Ali - Knowledge

3544: 2001: 2377: 2024: 1861: 2041: 1773:. These protestors held Ali to be the rightful successor to Muhammad, probably in reference to the Ghadir Khumm. Among others, al-Tabari reports that Umar then led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters did not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr. The scene soon grew violent, but the mob retreated after Ali's wife, Fatima, pleaded with them. Abu Bakr later placed a successful boycott on the Banu Hashim, who eventually abandoned their support for Ali. Most likely, Ali himself did not pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr until Fatima died within six months of her father, Muhammad. In Shia sources, the death (and miscarriage) of the young Fatima are attributed to an 1362: 2015:

supported Ali. The majority of the Muhajirun, and key tribal figures also favored Ali at this time. The caliphate was offered by these groups to Ali, who, after some hesitation, publicly took the oath of office. Malik al-Ashtar might have been the first to pledge his allegiance to Ali. Talha and Zubayr, who both aspired to the caliphate, also gave their pledges to Ali, most likely willingly, but later broke their oaths. Ali probably did not force anyone to pledge, and there is little evidence of any violence, even though many broke with Ali later, claiming that they had pledged under duress. At the same time, the supporters, who were in majority in Medina, might have intimidated others.

2368:. The negotiations there also failed, as the two arbitrators could not agree on the next caliph: Amr supported Mu'awiya, while Abu Musa nominated his son-in-law Abd Allah ibn Umar, who stood down. At its closure, Abu Musa publicly deposed both Mu'awiya and Ali and called for a council to appoint his successor per earlier agreements with Amr. When Amr took the stage, however, he deposed Ali and appointed Mu'awiya as his successor. The Kufan delegation reacted furiously to Abu Musa's concessions, and the common view is that the arbitration failed, or was inconclusive. It nevertheless strengthened the Syrians' support for Mu'awiya and weakened the position of Ali. 2240:, numbering perhaps at 100,000 and 130,000, respectively. Many of Muhammad's companions were present in Ali's army, whereas Mu'awiya could only boast a handful. The two sides negotiated for a while, to no avail, after which the main battle took place from Wednesday, 26 July 657, until Friday or Saturday morning. Ali probably refrained from initiating hostilities, and later fought alongside his men on the frontline, whereas Mu'awiya led from his pavilion, and rejected a proposal to settle the matters in a personal duel with Ali. Among those killed fighting for Ali was Ammar. In canonical Sunni sources, a prophetic hadith predicts Ammar's death at the hands of 512: 2131:, and the late immigrants to Iraq. By contrast, Talha and Zubayr were both Qurayshite companions of Muhammad who had amassed immense wealth under Uthman. They both revolted against Ali when he refused to grant them favors. Some other figures among the Quraysh similarly turned against Ali, who even withheld public funds from his relatives, whereas his archenemy Mu'awiya readily offered bribes. Ali instructed his officials to collect tax payments on a voluntary basis and without harassment, and to prioritize the poor when distributing public funds. A letter attributed to Ali directs his governor to pay more attention to land development than taxation. 2211: 2482: 1236: 87: 2097:. Ali has therefore been criticized by some for political naivety and excessive rigorism, and praised by others for righteousness and lack of political expediency. His supporters identify similar decisions of Muhammad, and argue that Islam never allows for compromising on a just cause, citing verse 68:9 of the Quran, "They wish that thou might compromise and that they might compromise." Some instead suggest that Ali's decisions were actually justified on a practical level. For instance, the removal of unpopular governors was perhaps the only option available to Ali because injustice was the main grievance of the rebels. 3457: 2304: 3895:), and he is regarded as the foremost companion of Muhammad. The defining doctrine of Shia Islam is that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad through divinely-ordained designation, which is primarily a reference to the Ghadir Khumm. Ali is thought to have inherited the political and religious authority of Muhammad, even before his ascension to the caliphate in 656. In particular, Ali's predecessors are regarded as illegitimate rulers and usurpers of his rights. The all-encompassing bond of loyalty between Shia Muslims and their imams (and Muhammad in his capacity as imam) is known as 1313: 3812: 2391:

many, apparently not even sparing women. Ali convinced many of the Kharijites to separate from their army, leaving about 1,500–1,800, or 2,800, out of about 4,000 fighters. The rest of the Kharijites then attacked and were crushed by Ali's army of about 14,000 men. The battle took place either on 17 July 658, or in 657. Ali has been criticized by some for killing his erstwhile allies, many of whom were outwardly pious Muslims. For others, subduing the Kharijites was necessary, for they were violent and radicalized rebels who posed a danger to Ali's base in Kufa.

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rallied around Ali, he had limited support among the powerful Quraysh, some of whom aspired to caliphate. Within the Quraysh, two camps opposed Ali: the Umayyads, who believed that the caliphate was their right after Uthman, and those who wished to restore the caliphate of Quraysh on the same principles laid by Abu Bakr and Umar. This second group was likely the majority within the Quraysh. Ali was indeed vocal about the divine prerogative of Muhammad's kin to leadership, which would have jeopardized the political ambitions of the rest of the Quraysh.

2199: 1120: 1953:. Egyptian rebels laid siege to Uthman's residence for a second time when they intercepted an official letter ordering their punishment. They demanded the caliph's abdication but he refused and maintained his innocence about the letter, for which Marwan is often blamed in the early sources. Ali also sided with Uthman, but the caliph apparently accused him about the letter. This is probably when Ali refused to further intercede for Uthman, who was assassinated soon afterward by Egyptian rebels. Ali played no role in the deadly attack, and his son 1483: 1693: 2364:, perhaps in February 658. There they reached the verdict that Uthman had been killed wrongfully and that Mu'awiya had the right to seek revenge. They could not agree on anything else. Rather than a judicial ruling, this was a political concession by Abu Musa, who probably hoped that Amr would later reciprocate this gesture. Ali denounced the conduct of the two arbitrators as contrary to the Quran and began organizing a second Syria campaign. Solely an initiative of Mu'awiya, there was also a second meeting in 2156: 2461: 1878:, was given the deciding vote either by the committee or by Umar. After deliberations, Ibn Awf appointed his brother-in-law Uthman as the next caliph, when the latter promised to follow the precedent of the first two caliphs. By contrast, Ali rejected this condition, or gave an evasive answer. The Ansar were not represented in the committee, which was evidently biased toward Uthman. Both of these factors worked against Ali, who could have not been simply excluded from the proceedings. 3465:

criticized for his idealism and political inflexibility, for his egalitarian policies and strict justice antagonized many. Or perhaps these qualities were also present in Muhammad, whom the Quran addresses as, "They wish that thou might compromise and that they might compromise." At any rate, these qualities of Ali, rooted in his religious beliefs, contributed to his image today for his followers as a paragon of Islamic virtues, particularly justice. Ali is also viewed as the model

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accepted the temporal rule of the first three caliphs in the interest of Muslim unity. Ali is portrayed in Sunni sources as a trusted advisor of the first three caliphs, while their conflicts with Ali are minimized, in line with the Sunni tendency to show accord among companions. As the fourth and final Rashidun caliph, Ali holds a particularly high status in Sunni Islam, although this doctrinal reverence for Ali is a recent development for which the prominent Sunni traditionist

3628: 2228:, a military strategist, who pledged to back the Umayyads against Ali in return for life-long governorship of Egypt. Yet Mu'awiya also secretly offered to recognize the caliphate of Ali in return for Syria and Egypt, which Ali rejected. Mu'awiya then formally declared war, charging Ali with regicide, demanding his removal, and a Syrian council thereafter to elect the next caliph. Contemporary authors tend to view Mu'awiya's call for revenge as a pretext for a power grab. 1421: 3067: 2295:

and signed on 2 August 657, stipulating that the two representatives should meet on neutral territory, adhere to the Quran and Sunna, and restore peace. Both armies left the battlefield after the agreement. The arbitration agreement thus divided Ali's camp, as many did not support his negotiations with Mu'awiya, whose claims they considered fraudulent. By contrast, the agreement strengthened Mu'awiya's position, who was now an equal contender for the caliphate.

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deserted shortly after the battle had begun, but was pursued and killed. His desertion suggests he had serious moral misgivings about their cause. Ali won the day, and Aisha was respectfully escorted back to Hejaz. Ali then announced a public pardon, setting free all war prisoners, even Marwan, and prohibiting the enslavement of their women. Their seized properties were also returned. Ali then stationed himself in Kufa, which thus became his de facto capital.

2880: 2116:) to Ali that transcended politics. For instance, many of them publicly offered Ali their unconditional support circa 658. They justified their absolute loyalty to Ali on the basis of his merits, precedent in Islam, his kinship with Muhammad, and also the announcement by the latter at the Ghadir Khumm. Many of these supporters also viewed Ali as the rightful successor to Muhammad after his death, as evidenced in the poetry from that period, for instance. 1806:, though he remained an advisor to Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters., However, their conflicts with Ali is also well-documented, but largely ignored in Sunni sources. These tensions were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs. In contrast, Shia sources view Ali's pledge to Abu Bakr as a (coerced) act of political expediency ( 3278: 2143:. Ali also advised his commander al-Ashtar not to reject any calls to peace, not to violate any agreements, and ordered him not to commence hostilities. Ali similarly barred his troops from disturbing civilians, killing the wounded and those who fled, mutilating the dead, entering homes without permission, looting, and harming women. He prevented the enslavement of women in victory, even though some protested. Before the 2439: 727: 1760:) with Ali as a candidate. In particular, the Quraysh tradition of hereditary succession strongly favored Ali, even though his youth weakened his case. By contrast, the succession (caliphate) of Abu Bakr is often justified on the basis that he led some of the prayers in Muhammad's final days, but the veracity and political significance of such reports have been questioned. 2803:, who toppled the Umayyads in 750. Some of the Alids thus revolted, while some established regional dynasties in remote areas. In particular, through imprisonment or surveillance, the Abbasids removed the imams of the Imamites from public life, and they are thought to be responsible for the imams' deaths. Mainstream Imamites were the antecedents of the 2352:, were likely disillusioned with the arbitration process. Their slogan was, "No judgment but that of God," highlighting their rejection of arbitration (by men) in reference to the Quranic verse 49:9. Ali called this slogan a word of truth by which the seceders sought falsehood because he viewed the ruler as indispensable in the conduct of religion. 1752:) at the Saqifa. The case of Ali was unsuccessfully brought up at the Saqifa in his absence, and, ultimately, those present there appointed Abu Bakr to leadership after a heated debate that is said to have become violent. Clan rivalries at the Saqifa played a key role in favor of Abu Bakr, and the outcome may have been different in a broad council ( 3004: 3483:

different. Those perhaps better match his reputation as a capable warrior. Likewise, in manner, Ali is presented in some Sunni sources as rough, brusque, and unsociable. By contrast, Shia sources describe him as generous, gentle, and cheerful, to the point that the Syrian war propaganda accused him of frivolity. Shia and

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assassination. They also called for the removal of Ali from office and for a Qurayshite council to appoint his successor. Their primary goal was likely the removal of Ali, rather than vengeance for Uthman, against whom the triumvirate had stirred up public opinion. The opposition failed to gain enough traction in

3238:, a leading early exegete, credited Ali with his interpretations of the Quran. Ali also related several hundred prophetic hadiths. He is further credited with the first systematic evaluations of hadiths, and is often considered a founding figure for hadith sciences. Ali is also regarded by some as the founder of 4128:, attributed to a companion of Ali. Such works were initially scarce, but this changed with the introduction of affordable paper in the Abbasid period. For instance, at least twenty-one monographs were composed on the Battle of Siffin between 750 and 950, thirteen of which were authored by the early historian 2270:

Fighting stopped when some Syrians raised pages of the Quran on their lances, shouting, "Let the Book of God be the judge between us." Since Mu'awiya had for long insisted on battle, this call for arbitration suggests that he now feared defeat. By contrast, Ali exhorted his men to fight, telling them

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The battle took place in December 656. The rebels commenced hostilities, and Aisha was present on the battlefield, riding in an armored palanquin atop a red camel, after which the battle is named. Talha was soon killed by another rebel, Marwan, the secretary of Uthman. Zubayr, an experienced fighter,

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an incident that Abu Bakr regretted on his deathbed. Likely a political move to weaken the Banu Hashim, Abu Bakr had earlier confiscated from Fatima the rich lands of Fadak, which she considered her inheritance (or a gift) from her father. The confiscation of Fadak is often justified in Sunni sources

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When Ali died, his son Hasan was acknowledged as the next caliph in Kufa. As Ali's legatee, Hasan was the obvious choice for the Kufans, especially because Ali was vocal about the exclusive right of Muhammad's kin to leadership. Most surviving companions of Muhammad were in Ali's army, and they also

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Following the Battle of Nahrawan, Ali could not muster enough support for a second Syria campaign. Perhaps his soldiers were demoralized, or perhaps they were recalled by their tribal leaders, many of whom had been bribed and swayed by Mu'awiya. By contrast, Ali did not grant any financial favors to

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In the absence of popular support, Ali eventually accepted the temporal rule of Abu Bakr, probably for the sake of Muslim unity. In particular, Ali turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate. He nevertheless viewed himself as the most qualified candidate for leadership by virtue of his

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as 'leader', 'master', and 'patron', while Sunni sources interpret it as love or support for Ali. Shias, therefore, view the Ghadir Khumm as the investiture of Ali with Muhammad's religious and political authority, while Sunnis regard it as a statement about the rapport between the two men, or that

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to Ibn Muljam or his pardon. At any rate, Ibn Muljam was later executed by Hasan, the eldest son of Ali. Fearing that his body might be exhumed and profaned by his enemies, Ali's burial place was kept a secret and remains uncertain. Several sites are mentioned as containing Ali's remains, including

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with a poison-coated sword, in revenge for their defeat in the Battle of Nahrawan. Ali died from his wounds about two days later, aged sixty-two or sixty-three. By some accounts, he had long known about his fate by premonition or through Muhammad. Before his death, Ali requested either a meticulous

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After the arbitration, Mu'awiya received the Syrians' pledge as caliph. Ali then organized a new, much smaller, Syria campaign. But he postponed the expedition, and instead marched to Nahrawan with his army, when he learned that the Kharijites were interrogating and executing civilians. They killed

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It was only when Yazdegerd died (A.D. 651) that some mark of Arab authority was added to the coinage (Plate II, 1; Marv, 651-52). Most early drahms have only a short Arabic religious inscription in the margin (such as besm Allāh, "in the name of God"), with the name of Yazdegerd or his predecessor

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Mu'awiya now proposed that representatives from both sides should find a Quranic resolution. Mu'awiya was represented by his ally Amr, whereas, despite Ali's opposition, the majority in his camp pressed for the neutral Abu Musa, the erstwhile governor of Kufa. The arbitration agreement was written

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When Uthman was assassinated in 656 by Egyptian rebels, the potential candidates for caliphate were Ali and Talha. The Umayyads had fled Medina, leaving the provincial rebels and the Ansar in control of the city. Among the Egyptians, Talha enjoyed some support, but the Iraqis and most of the Ansar

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These supporters wanted to see Ali as the next caliph but there is no evidence that he coordinated with them. Ali also rejected the requests to lead the rebels, although he probably sympathized with their grievances. He was therefore considered a natural focus for the opposition, at least morally.

