty years previously, 2008:. A Latin translation of the 1990:li-dhawī l-abṣār wa l-baṣā'ir 1847:, such as Ibn al-Haytham and 1786:'s view that nature abhors a 1773: 1492: 1163: 1155: 921:equation of the fourth degree 300: 130: 118: 89: 77: 14073:History of scientific method 13521:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi 13309:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon 13213:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam 13208:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar 13061:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali 12966:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi 12342:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 10903:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din) 9466:Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007). 9238: 8682:Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2010), 8636:Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2008), 8590:Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2006), 8519:Smith, A. Mark (June 2004), 8465:Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2001), 8057:Rozenfeld, Boris A. (1988), 7635:Omar, Saleh Beshara (1977), 7384:Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1990), 7030:Hershenson, Maurice (1989), 6149:Journal of Medical Biography 6094:The Medieval History Journal 4130:, pp. 1195, 1197, 1200. 3875:, Volume 1, Article No. 1917 3871:Sajjadi, Sadegh, "Alhazen", 3836:, pp. vol.2, xix–lxxiii 2888:"The 'first true scientist'" 2567:History of scientific method 2432:(نماذج حركات الكواكب السبعة) 2160:, showing Alhasen [ 2133:. In honour of Alhazen, the 2075:were translated into Latin, 1336: 597:, and one in the library of 439: 7: 14003:11th-century mathematicians 13993:10th-century mathematicians 13698:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs 13283:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili 11840:Hindu–Arabic numeral system 11772:University of al-Qarawiyyin 10892:University of al-Qarawiyyin 10096:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi 9367:. Amana Publications, 2006. 8905:A Natural History of Vision 8734:University of Chicago Press 8378:, Charles Scribner's Sons, 7972:, Oxford University Press, 7868:Raynaud, Dominique (2016), 7825:Raynaud, Dominique (2009), 7521:Great Muslim Mathematicians 7469:Lindberg, David C. (1996), 7443:Lindberg, David C. (1976), 7129:Theology And Modern Physics 7038:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 6863:University of Chicago Press 6823:The Oxford History of Islam 6442:, Oxford University Press, 6424:, Oxford University Press, 4661:On the shape of the eclipse 3645:. Oxford University Press. 2780:The Oxford History of Islam 2654:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2527: 2517:Treatise on Burning Mirrors 2329:On Completion of the Conics 2275:Corrections to the Almagest 2265:(مقالة في التحليل والتركيب) 2217:International Year of Light 2181:Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey 2142:International Year of Light 1851:, who were pioneers of the 1830: 1694: 1648:Alhazen's contributions to 1578: 1027:On the shape of the eclipse 1020:On the shape of the eclipse 971:, and was described by the 290: 46: 10: 14104: 13746:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya 13531:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb 13480:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi 12620:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 12520:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 12434:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 11742:Al-Mustansiriya University 11721:Islamic geometric patterns 11469:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 10391: 10136:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 9027: 8951:Alhazen's Billiard Problem 8907:, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 8903:Wade, Nicholas J. (1998), 8809:(December 1964), "Review: 8394:Sambursky, Samuel (1974), 8332:Early Science and Medicine 7589:"59239 Alhazen (1999 CR2)" 7504:, vol. 2, Routledge, 6537:Cambridge University Press 6478:10.1088/0031-9120/30/4/011 6216:10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120-a 6106:10.1177/097194580500900105 6084: 5531::10.1017/S0957423907000355 5521:Cambridge University Press 5131:, chap. 2, sect. 22, p. 61 4466:, pp. 165–69, 173–74. 3873:Great Islamic Encyclopedia 3832:, p. cxix recommends 3713:10.5144/0256-4947.2007.464 3320:, Routledge (2017), p. 635 3117:10.1016/j.crme.2019.03.010 2778:Esposito, John L. (2000). 2349:(المرايا المحرقة بالدوائر) 1415:, variously translated as 1177: 1076: 1055: 1040: 876: 861: 790:. —Manuscript copy of his 608: 527: 29: 14088:Muslim critics of atheism 14058:Precursors of photography 13828: 13802: 13776: 13667: 13646: 13626: 13590: 13544: 13493: 13455:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli 13450:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi 13407: 13374:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta 13296: 13218:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 13195: 13084: 13056:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon 12958: 12867: 12846: 12790: 12781: 12609: 12548: 12482: 12421: 12368:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 12360: 12309: 12243: 12239: 12221: 12131: 12056: 11921: 11917: 11832: 11806: 11780: 11729: 11708: 11623: 11612: 11579: 11523: 11487: 11406: 11360: 11279: 11143: 11047: 11038: 10977:Medieval European science 10959: 10928: 10869: 10658: 10525: 10461: 10408: 10397: 10386: 10347: 10311: 10250: 10237:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar 10189: 10088: 10017: 9994:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli 9936: 9805: 9709: 9668: 9657: 9653: 9640: 9592:24 September 2018 at the 9219:24 September 2018 at the 9167:24 September 2018 at the 9112:24 September 2018 at the 8706:24 September 2018 at the 8660:24 September 2018 at the 8614:24 September 2018 at the 8576:10.1017/S0957423905000184 7900:10.1017/S0957423919000122 7846:10.1017/S0957423909990038 7811:10.1017/S0957423903003047 7783:10.1017/S0957423907000355 7518:Mohamed, Mohaini (2000), 7230:, Oxford University Press 6830:Al Deek, Mahmoud (2004), 6825:, Oxford University Press 6638:10.1017/S0957423907000367 6566:, New York & London: 6545:10.1017/S0957423905000172 6506:10.1017/S0957423917000078 6414:10.1080/00210869708701857 6275:10.1186/s40064-015-0806-0 6187:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 6185:Science and human destiny 6070:'s catalog, as cited in 6025:21 September 2022 at the 5834:Chong, Lim & Ang 2002 5628:has also been denoted as 5309:. John Wiley & Sons. 2582:Physics in medieval Islam 2436:The Model of the Universe 2414:(تصحيح العمليات في الفلك) 2317:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 2301:(كيفية حساب اتجاه القبلة) 1945: 1910:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 1881:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 1782:, Alhazen disagreed with 1689:Chinese remainder theorem 1679:using what is now called 1467:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 1417:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 1406:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 659:. The second theory, the 420:after his birthplace, or 239: 221: 214: 164:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 152: 113: 72: 63: 54: 41: 13998:11th-century astronomers 13815:Ancient Iranian medicine 13603:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri 13475:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni 13339:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi 13304:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 13127:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili 13026:Al-Tamimi, the physician 12813:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi 11495:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 11454:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi 10227:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 10121:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi 9762:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi 9566:The First True Scientist 9537:"Biography from the BBC" 8948:Weisstein, Eric (2008), 8768:Mathematical Association 8760:The Mathematical Gazette 8474:& DIANE Publishing, 8344:10.1163/157338207x194668 7643:: Bibliotheca Islamica, 6161:10.1177/0967772014529050 5685:Zewail & Thomas 2010 5616:, pp. 122, 128–29. 5359:Alsina & Nelsen 2010 5306:A History of Mathematics 3701:Annals of Saudi Medicine 3096:Comptes Rendus Mécanique 2603: 2383:On the Nature of Shadows 2371:On the Light of the Moon 2343:(مقالة فی تربیع الدائرة) 2207:The Music of the Spheres 2026:Giambattista della Porta 1512:Other astronomical works 1413:Al-Shukūk ‛alā Batlamyūs 1331:On the Light of the Moon 635:. The first theory, the 577:in 1572, with the title 432:and "The Physicist" by 32:Alhazen (disambiguation) 14043:Philosophers of science 13767:Lives of the Physicians 13732:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi 13678:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah 13634:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi 13516:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi 13379:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi 13102:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani 13031:Eutychius of Alexandria 13006:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 12352:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 12301:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 12261:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 11864:History of trigonometry 11859:Trigonometric functions 11853:Western Arabic numerals 11849:Eastern Arabic numerals 11414:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili 10329:Baha' al-din al-'Amili 10303:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i 10181:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati 10101:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili 9457:Works by Ibn al-Haytham 9335:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 9299:(12–15 February 2007), 8728:Smith, A. Mark (2015), 8400:, Pica Press, pp. 8272:Perspectives on Science 7746:10.1126/science.1074591 7704:10.1126/science.1074591 7481:Encyclopædia Britannica 7074:Hess, David J. (1995), 6891:Eder, Michelle (2000), 6801:Crombie, A. C. (1971), 5382:(3): 163–74 year=1995. 4415:. Courier Corporation. 4337:. Courier Corporation. 4241:Smith, A. Mark (2001). 3922:. On this version, see 3394:5 February 2023 at the 3385:(c. 1097–1169), and by 3036:Adamson, Peter (2016). 2994:Adamson, Peter (2016). 