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Before his death in 634, Abu Bakr designated Umar as his successor. Ali was not consulted about this appointment, which was initially resisted by some senior companions. Ali himself did not press any claims this time and kept aloof from public affairs during the caliphate of Umar, who nevertheless

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opposition to refrain from violence, which they heeded. He also repeatedly mediated between Uthman and the dissidents, to address their economical and political grievances. In particular, Ali negotiated and guaranteed the agreement that ended the first siege. He then convinced Uthman to publicly

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In Sunni Islam, Ali is venerated as a close companion of Muhammad, a foremost authority on the Quran and Islamic law, and the fountainhead of wisdom in Sunni spirituality. When the prophet died in 632, Ali had his claims to leadership, perhaps in reference to the Ghadir Khumm, but he eventually

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Ali is the common source of mystical and spiritual currents within both Sunni and Shia sects of Islam. In particular, Ali is the spiritual head of some Sufi movements, for Sufis believe that Ali inherited from Muhammad his esoteric knowledge and saintly authority, which guide believers on their

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Often praised for his piety and courage, Ali fought to uphold his beliefs, but was also magnanimous in victory, even risking the ire of some supporters to prevent the enslavement of women. He also showed his grief, wept for the dead, and reportedly prayed over his enemies. Yet Ali has also been

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sources are also replete with reports about his acts of kindness, especially to the poor. The necessary qualities in a commander, described in a letter attributed to Ali, may have well been a portrait of himself: slow to anger, happy to pardon, kind to the weak, and severe with the strong. His

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Mu'awiya, the incumbent governor of Syria, was deemed corrupt and unfit by Ali, who wrote to and removed him from his post. In turn, Mu'awiya, as Uthman's cousin, launched a propaganda campaign across Syria, blaming Ali for the regicide and calling for revenge. Mu'awiya also joined forces with

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Ali opposed centralized control over provincial revenues. He equally distributed excess taxes and booty among Muslims, following the precedent of Muhammad and Abu Bakr. In comparison, Umar had distributed the state revenues according to perceived Islamic merit, and Uthman was widely accused of

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Ali thus filled the power vacuum created by the regicide. His election, irregular and without a council, faced little public opposition in Medina, but the rebels' support for him left him exposed to accusations of complicity in Uthman's assassination. Even though underprivileged groups readily

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from dictating his will on his deathbed, possibly fearing that he might expressly designate Ali as his successor. Nevertheless, perhaps realizing the necessity of Ali's cooperation in his collaborative scheme of governance, Umar made some limited overtures to Ali and the Banu Hashim during his

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Historical accounts about Ali are often tendentious. For instance, in person, Ali is described in some Sunni sources as bald, heavy-built, short-legged, with broad shoulders, hairy body, long white beard, and affected by eye inflammation. Shia accounts about the appearance of Ali are markedly

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and the coolness of the tribal leaders weakened Ali. Ali consequently lost Egypt to Mu'awiya in 658. Mu'awiya also began dispatching military detachments, which targeted civilians along the Euphrates river, near Kufa, and most successfully, in the Hejaz and Yemen. Ali could not mount a timely

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Aisha publicly campaigned against Ali immediately after his accession. She was joined in Mecca by her close relatives, Talha and Zubayr, who thus broke their earlier oaths of allegiance to Ali. This opposition demanded the punishment of Uthman's assassins, and accused Ali of complicity in the

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The caliphate of Ali was characterized by his strict justice. He implemented radical policies to restore his vision of prophetic governance, and dismissed nearly all of Uthman's governors, whom he considered corrupt. Ali also distributed the treasury funds equally among Muslims, following the

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likens Muhammad and Ali to Moses and Aaron, and thus supports the usurped right of Ali to succeed Muhammad in Shia Islam. Other examples in standard Shia and Sunni collections of hadith include, "There is no youth braver than Ali," "No-one but a believer loves Ali, and no-one but a hypocrite

4027:). Alewites depict them as the sky, sun and moon respectively. Alawites deify Ali as the "last and supreme manifestation of God" who built the universe, attribute to him divine superiority, and believe that Ali created Muhammad and gave him the mission to spread Qur'anic teachings on earth. 2376: 1144:

scholars, the earliest sources place Ali before Abu Bakr. Muhammad's call to Islam in Mecca lasted from 610 to 622, during which Ali assiduously supported the small Muslim community, especially the poor. Some three years after his first revelation, Muhammad gathered his relatives for a

3101:, although now the prevalent Shia view is that Ali's recension matches the Uthmanid codex, save for the order of its content. Ali's codex is said to be in the possession of Muhammad al-Mahdi, who would reveal the codex (and its authoritative commentary by Ali) when he reappears. 2811:, was born around 868, but was hidden from the public in 874 for fear of persecution. He remains in occultation by divine will until his reappearance at the end of time to eradicate injustice and evil. The only historic split among the Imamites happened when their sixth imam, 2772:, the son of Ibn al-Hanafiya. When Abu Hashim died around 716, this group largely aligned itself with the Abbasids, that is, the descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas. On the other hand, the Imamites were led by quiescent descendants of Husayn, through his only surviving son, 1308:

ritual, as his witnesses and guarantors, likely raised their religious rank within the community. If the word 'ourselves' in the verse is a reference to Ali and Muhammad, as Shia authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar religious authority in the Quran as the

935:), who was thus appointed to succeed Umar by the electoral council. Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Yet Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies. 3842:) is likely to be credited. Sunni hierarchy of companions places Ali below his three predecessors and above those who fought against him. This ordering has required Sunni reinterpretation of those prophetic sayings that explicitly elevate Ali above all companions. 2407:

response to these assaults. He eventually found sufficient support for a second Syria offensive, set to commence in late winter 661. His success was in part due to the public outrage over Syrian raids. However, plans for a second campaign were abandoned after the

1839:) to distribute excess state revenues according to Islamic precedence, but Ali held that those revenues should be equally distributed among Muslims, following the practice of Muhammad and Abu Bakr. Ali was also absent from the strategic meeting of notables near 997:

Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims. For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry. Sunni Muslims regard him as the last of the

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Before his death in 644, Umar tasked a small committee with choosing the next caliph among themselves. Ali and Uthman were the strongest candidates in this committee, whose members were all early companions of Muhammad from the Quraysh tribe. Another member,

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to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him. Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag bearer of his army. Numerous sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, the most controversial of which was uttered in 632 at the

3492:, described him similarly, "He was amongst us as one of us, of gentle disposition, intense humility, leading with a light touch, even though we were in awe of him with the kind of awe that a bound prisoner has before one who holds a sword over his head." 1794:

merits and his kinship with Muhammad. Evidence suggests that Ali further considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad. Unlike Muhammad's lifetime, Ali retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr and his successors, Umar and

1149:, invited them to Islam, and asked for their assistance. Aged about fourteen, Ali was the only relative there who offered his support, after which Muhammad told his guests that Ali was his brother and his successor, according to the Sunni historian 4159:, and also works by Western scholars. When writing about Ali, early Western scholars often dismissed as fabricated the reports gathered in later periods because their authors often advanced their own Sunni or Shia partisan views. For instance, 2285:

tribesmen of Kufa, the largest bloc in Ali's army, both threatened Ali with mutiny if he did not answer the Syrians' call. Facing strong peace sentiments in his army, Ali accepted the arbitration proposal, most likely against his own judgment.

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is a vital source for Shia philosophical doctrines, after the Quran and Sunna. As a Shia imam, statements and practices attributed to Ali are widely studied in Shia Islam, where they are viewed as the continuation of prophetic teachings.

2181:, which formed the core of Ali's forces in the coming battles. The two armies soon camped just outside of Basra, both probably numbered around ten thousand men. After three days of failed negotiations, the two sides readied for battle. 2105:

As evident from his public speeches, Ali viewed himself not only as the temporal leader of the Muslim community but also as its exclusive religious authority. He thus laid claim to the religious authority to interpret the Quran and

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In Shia belief, Ali also inherited the esoteric knowledge of Muhammad, for instance, in view of the prophetic hadith, "I am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate." Ali is thus regarded, after Muhammad, as the interpreter,

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addressed at al-Ashtar, has served as an ideological basis for Islamic governance. The book also includes detailed discussions about social responsibilities, emphasizing that greater responsibilities result in greater rights.

2023: 4193:) argued that the tendentiousness of a report alone does not imply its fabrication. Madelung instead advocated for the authentication of historical reports on the basis of their compatibility with other events and figures. 3619:. Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims. For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry. 2756:) recognized his eldest son Hasan as their imam. When he died in 670, likely poisoned at the instigation of Mu'awiya, the Shia community followed Hasan's younger brother Husayn, who was killed by Umayyad forces in the 1843:. Ali did not participate in Umar's military expeditions, although he does not seem to have publicly objected to them. Umar likely opposed the combination of prophethood and caliphate in the Banu Hashim, and he thus 2089:

practice of Muhammad, and is said to have shown zero tolerance for corruption. Some of those affected by Ali's egalitarian policies soon revolted against him under the pretext of revenge for Uthman. Among them was

924:). Even though his advice was occasionally sought, the conflicts between Ali and the first two caliphs are epitomized by his refusal to follow their practices. This refusal cost Ali the caliphate to the benefit of 16105: 1598:

of every faithful man and woman." Muhammad had earlier alerted Muslims about his impending death. Shia sources describe the event in greater detail, linking the announcement to verses 5:3 and 5:67 of the Quran.

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While the appointment of Abu Bakr was met with little resistance in Medina, the Banu Hashim and some companions of Muhammad soon gathered in protest at Ali's house. Among them were Zubayr and Muhammad's uncle

1329:, the peace treaty between Muslims and Meccan pagans. In 630, divine orders pushed Muhammad to replace Abu Bakr with Ali for a key Quranic announcement in Mecca, according to the canonical Sunni source 2110:. Some supporters of Ali indeed held him as their divinely-guided leader who deserved the same type of loyalty that Muhammad did. They felt an absolute and all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty ( 2139:

During the Muslim civil war, Ali forbade his soldiers from looting, and instead paid them from tax revenues. He also pardoned his enemies in victory. Both of these practices were later enshrined in

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Poonawala, I.K. (2014). "The Evolution of al-Qādi al-Nu'man's Theory of Ismaili Jurisprudence as Reflected in the Chronology of his Works on Jurisprudence". In Daftary, F.; Miskinzoda, G. (eds.).

3654:(5:55) is a reference to when Ali gave his ring to a beggar, while praying in the mosque, according to Shia and some Sunni accounts. If so, then this verse gives Ali the same spiritual authority ( 1886:

Uthman was widely accused of nepotism, corruption, and injustice. Ali too criticized Uthman's conduct, including his lavish gifts for his kinsmen. Ali also protected outspoken companions, such as

1448:(630), and Muslims' victory in the Battle of Khaybar has been attributed to his courage, where he is said to have torn off the iron gate of the enemy fort. Ali also defeated the pagan champion 1777:

to subdue Ali by the order of Abu Bakr. Sunnis categorically reject these reports, but there is evidence in their early sources that a mob entered Fatima's house by force and arrested Ali,

3543: 1112:. Abu Talib also raised his nephew Muhammad after his parents died. Later, when Abu Talib fell into poverty, Ali was taken in at the age of about five and raised by Muhammad and his wife 16115: 16090: 3054:

jurist or a Twelver scholar. The book contains thousands of short sayings of Ali on piety and ethics. These aphorisms and other works attributed to Ali have considerably influenced the

7402:Ḵosrow II, but a few have the name of ʿAbdallāh b. ʿĀmer, conqueror and governor of southern and eastern Iran. The most common name in the first two decades of Arab rule is Ḵosrow II. 16050: 16110: 16085: 16080: 16100: 16055: 2848: 16095: 1623:

Ali should execute Muhammad's will. Shias point to the extraordinary nature of the announcement, give Quranic and textual evidence, and argue to eliminate other meanings of

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In Medina, Ali acted as Muhammad's secretary and deputy. He was also one of the scribes tasked with committing the Quran to writing. In 628, Ali wrote down the terms of the

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in the hadith except for authority, while Sunnis minimize the importance of the Ghadir Khumm by casting it as a simple response to earlier complaints about Ali. During his

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The authenticity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely contested, as its "among the most extensively acknowledged and substantiated" reports in classical Islamic sources. However,

1592:, a canonical Sunni source, adds that Muhammad repeated this statement three or four more times and that Umar congratulated Ali after the sermon, "You have now become the 4114:

Much has been written about Ali in Islamic literature, second only to Muhammad. However, much of this material is colored by a positive or negative bias towards Ali. The

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caliphate. For instance, Umar returned Muhammad's estates in Medina to Ali, but kept Fadak and Khayber. By some accounts, Umar also insisted on marrying Ali's daughter

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Aged about eleven, Ali was among the first to accept Muhammad's teachings and profess Islam. Ali did so either after Khadija or after Khadija and Muhammad's successor,

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has significantly influenced the Arabic literature and rhetoric. Numerous commentaries have been written about the book, including the comprehensive work of the

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was injured while guarding Uthman's besieged residence at the request of Ali. He also convinced the rebels to deliver water to Uthman's house during the siege.

1288:), perhaps when their debate had reached a deadlock. Even though the delegation ultimately withdrew from the challenge, Muhammad appeared for the occasion of 4163:(d. 1935) often rejected the historical reports attributed to the pro-Ali Ibn Abbas and anti-Ali Aisha. Caetani instead preferred accounts reported without 1100:, which is located in Mecca. However, this is disputed by Sunni sources, which state Hakim ibn Hizam was also born in the Ka'ba. Furthermore, Sunni scholar 16174: 15851: 3040: 3212:. The judicial decisions and executive orders of Ali during his caliphate have also been recorded. Other extant works attributed to Ali are collected in 902:

view this as a mere statement of friendship and rapport. When Muhammad died in the same year, a group of Muslims met in the absence of Ali and appointed

12012: 1633:, Ali is known to have asked Muslims to come forward with their testimonies about the Ghadir Khumm, presumably to counter challenges to his legitimacy. 1202:(AH). Ali too escaped Mecca after returning the goods entrusted to Muhammad there. Later in Medina, Muhammad selected Ali as his brother when he paired 2893:

Most of the works attributed to Ali were first delivered as speeches and later committed to writing by others. There are also supplications, such as

11642: 14028: 11743:

Donner, Fred M. (1999). "Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political History of the Islamic Empire up to the Mongol Conquest". In Esposito, J.L. (ed.).

1894:, and overall acted as a restraining influence on Uthman. Some supporters of Ali were part of the opposition movement, joined in their efforts by 942:

in June 656, Ali was elected caliph in Medina. He immediately faced two separate rebellions, both ostensibly to avenge Uthman: The triumvirate of

913:) as their leader. Ali later relinquished his claims to leadership and resigned from public life during the reigns of Abu Bakr and his successor, 12134:

Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Sa'd, Ibn Ma'īn, and Ibn Ḥanbal

2750:

Mu'awiya succeeded Ali in 661 and founded the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate, during which Alids were severely persecuted. After Ali, his followers (

2318:

Some of Ali's men left him in protest to the arbitration agreement. Many of them eventually rejoined Ali, while the rest gathered in the town of

1570:) the believers than themselves, this is evidently a reference to verse 33:6 of the Quran. When they affirmed, Muhammad then declared, "He whose 16335: 2954: 1038:, Iraq, is a major destination for Shia pilgrimage. The legacy of Ali is collected and studied in numerous books, the most famous of which is 14917: 2125:

nepotism and corruption. The strictly egalitarian policies of Ali earned him the support of underprivileged groups, including the Ansar, the

4415:"Sahih Muslim 1532b - The Book of Transactions - كتاب البيوع - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" 3919:, of the Quran and the sole authoritative source of its (esoteric) teachings. Unlike Muhammad, however, Ali is not thought to have received 3097:) of Ali was rejected for official use during the succession crisis. Some early Shia traditions also suggest differences with the standard 2562:) and the town of Najaf developed around it, which has become a major destination for Shia pilgrimage. The present shrine was built by the 15846: 12696: 3702:), which is limited to Ali, Fatima, and their two sons in Shia and some Sunni sources. Another reference to the Ahl al-Bayt might be the 3637:, possibly the most controversial statement in the Quran linked to Ali, is engraved on the margins of this memorial stone, dating to the 1831:) as the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Yet Ali's political advice was probably ignored. For example, Umar devised a state register ( 1732:

to discuss the future of Muslims or to retake control of their city, Medina. Abu Bakr and Umar were among the few representatives of the

11597: 2947:

has long been polemically debated. However, by tracking its content in earlier sources, recent academic research has attributed most of

15136: 2155: 1860: 1214:

to Ali in marriage, aged about twenty-two at the time. Muhammad had earlier turned down marriage proposals for Fatima by some of his

16167: 4444: 3782:) of every believer after me," "The truth revolves around him wherever he goes," "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate ( 2968:, and disapproval of Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr, who had revolted against Ali. Celebrated as an example of the most eloquent Arabic, 14289: 11371:

Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2009). "Information, Doubts and Contradictions in Islamic Sources". In Kohlberg, E.; Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (eds.).

14317: 3979:) translates as "there is no God but Ali". The Alawite trinity envisions God as being composed of three distinct manifestations, 3098: 2769: 1708:

Muhammad died in 632 when Ali was in his early thirties. As he and other close relatives prepared for the burial, a group of the

1414: 14238: 13923: 12855: 11709: 11324: 1194:, but Ali stayed behind as his decoy. That Ali risked his life for Muhammad is said to be the reason for the revelation of the 12033:

Klemm, V. (2005). "Image Formation of an Islamic Legend: Fāṭima, the Daughter of the Prophet Muḥammad". In Günther, S. (ed.).

3234:

The standard recitation of the Quran has been traced back to Ali, and his written legacy is dotted with Quranic commentaries.

1262:, arrived in Medina circa 632 and negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad. The envoy also debated with Muhammad the nature of 16285: 16183: 14726: 14707: 14405: 14355: 14330: 14251: 14194: 14169: 14085: 14066: 14016: 13991: 13966: 13889: 13681: 13645: 13612: 13581: 13548: 13515: 13479: 13443: 13407: 13374: 13338: 13302: 13266: 13233: 13198: 13165: 13132: 13099: 13058: 13025: 12992: 12959: 12790: 12771: 12730: 12707: 12636: 12551: 12532: 12487: 12443: 12394: 12375: 12356: 12337: 12315: 12275: 12253: 12209: 12190: 12167: 12141: 12122: 12103: 12042: 12023: 11974: 11955: 11846: 11827: 11782: 11720: 11697: 11675: 11653: 11627: 11608: 11582: 11561: 11538: 11497: 11436: 11384: 11335: 11309: 11283: 1614:

Arabic word and its interpretation in the context of the Ghadir Khumm is split along sectarian lines. Shia sources interpret

1266:, human or divine. Linked to this episode is verse 3:61 of the Quran, which instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to 1198:

passage, "But there is also a kind of man who gives his life away to please God." This emigration marks the beginning of the

11946:; Blomfield, B. (2015). "Remembering Fatima and Zaynab: Gender in Perspective". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.; Jiwa, S. (eds.). 1026:, that is, the rightful religious and political successor to Muhammad. Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in 15791: 15204: 2581:. Najaf is also home to top religious colleges and prominent Shia scholars. Other sites for Ali's burial are claimed to be 1510:. After the prayer, Muhammad delivered a sermon to a large number of Muslims in which he emphasized the importance of the 16160: 16040: 15777: 3973:

venerate Ali, the first of the Twelve Imams, as the physical manifestation of God. Even, the Alawite testimony of faith (

1782: 1662: 11169: 2734:. In his life, Ali fathered seventeen daughters, and eleven, fourteen, or eighteen sons, among whom, Hasan, Husayn, and 2040: 16340: 3138:) is a non-extant collection of prophetic sayings gathered by Ali. The book may have concerned matters of lawfulness ( 1428:

Ali was renowned for his bravery on the battlefield, and for his magnanimity towards his defeated enemies. He was the

14910: 14430: 14302: 14223: 14129: 14110: 14041: 12752: 12577: 12510: 12465: 12417: 12294: 12231: 12080: 12061: 11997: 11933: 11907: 11888: 11865: 11808: 11756: 11519: 11478: 11459: 11410: 11361: 4452: 4139:). Most of these monographs are not extant except through quotations in later collections, such as the tenth-century 3909:. Early on, some Shias even attributed divinity to Ali, but such extreme views were gradually rooted out of Shi'ism. 3018: 2147:

with Mu'awiya, Ali did not retaliate and allowed his enemies to access drinking water when he gained the upper hand.

612: 136: 17: 16152: 11298: 3790:)," "Ali is with the Quran and the Quran is with Ali. They will not separate until they return to me at the pool." 2760:

in 680, alongside many of his relatives. To revenge the Karbala massacre, soon followed in 685 the Shia uprising of

16325: 16305: 3935:). Verse 21:73 of the Quran is sometimes cited here, "We made them imams, guiding by Our command, and We revealed ( 3645:

Ali regularly represented Muhammad in missions which are commonly linked to Quranic injunctions. For instance, the

3178:

were likely available until the early eighth century, and parts of it have survived in later Shia and Sunni works.

2635: 2620: 1966: 1823:

consulted Ali in certain matters. For instance, Ali is credited with the idea of adopting the migration to Medina (

3089:

is a recension of the Quran compiled by Ali, who was one of its first scribes. By some Shia accounts, this codex (

1699:

depicting Muhammad (right) and Ali (left) written in a single word. The 180-degree inverted form shows both words.

1361: 3426:). In particular, Twelvers consider the title of Amir al-Mu'minin to be unique to Ali. He is also referred to as 2764:, who claimed to represent Ibn al-Hanafiyya. The main movements that followed this uprising were the now-extinct 2630:

in August 661 to Mu'awiya when the latter marched on Iraq with a large force. Mu'awiya thus founded the dynastic

1055: 549: 4007:. These beliefs are closely tied to the Alawite doctrine of reincarnations of the trinity. The final trinity of 511: 15985: 15939: 15722: 15676: 15593: 15547: 15416: 15370: 15129: 14380: 3799:

journey toward God. Nearly all Sufi orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali, an exception being the

3519: 3292:

Ali is known by many honorifics in the Islamic tradition, some of which are especially used by Shias. His main

1970: 1413:

signifies Ali's usurped right to succeed Muhammad. In the absence of Muhammad, Ali commanded the expedition to

406: 12880: 2698:, respectively. As the progeny of Muhammad, they are honored in Muslim communities by nobility titles such as 978:

in 657, which ended in a failed arbitration process that alienated some of Ali's supporters. These formed the

276: 16330: 16300: 15906: 15643: 15514: 15337: 15244: 14003: 11922: 4119: 4109: 2773: 1507: 1207: 1073: 820: 757: 467: 14181: 1341:

in 630 was bloodless and later destroyed the idols housed in Ka'ba. In 631, Ali was sent to preach Islam in

16280: 15960: 15697: 15568: 15391: 14903: 1990: 2626:

pledged their allegiance to Hasan, but overall the Kufans' support for Hasan was likely weak. Hasan later

16315: 15221: 13910: 4124: 2930:) is an eleventh-century collection of sermons, letters, and sayings, all attributed to Ali, compiled by 2687: 1774: 1650: 1316:

The topmost Arabic text reads, "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword except Zulfiqar"

1160:). The Shia interpretation of this episode is that Muhammad had already designated Ali as his successor. 14367: 14206: 14097: 3995:

symbolises the "source and meaning of all things" in Alawite mythology. According to Alawite doctrines,

1393:, except that there will be no prophet after me?" This statement appears in the canonical Sunni sources 16390: 16345: 15886: 15623: 15608: 15431: 14948: 12014:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century

436: 3961:

are therefore considered a model for the Shia community and a source for their religious injunctions.

2517:. The other given dates are 26 and 30 January. He was struck over his head by the Kharijite dissident 1944:

opposition sought the advice of Ali, who urged them to negotiate with Uthman. Ali similarly asked the

1235: 16355: 16295: 15970: 15707: 15578: 15446: 15401: 15386: 15122: 14953: 14462:

Hinds, M. (1971). "Kûfan Political Alignments and Their Background in the Mid-Seventh Century A.D.".