2420:(اختلاف ارتفاع الكواكب) 2389:On the Rainbow and Halo 2361:(مقالة فی صورة ‌الکسوف) 2170:representing the senses 2062:Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir 1813:Alhazen also discussed 1421:Aporias against Ptolemy 1124:experimental psychology 981:in his scientific book 714:'s later theory of the 562:. The Latin version of 14083:11th-century inventors 13810:Ancient Greek medicine 13470:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 13384:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 13228:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 13122:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi 13092:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu 12996:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari 12685:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 12635:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 12596:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 12464:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 12291:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 12113:Transcendent theosophy 11788:Babylonian mathematics 11479:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī 11464:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 11459:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi 11383:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 11312:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 11055:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk 10610:Navigational astrolabe 10365:Al Achsasi al Mouakket 10131:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 10050:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 9999:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani 9928:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi 9230:6 October 2016 at the 9178:6 October 2016 at the 9126:6 October 2016 at the 8884:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8848:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8813:by Matthias Schramm", 8720:6 October 2016 at the 8674:6 October 2016 at the 8628:6 October 2016 at the 8157:Shambhala Publications 7916:The History of Physics 6958:Grant, Edward (1974), 6729:Topeka Capital-Journal 5741:Magill & Aves 1998 5713:Magill & Aves 1998 5673:Magill & Aves 1998 4971:18 August 2018 at the 4691:History of Photography 4648:Wade & Finger 2001 4128:Howard & Wade 1996 3427:A. Mark Smith (1996). 2542:History of mathematics 2442:The Motion of the Moon 2424:The Direction of Mecca 2403:(تحليل شكوك حول الجست) 2379:(مقالة في درب التبانة) 2359:On the Form of Eclipse 2341:On Squaring the Circle 2289:(التحديد الدقيق للقطب) 2263:Analysis and Synthesis 2171: 2117: 2093: 2058:Kamal al-Din al-Farisi 1982:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī 1960: 1943: 1935: 1919: 1875:and criticism against 1658:Analysis and Synthesis 1611:proof by contradiction 1588: 1545: 1475: 1462: 1373: 1327:Maqala fi daw al-qamar 1306:Alhazen discussed the 1253:Other works on physics 1200:)(Arabic: اختبار) and 1194: 1095: 1070: 1002:Ibn al-Haytham used a 891: 889:theorem of Ibn Haytham 812:in believing that the 799: 628: 583:Bibliothèque nationale 518:, an Egyptian prince. 493:University of al-Azhar 380:Renaissance scientists 378:five centuries before 205:scientific methodology 13794:Nur al-Din Bimaristan 13685:The Canon of Medicine 13506:Burhan-ud-din Kermani 13112:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal 13097:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani 13001:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i 12945:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu 12469:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 11814:Byzantine mathematics 11602:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi 11429:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi 11393:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 10946:Hellenistic astronomy 10917:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg) 10711:Deferent and epicycle 10111:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi 10080:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 9722:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi 9504:3 August 2018 at the 9377:University of Chicago 9186:Alhacen on Refraction 9075:(2–3), Philadelphia: 8977:(23 September 2004), 6697:Hendrix, John Shannon 6378:"9.1 Squarable lunes" 6122:Understanding history 5651:, p. 11, passim. 5087:26 March 2017 at the 4524:Praxis der Mathematik 3402:Carl Boyer 1959 p. 80 3233:26 March 2017 at the 2367:(مقالة في ضوء النجوم) 2365:On the Light of Stars 2347:On the Burning Sphere 2277:(تصويبات على المجسطي) 2224:organisation, titled 2150: 2107: 2099:mentions the work in 2088: 2079:and other languages. 2056:by Persian scientist 1953: 1939: 1927: 1914: 1873:scientific skepticism 1867:should apply only to 1744:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 1718:Alhazen also wrote a 1615:Lambert quadrilateral 1586: 1543: 1471: 1454: 1368: 1183: 1178:Further information: 1090: 1065: 1058:Unconscious inference 1052:Unconscious inference 886: 782:The structure of the 781: 618: 553:translated into Latin 14048:Natural philosophers 13577:Sultan Ali Khorasani 13278:Serapion the Younger 12920:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 12803:Al-Harith ibn Kalada 12700:Reza Davari Ardakani 12576:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 12510:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 12459:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 12373:Afdal al-Din Kashani 11819:European mathematics 11767:Maragheh observatory 11592:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi 11571:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi 11444:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 11352:Muhammad al-Baghdadi 10936:Babylonian astronomy 10751:Gravitational energy 10126:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 10116:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri 9797:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur 9696:Mashallah ibn Athari 9681:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht 9526:Biography from ioNET 9375:, PhD Dissertation, 9007:, World Scientific, 8841:Vernet, J. (1996) , 8511:21 July 2018 at the 8500:21 July 2018 at the 8311:on 27 September 2007 8284:10.1162/posc_a_00552 8210:University of London 8159:, pp. 178–216, 8149:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 8030:Rottman, J. (2000). 7240:Mathematics Magazine 6811:University of Oxford 5376:Mathematics Magazine 5198:, p. 121, n. 13 5012:Historia Mathematica 4950:Ross & Ross 1976 4914:Ross & Plug 2002 4689:Eder, Josef (1945). 4598:Electronic Telegraph 4502:10.5951/MT.58.3.0194 4219:, pp. 186, 192. 3945:on 27 September 2007 3899:, p. 147, n. 2. 3810:on 30 September 2011 2932:. 26–27: 140. 1976. 2822:Masic, Izet (2008). 2572:Hockney–Falco thesis 2373:(مقالة في ضوء القمر) 2323:Maqala fi'l-Qarastun 2102:The Canterbury Tales 1976:), was known in the 1849:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī 1821:implications in his 1670:Euclid–Euler theorem 1652:include his work on 1530:Model of the Motions 1433:Planetary Hypotheses 1393:during the European 1312:Epitome of Astronomy 1208:) with mathematics ( 836:spherical aberration 472:flooding of the Nile 246:Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham 201:experimental science 185:Spherical aberration 47:Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham 14033:Medieval physicists 13846:Medical Renaissance 13704:The Book of Healing 13608:Qurayshi al-Shirazi 13399:Zakariya al-Qazwini 13288:Zayn al-Din Gorgani 12930:Salmawaih ibn Bunan 12660:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 12581:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 12571:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 12530:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 12040:Medieval psychology 12012:Natural philosophy 11737:Al-Azhar University 11664:The Book of Healing 11070:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 10877:Al-Azhar University 10696:Celestial mechanics 10486:Book of Fixed Stars 10445:The Book of Healing 10424:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat 10166:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi 10141:Zakariya al-Qazwini 9752:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 9747:Abu Hanifa Dinawari 9543:on 11 February 2006 9396:, London, 1993–2006 8877:Vernet, J. (2012), 8742:2014fslp.book.....S 7978:2002mmi..book.....R 7671:Motilal Banarsidass 7368:2015Natur.518..164A 7104:The Daily Telegraph 6974:Online Encyclopedia 6703:. Farnham, Surrey: 6570:, pp. 237–40, 6470:1995PhyEd..30..247B 5767:1953Cent....3..190W 5499:Monthly Renaissance 4902:Aaen-Stockdale 2008 4762:. Clarendon Press. 4609:on 23 November 2004 4490:Mathematics Teacher 4113:Aaen-Stockdale 2008 3926:, pp. 139–153. 3383:Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi 3108:2019CRMec.347..357R 2547:Theoretical physics 2536:Hiding in the Light 2335:On Seeing the Stars 2305:Horizontal Sundials 2186:Neil deGrasse Tyson 2176:Hiding in the Light 2135:Aga Khan University 2006:al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd 1626:squaring the circle 1572:and number theory. 1391:Georg von Peuerbach 1098:Other contributions 864:Specular reflection 820:was also involved. 764:binocular disparity 675:was from Ptolemy's 661:intromission theory 633:classical antiquity 430:Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi 189:intromission theory 13784:Al-'Adudi Hospital 13692:Tacuinum Sanitatis 13618:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi 13137:Badi' al-Asturlabi 13036:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath 13011:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi 12991:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi 12940:Yahya ibn Sarafyun 12833:Rufaida Al-Aslamia 12828:Nafi ibn al-Harith 12670:Abdolkarim Soroush 12515:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 12429:Hajji Bektash Wali 11965:medieval astronomy 11911:Islamic philosophy 11869:History of algebra 11824:Indian mathematics 11798:Indian mathematics 11747:House of Knowledge 11201:Brethren of Purity 11095:Banū Mūsā brothers 10941:Egyptian astronomy 10882:House of Knowledge 10560:Astronomical clock 10370:Muhammad al-Rudani 9767:Banū Mūsā brothers 9717:Abu Ali al-Khayyat 9598:Linda Hall Library 9337:. pp. 82–87. 9315:on 4 December 2020 8557:on 18 October 2011 8424:Islamic Philosophy 7665:Plott, C. (2000), 6899:Rutgers University 6707:. pp. 11–30. 6705:Ashgate Publishing 5944:. United Nations. 5872:on 4 January 2015. 5438:, pp. 219–40. 5155:, pp. 34–41; 4718:, pp. 114–116 4706:, pp. 130–160 4373:Engineering Optics 4281:– via JSTOR. 3577:. 6 January 1876. 2597:Islamic Golden Age 2562:History of science 2557:History of physics 2453:The Winding Motion 2391:(مقالة في قوس قزح) 2319:(شكوك على بطليموس) 2281:Discourse on Place 2215:declared 2015 the 2172: 2038:Christiaan Huygens 2018:Robert Grosseteste 1961: 1923:The Winding Motion 1746:, to regulate the 1628:using the area of 1619:motion in geometry 1596:parallel postulate 1589: 1546: 1536:Mathematical works 1351:Astronomical works 1240:through two small 1202:controlled testing 1083:Alhazen explained 892: 840:angle of incidence 805:pinhole projection 800: 798:Library, Istanbul) 796:Süleymaniye Mosque 629: 619:Front page of the 573:It was printed by 372:Fermat's principle 360:Christiaan Huygens 324:Islamic Golden Age 14078:History of optics 14053:People from Basra 14018:Iraqi astronomers 13859: 13858: 13851:Medieval medicine 13642: 13641: 13501:Abu Sa'id al-Afif 13334:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl 13223:Ahmad ibn Farrokh 12838:Zaynab al-Awadiya 12741: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12586:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 12525:Mahmud Shabistari 12505:Jalaladdin Davani 12454:Nasir al-Din Tusi 12276:Abu Hatim al-Razi 12217: 12216: 11877: 11876: 11793:Greek mathematics 11716:Alhazen's problem 11610: 11609: 11231:Ibrahim ibn Sinan 11181:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ 10998: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10972:Chinese astronomy 10967:Byzantine science 10841:Temporal finitism 10771:Islamic cosmology 10701:Celestial spheres 10521: 10520: 10413:Arabic star names 10382: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10242:Fathullah Shirazi 10176:Al-Ashraf Umar II 9888:Ibrahim ibn Sinan 9691:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 9586:Opticae thesaurus 9583:Alhazen's (1572) 9580:, Muslim Heritage 9481:978-0-387-31022-0 9420:978-0-262-19557-7 9344:978-97-53-89448-7 9297:Falco, Charles M. 9289:978-3-319-33466-0 9144:, 2 vols: Vol 1 9014:978-1-84816-390-4 8751:978-0-226-17476-1 8605:Books 4–5 (2006) 8481:978-0-87169-914-5 8458:978-1-4020-4559-2 8206:Warburg Institute 8188:, pp. 117–31 8034:. Prentice Hall. 7987:978-0-19-850862-5 7925:978-1-4488-7371-5 7879:978-3-319-47991-0 7587:(22 March 2006), 7546:on 30 August 2017 7511:978-1-57958-041-4 7473:, Clarendon Press 7138:978-0-7546-3622-9 7033:The Moon Illusion 6819:Esposito, John L. 6761:978-0-521-81392-1 6714:978-1-4094-0024-0 6458:Physics Education 6449:978-0-19-536655-6 6431:978-0-19-965984-5 6391:978-0-88385-348-1 6047:Treatise on Light 6045:Alhacen (c.1035) 5968:"10 Dinars, Iraq" 5890:on 1 October 2014 5411:, Pt. II, p. 459. 