14417: 14392: 14342: 13978: 12600: 12092: 3207: 2735: 2727: 2481: 2044: 1770: 1670: 1215: 564: 416: 391: 11350: 16360: 16350: 16244: 16005: 15955: 15921: 15836: 15742: 15692: 15658: 15613: 15563: 15529: 15352: 15213: 15197: 12927: 12814: 11345: 11165: 3505: 3229: 2816: 2627: 2614: 2578: 2510: 2210: 1023: 816: 640: 145: 3719:

Muhammad frequently praise the qualities of Ali. The most controversial such statement, "He whose

86: 15965: 15926: 15702: 15663: 15573: 15534: 15396: 15357: 15068: 15008: 14943: 13276: 12611: 3489: 3456: 1844: 1682: 1587: 1456:

in 627. According to al-Tabari, Muhammad reported hearing a divine voice at Uhud, " no sword but

939: 12432: 12406: 12156: 11986: 11771: 11732: 11448: 11425: 3548:

Gouache illustration of Ali (centre) and his sons, Hasan and Husayn, 1838, by an unknown painter

2941:), a prominent Twelver scholar. Because of its sometimes sensitive content, the authenticity of 2690:

on her house during the succession crisis. The descendants of Hasan and Husayn are known as the

1785:, the authenticity of which has been doubted partly because it contradicts Quranic injunctions. 16290: 16234: 16030: 15995: 15767: 15732: 15003: 13216: 12591: 11271: 3906: 3738: 1803: 1642: 1382: 1326: 1181: 1177: 1113: 783: 701: 645: 630: 12368:

Female Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam

11797: 11745: 1190:

When tipped off about an assassination plot in 622, Muhammad escaped to Yathrib, now known as

16385: 16320: 16229: 16219: 16020: 16000: 15980: 15856: 15757: 15737: 15717: 15588: 15471: 15411: 15063: 15048: 14677: 14261: 13489: 13453: 13417: 12587: 12179: 11917: 7403: 4067:, Ali is thought to be an incarnation of God, and superior to Muhammad, but their image as a 4052: 3954: 3679: 3673: 2787:, who led a failed uprising against the Umayyads around 740. For his followers, known as the 2428: 2303: 1895: 1875: 1173: 943: 574: 12904: 12839: 12719: 12305: 12035:

Ideas, Images, and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam

16380: 16310: 16141: 16035: 16025: 15772: 15762: 15294: 14963: 12740: 12616: 3170:, which is said to contain the esoteric teachings of Muhammad for his household. Copies of 2719: 2514: 2445: 2420: 2408: 2271:

that raising Qurans was for deception, but to no avail. Through their representatives, the

1887: 1849: 1453: 706: 559: 381: 320: 31: 3811: 3575: 1852:, to which Ali reluctantly agreed when the former enlisted public support for his demand. 8: 16375: 16275: 16270: 16224: 16129: 16015: 15990: 15826: 15752: 15727: 15598: 15421: 15190: 15023: 15013: 14958: 13941: 13937: 13664:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13628:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13595:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13564:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13531:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13498:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13462:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13426:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13390:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13357:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13321:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13214:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13181:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13008:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 12818: 12475: 12325: 3816: 3670:(5:67) spurred Muhammad to designate Ali as his successor at the Ghadir Khumm, while the 3386: 1974: 1499: 1467: 1378: 1366: 963: 947: 335: 62: 14053: 13954: 12672: 3711:(42:23). For Shias, this verse is a Quranic mandate to love and follow the Ahl al-Bayt. 1349:

peacefully converted. Ali also peacefully resolved a blood feud between Muslims and the

1312: 1104:

regards the birth of Ali in the Ka'ba as weak. Ali's father was a leading member of the

15916: 15653: 15524: 15461: 15347: 15254: 15145: 15083: 15073: 14983: 14853: 14844: 14631: 14598: 14516: 14487: 13845: 13818: 13783: 13752: 13729: 13702: 13655: 13064: 12651: 12566: 12561: 12241: 12219: 12181:

Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini

11685: 4060: 4020: 3941:) to them the performance of good deeds, the maintenance of prayers, and the giving of 3253: 3189: 2979: 2965: 2964:

also contains sensitive material, such as sharp criticism of Ali's predecessors in its

2866: 2812: 2804: 2761: 2577:), near which lies an immense cemetery for Shias who wished to be buried next to their 2544: 2343: 1986: 1949:

repent, but the caliph soon retracted his statement, possibly pressed by his secretary

1674: 1474:

men for treachery in 626–627, though the historicity of this account has been doubted.

1449: 1332: 1119: 1001: 983: 250: 201: 102: 14449:

Arafat, W.N. (1976). "New Light on the Story of Banū Qurayẓa and the Jews of Medina".

14266: 14140: 13858: 13835: 13808: 13769: 13742: 13719: 13660: 13624: 13592: 13560: 13527: 13494: 13458: 13422: 13386: 13353: 13317: 13281: 13245: 13210: 13177: 13037: 13004: 12073:

Landlord and Peasant in Persia: A Study of Land Tenure and Land Revenue Administration

11666:(2015). "Shi'i Communities in History". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.). 16239: 16182: 16134: 15911: 15796: 15648: 15519: 15492: 15456: 15342: 15315: 15284: 15269: 15249: 15093: 15038: 14988: 14722: 14703: 14602: 14569: 14520: 14491: 14479: 14426: 14401: 14376: 14351: 14326: 14298: 14279: 14247: 14219: 14190: 14165: 14152: 14125: 14106: 14081: 14062: 14037: 14012: 13987: 13962: 13919: 13885: 13868: 13677: 13673: 13641: 13637: 13608: 13604: 13577: 13573: 13544: 13540: 13511: 13507: 13475: 13471: 13439: 13435: 13403: 13399: 13370: 13366: 13334: 13330: 13298: 13294: 13285:. In Bearman; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13262: 13258: 13249:. In Bearman; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 13229: 13225: 13194: 13190: 13161: 13128: 13095: 13078: 13068: 13054: 13050: 13021: 13017: 12988: 12971: 12955: 12938: 12888: 12863: 12826: 12786: 12767: 12748: 12726: 12703: 12679: 12658: 12646: 12632: 12573: 12547: 12528: 12506: 12499: 12483: 12461: 12439: 12427: 12413: 12390: 12371: 12352: 12333: 12330:

Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy

12311: 12290: 12271: 12249: 12227: 12205: 12186: 12163: 12137: 12118: 12099: 12076: 12057: 12038: 12019: 11993: 11970: 11951: 11929: 11903: 11884: 11861: 11842: 11823: 11804: 11778: 11752: 11716: 11693: 11671: 11649: 11623: 11604: 11578: 11557: 11554:

Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought

11534: 11515: 11493: 11474: 11455: 11432: 11406: 11380: 11357: 11331: 11305: 11279: 4448: 3509: 2931: 2824: 2808: 2800: 2757: 2682:

The first marriage of Ali was to Fatima, who bore him three sons, Hasan, Husayn, and

2634:. Throughout his reign, he persecuted the family and supporters of Ali, and mandated 2631: 2548: 2400:

tribal chiefs as a matter of principle. At any rate, the secession of so many of the

2198: 1945: 1482: 1437: 1346: 1338: 1146: 1077: 1063: 991: 959: 750: 526: 411: 357: 13881: 13144: 13111: 13091: 12984: 12951: 12871: 11883:. Translated by Watson, J.; Hill, M. (Second ed.). Edinburgh University Press. 3051: 3003: 2686:. Muhsin either died in infancy, or Fatima miscarried him when she was injured in a 2214:

Combat between the forces of Ali and Mu'awiya during the Battle of Siffin, from the

15841: 15053: 15043: 15028: 14993: 14800: 14656: 14623: 14590: 14565: 14537: 14508: 14471: 14312: 14275: 14148: 13877: 13854: 13831: 13804: 13778: 13765: 13738: 13715: 13669: 13633: 13600: 13569: 13536: 13503: 13467: 13431: 13395: 13362: 13348: 13326: 13290: 13254: 13221: 13186: 13157: 13153: 13124: 13120: 13087: 13046: 13013: 12980: 12947: 12900: 12851: 12781:

Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015a). "Imam Ali". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.).

12520: 12151: 11420: 11399: 11293: 4183: 4148: 4142: 3832: 3783: 3703: 3665: 3513: 3501: 3195: 2723: 2487: 2236:

In the summer of 657, the armies of Ali and Mu'awiya camped at Siffin, west of the

2144: 1978: 1666: 1445: 1396: 1199: 1124: 975: 824: 678: 655: 649: 531: 477: 431: 401: 120: 14581:

of the Position of Aaron for the Formulation of the Shī'ī Doctrine of Authority".

3731:," was delivered at the Ghadir Khumm. This gave Ali the same spiritual authority ( 3256:, Ali's sayings and sermons were mined for metaphysical knowledge. In particular, 1940:

As their grievances mounted, provincial dissidents poured into Medina in 656. The

16010: 15821: 15279: 15098: 15078: 15058: 15033: 14978: 14973: 14807: 14423:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God

14348:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God

13984:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God

13933: 12717:

Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015).

12691: 12304:

Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015).

12007: 11572: 11319: 4152: 4115: 3646: 3616: 3598: 3075: 2852: 2844: 2715: 2552: 2532: 2466: 2424: 2361: 1903: 1891: 1678: 1658: 1429: 1169: 1041: 1031: 1027: 808: 774: 673: 607: 592: 376: 330: 262: 14681: 14550: 14009:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God

3953:

of Ali, as with Muhammad, that is, their divine protection from sins. Here, the

3194:

is a popular Shia supplication attributed to Ali, transmitted by his companion,

15975: 15901: 15816: 15747: 15712: 15638: 15603: 15583: 15509: 15426: 15406: 15332: 15239: 15103: 15018: 13823: 13796: 13757: 13707: 11663: 11637: 11507: 3855: 3295: 3285: 3281: 3165: 3074:(85:1–3) in what might be a folio from the Mushaf of Ali in the library of the 2975: 2894: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2832: 2683: 2653: 2567: 2491: 2308: 2206:; green territory under Ali's control; pink territory under Mu'awiya's control. 1692: 1503: 1441: 1433: 1390: 1386: 1299: 971: 898:, Muhammad thus invested Ali with his religious and political authority, while 421: 386: 371: 14594: 14512: 14475: 13703:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 11. The Iconography of Imam 'Alī in Persianate Islamic Art" 11858:

Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza

11157: 2791:, any learned Hasanid or Husaynid who rose against tyranny qualified as imam. 16259: 15947: 15931: 15831: 15806: 15684: 15668: 15555: 15539: 15504: 15378: 15362: 15327: 15259: 15234: 14968: 14880: 14819: 14671: 14483: 14233: 14211: 13312: 12892: 12867: 12830: 12683: 12662: 12595: 11877: 11792: 11618:

Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2009). "The Nusayriyya Alawis".

4160: 4048: 4008: 3638: 3215: 3086: 2856: 2820: 2731: 2669: 2610: 2540: 2225: 2090: 2076: 1954: 1709: 1370: 1350: 1295: 1059: 967: 828: 635: 396: 366: 291: 278: 171: 132: 12458:

The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muḥammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims

12246:

Tradition and Survival: A Bibliographical Survey of Early Shī'ite Literature

16265: 15871: 15801: 14998: 14861: 12975:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). 12942:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). 12263: 11592: 4064: 3850: 3820: 3627: 3303: 2784: 2563: 2525: 1471: 1404: 1259: 1185: 1129: 864: 743: 731: 719: 426: 325: 14541: 1420: 15876: 15866: 15811: 15274: 15264: 14791: 14750: 11943: 11766: 4129: 3683: 3579: 3066: 2506: 2495: 2460: 2319: 2203: 1538:, his family). Taking Ali by the hand, Muhammad then asked if he was not 1517: 1487: 1385:

is linked to this occasion, "Are you not content, Ali, to stand to me as

1141: 1105: 990:, which paved the way for Mu'awiya to seize power and found the dynastic 899: 554: 456: 10590: 16070: 15861: 15088: 14827: 14719:

The Life and Religion of Mohammed as Contained in the Sheeah Traditions

14635: 13082:. In Fleet; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). 11394: 7617: 4051:

branch of Shia Islam, the Druze are not Muslims, and do not accept the

3949:(alms), and they used to worship Us." Shia Muslims also believe in the 3902: 3800: 2828: 2823:, who found political success at the turn of the tenth century, as the 2765: 2673: 2518: 2323: 2280: 2216: 2064: 1982: 1866: 1799: 1611: 1251: 1089: 1081: 987: 979: 895: 882: 231: 224: 11352:

The Divine Guide In Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam

9573: 2815:, died in 765. Some claimed that his designated successor was his son 2726:

in 632, Ali remarried multiple times and had more children, including

14938: 14857: 12453: 11603:. Translated by Sherrard, L.; Sherrard, P. Kegan Paul International. 11356:. Translated by Streight, David. State University of New York Press. 6135: 4172: 4056: 3583: 3527: 3427: 3341: 3272: 3235: 3117: 3071: 2860: 2695: 2661: 2237: 2052: 1899: 1733: 1630: 1150: 1101: 597: 71: 14895: 14661: 14644: 14627: 14160:

Hulmes, E.D.A. (2008). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Netton, I.R. (ed.).

13148:. In Houtsma, M.Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). 13115:. In Houtsma, M.Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). 1377:

Ali accompanied Muhammad in all of his military missions except the

16199: 15496: 15441: 15436: 15319: 15156: 15114: 14869: 14836: 11900:

Reorienting the East: Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim World

11818:

Rauf, F.A. (2007). "What is Sunni Islam?". In Cornell, V.J. (ed.).

4044: 3970: 2691: 2665: 2657: 2586: 2060: 2048: 1950: 1840: 1696: 1491: 1457: 1137: 903: 804: 696: 602: 14611: 12698:

After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam

12525:

Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam 'Ali

12347:

Nisan, Mordechai (2002). "6: Alawites: To Power and the Unknown".

11427:

The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam

7007: 4414: 3277: 2819:, who had predeceased al-Sadiq. These were the antecedents of the 1814:). The conflicts with Ali are probably magnified in Shia sources. 1381:

in 630, during which Ali was left behind in charge of Medina. The

15451: 14865: 14758: 8187: 6622: 6620: 3975: 3743: 3474: 3309: 2788: 2677: 2597:

while a minority of Shias believe it be somewhere in the city of

2582: 2072: 1898:

and Zubayr, both senior companions of Muhammad, and by his widow

1729: 1203: 1109: 982:, who later terrorized the public and were crushed by Ali in the 839: 452: 447: 227: 14552:

Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources

11450:

Roman Catholics and Shi'i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics

9670: 9668: 9616: 9614: 9612: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 6241: 3750:) hates Ali," "I am from Ali, and Ali is from me, and he is the 3448:), which might have initially been a pejorative by his enemies. 2438: 16209: 15166: 12572:. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. 11243: 11231: 10424: 10422: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10053: 9060: 9058: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4156: 4068: 3958: 3824: 3657: 3592: 3484: 3363: 3243: 3092: 3055: 2849:

Principles of good governance in the letter of Ali to al-Ashtar

2709: 2701: 2590: 2365: 2312: 2107: 1824: 1809: 1795: 1646: 1410: 1255: 1211: 1191: 986:

in 658. Ali was assassinated in 661 by the Kharijite dissident

925: 885: 859: 855: 849: 315: 98: 14645:"'Alī and Mu'āwiah: The Rise of the Umayyad Caliphate 656–661" 14612:"Early Debates on the Integrity of the Qur'ān: A Brief Survey" 10754: 10752: 10544: 10542: 9313: 9311: 8853: 7853: 7563: 7561: 7519: 7517: 7313: 6923: 6617: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 2738:

played a historical role. Descendants of Ali are known as the

30:

This article is about the Islamic figure. For other uses, see

15182: 10980: 10868: 10866: 10527: 10476: 9665: 9609: 9393: 9391: 9296: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8015: 8013: 8011: 7933: 7629: 7578: 7576: 7179: 7177: 7072: 6935: 6656: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6031: 5949: 5736: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4164: 4040: 4036: 3950: 3942: 3890: 3602: 3571: 3523: 3239: 3147: 3139: 3079: 2739: 2647: 2536: 2470: 2174: 2170: 2094: 2056: 1941: 1834: 1753: 1654: 1573: 1511: 1342: 1263: 1195: 1097: 1093: 1085: 1069: 1035: 955: 951: 870: 843: 835: 569: 487: 266: 197: 193: 12480:

Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism

12054:

Early Shī'ī Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir

11734:

The Shi'ite Religion (A history of Islam in Persia and Irak)

11127: 10449: 10419: 10352: 10265: 10220: 10148: 9483: 9376: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9323: 9055: 9026: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8609: 8578: 7745: 5232: 5151: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 3991:(Door); which together constitute an "indivisible trinity". 2177:

in Iraq, killing many there. Ali raised an army from nearby

827:, young Ali was raised by his elder cousin Muhammad and was 16204: 15161: 12653:

Die Religiös-Politischen Oppositionsparteien im Alten Islam

12606:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103. 11192: 11190: 11064: 11040: 10749: 10650: 10578: 10539: 10466: 10464: 10102: 10100: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10019: 10017: 9751: 9749: 9736: 9734: 9449: 9447: 9308: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9180: 9178: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9118: 8989: 8987: 8962: 8960: 8894: 8892: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8776: 8774: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8282: 8255: 8253: 8177: 8175: 8150: 8148: 8037: 7969: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7514: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7487: 7485: 7408: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6685: 6683: 6590: 6356: 6067: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5765: 5763: 5452: 5450: 5002: 5000: 4739: 4461: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 3929:), though he might have been guided by divine inspiration ( 3920: 3887:), his name is incorporated into the daily call to prayer ( 3242:, and his sayings contain the first rational proofs of the 3204:

on Islamic law, fully quoted in the Shia hadith collection

2598: 2594: 2449: 2178: 2140: 2068: 1294:, accompanied by Ali, his wife Fatima, and their two sons, 1240: 1219: 914: 270: 246: 14124:. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 350–351. 12387:

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism

12158:

The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

11690:

The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam

11139: 10956: 10907: 10905: 10863: 10395: 10208: 10184: 9561: 9415: 9388: 9284: 8916: 8590: 8410: 8335: 8008: 7829: 7653: 7573: 7404:

https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-sasanian-coins

7262: 7174: 6862: 6792: 6768: 6632: 6607: 6605: 6368: 6193: 6176: 6079: 6043: 5997: 5995: 5553: 5413: 5411: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5012: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4939: 4855: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 3901:. Ali is also thought to be endowed with the privilege of 3678:(5:3) subsequently announced the perfection of Islam. The 2004:

Ali receiving pledges of allegiance, from a manuscript of

1140:. While, the precise order here is debated among Shia and 1022:) caliphs, while Shia Muslims venerate him as their first 11103: 10932: 10878: 10725: 10689: 10277: 10172: 10136: 9992: 9990: 9780: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9403: 9359: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9045: 9043: 9041: 8928: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8272: 8270: 8268: 7793: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7062: 7060: 7058: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6746: 6744: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6542: 6344: 6308: 6253: 6113: 6111: 5922: 5699: 5697: 5669: 5667: 5529: 5024: 4830: 4828: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4314: 4147:. In addition to numerous works authored by Muslims, the 2547:. The former site was identified during the reign of the 14375:. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 35–38. 12224:

The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East

12117:. Translated by Rundell, E. Princeton University Press. 11209: 11207: 11205: 11187: 11093: 11091: 10968: 10815: 10713: 10667: 10665: 10626: 10614: 10493: 10491: 10461: 10439: 10437: 10407: 10340: 10318: 10316: 10289: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10232: 10196: 10160: 10097: 10080: 10014: 9939: 9903: 9845: 9843: 9746: 9731: 9680: 9643: 9641: 9626: 9585: 9527: 9525: 9512: 9510: 9459: 9444: 9347: 9335: 9207: 9190: 9175: 9142: 9106: 8999: 8984: 8957: 8889: 8822: 8786: 8771: 8759: 8747: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8664: 8645: 8621: 8566: 8554: 8542: 8482: 8458: 8446: 8434: 8422: 8398: 8388: 8386: 8371: 8359: 8311: 8294: 8250: 8238: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8172: 8145: 8121: 8085: 8073: 7945: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7781: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7692: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7641: 7605: 7588: 7541: 7529: 7497: 7482: 7443: 7330: 7328: 7291: 7289: 7274: 7228: 7216: 7019: 6990: 6971: 6959: 6947: 6911: 6874: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6712: 6680: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 5973: 5760: 5724: 5565: 5493: 5447: 4997: 4815: 4813: 4786: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4624: 4047:. Even though the faith originally developed out of the 14528:

Hinds, M. (1972b). "The Siffin Arbitration Agreement".

14499:

Hinds, M. (1972a). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman".

14059:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

13959:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

10944: 10902: 10781: 10779: 10737: 10566: 10328: 9867: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9721: 9719: 9016: 9014: 8865: 8133: 8097: 7894: 7892: 7472: 7470: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7371: 7359: 7252: 7250: 7194: 7192: 7137: 7135: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6756: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6602: 6578: 6530: 6518: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6443: 6409: 6407: 6380: 6332: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6098: 6096: 6094: 5992: 5939: 5937: 5898: 5804: 5802: 5423: 5408: 5314: 5312: 5172: 5141: 5139: 5096: 4978: 4845: 4843: 4273: 3460:

Ali's sword and shield carved on the Bab al-Nasr, Cairo

1502:, Muhammad halted the large caravan of pilgrims at the 803:) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet 14583:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

12303: 11175: 10922: 10920: 10851: 10803: 10596: 10124: 10070: 10068: 10029: 9987: 9951: 9879: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9692: 9597: 9549: 9537: 9427: 9272: 9248: 9219: 9094: 9082: 9070: 9038: 8945: 8841: 8735: 8693: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8633: 8518: 8265: 7865: 7623: 7340: 7147: 7115: 7103: 7055: 7043: 6886: 6741: 6695: 6554: 6506: 6217: 6108: 5910: 5838: 5714: 5712: 5694: 5664: 5652: 5618: 5616: 5601: 5517: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5384: 5208: 5126: 5124: 5072: 5048: 4956: 4954: 4825: 4798: 4751: 4593: 3861:

Ali takes center stage in Shia Islam: The Arabic word

14700:

The Prophet's Establishing a State and His Succession

14120:

Gleave, R. (2004). "Imamate". In Martin, R.C. (ed.).

13242: 12840:"ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB ii. ʿAlī as seen by the Community" 12590:(1970). "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates". In 11469:

Esposito, John L.; Moosa, Matti (1995). "Alawiyyah".

11219: 11202: 11115: 11088: 11052: 11028: 11016: 11004: 10992: 10890: 10839: 10827: 10701: 10677: 10662: 10602: 10488: 10434: 10371: 10313: 10301: 10244: 10041: 10002: 9963: 9927: 9840: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9638: 9522: 9507: 9495: 9471: 9163: 9130: 8904: 8877: 8810: 8798: 8718: 8506: 8494: 8383: 8347: 8323: 8211: 8160: 8061: 8049: 7981: 7957: 7904: 7817: 7757: 7733: 7716: 7704: 7665: 7455: 7383: 7325: 7286: 7013: 6835: 6644: 6566: 6289: 6205: 6123: 6007: 5961: 5874: 5850: 5826: 5775: 5684: 5682: 5577: 5541: 5396: 4891: 4810: 4648: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 3737:) as Muhammad, according to the Shia. Elsewhere, the 3615:

Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in

3401:

commander of the faithful' or 'prince of the faithful

1788: 1239:

Muhammad and Ali, a folio from the fifteenth century

970:, whom Ali had just removed from the governorship of 16185: 12783:

The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity

12764:

The Study of Shi'i Islam: History, Theology, and Law

11948:

The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity

11751:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–61. 11668:

The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity

11620:

Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set

11076: 10791: 10776: 10764: 10515: 10503: 9975: 9915: 9891: 9855: 9792: 9716: 9704: 9653: 9260: 9236: 9011: 8972: 8530: 8470: 8199: 8109: 8025: 7998: 7996: 7889: 7877: 7841: 7805: 7769: 7467: 7420: 7301: 7247: 7204: 7189: 7132: 6823: 6804: 6780: 6724: 6668: 6489: 6472: 6455: 6431: 6419: 6404: 6320: 6277: 6265: 6229: 6159: 6147: 6091: 6055: 6019: 5934: 5886: 5862: 5799: 5640: 5589: 5435: 5372: 5360: 5336: 5309: 5273: 5261: 5196: 5184: 5136: 5084: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4879: 4867: 4840: 4774: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4165: 4140: 3943: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3896: 3888: 3866: 3784: 3751: 3744: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3705: 3671: 3663: 3655: 3648: 3632: 3472: 3301: 3293: 3257: 3247: 3223: 3213: 3205: 3199: 3187: 3172: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3140: 3115: 3106: 3090: 3016: 3008: 2994: 2969: 2959: 2948: 2942: 2909: 2901: 2884: 2751: 2707: 2699: 2401: 2381: 2347: 2278: 2272: 2241: 2160: 2126: 2111: 2010:, dated late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. 2005: 1907: 1832: 1825: 1807: 1754: 1624: 1616: 1604: 1593: 1585: 1579: 1571: 1539: 1515: 1461: 1402: 1394: 1330: 1303: 1289: 1267: 1227: 1092:. Ali may have been the only person born inside the 1039: 999: 889: 876: 868: 847: 788: 69: 60: 14076:Fedele, V. (2018). "Fatima". In de-Gaia, S. (ed.). 12678:. Translated by Weir, M.G. University of Calcutta. 12544:

Imam 'Ali: From Concise History to Timeless Mystery

11773:

Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam

11471:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World

10917: 10638: 10554: 10112: 10065: 9823: 8676: 7031: 6392: 5814: 5787: 5748: 5709: 5628: 5613: 5505: 5481: 5462: 5348: 5324: 5297: 5220: 5121: 4966: 4951: 4581: 4550: 4395: 3914: 3466: 2523: 1881: 14416: 14391: 14366: 14341: 14316: 14288: 14265: 14237: 14205: 14180: 14096: 14052: 14027: 14002: 13977: 13909: 13867: 13844: 13817: 13782: 13751: 13728: 13701: 13659: 13623: 13559: 13526: 13493: 13457: 13421: 13385: 13352: 13316: 13280: 13244: 13209: 13176: 13143: 13110: 13077: 13036: 13003: 12970: 12937: 12718: 12695: 12671: 12650: 12615: 12599: 12565: 12498: 12431: 12405: 12178: 12155: 12091: 12011: 11985: 11921: 11876: 11796: 11770: 11744: 11731: 11708: 11641: 11596: 11447: 11424: 11401:No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam 11398: 11372: 11349: 11323: 11297: 9761: 5679: 5285: 5060: 5036: 4605: 4562: 14398:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion 14162:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion 13819:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 4. Qur'ān and Ḥadīth Sciences" 12721:The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary 12626: 12307:The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary 11276:The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib 10383: 7993: 5249: 4202: 4039:faith, Ali is considered a "minor prophet," like 2807:, who believe that their twelfth and final imam, 2768:and the Imamites. The Kaysanites mostly followed 2380:Battle of Nahrawan, a folio from a manuscript of 1817: 1302:. The inclusion of these four by Muhammad in the 16257: 14577:Miskinzoda, G. (2015). "The Significance of the 13621: 13590: 13557: 13524: 13488: 13452: 13416: 11570: 9674: 9620: 7097: 6247: 5955: 5742: 5243: 5166: 4544: 2794: 2027:Ali receiving pledges of allegiance, same source 1935: 1365:Zulfiqar with and without its shield, carved on 834:Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of 14673:The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought 13776: 13749: 13275: 12586: 12098:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. 11942: 11715:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10365: 10154: 9064: 8859: 7319: 6929: 6626: 4745: 2745: 2473:, near Kufa, where Ali is believed to be buried 2346:. The Kharijites, many of whom belonged to the 1088:, which is the occasion celebrated annually by 27:4th Rashidun caliph (656–661) and 1st Shia imam 16371:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr 16366:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud 14323:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 14295:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 14061:. Princeton University Press. pp. 43–44. 14034:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 13961:. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32. 13932: 12747:. Islamic College for Advanced Studies Press. 12351:(2nd ed.). McFarland & Company, Inc. 11172:on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023. 4389: 2298: 1636: 1440:(628). He vigorously defended Muhammad in the 16168: 15198: 15130: 14911: 12931:(in Turkish). Vol. 10. pp. 513–515. 11468: 11133: 3682:(33:33) concerns the status of purity of the 2953:to Ali. The book, particularly its letter of 2386:, late sixteenth or early seventeenth century 2342:), who later took up arms against Ali in the 1210:. Around 623–625, Muhammad gave his daughter 950:, both companions of Muhammad, and his widow 751: 14501:International Journal of Middle East Studies 14464:International Journal of Middle East Studies 14297:. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 248–250. 13865: 12780: 12408:A Chronology of Islamic History, 570–1000 CE 11988:Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics 11924:Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam 11577:(1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press. 11574:Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam 11548:Clarke, L. (2005). "The Rise and Decline of 11445: 11304:(Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 11046: 4945: 4308: 4118:about Ali are the Quran, hadiths, and other 1486:The Investiture of Ali at the Ghadir Khumm ( 1163: 44: 14421:. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). 14364: 14350:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. 14346:. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). 14339: 14311: 14122:Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world 14007:. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). 13986:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. 13982:. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). 12935: 12813: 12716: 12541: 12519: 12289:(1st ed.). Syracuse University Press. 11617: 11533:. Oakland: University of California Press. 11370: 11344: 11070: 10962: 10872: 10758: 10584: 10548: 10533: 10482: 10413: 10401: 10214: 10190: 10142: 10106: 10023: 9489: 8615: 8603: 8043: 8019: 7939: 7859: 7835: 7659: 7635: 7582: 7523: 6638: 6199: 6187: 6085: 5115: 5030: 4991: 4861: 4072: 3872: 3757: 3687: 3433: 3411: 3391: 3384:, the name initially her mother gave him), 3369: 3347: 3315: 3308:("father of al-Hasan"). His titles include 3123: 3024: 2915: 2414: 2327: 2247: 1913: 1855: 1763: 1737: 1713: 1545: 1523: 1273: 1007: 16175: 16161: 15205: 15191: 15137: 15123: 14918: 14904: 14609: 14576: 14373:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 14325:. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 36–37. 13907: 13243:Levi Della Vida, G.; Khoury, R.G. (2012). 12669: 12645: 12240: 11822:. Vol. 1. Praeger. pp. 185–216. 11711:The Ismā'īlīs: Their History and Doctrines 11552:in Twelver Shi'ism". In Lawson, T. (ed.). 11318: 10731: 10295: 10283: 10271: 10238: 10178: 10166: 9409: 9370: 9329: 8939: 6259: 5456: 5018: 5006: 2355: 2231: 2159:Battle of the Camel, from a manuscript of 2035: 758: 744: 85: 14660: 14286: 14260: 14011:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 18–20. 13764:. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. 13726: 13692: 13383: 12917: 12899: 12761: 12745:Shi'i Islam: Origins, Faith and Practices 12560: 12474: 11729: 10986: 10884: 10719: 10455: 9945: 7611: 7599: 7552: 7508: 7449: 7168: 6314: 5730: 4897: 4819: 4792: 4733: 2714:. Ali and Fatima also had two daughters, 1687: 16184:The ten to whom Paradise was promised – 14642: 14078:Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions 14000: 13815: 13699: 13347: 12850: 12837: 12690: 12657:(in German). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. 12426: 12218: 12150: 11967:'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability? 11791: 11473:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 11249: 11237: 11196: 10470: 10428: 10377: 10259: 10226: 10091: 9849: 9755: 9686: 9647: 9632: 9591: 9579: 9567: 9465: 9453: 9397: 9382: 9353: 9341: 9317: 9302: 9290: 9213: 9201: 9184: 9157: 9124: 9032: 9005: 8993: 8966: 8922: 8898: 8835: 8792: 8780: 8765: 8753: 8670: 8627: 8584: 8572: 8560: 8548: 8488: 8464: 8452: 8440: 8428: 8416: 8404: 8377: 8365: 8341: 8317: 8305: 8288: 8259: 8244: 8232: 8193: 8154: 8139: 8127: 8091: 7951: 7927: 7751: 7647: 7567: 7535: 7491: 7414: 7377: 7280: 7268: 7241: 7222: 7183: 7025: 7001: 6984: 6965: 6953: 6941: 6917: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6798: 6774: 6762: 6718: 6689: 6662: 6611: 6584: 6548: 6449: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6350: 6338: 6141: 6037: 5986: 5904: 5769: 5703: 5673: 5583: 5559: 5535: 5523: 5499: 5417: 4834: 4011:in the Alawite trinity consists of Ali ( 3849: 3810: 3626: 3495: 3455: 3276: 3065: 3002: 2878: 2375: 2302: 2289: 2209: 2197: 2184: 2154: 2039: 2022: 1999: 1859: 1691: 1671:Sunni view of Ali § Political views 1481: 1470:, apparently oversaw the killing of the 1419: 1360: 1311: 1234: 1225: 1118: 14425:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–4. 13975: 13952: 13842: 13753:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 1. Names and Titles" 13207: 12968: 12806: 12739: 12089: 12070: 12006: 11706: 11662: 11636: 10911: 10857: 10059: 9873: 9817: 9555: 9543: 9278: 8741: 8639: 7975: 7126: 7066: 6905: 6750: 6512: 6102: 5943: 5634: 4768: 3803:, who reach Muhammad through Abu Bakr. 3714: 1466:) but Ali." Ali and another companion, 1049: 14: 16258: 15802:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III) 14559: 14548: 14527: 14498: 14448: 14441: 14414: 14389: 14232: 14203: 14159: 14119: 14094: 14075: 14025: 13174: 13141: 13108: 13075: 13001: 12878: 12825:. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581. 12629:The Architects of Islamic Civilisation 12496: 12482:. State University of New York Press. 12403: 12384: 12332:. State University of New York Press. 12248:. Vol. 1. Oneworld Publications. 12202:A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is 12199: 12176: 12051: 11983: 11964: 11897: 11855: 11836: 11765: 11742: 11692:. State University of New York Press. 11684: 11591: 11547: 11487: 11454:. University of North Carolina Press. 11292: 11225: 11181: 11097: 11010: 10998: 10974: 10938: 10926: 10809: 10707: 10695: 10671: 10644: 10620: 10608: 10560: 10497: 10346: 10322: 10307: 10130: 10118: 10074: 10047: 10035: 9996: 9969: 9957: 9933: 9885: 9834: 9786: 9603: 9516: 9477: 9438: 9254: 9230: 9100: 9088: 9076: 9049: 8978: 8951: 8910: 8883: 8847: 8729: 8712: 8687: 8658: 8524: 8512: 8276: 8181: 7915: 7799: 7787: 7763: 7739: 7727: 7710: 7698: 7686: 7674: 7461: 7365: 7353: 7334: 7295: 7109: 7049: 7037: 6844: 6706: 6650: 6536: 6524: 6398: 6302: 6211: 6117: 6073: 6049: 6013: 5916: 5880: 5856: 5808: 5688: 5658: 5646: 5622: 5607: 5595: 5571: 5441: 5429: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5145: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4885: 4873: 4630: 4618: 4267: 3854:Ali with his sons, nineteenth century 3034:exalted aphorisms and pearls of speech 2265: 2150: 2100: 974:, fought against Ali the inconclusive 16336:Writers of the medieval Islamic world 16156: 15186: 15118: 14925: 14899: 14669: 14461: 14178: 14098:"'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (598-40/598-661)" 14050: 13311: 12924: 12452: 12365: 12346: 12284: 12262: 12131: 12115:Sunnis and Shi'a: A Political History 12112: 12032: 11916: 11528: 11506: 11419: 11393: 11326:The First Muslims: History and Memory 11270: 11213: 11145: 11121: 11109: 11082: 11058: 11034: 11022: 10950: 10896: 10845: 10833: 10821: 10770: 10743: 10683: 10656: 10632: 10572: 10521: 10509: 10443: 10202: 10008: 9981: 9921: 9909: 9897: 9861: 9774: 9740: 9725: 9710: 9698: 9659: 9531: 9501: 9421: 9266: 9242: 9169: 9136: 8871: 8816: 8804: 8536: 8500: 8476: 8392: 8353: 8329: 8220: 8205: 8166: 8115: 8103: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8031: 7987: 7963: 7898: 7883: 7871: 7847: 7823: 7811: 7775: 7476: 7437: 7389: 7307: 7256: 7210: 7198: 7141: 6829: 6817: 6786: 6735: 6674: 6596: 6572: 6560: 6500: 6483: 6466: 6437: 6425: 6413: 6326: 6283: 6271: 6235: 6223: 6170: 6153: 6129: 6061: 6025: 6001: 5967: 5928: 5892: 5868: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5793: 5781: 5754: 5718: 5547: 5511: 5487: 5475: 5354: 5303: 5255: 5226: 5130: 4972: 4960: 4849: 4804: 4780: 4642: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4556: 4438: 4401: 4030: 2799:Alids were also persecuted under the 2641: 2371: 2311:ran parallel to the east bank of the 1864:The election of Uthman, a folio from 91:Calligraphic panel bearing Ali's name 15144: 14676:(PhD thesis). Princeton University. 14451:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 14138: 13654: 13034: 12627:Wain, A.; Hashim Kamali, M. (2017). 12610: 12324: 11902:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 11874: 11817: 11531:Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate 10797: 10785: 10389: 10334: 9112: 9020: 8002: 4097:) subsect of Shia Islam is incorrect 3662:) as Muhammad. In Shia sources, the 3154:), including a detailed penal code. 2360:The two arbitrators met together in 1902:. Among such supporters of Ali were 1108:, a clan within the Meccan tribe of 14560:Lalani, A. (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". 13876:. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, M. 13737:. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, M. 12887:. Vol. I/3. pp. 333–334. 12287:Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects 11571:Cortese, D.; Calderini, S. (2006). 3284:of "Ali is the vicegerent of God" ( 3266: 2897:, which he may have taught others. 2193: 1409:, among others. For the Shia, this 1320: 1084:. His date of birth is possibly 13 858:in 622, Muhammad gave his daughter 778: 45: 24: 14690: 14290:"Fatima (al-Zahra') bint Muhammad" 14105:. AltaMira Press. pp. 39–41. 12925:Algar, Hamid (1994). "EHL-i HAK". 11860:. University of California Press. 11512:Medieval Islamic Political Thought 2992: 2900: 2119: 1789:Caliphate of Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) 1356: 1337:. Ali also helped ensure that the 1123:Ali in an illustrated copy of the 812: 799: 25: 16402: 15792:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II) 14189:. Facts on File. pp. 33–34. 13859:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 13836:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 13809:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 13784:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 6. Mysticism ( 13770:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 13743:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 13720:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 13593:"(al-)Ḥasan b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib" 12766:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 295–351. 11670:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 169–209. 11446:Bill, J.; Williams, J.A. (2002). 7014:Levi Della Vida & Khoury 2012 4103: 3806: 3224:Contributions to Islamic sciences 3019:Ghurar al-hikam wa durar al-kalim 2498:, where some claim Ali is buried. 