5316:978-0-470-63056-3 5050:, pp. 463–64 4961:See, for example, 4850:978-1-4987-7940-1 4823:978-1-4987-7940-1 4796:978-0-521-25248-5 4769:978-0-19-151954-3 4542:Neumann, Peter M. 4422:978-0-486-17347-4 4383:978-3-662-07032-1 4344:978-0-486-17347-4 4305:978-1-351-40468-6 3789:, vol. 1 (1898), 3652:978-0-19-885422-7 3613:978-1-317-06640-8 3548:978-3-319-04292-3 3490:978-0-19-866224-2 3440:978-0-87169-862-9 3254:on 1 October 2014 3175:978-1-351-65112-7 3049:978-0-19-957749-1 3007:978-0-19-957749-1 2959:on 1 October 2014 2953:www.light2015.org 2552:History of optics 2467:(رسالة في المكان) 2465:Treatise on Place 2459:Treatise on Light 2455:(الحركة المتعرجة) 2325:(مقالة في قرسطون) 2307:(المزولة الأفقية) 2283:(مقالة في المكان) 2269:Balance of Wisdom 2202:The Ascent of Man 2030:Leonardo da Vinci 1901:, where prayers ( 1869:prophets of Islam 1853:scientific method 1845:Muslim scientists 1780:Treatise on Place 1532:discussed above. 1498:Doubts on Ptolemy 1302:Celestial physics 1272:Treatise on Light 1258:Optical treatises 1180:Scientific method 1174:Scientific method 1128:optical illusions 984:Dream Pool Essays 967:was known to the 879:Alhazen's problem 873:Alhazen's problem 858:Law of reflection 758:600 years before 621:Opticae Thesaurus 376:scientific method 332:visual perception 310:) was a medieval 243: 242: 216:Scientific career 209:animal psychology 193:visual perception 169:Alhazen's problem 146:Fatimid Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 14095: 13960: 13959: 13948: 13947: 13946: 13936: 13935: 13934: 13924: 13923: 13912: 13911: 13910: 13900: 13899: 13888: 13887: 13876: 13875: 13874: 13867: 13841:Learned medicine 13836:Ibn Sina Academy 13536:Şerafeddin Kadir 13511:Husayni Isfahani 13445:Mansur ibn Ilyas 13389:Rashidun al-Suri 13268:Moshe ben Maimon 13051:Ibrahim ibn Baks 12981:Abu Bakr al-Razi 12915:Jabir ibn Hayyan 12910:Ishaq ibn Hunayn 12905:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 12788: 12787: 12775:Islamic medicine 12768: 12761: 12754: 12745: 12744: 12715:Hasanzadeh Amoli 12710:Mostafa Malekian 12680:Taha Abdurrahman 12655:Ismail al-Faruqi 12613: 12535:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 12266:Abu Bakr al-Razi 12241: 12240: 12223: 12222: 12048: 12035:Medieval science 12030: 12015: 11997: 11987: 11950: 11939: 11919: 11918: 11904: 11897: 11890: 11881: 11880: 11692:Tabula Rogeriana 11618: 11566:Sibt al-Maridini 11226:Sinan ibn Thabit 11135:Abu Said Gorgani 11125:Thābit ibn Qurra 11115:Ishaq ibn Hunayn 11100:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 11045: 11044: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11002: 11001: 10982:Indian astronomy 10951:Indian astronomy 10919: 10912: 10905: 10826:Sublunary sphere 10816:Specific gravity 10716:Earth's rotation 10605:Mural instrument 10550:Armillary sphere 10473:Alfonsine tables 10438:Tabula Rogeriana 10418:Islamic calendar 10406: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10388: 10387: 10283:Sibt al-Maridini 10268:Jamshid al-Kashi 9989:Said al-Andalusi 9792:Thābit ibn Qurra 9727:Abu Said Gorgani 9701:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq 9655: 9654: 9642: 9641: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9604: 9603: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9539:. Archived from 9485: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9380: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9314: 9307: 9292: 9271: 9093: 9087: 9079: 9065:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 9055: 9043: 9017: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8944: 8908: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8879:"Ibn al-Haytham" 8873: 8872: 8870: 8843:"Ibn al-Haytham" 8837: 8829: 8802: 8754: 8694: 8648: 8602: 8586: 8558: 8556: 8550:, archived from 8525: 8492: 8461: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8419:Sardar, Ziauddin 8414: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8307:, archived from 8304:Harvard Magazine 8294: 8259: 8230: 8189: 8169: 8136: 8120: 8092: 8083: 8053: 8026: 7990: 7964: 7928: 7910: 7882: 7864: 7862: 7831: 7821: 7793: 7765: 7748: 7737:Science magazine 7723: 7706: 7683: 7661: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7542:, archived from 7524:, Penerbit UTM, 7514: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7474: 7465: 7439: 7403: 7388: 7380: 7379: 7350: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7297: 7262: 7231: 7222: 7198:(10): 1189–201, 7186: 7150: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7097:(1 April 1997), 7095:Highfield, Roger 7090: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7062:on 22 March 2016 7058:, archived from 7026: 7025: 7023: 7017: 7007:, Buenos Aires: 7006: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6982:, archived from 6965: 6954: 6926: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6887: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6826: 6813: 6797: 6777:Sherrard, Philip 6764: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6736:on 15 March 2009 6732:, archived from 6718: 6688: 6668: 6648: 6617: 6588: 6555: 6516: 6488: 6452: 6434: 6416: 6394: 6372: 6367:, archived from 6366: 6347: 6332: 6296: 6287: 6277: 6256: 6236: 6227: 6198: 6179: 6143: 6116: 6078: 6064: 6058: 6051:Shmuel Sambursky 6043: 6037: 6016: 6010: 6006:, pp. 8–9; 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5865:. Archived from 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5710: 5704: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5618:& Grant 1974 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5592:, Pt. II, p. 465 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5543:, Pt. II, p. 464 5538: 5532: 5513: 5507: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5471: 5462: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5160: 5157:Gondhalekar 2001 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5093: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5002: 4996: 4985: 4976: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4928:, pp. 9–10. 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4888: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4737: 4731: 4730:, pp. 91–94 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4605:, archived from 4591:(1 April 1997), 4589:Highfield, Roger 4585: 4579: 4578: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4207:, pp. 80–85 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4121: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4052:, pp. 76–78 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3990: 3989:, p. lxxix. 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3837: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3800: 3794: 3783:Carl Brockelmann 3780: 3774: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3732: 3692: 3686: 3681:, p. 70), ( 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3474: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3279: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3250:. Archived from 3244: 3238: 3218: 3212: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3119: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3033: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2955:. Archived from 2945: 2943: 2941: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2828:Medicinski Arhiv 2819: 2813: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2751:"Ibn al-Haytham" 2747: 2741: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2645: 2625: 2614: 2461:(رسالة في الضوء) 2385:(كيفيات الإظلال) 2377:On the Milky Way 2331:(إكمال المخاريط) 2295:(رسالة في الشفق) 2205:. In episode 5 ( 2192:in the episode. 2097:Geoffrey Chaucer 2010:Kitab al-Manazir 1998:Banu Hud dynasty 1969:Kitab al-Manazir 1957:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 1815:space perception 1681:Wilson's theorem 1638:lunes of Alhazen 1558:Thabit ibn Qurra 1494: 1268:Risala fi l-Daw' 1214:Kitab al-Manazir 1192: 1165: 1157: 1104:Kitab al-Manazir 949:Peter M. Neumann 826:His research in 792:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 605:Theory of optics 591:Bodleian Library 575:Friedrich Risner 539:Kitab al-Manazir 349: 348: 337:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 309: 305: 302: 298: 297: 293: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 138:(aged around 75) 137: 135: 132: 128: 126: 120: 99: 97: 91: 87: 85: 79: 68: 59: 58: 49: 39: 38: 21: 14103: 14102: 14098: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14092: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13954: 13944: 13942: 13932: 13930: 13918: 13908: 13906: 13894: 13882: 13872: 13870: 13862: 13860: 13855: 13824: 13798: 13772: 13663: 13638: 13622: 13586: 13567:Dawud al-Antaki 13540: 13489: 13403: 13344:Ibn Abi Usaibia 13292: 13191: 13182:Jonah ibn Janah 13080: 12971:Aayon Ibn Aayon 12954: 12935:Shapur ibn Sahl 12863: 12842: 12798:Abu Hafsa Yazid 12777: 12772: 12742: 12729: 12695:Fouad Zakariyya 12690:Mohammed Arkoun 12645:Frithjof Schuon 12611: 12605: 12591:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 12544: 12478: 12417: 12356: 12305: 12235: 12213: 12127: 12086:Illuminationism 12052: 12046: 12028: 12013: 11996:(jurisprudence) 11995: 11985: 11948: 11937: 11913: 11908: 11878: 11873: 11845:Arabic numerals 11828: 11802: 11776: 11752:House of Wisdom 11725: 11704: 11626: 11619: 11606: 11575: 11519: 11505:Ibn al-Durayhim 11483: 11402: 11368:Jabir ibn Aflah 11356: 11287:Abu Nasr Mansur 11275: 11171:Ahmad ibn Yusuf 11139: 11034: 11029: 10999: 10986: 10955: 10924: 10915: 10908: 10901: 10887:House of Wisdom 10865: 10821:Spherical Earth 10654: 10585:Equatorial ring 10565:Celestial globe 10540:Analog computer 10517: 10512:Sullam al-sama' 10457: 10393: 10374: 10343: 10307: 10246: 10185: 10084: 10070:Jabir ibn Aflah 10013: 9944:Abu Nasr Mansur 9932: 9913:Abolfadl Harawi 9848:Ahmad ibn Yusuf 9801: 9705: 9676:Ahmad Nahavandi 9664: 9649: 9636: 9631: 9594:Wayback Machine 9546: 9544: 9535: 9530:Wayback Machine 9506:Wayback Machine 9482: 9453: 9448: 9430: 9428: 9421: 9354: 9352: 9345: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9290: 9276:El-Bizri, Nader 9260:Oriens Occidens 9256:El-Bizri, Nader 9245:Belting, Hans, 9241: 9236: 9232:Wayback Machine 9221:Wayback Machine 9180:Wayback Machine 9169:Wayback Machine 9128:Wayback Machine 9114:Wayback Machine 9081: 9080: 9030: 9025: 9023:Further reading 9020: 9015: 8994: 8992: 8975:Whitaker, Brian 8965: 8963: 8920:(10): 1157–77, 8894: 8892: 8868: 8866: 8859: 8776:10.2307/3620392 8752: 8722:Wayback Machine 8708:Wayback Machine 8676:Wayback Machine 8662:Wayback Machine 8630:Wayback Machine 8616:Wayback Machine 8554: 8523: 8513:Wayback Machine 8502:Wayback Machine 8482: 8459: 8438: 8436: 8412: 8385: 8383: 8356: 8354: 8314: 8312: 8249: 8220: 8167: 8110: 8073: 8042: 8008:10.1068/p050377 7988: 7926: 7880: 7860: 7829: 7681: 7651: 7626: 7624: 7602: 7600: 7575: 7573: 7549: 7547: 7532: 7512: 7491: 7489: 7455: 7377:10.1038/518164a 7332: 7330: 7315: 7287: 7267:Katz, Victor J. 7252:10.2307/2691411 7236:Katz, Victor J. 7204:10.1068/p251189 7168:10.1068/p251203 7162:(10): 1203–17, 7139: 7118: 7116: 7088: 7065: 7063: 7048: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7004: 6989: 6987: 6944: 6908: 6906: 6877: 6845: 6843: 6842:on 17 June 2008 6807:Clarendon Press 6787: 6762: 6739: 6737: 6715: 6693:El-Bizri, Nader 6677:Oriens Occidens 6673:El-Bizri, Nader 6657:Oriens Occidens 6653:El-Bizri, Nader 6622:El-Bizri, Nader 6607: 6593:El-Bizri, Nader 6578: 6560:El-Bizri, Nader 6521:El-Bizri, Nader 6450: 6432: 6401:Iranian Studies 6392: 6371:on 7 March 2012 6364:10.1.1.433.9727 6346:on 7 March 2012 6195: 6132: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6068:Ibn Abi Usaibia 6065: 6061: 6044: 6040: 6027:Wayback Machine 6017: 6013: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5811:. 14 May 2018. 5803: 5802: 5798: 5751: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5723: 5711: 5707: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5559: 5555:, pp. 8–9. 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5514: 5510: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5388:10.2307/2691411 5372:Katz, Victor J. 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5233:, pp. 8–9. 5229: 5225: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5186:, pp. 8–10 5184:Langermann 1990 5182: 5178: 5170: 5163: 5153:Langermann 1990 5151: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5129:Langermann 1990 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5096: 5089:Wayback Machine 5073: 5069: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4986: 4979: 4973:Wayback Machine 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4926:Hershenson 1989 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4586: 4582: 4539: 4535: 4520: 4516: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4345: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4259:10.2307/3657357 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3977:, p. xxii. 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3910:Enrico Narducci 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3885:Al-Khalili 2015 3883: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3746: 3693: 3689: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3491: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3441: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3396:Wayback Machine 3380: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3341: 3328: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3235:Wayback Machine 3219: 3215: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3176: 3160: 3156: 3152:, p. 1817. 3148: 3141: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3050: 3034: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3008: 2985: 2983: 2970: 2962: 2960: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2884: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2820: 2816: 2795: 2788: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2748: 2744: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2592:Fatima al-Fihri 2530: 2508: 2503: 2246: 2240:, series 2003. 2222:1001 Inventions 2197:Jacob Bronowski 2184:, presented by 2116: 2113: 2111: 2066:The Revision of 2046:Johannes Kepler 2034:Galileo Galilei 1966:His main work, 1948: 1841:Ziauddin Sardar 1833: 1819:epistemological 1776: 1768:feigned madness 1728: 1716: 1709: 1697: 1654:perfect numbers 1646: 1581: 1538: 1514: 1485: 1409: 1360: 1353: 1339: 1320:laws of physics 1316:Ptolemaic model 1304: 1260: 1255: 1193: 1190: 1182: 1176: 1100: 1085:color constancy 1081: 1079:Color constancy 1075: 1073:Color constancy 1060: 1054: 1045: 1039: 969:ancient Chinese 961: 881: 875: 866: 860: 637:emission theory 613: 607: 532: 526: 483:feigned madness 442: 364:Galileo Galilei 356:Johannes Kepler 307: 303: 261: 257: 148: 139: 133: 124: 122: 117: 109: 100: 92: 83: 81: 76: 50: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14101: 14091: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13978:Ibn al-Haytham 13965: 13964: 13952: 13940: 13928: 13916: 13904: 13892: 13880: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13832: 13830: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13806: 13804: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13780: 13778: 13774: 13773: 13771: 13770: 13763: 13756: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13721: 13714: 13707: 13700: 13695: 13688: 13681: 13673: 13671: 13665: 13664: 13662: 13661: 13656: 13650: 13648: 13644: 13643: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13636: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13594: 13592: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13572:Hakim-e-Gilani 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13552:Rostam Gorgani 13548: 13546: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13401: 13396: 13394:Sa'ad al-Dawla 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13300: 13298: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13263:Ibn al-Tilmīdh 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13199: 13197: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13172:Ibn al-Kattani 13169: 13167:Ibn al-Haytham 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13147:Ibn Al-Thahabi 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13117:Ali ibn Ridwan 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13076:Qusta ibn Luqa 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12962: 12960: 12956: 12955: 12953: 12952: 12950:Yusuf al-Khuri 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12871: 12869: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12859:Ja'ar al-Sadiq 12856: 12850: 12848: 12844: 12843: 12841: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12794: 12792: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12771: 12770: 12763: 12756: 12748: 12739: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12625:Muhammad Iqbal 12622: 12616: 12614: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12603: 12601:Hādī Sabzavārī 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12561:Mir Fendereski 12558: 12552: 12550: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12486: 12484: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12425: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12364: 12362: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12313: 12311: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12286:Ikhwan al-Safa 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12247: 12245: 12237: 12236: 12219: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12135: 12133: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12125: 12120: 12118:Traditionalist 12115: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12062: 12060: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12050: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12022: 12017: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11989: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11952: 11941: 11931: 11925: 11923: 11915: 11914: 11907: 11906: 11899: 11892: 11884: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11842: 11836: 11834: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11810: 11808: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11784: 11782: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11712: 11710: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11702: 11695: 11688: 11685:Toledan Tables 11681: 11674: 11667: 11660: 11657:Book of Optics 11653: 11646: 11639: 11631: 11629: 11621: 11620: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11491: 11489: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11410: 11408: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11398:Ibn al-Yasamin 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11297:Kushyar Gilani 11294: 11289: 11283: 11281: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11241:Nazif ibn Yumn 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11120:Na'im ibn Musa 11117: 11112: 11110:Yusuf al-Khuri 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11080:Qusta ibn Luqa 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11051: 11049: 11042: 11040:Mathematicians 11036: 11035: 11028: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11005: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10963: 10961: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10913: 10906: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10873: 10871: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10731:Elliptic orbit 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10706:Circular orbit 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10531: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10515: 10508: 10501: 10494: 10492:Toledan Tables 10489: 10482: 10475: 10469: 10467: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10455: 10448: 10441: 10434: 10427: 10420: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10395: 10394: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10355:Yang Guangxian 10351: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10193: 10191: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10011: 10009:Ali ibn Khalaf 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9984:Kushyar Gilani 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9954:Ali ibn Ridwan 9951: 9946: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9918:Haseb-i Tabari 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9787:Sahl ibn Bishr 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9711: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9651: 9650: 9638: 9637: 9630: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9533: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9496: 9491: 9480: 9463: 9452: 9451:External links 9449: 9447: 9446: 9436: 9419: 9401:Saliba, George 9397: 9390: 9387: 9381: 9368: 9363:Graham, Mark. 9361: 9343: 9324: 9293: 9288: 9272: 9252: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9182: 9130: 9094:2 vols: . ( 9056: 9050:, ed. (2002), 9044: 9038:, ed. (1983), 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9000: 8971: 8945: 8909: 8900: 8874: 8858:978-9004161214 8857: 8838: 8830: 8827:10.1086/349914 8803: 8755: 8750: 8725: 8697:Book 7 (2010) 8679: 8651:Book 6 (2008) 8633: 8587: 8559: 8516: 8480: 8462: 8457: 8444: 8415: 8410: 8391: 8362: 8320: 8295: 8278:(3): 288–330, 8260: 8247: 8231: 8218: 8204:, London: The 8196:, ed. (1989), 8190: 8170: 8165: 8141: 8121: 8108: 8093: 8084: 8071: 8054: 8040: 8027: 7991: 7986: 7965: 7929: 7924: 7911: 7883: 7878: 7865: 7822: 7794: 7766: 7724: 7684: 7679: 7662: 7649: 7632: 7608: 7581: 7555: 7530: 7515: 7510: 7497: 7475: 7466: 7453: 7440: 7421:10.1086/350266 7404: 7389: 7381: 7351: 7338: 7313: 7307:, Birkhäuser, 7298: 7285: 7277:Addison-Wesley 7263: 7232: 7223: 7187: 7151: 7137: 7124: 7091: 7086: 7071: 7046: 7027: 6995: 6986:on 26 May 2008 6966: 6955: 6942: 6927: 6914: 6888: 6875: 6851: 6827: 6814: 6798: 6785: 6765: 6760: 6745: 6719: 6713: 6689: 6669: 6649: 6618: 6605: 6589: 6576: 6556: 6517: 6489: 6453: 6448: 6435: 6430: 6417: 6395: 6390: 6373: 6348: 6333: 6297: 6257: 6237: 6199: 6193: 6180: 6144: 6130: 6117: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077:(vol.1), p.xv. 6059: 6038: 6011: 5996: 5994:, p. 773. 5984: 5972:en.numista.com 5959: 5933: 5901: 5875: 5854: 5842: 5826: 5796: 5761:(1): 190–210. 5745: 5733: 5721: 5717:El-Bizri 2005a 5705: 5701:Nader El-Bizri 5689: 5677: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5636:, and also as 5626:Book of Optics 5606: 5594: 5582: 5570: 5568:, p. 139. 5566:Sambursky 1974 5557: 5545: 5533: 5508: 5489: 5477: 5463: 5449: 5440: 5428: 5413: 5401: 5363: 5351: 5334: 5315: 5295: 5291:Rozenfeld 1988 5283: 5271: 5259: 5247: 5235: 5223: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5161: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5094: 5067: 5052: 5040: 4997: 4987:El-Bizri 4977: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4918: 4906: 4894: 4880: 4868: 4866:, p. 695. 