1995: 1798:. Ali did not participate in the 613:Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim 15817:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali) 14280:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00153 14153:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00149 13869:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 2. Biography" 13730:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 3. Caliphate" 13674:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0165 13638:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2218 13605:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0272 13574:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217 13541:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046 13508:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439 13472:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1962 13436:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0339 13400:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5289 13367:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6920 13331:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0543 13295:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0497 13259:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1315 13226:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0980 13191:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7018 13051:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617 13018:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5752 12819:"Eschatology iii. Imami Shi'ism" 12801: 11151: 7395: 3845: 3542: 3061: 3007:Folio from an old manuscript of 2883:Folio from an old manuscript of 2621:Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali 2505:Ali was assassinated during the 2490:, also called Rawz-e-Sharif, in 2480: 2459: 2437: 1967:Election of Ali to the caliphate 1882:Caliphate of Uthman (r. 644–656) 1663:Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance 1345:, as a consequence of which the 962:but were defeated by Ali in the 725: 510: 15753:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 14555:(Thesis). Concordia University. 14400:. Routledge. pp. 477–478. 13882:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324 13092:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324 12985:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329 12952:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 12785:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 33–55. 12204:. Georgetown University Press. 11992:. Westminster/John Knox Press. 11556:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 46–63. 3622: 3335:one who is chosen and contented 2572: 2557: 2134: 1477: 1056:Birthplace of Ali ibn Abi Talib 930: 919: 908: 15212: 14570:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0105 13158:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_0645 13125:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0020 12602:The Cambridge History of Islam 12505:. Cambridge University Press. 12438:. Cambridge University Press. 12268:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 12162:. Cambridge University Press. 12094:A History of Islamic Societies 11841:. Cambridge University Press. 11799:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 11514:. Edinburgh University Press. 11300:Historical Dictionary of Islam 4432: 4407: 4151:about Ali include writings of 3520:Administrative policies of Ali 3181: 3070:The first three verses of the 2783:). An exception was Ali's son 2394: 2063:symbols (image of the crowned 1971:Administrative policies of Ali 1906:and other religiously learned 1818:Caliphate of Umar (r. 634–644) 13: 1: 15245:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 14779: 14767: 14698:Hamidullah, Muhammad (1988). 14246:. Routledge. pp. 16–17. 14218:. Routledge. pp. 28–32. 14164:. Routledge. pp. 43–45. 14103:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 13853:. Translated by Khaleeli, A. 13714:. Translated by Negahban, F. 13622:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012c). 13591:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012e). 13558:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012d). 13525:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). 12674:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 12349:Minorities in the Middle East 12226:. Michigan University Press. 11730:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). 11599:History of Islamic Philosophy 11490:Saudi Clerics and Shī'a Islam 11258: 9582:, pp. 262, 288–291, 293. 4439:Al-Nawawi, Yahya bin Sharaf. 4110:Historiography of early Islam 3964: 2795:Under the Abbasids (750–1258) 2636:regular public cursing of Ali 2604: 2018: 1936:Assassination of Uthman (656) 1506:and addressed them after the 1074:Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib 881:." The interpretation of the 821:Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib 815:to 661, as well as the first 794: 468:Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib 238: 219: 211: 185: 16286:7th-century monarchs in Asia 14702:. University of California. 13830:. Translated by Valey, M.I. 13750:Haj Manouchehri, F. (2015). 13733:. In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). 12856:"Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Ṭāleb" 12389:. Harvard University Press. 11839:Shi'i Islam: An Introduction 11777:. Harvard University Press. 11375:Revelation and Falsification 6144:, pp. 42, 52–54, 213–4. 5743:Cortese & Calderini 2006 4447:. pp. vol. 1, pg. 409. 4196: 4188: 4177: 4134: 4059:, a religion founded by the 3837: 3793: 3451: 3198:. Also attributed to Ali is 3104: 3045: 2984: 2936: 2778: 2746:Under the Umayyads (661–750) 2452:, where Ali was assassinated 2093:, the incumbent governor of 1991:Second Syria campaign of Ali 1960: 1498:On his return trip from the 1424:Ali in the Battle of Khaybar 1155: 842:were severely persecuted in 112:17 June 656 – 28 January 661 7: 16186: 14272:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān 14244:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia 14216:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia 14145:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān 13916:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia 12905:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life" 12037:. Brill. pp. 181–208. 12018:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 11803:. Oxford University Press. 11747:The Oxford history of Islam 11492:. Oxford University Press. 10155:Jozi & Shah-Kazemi 2015 4746:Kassam & Blomfield 2015 4166: 4141: 4125:The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays 3944: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3915: 3897: 3889: 3867: 3785: 3752: 3745: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3706: 3672: 3664: 3656: 3649: 3633: 3610: 3473: 3467: 3302: 3294: 3258: 3248: 3214: 3206: 3200: 3188: 3173: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3141: 3116: 3107: 3091: 3017: 3009: 2995: 2970: 2960: 2949: 2943: 2910: 2902: 2885: 2752: 2708: 2700: 2524: 2402: 2382: 2348: 2322:. They became known as the 2299:Formation of the Kharijites 2279: 2273: 2257:rebellious aggressive group 2242: 2161: 2127: 2112: 2071:center, and crescent-star, 2006: 1908: 1833: 1826: 1808: 1755: 1637:Life under Rashidun Caliphs 1625: 1617: 1605: 1594: 1586: 1580: 1572: 1540: 1516: 1462: 1403: 1395: 1331: 1304: 1290: 1268: 1228: 1040: 1000: 890: 877: 869: 848: 789: 155:8 June 632 – 28 January 661 70: 61: 10: 16407: 14949:Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr 14717:Merrick, James L. (2005). 14530:Journal of Semitic Studies 14036:. Routledge. p. 754. 13918:. Routledge. p. 218. 13803:. Translated by Brown, K. 12936:Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2014). 12622:. Oxford University Press. 11529:Atwan, Abdel Bari (2015). 4390:Afsaruddin & Nasr 2023 4107: 4003:, which in turn built the 3957:is sometimes cited. Ali's 3517: 3499: 3270: 3227: 2864: 2842: 2651: 2645: 2618: 2608: 2418: 2083: 1964: 1640: 1167: 1053: 29: 16341:People of the First Fitna 16195: 16187:al-ʿashara al-mubashshara 16124: 15885: 15622: 15470: 15293: 15220: 15152: 14934: 14877: 14851: 14833: 14826: 14816: 14805: 14797: 14790: 14744: 14739: 14595:10.1017/S0041977X14001402 14513:10.1017/S0020743800025216 14476:10.1017/S0020743800001306 14396:. In Netton, I.R. (ed.). 14371:. In Martin, R.C. (ed.). 14057:. In Bowering, G. (ed.). 13957:. In Bowering, G. (ed.). 13900: 13866:Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015b). 12631:. Pelanduk Publications. 12270:. Yale University Press. 11969:. Oneworld Publications. 11431:. Oneworld Publications. 11379:. Brill. pp. 12–23. 11330:. Oneworld Publications. 11278:. Yale University Press. 11134:Esposito & Moosa 1995 4441:Tahdhibul Asma Wal Lughat 4171:by early historians like 4122:, the most notable being 3589: 3567: 3553: 3541: 3534: 3421:leader of the God-fearing 3325:one with whom is pleased 3208:Man la yahduruhu al-faqih 2736:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya 1703: 1164:Companionship of Muhammad 831:to accept his teachings. 483: 473: 463: 446: 356: 349:Muhayya bint Imru al-Qays 308: 256: 207: 181: 177: 167: 159: 151: 143: 126: 116: 108: 96: 84: 52: 41: 16245:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 14721:. Kessinger Publishing. 14365:Steigerwald, D. (2004). 14340:Shah-Kazemi, R. (2014). 14185:. In Campo, J.E. (ed.). 14141:"Politics and the Quran" 14095:Glassé, C., ed. (2001). 14080:. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. 13872:. In Daftary, F. (ed.). 13849:. In Daftary, F. (ed.). 12542:Shah-Kazemi, R. (2019). 12071:Lambton, A.K.S. (1991). 11644:A History of Shi'i Islam 11263: 11166:Harvard University Press 8196:, pp. 98, 101, 107. 4946:Bill & Williams 2002 3506:Ali in hadith literature 3230:Ali and Islamic sciences 3220:and other Shia sources. 3162:is also often linked to 2838: 2415:Assassination and burial 2262:) who call to hellfire. 1856:Election of Uthman (644) 1764:Attack on Fatima's house 1651:Attack on Fatima's house 1555:have more authority over 1494:manuscript illustration) 1460:, no chivalrous youth ( 1218:, notably, Abu Bakr and 811:who ruled from 656 779:عَلِيُّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب 641:The Fourteen Infallibles 215: 28 January 661 CE 16326:Deaths by blade weapons 16306:Assassinated Shia imams 16031:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 16006:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 15788:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah 15768:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 15743:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 14643:Petersen, E.L. (1958). 14610:Modarressi, H. (1993). 14321:. In Meri, J.W. (ed.). 14293:. In Meri, J.W. (ed.). 14242:. In Leaman, O. (ed.). 14032:. In Meri, J.W. (ed.). 13946:Encyclopedia Britannica 13914:. In Leaman, O. (ed.). 13908:Afsaruddin, A. (2006). 12670:Wellhausen, J. (1927). 11898:Jacobs, Martin (2014). 11622:. Infobase Publishing. 11488:Ismail, Raihan (2016). 11162:Harvard Divinity School 11071:Cosman & Jones 2009 10062:, pp. 2, 110, 128. 2356:Arbitration proceedings 2173:, and instead captured 2036:Administrative policies 1683:Assassination of Uthman 292:31.996111°N 44.314167°E 16046:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah 16026:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 16021:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 15763:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 15758:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 15004:Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman 14954:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali 14939:Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas 14287:Qutbuddin, T. (2006). 13976:Buehler, A.F. (2014). 13953:Anthony, S.W. (2013). 13874:Encyclopaedia Islamica 13851:Encyclopaedia Islamica 13828:Encyclopaedia Islamica 13801:Encyclopaedia Islamica 13762:Encyclopaedia Islamica 13735:Encyclopaedia Islamica 13727:Bahramian, A. (2015). 13712:Encyclopaedia Islamica 13693:Encyclopaedia Islamica 13666:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13630:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13597:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13566:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13533:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13500:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13464:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13428:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13392:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13384:Schmucker, W. (2012). 13359:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13323:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13251:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13217:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13183:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13150:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13117:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13084:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13043:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13010:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13005:"Nahd̲j̲ al-Balāg̲h̲a" 12977:Encyclopaedia of Islam 12944:Encyclopaedia of Islam 12918:Encyclopaedia of Islam 12434:Islamic Historiography 11252:, pp. xi, 19, 20. 11240:, pp. 27, 28, 34. 3858: 3827: 3739:hadith of the position 3642: 3471:for Islamic chivalry ( 3461: 3289: 3083: 3013: 2890: 2509:on 28 January 661 (19 2387: 2315: 2220: 2207: 2165: 2080: 2028: 2011: 1870: 1804:early Muslim conquests 1700: 1688:Succession to Muhammad 1643:Succession to Muhammad 1500:Hajj pilgrimage in 632 1495: 1425: 1383:hadith of the position 1374: 1327:Treaty of al-Hudaybiya 1317: 1247: 1182:Hadith of the position 1178:Military career of Ali 1133: 1096:, the holiest site of 940:Uthman's assassination 702:Succession to Muhammad 631:Military career of Ali 565:Timeline of Ali's life 16230:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf 16220:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah 16081:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad 16041:Shams al-Din Muhammad 15857:Shah Khalil Allah III 15778:Shams al-Din Muhammad 15614:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 15437:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz 15285:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 15049:Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr 14415:Walker, A.H. (2014). 14270:. In Pink, J. (ed.). 14204:Lalani, A.R. (2006). 14187:Encyclopedia of Islam 14143:. In Pink, J. (ed.). 14001:Cappucci, J. (2014). 13816:Pakatchi, A. (2015). 13700:Alizadeh, M. (2015). 13287:Encyclopedia of Islam 13246:"'Ut̲h̲mān b. 'Affān" 13076:Gleave, R.M. (2008). 13035:Gibb, H.A.R. (2012). 12909:Encyclopaedia Iranica 12885:Encyclopaedia Iranica 12860:Encyclopaedia Iranica 12838:Kohlberg, E. (1982). 