4856: 4849: 4829: 4822: 4802: 4795: 4775: 4768: 4748: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4681: 4652: 4640: 4636:Book of Optics 4624: 4612: 4580: 4533: 4514: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4452:Weisstein 2008 4440: 4421: 4401: 4382: 4362: 4343: 4323: 4304: 4284: 4253:(5): 339–819. 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4195:, p. 689. 4185: 4183:, p. 691. 4173: 4161: 4144: 4132: 4116: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3965:, p. xxi. 3955: 3928: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3864: 3838: 3821: 3795: 3775: 3759: 3757:, p. 149. 3744: 3687: 3670: 3651: 3631: 3612: 3592: 3566: 3547: 3527: 3517: 3508: 3489: 3469: 3458: 3439: 3419: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3374: 3372:, p. 149. 3361: 3350: 3339: 3322: 3306: 3265: 3239: 3213: 3193: 3174: 3154: 3139: 3102:(4): 357–364. 3082: 3080:, p. 445. 3067: 3048: 3025: 3006: 2909: 2875: 2845: 2834:(3): 183–188. 2814: 2786: 2770: 2742: 2740:, p. 788) 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2426:(اتجاه القبلة) 2421: 2415: 2409: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2355:(تكوين العالم) 2350: 2344: 2338: 2337:(رؤية الكواكب) 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2271:(ميزان الحكمة) 2266: 2260: 2259:(كتاب المناظر) 2256:Book of Optics 2251: 2245: 2242: 2174:In 2014, the " 2108: 2042:René Descartes 1974:Book of Optics 1947: 1944: 1886:Book of Optics 1832: 1829: 1824:Book of Optics 1790:, and he used 1775: 1772: 1736:civil engineer 1727: 1724: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1696: 1693: 1645: 1642: 1634:right triangle 1580: 1577: 1570:conic sections 1537: 1534: 1513: 1510: 1484: 1479: 1408: 1403: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1338: 1335: 1325:He also wrote 1303: 1300: 1264:Book of Optics 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1246:Book of Optics 1188: 1175: 1172: 1099: 1096: 1077:Main article: 1074: 1071: 1056:Main article: 1053: 1050: 1041:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1012:camera obscura 1004:camera obscura 997:camera obscura 965:camera obscura 960: 959:Camera Obscura 957: 947:mathematician 937:conic sections 916:billiard table 877:Main article: 874: 871: 862:Main article: 859: 856: 708:Book of Optics 673:Book of Optics 625:Book of Optics 606: 603: 543:Book of Optics 530:Book of Optics 528:Main article: 525: 523:Book of Optics 520: 488:Book of Optics 441: 438: 241: 240: 237: 236: 223: 219: 218: 212: 211: 158:Book of Optics 154: 153:Known for 150: 149: 140: 115: 111: 110: 101: 74: 70: 69: 61: 60: 52: 51: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14100: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13951: 13941: 13939: 13929: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13915: 13905: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13879: 13869: 13868: 13865: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13827: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13801: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13775: 13769: 13768: 13764: 13762: 13761: 13757: 13755: 13754: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13743: 13741: 13740: 13739:Adab al-Tabib 13736: 13734: 13733: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13715: 13713: 13712: 13708: 13706: 13705: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13689: 13687: 13686: 13682: 13680: 13679: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13666: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13654:Ophthalmology 13652: 13651: 13649: 13645: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13625: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13557:ʽImad Shirazi 13555: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13543: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13492: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13435:Ibn al-Khatib 13433: 13431: 13430:Ibn al-Akfani 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13406: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13369:Ibn al‐Raqqam 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13354:Ibn al-Baitar 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13319:Al-Shahrazuri 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13301: 13299: 13295: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13142:Ibn Abi Sadiq 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13083: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13046:Ibn al-Jazzar 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12957: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12769: 12764: 12762: 12757: 12755: 12750: 12749: 12746: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12608: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12547: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12481: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12420: 12414: 12413:Shams Tabrizi 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12347:Nasir Khusraw 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12322:Ibn Miskawayh 12320: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12308: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12233: 12229: 12224: 12220: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12130: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12049: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11942: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11905: 11900: 11898: 11893: 11891: 11886: 11885: 11882: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11831: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11805: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11779: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11689: 11687: 11686: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11675: 11673: 11672: 11668: 11666: 11665: 11661: 11659: 11658: 11654: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11638: 11637: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11622: 11617: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11578: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11522: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11500:Ibn al-Shatir 11498: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11474:Ibn al-Banna' 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11419:Ahmad al-Buni 11417: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11060:Sanad ibn Ali 11058: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11026: 11021: 11019: 11014: 11012: 11007: 11006: 11003: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10927: 10918: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10897:Observatories 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10851:Triangulation 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10761:Heliocentrism 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10635:Shadow square 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10514: 10513: 10509: 10507: 10506: 10505:Zij-i Sultani 10502: 10500: 10499: 10498:Zij-i Ilkhani 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10487: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10449: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10407: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10389: 10385: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10273:Kadızade Rumi 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10197:Ibn al-Shatir 10195: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10171:Ibn al‐Raqqam 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10065:Ibn al-Kammad 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9979:Ibn al-Saffar 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9935: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9708: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9667: 9660: 9659: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9628: 9623: 9621: 9616: 9614: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9579: 9576: 9573: 9572:Over the Moon 9570: 9568:from BBC News 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9385: 9384:Roshdi Rashed 9382: 9378: 9374: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9325: 9311: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9243: 9233: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9190:De aspectibus 9187: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9138:De aspectibus 9135: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9061:De Aspectibus 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9016: 9010: 9006: 9001: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8926:10.1068/p3210 8923: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8836: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821:(4): 463–65, 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8807:Toomer, G. J. 8804: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8756: 8753: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8693: 8689: 8686:De aspectibus 8685: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8647: 8643: 8640:De aspectibus 8639: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8601: 8597: 8594:De aspectibus 8593: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8534:(2): 180–94, 8533: 8529: 8522: 8517: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8445: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8411:0-87663-712-8 8407: 8403: 8399: 8398: 8392: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8338:(2): 117–33, 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8248:0-86078-435-5 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8219:0-85481-072-2 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8166:0-87773-731-2 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8140: 8137:Reprinted in 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8109:0-415-12410-7 8105: 8101: 8100: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8072:0-387-96458-4 8068: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8041:0-13-011584-3 8037: 8033: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8002:(4): 377–85, 8001: 7997: 7992: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7946:10.1068/p2937 7943: 7940:(7): 853–61, 7939: 7935: 7930: 7927: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7881: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7697:(5582): 773, 7696: 7692: 7691: 7685: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7650:0-88297-015-1 7646: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7531:983-52-0157-9 7527: 7523: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7454:0-226-48234-0 7450: 7446: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7415:(3): 321–41, 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7390: 7387: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7314:0-387-95310-8 7310: 7306: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7286:0-321-01618-1 7282: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7246:(3): 163–74, 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7087:0-231-10196-1 7083: 7079: 7078: 7072: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7047:0-8058-0121-9 7043: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7028: 7014: 7010: 7003: 7002: 6996: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6943:0-521-80316-0 6939: 6935: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6876:0-226-16921-9 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6855:Duhem, Pierre 6852: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6786:0-7103-0416-1 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6769:Corbin, Henry 6766: 6763: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6746: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6606:0-415-96692-2 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6577:0-415-96930-1 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6464:(4): 247–52, 6463: 6459: 6454: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6314:10.1068/p5940 6311: 6308:(4): 636–38, 6307: 6303: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6194:9780070165809 6190: 6186: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6056: 6053:, ed. (1975) 6052: 6048: 6042: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6008:Topdemir 2007 6005: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5731:, p. 12. 5730: 5729:El-Bizri 2010 5725: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5702: 5698: 5697:El-Bizri 2010 5693: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5649:Lindberg 1996 5645: 5639: 5635: 5634:De Aspectibus 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5580:, p. 11. 5579: 5574: 5567: 5561: 5554: 5553:Topdemir 2007 5549: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5493: 5487:, p. 251 5486: 5481: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5453: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5424:El-Bizri 2007 5420: 5418: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5293:, p. 65. 5292: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5159:, p. 21. 5158: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5119:, p. 28. 5118: 5113: 5106: 5105:El-Bizri 2006 5101: 5099: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5076: 5071: 5065:, p. 465 5064: 5059: 5057: 5049: 5044: 5025: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:De aspectibus 4958: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4891:Khaleefa 1999 4887: 4885: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4852: 4846: 4843:. CRC Press. 4842: 4841: 4833: 4825: 4819: 4816:. CRC Press. 4815: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4554:(6): 523–28, 4553: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4529: 4526:(in German), 4525: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496:(3): 194–99, 4495: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4460: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4298:. Routledge. 4297: 4296: 4288: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4205:Lindberg 1976 4201: 4194: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4064:, p. 86. 4063: 4062:Lindberg 1976 4058: 4051: 4050:Lindberg 1976 4046: 4039: 4038:Lindberg 1976 4034: 4027: 4026:Lindberg 1976 4022: 4015: 4014:Lindberg 1976 4010: 4004:, p. 73. 4003: 4002:Lindberg 1976 3998: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3959: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3707:(6): 464–67. 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606:. Routledge. 3605: 3604: 3596: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3521: 3512: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3462: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3415:Lindberg 1967 3411: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3329:According to 3326: 3319: 3315: 3314:Roshdi Rashed 3310: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3168:. CRC Press. 3167: 3166: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3032: 3030: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2781: 2774: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2689:El-Bizri 2010 2685: 2678: 2673: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2623: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2438:(نموذج الكون) 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2397:(Minor Works) 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2313:(خطوط الساعة) 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2244:List of works 2241: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2190:Alfred Molina 2187: 2183: 2182: 2178:" episode of 2177: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2158: 2157:Selenographia 2153: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2131:59239 Alhazen 2129: 2125: 2122: 2121:impact crater 2115: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:number theory 1644:Number theory 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:De aspectibus 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1187: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1161: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:Moon illusion 1135: 1133: 1132:psychophysics 1129: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112:perpendicular 1109: 1105: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1049: 1044: 1043:Refractometer 1037:Refractometer 1034: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985: 980: 977: 974: 970: 966: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925:fourth powers 922: 917: 913: 909: 908:circumference 905: 901: 897: 890: 885: 880: 870: 865: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 821: 819: 815: 811: 806: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 776: 772: 770: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 748: 743: 742:visual system 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 704:De Aspectibus 700: 696: 692: 686: 684: 680: 679: 674: 670: 666: 663:supported by 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 626: 622: 617: 612: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 568:De li aspecti 565: 564:De aspectibus 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 544: 540: 537: 531: 524: 519: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 468: 463: 462:Buyid emirate 459: 455: 451: 447: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 386:, writing on 385: 381: 377: 373: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 343: 339: 338: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312:mathematician 292: 285: 255: 251: 247: 238: 235: 231: 227: 224: 220: 217: 213: 210: 206: 202: 198: 197:moon illusion 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 165: 160: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 134: 430 AH 116: 112: 108: 107:Buyid Emirate 104: 96: 75: 71: 67: 62: 53: 48: 40: 37: 33: 19: 13950:Solar System 13765: 13758: 13751: 13744: 13737: 13730: 13723: 13716: 13709: 13702: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13627:18th century 13591:17th century 13545:16th century 13494:15th century 13485:Zayn-e-Attar 13408:14th century 13359:Ibn al-Nafis 13297:13th century 13196:12th century 13177:Ibn al-Wafid 13166: 13085:11th century 12959:10th century 12890:Ali al-Ridha 12725:Partawi Shah 12720:Javadi Amoli 12705:Ahmad Fardid 12650:Martin Lings 12500:Hajji Bayram 12474:Ibn Taymiyya 12403:Omar Khayyám 12388:Ayn-al-Quzat 12383:Ahmad Yasavi 12296:Ibn Masarrah 12230:by century ( 12228:Philosophers 12123:Contemporary 12025: 11992: 11982: 11945: 11934: 11697: 11690: 11683: 11676: 11669: 11662: 11655: 11648: 11641: 11634: 11625:Mathematical 11580:16th century 11531:Ibn al-Majdi 11524:15th century 11488:14th century 11407:13th century 11361:12th century 11347:Omar Khayyam 11291: 11280:11th century 11176:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī 11144:10th century 11105:Al-Khwarizmi 10870:Institutions 10721:Eccentricity 10681:Astrophysics 10575:Compass rose 10510: 10503: 10496: 10484: 10477: 10462: 10450: 10443: 10436: 10429: 10422: 10288:Ibn al-Majdi 10263:Abd al‐Wajid 10222:Al-Wabkanawi 10217:Abū al‐ʿUqūl 10106:Jamal ad-Din 10075:Omar Khayyam 9968: 9903:Al-ʻIjliyyah 9878:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī 9863:Ibn al-A'lam 9782:Al-Khwarizmi 9585: 9547:16 September 9545:. Retrieved 9541:the original 9471: 9461:Open Library 9440:How One Sees 9439: 9429:, retrieved 9405: 9372: 9364: 9353:. Retrieved 9329: 9317:, retrieved 9310:the original 9301: 9279: 9266:(1), Paris: 9263: 9259: 9247: 9206:Philadelphia 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9154:Philadelphia 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9118: 9104: 9096:Philadelphia 9072: 9068: 9067:, 2 vols.", 9064: 9060: 9051: 9039: 9004: 8995:16 September 8993:, retrieved 8984:The Guardian 8982: 8966:24 September 8964:, retrieved 8950: 8917: 8913: 8904: 8895:16 September 8893:, retrieved 8883: 8867:, retrieved 8847: 8834: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8763: 8759: 8729: 8712: 8698: 8687: 8683: 8666: 8652: 8641: 8637: 8620: 8606: 8595: 8591: 8567: 8563: 8552:the original 8531: 8527: 8466: 8448: 8437:, retrieved 8423: 8396: 8384:, retrieved 8373: 8366:Sabra, A. I. 8355:, retrieved 8335: 8331: 8324:Sabra, A. I. 8313:, retrieved 8309:the original 8303: 8299:Sabra, A. I. 8275: 8271: 8264:Sabra, A. I. 8238: 8235:Sabra, A. I. 8202:Sabra, A. I. 8197: 8194:Sabra, A. I. 8177: 8174:Sabra, A. I. 8152: 8145:Sabra, A. I. 8132: 8128: 8125:Sabra, A. I. 8098: 8088: 8058: 8031: 7999: 7995: 7969: 7937: 7933: 7915: 7891: 7887: 7869: 7837: 7833: 7802: 7798: 7774: 7770: 7732: 7728: 7694: 7688: 7666: 7636: 7627:20 September 7625:, retrieved 7616: 7603:20 September 7601:, retrieved 7592: 7576:21 September 7574:, retrieved 7563: 7548:, retrieved 7544:the original 7520: 7501: 7490:, retrieved 7480: 7470: 7444: 7412: 7408: 7399: 7393: 7385: 7359: 7355: 7346: 7342: 7331:, retrieved 7303: 7271: 7243: 7239: 7227: 7195: 7191: 7159: 7155: 7128: 7119:24 September 7117:, retrieved 7108: 7102: 7076: 7066:22 September 7064:, retrieved 7060:the original 7032: 7020:, retrieved 7000: 6990:16 September 6988:, retrieved 6984:the original 6975: 6971: 6960: 6932: 6922: 6918: 6907:, retrieved 6893: 6858: 6846:21 September 6844:, retrieved 6840:the original 6836:Al Shindagah 6835: 6822: 6802: 6772: 6750: 6740:21 September 6738:, retrieved 6734:the original 6727: 6700: 6683:(1), Paris: 6680: 6676: 6663:(1), Paris: 6660: 6656: 6629: 6625: 6596: 6563: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6497: 6493: 6461: 6457: 6439: 6421: 6405: 6399: 6381: 6369:the original 6353: 6344:the original 6338: 6305: 6301: 6265: 6262:SpringerPlus 6261: 6245: 6241: 6207: 6203: 6184: 6152: 6148: 6121: 6100:(1): 89–98, 6097: 6093: 6074: 6062: 6046: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6014: 5999: 5992:Rashed 2002a 5987: 5975:. Retrieved 5971: 5962: 5950:. Retrieved 5936: 5924:. Retrieved 5904: 5892:. Retrieved 5888:the original 5878: 5867:the original 5857: 5845: 5836:Appendix 3, 5829: 5817:. Retrieved 5808: 5799: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5736: 5724: 5708: 5692: 5680: 5668: 5661:Authier 2013 5656: 5644: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5609: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5527:(1): 7–55 , 5524: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5497: 5492: 5485:Bettany 1995 5480: 5457: 5452: 5443: 5431: 5404: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5354: 5325:. Retrieved 5305: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5262: 5257:, Chapter 1. 5255:Rottman 2000 5250: 5238: 5226: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5148: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5080: 5075:G. J. Toomer 5070: 5043: 5031:. Retrieved 5014: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4963: 4957: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4876:Russell 1996 4871: 4864:Russell 1996 4859: 4839: 4832: 4812: 4805: 4785: 4778: 4758: 4751: 4741: 4735: 4728:Raynaud 2016 4723: 4716:Raynaud 2016 4711: 4704:Raynaud 2016 4699: 4690: 4684: 4677:Raynaud 2016 4670: 4666: 4660: 4655: 4643: 4638:of Alhazen." 4635: 4627: 4615: 4607:the original 4602: 4596: 4583: 4551: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4443: 4431:. Retrieved 4411: 4404: 4392:. Retrieved 4372: 4365: 4353:. Retrieved 4333: 4326: 4314:. Retrieved 4294: 4287: 4275:. Retrieved 4250: 4246: 4236: 4231:, p. 14 4224: 4212: 4200: 4193:Russell 1996 4188: 4181:Russell 1996 4176: 4169:Raynaud 2003 4164: 4140:Lejeune 1958 4135: 4119: 4108: 4096: 4089:Heeffer 2003 4084: 4077:Al Deek 2004 4057: 4045: 4040:, p. 75 4033: 4028:, p. 76 4021: 4016:, p. 74 4009: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3947:, retrieved 3943:the original 3937: 3931: 3924:Raynaud 2020 3917: 3913: 3904: 3897:Crombie 1971 3892: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3855:. Retrieved 3841: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3808:the original 3798: 3786: 3778: 3762: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3673: 3661:. Retrieved 3641: 3634: 3622:. Retrieved 3602: 3595: 3583:. Retrieved 3569: 3557:. Retrieved 3541:. Springer. 3537: 3530: 3520: 3511: 3499:. Retrieved 3479: 3472: 3461: 3449:. Retrieved 3429: 3422: 3410: 3377: 3364: 3353: 3342: 3325: 3317: 3309: 3299:25 September 3297:. Retrieved 3288:(4): 53–55. 3285: 3281: 3268: 3256:. Retrieved 3252:the original 3242: 3226: 3221:G. J. Toomer 3216: 3196: 3184:. Retrieved 3164: 3157: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3058:. Retrieved 3038: 3016:. Retrieved 2996: 2984:. Retrieved 2975: 2961:. Retrieved 2957:the original 2952: 2940:12 September 2938:. Retrieved 2929: 2912: 2900:. Retrieved 2891: 2866:. Retrieved 2857: 2848: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2779: 2773: 2761:. Retrieved 2754: 2745: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2660:. Retrieved 2650: 2621: 2612: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2444:(حركة القمر) 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2235: 2225: 2211: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2179: 2173: 2161: 2155: 2139: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2094: 2089: 2081: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2009: 1989: 1985: 1978:Muslim world 1973: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1955: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1894: 1891: 1884: 1880: 1864: 1856: 1834: 1822: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1800:Abd-el-latif 1795: 1779: 1777: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1712: 1698: 1684: 1674: 1657: 1647: 1623: 1605: 1598:, the fifth 1590: 1574: 1547: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1515: 1497: 1491:was written 1488: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1347: 1340: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1311: 1305: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Besides the 1261: 1245: 1234: 1226:Perspectivae 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1195: 1184: 1167: 1136: 1121: 1103: 1101: 1091: 1082: 1066: 1061: 1046: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1009: 1001: 992: 982: 962: 951:. Recently, 894:His work on 893: 867: 834:mirrors and 825: 822: 801: 788:optic chiasm 773: 745: 739: 720: 703: 698: 694: 690: 687: 677: 672: 630: 624: 620: 578: 572: 567: 563: 557: 548: 547: 542: 538: 533: 522: 509: 500: 486: 476: 466: 443: 434:John Peckham 421: 417: 400: 368: 352:Isaac Newton 347:كتاب المناظر 335: 288:; full name 253: 245: 244: 215: 162: 156: 36: 13988:1040 deaths 13983:960s births 13938:Outer space 13890:Mathematics 13718:De Gradibus 13364:Ibn al-Quff 12868:9th century 12847:8th century 12823:Masarjawaih 12791:7th century 12640:René Guénon 12630:Gohar Shahi 12566:Mulla Sadra 12490:Ibn Khaldun 12101:metaphysics 12047:(mysticism) 12029:(education) 12007:Metaphysics 11986:(dialectic) 11972:Eschatology 11949:(intellect) 11643:De Gradibus 11597:Taqi ad-Din 11587:Al-Birjandi 11561:al-Qalaṣādī 11342:Al-Isfizari 11307:Ibn al-Samh 11236:Al-Isfahani 11216:al-Uqlidisi 11186:al-Khojandi 11151:Abu al-Wafa 11090:al-Dinawari 11048:9th century 10856:Tusi couple 10846:Trepidation 10811:Salah times 10746:Geocentrism 10620:Planisphere 10600:Graph paper 10527:Instruments 10479:Huihui Lifa 10360:Ehmedê Xanî 10319:Al-Birjandi 10298:al-Kubunani 10055:Abu al-Salt 10004:Al-Isfizari 9964:Ibn al-Samh 9843:Abu al-Wafa 9828:al-Khojandi 9732:Al-Farghani 9647:Astronomers 9488:PDF version 9196:, 2 vols: 9048:Sabra, A. I 9036:Sabra, A. I 8869:11 February 8732:, Chicago: 7641:Minneapolis 6925:(4): 391–96 6539:: 189–218, 6500:(1): 1–30, 6408:(1): 5–24, 6004:Rashed 2007 5952:27 November 5638:Perspectiva 5578:Rashed 2007 5474:Sardar 1998 5461:Ash'arites" 5243:Faruqi 2006 5231:Rashed 2007 5220:Eckart 2018 5208:Rashed 2007 5196:Sabra 1978b 5063:Toomer 1964 5048:Toomer 1964 4433:22 February 4394:22 February 4355:22 February 4316:22 February 4101:Howard 1996 3755:Corbin 1993 3370:Corbin 1993 3186:22 February 2810:Dallal 1999 2798:Vernet 1996 2738:Vernet 1996 2701:Rooney 2012 2238:Iraqi dinar 2014:Roger Bacon 1861:Hellenistic 1732:engineering 1726:Engineering 1707:Other works 1677:congruences 1550:mathematics 1399:Renaissance 1395:Middle Ages 1345:of a body. 1147:John Pecham 1143:Roger Bacon 1108:projectiles 973:Han Chinese 929:integration 850:power of a 560:Middle Ages 409:capital of 308: 1040 230:mathematics 93: 354 13972:Categories 13829:Influenced 13803:Influences 13789:Bimarestan 13659:Psychology 13613:Tunakabuni 13526:Nurbakhshi 13425:Ibn Shuayb 13415:Al-Nagawri 13349:Ibn Tumlus 13329:As-Suwaydi 13314:Al-Dakhwar 13253:Ibn Tufayl 13248:Ibn Jumay‘ 13152:Ibn Butlan 13041:Ibn Juljul 13016:Al-Kaŝkarī 12885:Albubather 12783:Physicians 12495:Yunus Emre 12439:Ibn Sab’in 12408:Suhrawardi 12398:Ibn Tufail 12317:Al-Ghazali 12271:Apharabius 12106:psychology 12076:Avicennism 11938:(theology) 11807:Influenced 11781:Influences 11551:Ali Qushji 11510:Al-Khalili 11378:Al-Khazini 11373:Al-Kharaqī 11332:al-Zarqālī 11322:al-Jayyānī 11266:al-Majriti 11251:Abu al-Jud 11221:Al-Battani 11196:Al-Saghani 11191:Al-Nayrizi 11130:al-Marwazi 11065:al-Jawharī 10960:Influenced 10929:Influences 10801:Precession 10781:Multiverse 10686:Axial tilt 10666:Almucantar 10650:Triquetrum 10590:Equatorium 10339:Takiyüddin 10212:al-Battiwi 10207:Ibn Shuayb 10202:Al-Khalili 10045:Al-Khazini 10040:Al-Kharaqī 10035:Ibn Tufail 10025:Al-Bitruji 9959:Al-Zarqālī 9923:al-Majriti 9873:Al-Saghani 9868:Al-Nayrizi 9853:al-Battani 9772:Iranshahri 9757:Al-Marwazi 9661:by century 9355:14 January 9319:23 January 9212:), 2010. 9102:), 2006 – 8914:Perception 8770:: 189–98, 8468:al-Manazir 8439:3 February 8386:28 October 8357:22 January 8315:23 January 8182:Ossolineum 8155:, Boston: 8139:Sabra 1994 7996:Perception 7934:Perception 7680:8120805518 7192:Perception 7156:Perception 7022:23 January 6909:23 January 6302:Perception 6131:0435312111 6072:Smith 2001 5926:10 October 5819:25 October 5624:notes the 5620:, p. 5614:Sabra 2007 5602:Sabra 2007 5590:Plott 2000 5541:Plott 2000 5436:Smith 2005 5409:Plott 2000 5172:Sabra 1998 5141:Lorch 2008 5117:Duhem 1969 5033:25 October 4673:: 155–169. 4530:(2): 65–70 4476:Smith 1992 4277:12 January 4217:Smith 2004 4157:Sabra 1989 3987:Smith 2001 3975:Smith 2001 3963:Smith 2001 3949:23 January 3857:4 November 3834:Sabra 1989 3830:Smith 2001 3772:1682060160 3466:Simon 2006 3389:Sabra 1994 3368:Disputed: 3150:Selin 2008 3078:Baker 2012 2917:Selin 2008 2802:Sabra 2008 2730:Avennathan 2713:Baker 2012 2662:14 January 2632:References 2619:Smith 2001 2506:Lost works 2311:Hour Lines 1994:al-Andalus 1988:al-Manāẓir 1774:Philosophy 1756:inundation 1701:paraboloid 1609:, using a 1487:Alhazen's 1445:Hypotheses 1296:catoptrics 1218:The Optics 1206:ilm tabi'i 1160:Posidonius 933:paraboloid 896:catoptrics 848:magnifying 844:refraction 828:catoptrics 760:Aguilonius 747:Perception 735:reflection 731:refraction 609:See also: 497:Apollonius 452:origin in 388:philosophy 316:astronomer 306: – c. 304: 965 177:Catoptrics 57:ابن الهيثم 13914:Astronomy 13878:Biography 13725:Al-Tasrif 13465:Nakhshabi 13243:Ibn Habal 13162:Ibn Jazla 13157:Ibn Hindu 13107:Al-Biruni 13021:Al-Natili 12925:Masawaiyh 12900:Bukhtishu 12880:Al-Ruhawi 12854:Bukhtishu 12818:Ibn Uthal 12808:Bukhtishu 12556:Mir Damad 12549:17th–19th 12483:14th–16th 12449:al-Abharī 12444:Ibn Arabi 12378:Ahi Evren 12337:Bahmanyār 12096:cosmology 12081:Averroism 12014:(physics) 11960:astrology 11955:Cosmology 11556:al-Wafa'i 11546:Ulugh Beg 11449:al-Abhari 11434:Ibn Adlan 11424:Ibn Munim 11388:al-Hassar 11327:al-Nasawī 11302:Al-Biruni 11271:al-Jabali 11261:Al-Karaji 11211:Ibn Yunus 11166:Abu Kamil 11161:Al-Qabisi 11156:al-Khazin 11085:Al-Mahani 10836:Supernova 10791:Obliquity 10776:Moonlight 10676:Astrology 10555:Astrolabe 10334:Piri Reis 10324:al-Khafri 10293:al-Wafa'i 10278:Ulugh Beg 10258:Ali Kuşçu 10232:al-Jadiri 10151:al-Abhari 9949:al-Biruni 9883:Ibn Yunus 9858:Al-Qabisi 9833:al-Khazin 9742:Al-Mahani 9411:MIT Press 9239:Secondary 9160:), 2008. 8956:Mathworld 8800:118597450 8784:0025-5572 8584:171003284 8490:163278528 8368:(2008) , 8292:117426616 8228:165564751 7908:214480449 7854:170650586 7819:231735113 7791:170934544 7755:0036-8075 7713:0036-8075 7550:30 August 7323:213887290 6980:Microsoft 6952:224074913 6857:(1969) , 6771:(1993) , 6646:170960993 6615:224371638 6586:218847614 6568:Routledge 6553:123057532 6514:171746839 6486:250826188 6359:CiteSeerX 6114:170628785 5894:4 January 5850:NASA 2006 5783:0008-8994 5755:Centaurus 5279:Katz 1998 5267:Eder 2000 4938:Ross 2000 4464:Katz 1995 4229:Wade 1998 4124:Wade 1998 3721:0256-4947 3451:16 August 3381:Noted by 3258:4 January 3209:1703-7603 3201:Haq, Syed 3134:145904123 3126:1631-0721 3060:3 October 3018:3 October 2986:9 October 2963:9 October 2140:The 2015 2073:cosmology 2002:Zaragossa 1784:Aristotle 1764:Aswan Dam 1683:. In his 1656:. In his 1604:Euclid's 1600:postulate 1593:Euclidean 1522:Milky Way 1502:epicycles 1337:Mechanics 1292:moonlight 1276:luminance 1242:apertures 1238:moonlight 1230:dioptrics 1152:Cleomedes 989:Aristotle 941:Descartes 832:parabolic 784:human eye 756:horopters 665:Aristotle 651:emitting 505:Aya Sofya 440:Biography 320:physicist 250:Latinized 234:astronomy 13820:Ayurveda 13647:Concepts 13440:Jaghmini 13420:Aqsara'i 13258:Ibn Zuhr 13238:Averroes 13233:Avempace 13187:Masawaih 13132:Avicenna 13066:Muvaffak 12875:Al-Kindi 12393:Averroes 12332:Ibn Hazm 12327:Avicenna 12281:Al Amiri 12251:Al-Kindi 12244:9th–10th 12154:ʼIjtihād 12139:ʻAṣabīya 12132:Concepts 12071:Farabism 12026:Madrasah 11709:Concepts 11541:al-Kāshī 11515:al-Umawi 11317:Avicenna 11256:Al-Sijzi 11206:Ibn Sahl 11075:Al-Kindi 10910:Maragheh 10861:Universe 10831:Sunlight 10796:Parallax 10786:Muwaqqit 10726:Ecliptic 10659:Concepts 10625:Quadrant 10545:Aperture 10060:Averroes 10030:Avempace 9974:Avicenna 9908:Nastulus 9898:al-Sijzi 9823:Al-Adami 9737:Al-Kindi 9590:Archived 9502:Archived 9431:18 April 9425:archived 9403:(2007), 9349:Archived 9270:: 201–26 9228:Archived 9217:Archived 9176:Archived 9165:Archived 9124:Archived 9110:Archived 9084:citation 8989:archived 8960:archived 8934:11721819 8889:archived 8863:archived 8718:Archived 8704:Archived 8672:Archived 8658:Archived 8626:Archived 8612:Archived 8548:15338543 8509:Archived 8498:Archived 8433:archived 8380:archived 8352:20617660 8326:(2007), 8266:(1998), 8257:29847104 8237:(1994), 8118:34731151 8081:15550634 8050:42960682 8024:23948158 7962:24967431 7954:11064807 7858:archived 7763:12161634 7735:(5582), 7721:12161634 7621:archived 7597:archived 7570:archived 7540:48759017 7492:6 August 7486:archived 7437:10792576 7327:archived 7295:38199387 7269:(1998), 7220:34431898 7184:20880413 7147:56876894 7113:archived 7056:20091171 7013:archived 6903:archived 6885:12429405 6795:22109949 6687:: 201–26 6667:: 171–84 6330:43532965 6322:18546671 6294:25674499 6254:18822953 6234:16410601 6177:39332483 6169:24737194 6140:27338645 6023:Archived 5946:Archived 5917:Archived 5813:Archived 5791:13209613 5327:19 March 5321:Archived 5085:Archived 5024:Archived 4969:Archived 4510:27968003 4427:Archived 4388:Archived 4349:Archived 4310:Archived 4271:Archived 3851:Archived 3739:18059131 3663:13 March 3657:Archived 3624:13 March 3618:Archived 3585:13 March 3579:Archived 3559:13 March 3553:Archived 3495:Archived 3445:Archived 3392:Archived 3331:Al-Qifti 3290:Archived 3231:Archived 3180:Archived 3054:Archived 3012:Archived 2980:Archived 2934:Archived 2896:Archived 2892:BBC News 2862:Archived 2840:18822953 2734:Avenetan 2656:Archived 2528:See also 2395:Opuscula 2152:Hevelius 2128:asteroid 2050:Averroes 1839:school. 1831:Theology 1817:and its 1796:al-makan 1792:geometry 1748:flooding 1695:Calculus 1685:Opuscula 1606:Elements 1579:Geometry 1566:geometry 1441:Almagest 1429:Almagest 1378:Almagest 1288:twilight 1284:eclipses 1189:— 993:Problems 979:Shen Kuo 976:polymath 669:al-Kindi 611:Horopter 479:Al-Hakim 422:al-Miṣrī 418:al-Baṣrī 401:Born in 396:medicine 392:theology 384:polymath 181:horopter 173:analysis 13962:Science 13902:Physics 13864:Portals 13777:Centers 13753:Al-Hawi 12612:present 12174:Maslaha 12058:Schools 12045:Sufism 11929:Alchemy 11833:Related 11762:Madrasa 11730:Centers 11536:al-Rūmī 11439:al-Urdi 11337:ibn Hud 11292:Alhazen 11246:al-Qūhī 10766:Inertia 10756:Gravity 10691:Azimuth 10640:Sundial 10630:Sextant 10580:Dioptra 10570:Compass 10535:Alidade 10146:al-Urdi 9969:Alhazen 9893:Ma Yize 9838:al-Qūhī 9813:al-Sufi 9528:at the 9028:Primary 8942:8185797 8792:3620392 8766:(475), 8738:Bibcode 8540:1558283 8186:Wrocław 8151:(ed.), 7974:Bibcode 7739:: 773, 7729:Science 7690:Science 7659:3328963 7463:1676198 7429:4867472 7402:: 79–86 7364:Bibcode 7333:7 April 7260:2691411 7212:9027922 7176:9027923 6972:Encarta 6867:Chicago 6821:(ed.), 6466:Bibcode 6285:4318829 6242:Med Arh 6225:1326979 6204:The BMJ 6085:Sources 6057:, p.137 5763:Bibcode 5396:2691411 4745:. 2011. 4576:1626185 4568:2589403 4267:3657357 3920:: 1–40. 3730:6074172 3525:optics" 3501:28 June 3104:Bibcode 2763:23 June 2726:Alhacen 2168:Galileo 2124:Alhazen 2086:wrote: 2084:physics 1986:Tanqīḥ 1877:Ptolemy 1837:Ash'ari 1778:In his 1750:of the 1562:algebra 1425:Ptolemy 1411:In his 1362:In his 1308:physics 1280:rainbow 1210:ta'alim 1198:i'tibar 1191:Alhazen 1116:oblique 1088:writes: 900:Ptolemy 769:Ptolemy 727:mirrors 716:retinal 645:Ptolemy 450:Persian 426:Ptolemy 407:Fatimid 322:of the 254:Alhazen 226:Physics 123: ( 82: ( 43:Alhazen 18:Alhazen 12204:Tawḥīd 12164:ʻIrfān 11977:Ethics 11935:Aqidah 11922:Fields 10741:Galaxy 10736:Equant 10671:Apogee 10615:Octant 10392:Topics 9478: 9417: 9341: 9286: 9011: 8940: 8932: 8855: 8798: 8790: 8782: 8748: 8582: 8546: 8538: 8488: 8478: 8455: 8408: 8350: 8290: 8255: 8245: 8226: 8216: 8163: 8116: 8106: 8079: 8069: 8048: 8038: 8022: 8016:794813 8014: 7984: 7960: 7952: 7922: 7906: 7876: 7852: 7817: 7789: 7761: 7753: 7719: 7711: 7677: 7657: 7647: 7538: 7528: 7508: 7461: 7451: 7435: 7427: 7356:Nature 7321: 7311: 7293: 7283: 7258: 7218: 7210: 7182: 7174: 7145: 7135: 7084: 7054: 7044: 6950: 6940: 6883: 6873: 6793: 6783: 6758: 6711: 6644: 6613: 6603: 6584: 6574: 6551: 6525:Optics 6512: 6484: 6446: 6428: 6388: 6361: 6328: 6320: 6292: 6282: 6252: 6232: 6222: 6191: 6175: 6167: 6138: 6128: 6112: 5977:28 May 5838:p. 129 5809:UNESCO 5789: 5781: 5394: 5313: 4966:Book 7 4847: 4820: 4793: 4766: 4574: 4566: 4508: 4419: 4380: 4341: 4302: 4265: 3814:27 May 3791:p. 469 3770: 3737: 3727: 3719: 3649: 3610: 3545: 3487: 3437: 3398:p. 197 3207: 3172: 3132: 3124: 3046: 3004: 2976:UNESCO 2930:UNESCO 2921:UNESCO 2902:2 June 2868:2 June 2858:UNESCO 2838: 2213:UNESCO 2077:Hebrew 2069:Optics 2054:Optics 2044:, and 2022:Witelo 1984:, the 1946:Legacy 1931:taqlid 1865:taqlid 1857:taqlid 1740:Caliph 1554:Euclid 1526:Doubts 1506:equant 1450:equant 1437:Optics 1435:, and 1383:Hebrew 1343:motion 1290:, and 1278:, the 1168:Optics 945:Oxford 912:normal 818:retina 733:, and 723:lenses 712:Kepler 691:Optics 678:Optics 641:Euclid 599:Bruges 595:Oxford 549:Optics 536:optics 514:, and 512:Semnan 501:Conics 467:vizier 415:byname 362:, and 342:Arabic 328:optics 318:, and 222:Fields 13926:Stars 13669:Works 13071:Qumri 12610:20th– 12209:Ummah 12199:Shūrā 12194:Qiyās 12184:Qadar 12169:Ijmāʿ 12149:Iʻjaz 12066:Early 12020:Peace 12002:Logic 11983:Kalam 11627:works 10806:Qibla 10595:Globe 10402:Works 9313:(PDF) 9306:(PDF) 8938:S2CID 8796:S2CID 8788:JSTOR 8580:S2CID 8555:(PDF) 8536:JSTOR 8524:(PDF) 8348:JSTOR 8288:S2CID 8020:S2CID 7958:S2CID 7904:S2CID 7861:(PDF) 7850:S2CID 7830:(PDF) 7815:S2CID 7787:S2CID 7433:S2CID 7395:Janus 7256:JSTOR 7216:S2CID 7180:S2CID 7016:(PDF) 7005:(PDF) 6642:S2CID 6549:S2CID 6535:(2), 6510:S2CID 6482:S2CID 6326:S2CID 6173:S2CID 6110:S2CID 6066:From 6032:Vol. 5920:(PDF) 5913:(PDF) 5870:(PDF) 5632:, as 5392:JSTOR 5027:(PDF) 5020:(PDF) 4993:2005b 4989:2005a 4564:JSTOR 4506:JSTOR 4263:JSTOR 3293:(PDF) 3278:(PDF) 3130:S2CID 2724:Also 2604:Notes 1992:. In 1903:salat 1899:Qibla 1666:Euler 1662:prime 1630:lunes 1458:hay'a 1387:Latin 1371:rest. 904:plane 810:Galen 695:as if 683:Galen 657:light 587:Paris 454:Basra 428:" by 411:Cairo 403:Basra 142:Cairo 103:Basra 12540:Jami 12422:13th 12361:12th 12310:11th 12189:Qalb 12179:Nafs 12159:ʻIlm 12091:Sufi 11993:Fiqh 10348:17th 10312:16th 10251:15th 10190:14th 10089:13th 10018:12th 9937:11th 9806:10th 9549:2008 9476:ISBN 9433:2017 9415:ISBN 9357:2022 9339:ISBN 9321:2008 9284:ISBN 9268:CNRS 9192:, , 9140:, , 9090:link 9009:ISBN 8997:2008 8968:2008 8930:PMID 8897:2008 8871:2016 8853:ISBN 8815:Isis 8780:ISSN 8746:ISBN 8544:PMID 8486:OCLC 8476:ISBN 8453:ISBN 8441:2008 8406:ISBN 8388:2010 8359:2014 8317:2008 8253:OCLC 8243:ISBN 8224:OCLC 8214:ISBN 8161:ISBN 8114:OCLC 8104:ISBN 8077:OCLC 8067:ISBN 8046:OCLC 8036:ISBN 8012:PMID 7982:ISBN 7950:PMID 7920:ISBN 7874:ISBN 7759:PMID 7751:ISSN 7717:PMID 7709:ISSN 7675:ISBN 7655:OCLC 7645:ISBN 7629:2008 7605:2008 7585:NASA 7578:2008 7552:2017 7536:OCLC 7526:ISBN 7506:ISBN 7494:2008 7459:OCLC 7449:ISBN 7425:PMID 7409:Isis 7335:2014 7319:OCLC 7309:ISBN 7291:OCLC 7281:ISBN 7208:PMID 7172:PMID 7143:OCLC 7133:ISBN 7121:2008 7082:ISBN 7068:2008 7052:OCLC 7042:ISBN 7024:2008 6992:2008 6948:OCLC 6938:ISBN 6911:2008 6881:OCLC 6871:ISBN 6848:2008 6791:OCLC 6781:ISBN 6756:ISBN 6742:2008 6709:ISBN 6685:CNRS 6665:CNRS 6611:OCLC 6601:ISBN 6582:OCLC 6572:ISBN 6444:ISBN 6426:ISBN 6386:ISBN 6318:PMID 6290:PMID 6250:PMID 6230:PMID 6189:ISBN 6165:PMID 6136:OCLC 6126:ISBN 5979:2024 5954:2014 5928:2017 5896:2015 5821:2021 5787:PMID 5779:ISSN 5329:2023 5311:ISBN 5035:2017 4845:ISBN 4818:ISBN 4791:ISBN 4764:ISBN 4435:2023 4417:ISBN 4396:2023 4378:ISBN 4357:2023 4339:ISBN 4318:2023 4300:ISBN 4279:2015 3951:2008 3859:2018 3816:2012 3768:ISBN 3735:PMID 3717:ISSN 3665:2023 3647:ISBN 3626:2023 3608:ISBN 3587:2023 3561:2023 3543:ISBN 3503:2023 3485:ISBN 3453:2019 3435:ISBN 3301:2008 3260:2015 3205:ISSN 3188:2023 3170:ISBN 3122:ISSN 3062:2016 3044:ISBN 3020:2016 3002:ISBN 2988:2017 2965:2017 2942:2019 2904:2018 2870:2018 2836:PMID 2765:2019 2664:2022 2119:The 1883:and 1788:void 1752:Nile 1564:and 1556:and 1528:and 1397:and 1385:and 1102:The 963:The 887:The 852:lens 842:and 814:lens 699:only 653:rays 643:and 551:was 458:Iraq 446:Arab 394:and 330:and 125:1041 121:1040 114:Died 84:0965 73:Born 12144:Ḥāl 11946:Aql 11699:Zij 10464:Zij 9818:Ibn 9710:9th 9669:8th 9459:at 9202:100 9198:100 8922:doi 8823:doi 8772:doi 8713:100 8699:100 8572:doi 8532:148 8340:doi 8280:doi 8004:doi 7942:doi 7896:doi 7842:doi 7807:doi 7779:doi 7741:doi 7733:297 7699:doi 7695:297 7417:doi 7372:doi 7360:518 7349:(2) 7248:doi 7200:doi 7164:doi 7109:676 6634:doi 6541:doi 6527:", 6502:doi 6474:doi 6410:doi 6310:doi 6280:PMC 6270:doi 6220:PMC 6212:doi 6208:332 6157:doi 6102:doi 5771:doi 5622:392 5529:doi 5384:doi 4603:676 4556:doi 4552:105 4498:doi 4255:doi 3725:PMC 3709:doi 3112:doi 3100:347 2163:sic 2154:'s 2000:of 1921:In 1760:dam 1730:In 1602:in 1548:In 1427:'s 1419:or 1333:). 1224:or 655:of 649:eye 593:at 585:in 448:or 252:as 191:of 80:965 13974:: 12232:CE 11851:, 9423:, 9413:, 9409:, 9347:. 9262:, 9208:: 9171:; 9156:: 9150:98 9146:98 9119:95 9116:; 9105:95 9098:: 9086:}} 9082:{{ 9073:95 9071:, 8987:, 8981:, 8958:, 8954:, 8936:, 8928:, 8918:30 8916:, 8861:, 8819:55 8817:, 8794:, 8786:, 8778:, 8764:76 8762:, 8744:, 8736:, 8710:; 8688:, 8667:98 8664:; 8653:98 8642:, 8621:95 8618:; 8607:95 8596:, 8578:, 8568:15 8566:, 8542:, 8530:, 8526:, 8504:; 8484:, 8431:, 8427:, 8404:, 8402:51 8372:, 8346:, 8336:12 8334:, 8330:, 8286:, 8274:, 8270:, 8251:, 8222:, 8212:, 8208:, 8184:, 8131:, 8112:, 8075:, 8065:, 8061:, 8044:. 8018:, 8010:, 7998:, 7980:, 7956:, 7948:, 7938:29 7936:, 7902:, 7892:30 7890:, 7856:, 7848:, 7838:19 7836:, 7832:, 7813:, 7803:13 7801:, 7785:, 7775:17 7773:, 7757:, 7749:, 7731:, 7715:, 7707:, 7693:, 7673:, 7669:, 7653:, 7639:, 7615:, 7591:, 7568:, 7562:, 7534:, 7484:, 7457:, 7431:, 7423:, 7413:58 7411:, 7400:47 7398:, 7370:, 7358:, 7347:16 7345:, 7325:, 7317:, 7289:, 7279:, 7275:, 7254:, 7244:68 7242:, 7214:, 7206:, 7196:25 7194:, 7178:, 7170:, 7160:25 7158:, 7141:, 7111:, 7107:, 7101:, 7050:, 7040:, 7036:, 7011:, 6978:, 6946:, 6921:, 6901:, 6897:, 6879:, 6869:, 6865:, 6861:, 6834:, 6809:, 6805:, 6789:, 6726:, 6679:, 6659:, 6640:, 6630:17 6628:, 6609:, 6580:, 6547:, 6533:15 6531:, 6508:, 6498:28 6496:, 6480:, 6472:, 6462:30 6460:, 6406:30 6404:, 6380:, 6324:, 6316:, 6306:37 6304:, 6288:, 6278:, 6264:, 6246:62 6244:, 6228:, 6218:, 6206:, 6171:, 6163:, 6153:24 6151:, 6134:. 6108:, 6096:, 6075:91 5970:. 5915:. 5807:. 5785:. 5777:. 5769:. 5757:. 5719:." 5703:." 5525:17 5523:, 5519:, 5504:18 5502:, 5466:^ 5416:^ 5390:. 5380:68 5378:. 5337:^ 5319:. 5164:^ 5097:^ 5077:. 5055:^ 5022:. 5015:32 4991:, 4980:^ 4883:^ 4671:46 4669:. 4663:: 4601:, 4595:, 4572:MR 4570:, 4562:, 4550:, 4528:31 4504:, 4494:58 4492:, 4450:, 4425:. 4386:. 4347:. 4308:. 4269:. 4261:. 4251:91 4249:. 4245:. 4147:^ 4069:^ 3994:^ 3916:. 3849:. 3785:, 3747:^ 3733:. 3723:. 3715:. 3705:27 3703:. 3699:. 3655:. 3616:. 3551:. 3493:. 3443:. 3333:. 3316:, 3284:. 3280:. 3223:. 3178:. 3142:^ 3128:. 3120:. 3110:. 3098:. 3094:. 3070:^ 3052:. 3028:^ 3010:. 2978:. 2974:. 2969:. 2951:. 2946:. 2928:. 2923:. 2894:. 2890:. 2878:^ 2860:. 2856:. 2832:62 2830:. 2826:. 2804:, 2789:^ 2753:. 2732:, 2728:, 2640:^ 2622:91 2233:. 2105:: 2040:, 2036:, 2032:, 2028:, 2024:, 2020:, 2016:, 1925:: 1912:: 1889:. 1742:, 1691:. 1672:. 1621:. 1493:c. 1431:, 1401:. 1298:. 1286:, 1282:, 1220:; 1164:c. 1156:c. 1145:, 854:. 729:, 725:, 601:. 570:. 499:' 474:. 456:, 398:. 390:, 366:. 358:, 354:, 344:: 314:, 301:c. 299:; 281:ən 256:; 232:, 228:, 207:, 203:, 199:, 195:, 187:, 183:, 179:, 175:, 171:, 167:, 161:, 144:, 131:c. 119:c. 105:, 95:AH 90:c. 78:c. 13866:: 12767:e 12760:t 12753:v 12234:) 11944:' 11903:e 11896:t 11889:v 11855:) 11847:( 11024:e 11017:t 11010:v 9626:e 9619:t 9612:v 9551:. 9490:) 9486:( 9484:. 9359:. 9264:7 9223:; 9092:) 8924:: 8825:: 8774:: 8740:: 8724:) 8695:( 8678:) 8649:( 8632:) 8603:( 8574:: 8515:) 8493:( 8342:: 8282:: 8276:6 8133:3 8052:. 8006:: 8000:5 7976:: 7944:: 7898:: 7844:: 7809:: 7781:: 7743:: 7701:: 7419:: 7374:: 7366:: 7250:: 7202:: 7166:: 6923:7 6717:. 6681:7 6661:5 6636:: 6543:: 6504:: 6476:: 6468:: 6412:: 6312:: 6272:: 6266:4 6214:: 6197:. 6159:: 6142:. 6104:: 6098:9 6034:5 5981:. 5956:. 5930:. 5898:. 5852:. 5840:. 5823:. 5793:. 5773:: 5765:: 5759:3 5604:. 5426:. 5398:. 5386:: 5361:. 5349:. 5331:. 5269:. 5210:. 5174:. 5143:. 5107:. 5037:. 4995:. 4952:. 4940:. 4916:. 4904:. 4878:. 4853:. 4826:. 4799:. 4772:. 4679:. 4622:. 4558:: 4500:: 4478:. 4454:. 4437:. 4398:. 4359:. 4320:. 4257:: 4171:. 4159:. 4142:. 4103:. 4091:. 4079:. 3918:4 3887:. 3861:. 3818:. 3793:. 3741:. 3711:: 3677:( 3667:. 3628:. 3589:. 3563:. 3505:. 3455:. 3337:. 3303:. 3286:2 3262:. 3190:. 3136:. 3114:: 3106:: 3064:. 3022:. 2990:. 2967:. 2944:. 2906:. 2872:. 2842:. 2767:. 2679:. 2666:. 2538:" 2534:" 2064:( 1972:( 1806:( 1329:( 1270:( 1216:( 1162:( 1154:( 706:( 541:( 340:( 284:/ 278:z 275:æ 272:h 269:ˈ 266:l 263:æ 260:/ 248:( 136:) 129:( 127:) 98:) 88:( 86:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index