12823:Encyclopaedia Iranica 12497:Shaban, M.A. (1971). 12404:Rahman, H.U. (1995). 12285:Moosa, Matti (1987). 12052:Lalani, A.R. (2000). 11965:Keaney, H.N. (2021). 11856:Hajjar, Lisa (2005). 10659:, pp. 16–7, 325. 9675:Veccia Vaglieri 2012e 9621:Veccia Vaglieri 2012g 7098:Veccia Vaglieri 2012f 6599:, pp. 52–53, 55. 6248:Veccia Vaglieri 2012a 5956:Veccia Vaglieri 2012c 5244:Veccia Vaglieri 2012d 5167:Veccia Vaglieri 2012b 4545:Veccia Vaglieri 2012a 4053:five pillars of Islam 3955:verse of purification 3865:itself is short for ' 3853: 3814: 3680:verse of purification 3674:verse of ikmal al-din 3630: 3496:Assessment and legacy 3459: 3280: 3252:) in Islam. In later 3069: 3041:Abd al-Wahid al-Amidi 3006: 2925:the path of eloquence 2882: 2429:Mausoleum of Imam Ali 2379: 2306: 2290:Arbitration agreement 2232:Account of the battle 2213: 2201: 2185:Account of the battle 2158: 2055:of Ali contains both 2045:Arab–Sasanian coinage 2043: 2026: 2003: 1876:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf 1863: 1783:prophetic inheritance 1695: 1508:congregational prayer 1485: 1423: 1364: 1315: 1238: 1174:Event of the mubahala 1122: 846:. After immigration ( 807:, and was the fourth 575:Event of Ghadir Khumm 16331:Islamic philosophers 16301:Assassinated caliphs 16036:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 15927:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 15773:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 15664:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 15535:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 15462:Sulayman Badr al-Din 15358:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 15009:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib 14964:Abu Dharr al-Ghifari 14944:Abd Allah ibn Ja'far 14811:4th Rashidun Caliph 14756:Cadet branch of the 14670:Soufi, D.L. (1997). 14418:"Abu Bakr al-Siddiq" 14343:"'Ali ibn Abi Talib" 14318:"'Ali ibn Abi Talib" 14207:"'Ali ibn Abi Talib" 14179:Jones, L.G. (2009). 13843:Sajjadi, S. (2018). 13208:Lecomte, G. (2012). 13142:Huart, Cl. (2012b). 13109:Huart, Cl. (2012a). 13079:"'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib" 12969:Daftary, F. (2014). 12879:Pellat, Ch. (1983). 12874:on 17 November 2013. 12844:Encyclopedia Iranica 12807:Encyclopædia Iranica 12412:. Ta-Ha Publishers. 12132:Lucas, S.C. (2004). 12090:Lapidus, I. (2002). 11738:. Luzac and Company. 11707:Daftary, F. (2007). 10366:Haj Manouchehri 2015 9424:, pp. 141, 171. 9305:, pp. 255, 257. 9065:Levi Della Vida 2012 8860:Veccia Vaglieri 1970 7320:Veccia Vaglieri 1970 6944:, pp. 111, 119. 6930:Veccia Vaglieri 1970 6665:, pp. 108, 113. 6627:Veccia Vaglieri 1970 6076:, pp. 114, 117. 6040:, pp. 141, 253. 3715:In hadith literature 3146:) and unlawfulness ( 3050:), who was either a 2615:Hasan–Muawiya treaty 2515:Great Mosque of Kufa 2446:Great Mosque of Kufa 2421:Assassination of Ali 2409:assassination of Ali 1781:with a hadith about 1490:, fol. 162r, 1307–8 1454:Battle of the Trench 1050:Birth and early life 867:, "Whoever I am his 798: 600–661 707:Great Mosque of Kufa 343:Al-Sahba bint Rabi'a 321:Umama bint Abi al-As 316:Fatima bint Muhammad 297:31.996111; 44.314167 163:Established position 32:Ali (disambiguation) 16281:7th-century caliphs 16235:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 16225:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 15827:Khalil Allah II Ali 15024:Khuzaima ibn Thabit 15014:Jabir ibn Abd Allah 14959:Abu Ayyub al-Ansari 14549:Khetia, V. (2013). 14542:10.1093/jss/17.1.93 14442:Journals and theses 14390:Thomas, D. (2008). 14182:"Ali ibn Abi Talib" 14139:Heck, P.L. (2023). 14026:Faizer, R. (2006). 13668:(Second ed.). 13632:(Second ed.). 13599:(Second ed.). 13568:(Second ed.). 13535:(Second ed.). 13528:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib" 13502:(Second ed.). 13490:Veccia Vaglieri, L. 13466:(Second ed.). 13454:Veccia Vaglieri, L. 13430:(Second ed.). 13418:Veccia Vaglieri, L. 13394:(Second ed.). 13361:(Second ed.). 13325:(Second ed.). 13289:(Second ed.). 13277:Levi Della Vida, G. 13253:(Second ed.). 13220:(Second ed.). 13185:(Second ed.). 13175:Lecker, M. (2012). 13045:(Second ed.). 13012:(Second ed.). 13002:Djebli, M. (2012). 12928:İslâm Ansiklopedisi 12594:; Lambton, A.K.S.; 12588:Veccia Vaglieri, L. 12385:Pierce, M. (2016). 12220:McLaurin, Ronald D. 12200:McHugo, J. (2017). 12177:Mavani, H. (2013). 11984:Kelsay, J. (1993). 11837:Haider, N. (2014). 11148:, p. 115, 117. 10989:, pp. 186–189. 10431:, pp. 309–310. 10229:, pp. 175–176. 9385:, pp. 259–261. 9115:, pp. 190–191. 8587:, pp. 204–205. 7978:, pp. xix, xx. 7754:, pp. 251–252. 5931:, pp. 104–105. 4645:, pp. 46, 206. 4120:early Islamic works 3697:people of the house 2266:Call to arbitration 2151:Battle of the Camel 2101:Religious authority 1975:Battle of the Camel 1951:Marwan ibn al-Hakam 1775:attack on her house 1533:people of the house 1379:Expedition of Tabuk 1028:Shia Muslim culture 966:in 656. Elsewhere, 964:Battle of the Camel 498:Part of a series on 346:Umm Sa'id bint Urwa 336:Khawla al-Hanafiyya 288: / 130:Abolished position 16316:Family of Muhammad 16011:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 15991:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 15922:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 15748:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 15728:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 15659:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 15599:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 15530:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 15422:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 15353:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 15084:Sulayman ibn Surad 15074:Salman the Persian 14984:Habib ibn Madhahir 14792:Sunni Islam titles 14740:Political offices 14051:Fadel, M. (2013). 13955:"Ali b. Abi Talib" 13925:9-78-0-415-32639-1 13495:"G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm" 13152:(First ed.). 13119:(First ed.). 13086:(Third ed.). 13038:"Amīr al-Mu'minīn" 12979:(Third ed.). 12946:(Third ed.). 12911:(Online ed.). 12862:. pp. 26–28. 12725:. Harper Collins. 12546:. Matheson Trust. 12366:Osman, R. (2015). 12310:. Harper Collins. 12113:Louër, L. (2020). 11112:, p. 311–312. 10941:, pp. 52, 53. 10698:, pp. 41, 60. 10635:, pp. 16, 17. 10458:, pp. 46, 64. 10337:, pp. 2, 120. 10205:, pp. 77, 81. 9912:, pp. 49, 50. 9789:, pp. 67, 78. 9743:, pp. 109–10. 9320:, pp. 259–60. 9127:, pp. 249–50. 9035:, p. 248–249. 8291:, pp. 169–70. 8082:, pp. 109–10. 7862:, pp. 84, 90. 7570:, pp. 149–50. 7417:, pp. 309–10. 6365:, pp. 62, 65. 6052:, p. 113–114. 5562:, pp. 36, 40. 4031:In other religions 4021:Salman the Persian 3859: 3828: 3817:Arabic calligraphy 3815:The word 'Ali' in 3643: 3462: 3290: 3288:, circa 1720–1730) 3254:Islamic philosophy 3084: 3039:) was compiled by 3014: 2966:Shaqshaqiya sermon 2891: 2867:Shaqshaqiya sermon 2774:Ali Zayn al-Abidin 2642:Descendants of Ali 2388: 2383:Maqtel-i Ali resul 2372:Battle of Nahrawan 2344:Battle of Nahrawan 2316: 2243:al-fi'a al-baghiya 2221: 2208: 2166: 2081: 2029: 2012: 2007:Maktel-i Ali resul 1987:Battle of Nahrawan 1871: 1845:prevented Muhammad 1736:(Meccan converts, 1728:) gathered at the 1712:(Medinan natives, 1701: 1675:Election of Uthman 1496: 1426: 1375: 1318: 1248: 1134: 984:Battle of Nahrawan 875:, this Ali is his 790:ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 437:Muhammad al-Asghar 251:Rashidun Caliphate 103:Rashidun Caliphate 16391:Lions in religion 16346:People from Mecca 16253: 16252: 16150: 16149: 15966:Isma'il al-Mansur 15956:Abdallah al-Mahdi 15912:Muhammad al-Baqir 15797:Abd al-Salam Shah 15703:Isma'il al-Mansur 15693:Abdallah al-Mahdi 15649:Muhammad al-Baqir 15604:Ahmad al-Musta'li 15574:Isma'il al-Mansur 15569:Muhammad al-Qa'im 15564:Abdallah al-Mahdi 15520:Muhammad al-Baqir 15427:Ahmad al-Musta'li 15397:Isma'il al-Mansur 15392:Muhammad al-Qa'im 15387:Abdallah al-Mahdi 15343:Muhammad al-Baqir 15270:Muhammad al-Jawad 15250:Muhammad al-Baqir 15180: 15179: 15112: 15111: 15094:Uthman ibn Hunaif 15069:Sa'sa'a bin Sohan 15039:Maytham al-Tammar 14989:Harith al-Hamdani 14894: 14893: 14890: 14878:Succeeded by 14849: 14828:Shia Islam titles 14817:Succeeded by 14783: 28 January 14728:978-1-4179-5536-7 14709:978-969-8016-22-7 14407:978-0-7007-1588-6 14393:"Nahj al-balagha" 14357:978-1-610-69177-2 14332:978-0-415-96690-0 14253:978-0-415-32639-1 14196:978-0-8160-5454-1 14171:978-0-700-71588-6 14087:978-1-4408-4850-6 14068:978-0-691-13484-0 14018:978-1-61069-178-9 13993:978-1-61069-178-9 13968:978-0-691-13484-0 13891:978-90-04-17137-4 13683:978-90-04-16121-4 13647:978-90-04-16121-4 13614:978-90-04-16121-4 13583:978-90-04-16121-4 13550:978-90-04-16121-4 13517:978-90-04-16121-4 13481:978-90-04-16121-4 13445:978-90-04-16121-4 13409:978-90-04-16121-4 13376:978-90-04-16121-4 13340:978-90-04-16121-4 13304:978-90-04-16121-4 13282:"K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ites" 13268:978-90-04-16121-4 13235:978-90-04-16121-4 13200:978-90-04-16121-4 13167:978-90-04-08265-6 13134:978-90-04-08265-6 13101:978-90-04-17137-4 13060:978-90-04-16121-4 13027:978-90-04-16121-4 12994:978-90-04-17137-4 12961:978-90-04-26961-3 12815:Amir-Moezzi, M.A. 12792:978-1-78453-477-6 12773:978-1-78076-506-8 12732:978-0-06-112586-7 12709:978-0-385-53209-9 12638:978-967-978-990-4 12618:Muhammad at Mecca 12562:Tabatabai, S.M.H. 12553:978-1-908092-18-2 12534:978-1-84511-526-5 12489:978-0-87395-458-7 12445:978-0-521-62936-2 12396:978-0-674-73707-5 12377:978-1-315-77014-7 12358:978-0-7864-1375-1 12339:978-0-7914-6799-2 12317:978-0-06-112586-7 12277:978-0-300-03531-5 12255:978-1-85168-331-4 12211:978-1-62616-587-8 12192:978-0-203-69428-2 12169:978-0-521-64696-3 12143:978-90-04-13319-8 12124:978-0-691-18661-0 12105:978-0-521-77933-3 12044:978-90-474-0726-3 12025:978-1-138-78761-2 11976:978-1-78607-697-7 11957:978-0-85772-967-5 11875:Halm, H. (2004). 11848:978-1-107-03143-2 11829:978-0-275-98733-6 11784:978-0-674-06414-0 11722:978-0-511-35561-5 11699:978-0-7914-7033-6 11677:978-1-78453-477-6 11655:978-0-85772-333-8 11629:978-1-4381-0907-7 11610:978-0-7103-0416-2 11584:978-0-7486-1732-6 11563:978-1-85043-470-2 11540:978-0-520-28928-4 11499:978-0-19-023331-0 11438:978-1-78074-674-6 11386:978-90-04-16782-7 11346:Amir-Moezzi, M.A. 11337:978-1-85168-518-9 11311:978-1-4422-7723-6 11285:978-0-300-25205-7 11047:Shah-Kazemi 2015a 10977:, pp. 52–53. 10953:, pp. 67–68. 10824:, p. 255-84. 10746:, pp. 14–15. 10623:, pp. 70–71. 10575:, pp. 11–12. 10536:, pp. 35–36. 10349:, pp. 35–36. 10274:, pp. 12–13. 9570:, pp. 268–9. 9400:, pp. 260–1. 9332:, pp. 17–18. 9293:, pp. 257–8. 8925:, pp. 241–2. 8874:, pp. 123–4. 8344:, pp. 171–2. 8106:, pp. 111–2. 7942:, pp. 105–6. 7802:, p. 262n30. 7790:, pp. 58–59. 7701:, pp. 67–68. 7689:, pp. 72–73. 7638:, pp. 89–90. 7271:, pp. 144–5. 7186:, pp. 142–3. 6871:, pp. 118–9. 6801:, pp. 107–8. 6777:, pp. 100–2. 6377:, pp. 62–64. 6004:, pp. 19–20. 5847:, pp. 17–20. 5538:, pp. 31–33. 4807:, pp. 13–14. 4633:, p. 71, 98. 4602:, pp. 136–7. 4309:Shah-Kazemi 2015b 4149:secondary sources 3921:divine revelation 3725:I am, Ali is his 3608: 3607: 3568:Venerated in 3510:Sunni view of Ali 3490:Sa'sa'a ibn Suhan 3056:Islamic mysticism 2827:in Egypt and the 2825:Fatimid Caliphate 2809:Muhammad al-Mahdi 2758:Battle of Karbala 2728:Muhammad al-Awsat 2632:Umayyad Caliphate 1588:Musnad Ibn Hanbal 1578:I am, Ali is his 1438:Battle of Khaybar 1339:Conquest of Mecca 1064:Hadith of warning 992:Umayyad Caliphate 894:is disputed: For 787: 771:Ali ibn Abi Talib 768: 767: 527:Sunni view of Ali 493: 492: 417:Muhammad al-Awsat 340:Layla bint Mas'ud 326:Fatima bint Huzam 18:Ali ibn Abi Talib 16:(Redirected from 16398: 16356:Rashidun caliphs 16296:Arab politicians 16189: 16177: 16170: 16163: 16154: 16153: 16116:Amir Muhammad II 15950:(Radhi Abdallah) 15842:Sayyid Hasan Ali 15687:(Radhi Abdallah) 15558:(Radhi Abdallah) 15452:Abdallah al-Adid 15442:Isma'il al-Zafir 15381:(Radhi Abdallah) 15207: 15200: 15193: 15184: 15183: 15146:Rashidun Caliphs 15139: 15132: 15125: 15116: 15115: 15044:Miqdad ibn Aswad 15029:Kumayl ibn Ziyad 14994:Hashim ibn Utbah 14920: 14913: 14906: 14897: 14896: 14884: 14840: 14834:Preceded by 14801:Uthman ibn Affan 14798:Preceded by 14786: 14784: 14781: 14773: 14772: 14769: 14737: 14736: 14732: 14713: 14685: 14666: 14664: 14639: 14606: 14573: 14556: 14545: 14524: 14495: 14458: 14436: 14420: 14411: 14395: 14386: 14370: 14361: 14345: 14336: 14320: 14308: 14292: 14283: 14269: 14257: 14241: 14229: 14209: 14200: 14184: 14175: 14156: 14135: 14116: 14100: 14091: 14072: 14056: 14047: 14031: 14022: 14006: 13997: 13981: 13972: 13949: 13929: 13913: 13895: 13871: 13862: 13848: 13839: 13821: 13812: 13794: 13773: 13755: 13746: 13732: 13723: 13705: 13687: 13663: 13651: 13627: 13618: 13587: 13563: 13554: 13530: 13521: 13497: 13485: 13461: 13449: 13425: 13413: 13389: 13380: 13356: 13344: 13320: 13308: 13284: 13272: 13248: 13239: 13213: 13204: 13180: 13171: 13147: 13138: 13114: 13105: 13081: 13072: 13040: 13031: 13007: 12998: 12974: 12965: 12941: 12932: 12912: 12896: 12875: 12870:. Archived from 12847: 12834: 12796: 12777: 12758: 12736: 12724: 12713: 12701: 12687: 12677: 12666: 12656: 12642: 12623: 12621: 12607: 12605: 12583: 12571: 12557: 12538: 12516: 12504: 12493: 12471: 12460:. Darwin Press. 12449: 12437: 12423: 12411: 12400: 12381: 12362: 12343: 12321: 12300: 12281: 12259: 12237: 12215: 12196: 12184: 12173: 12161: 12147: 12128: 12109: 12097: 12086: 12067: 12048: 12029: 12017: 12003: 11991: 11980: 11961: 11939: 11927: 11913: 11894: 11882: 11871: 11852: 11833: 11814: 11802: 11788: 11776: 11762: 11750: 11739: 11737: 11726: 11714: 11703: 11681: 11659: 11647: 11633: 11614: 11602: 11588: 11567: 11544: 11525: 11503: 11484: 11465: 11453: 11442: 11430: 11416: 11405:. Random House. 11404: 11390: 11378: 11367: 11355: 11341: 11329: 11315: 11303: 11289: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11235: 11229: 11223: 11217: 11211: 11200: 11194: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11168:. Archived from 11158:"Druze in Syria" 11155: 11149: 11143: 11137: 11131: 11125: 11119: 11113: 11107: 11101: 11095: 11086: 11080: 11074: 11068: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11014: 11008: 11002: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10963:Steigerwald 2004 10960: 10954: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10915: 10909: 10900: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10873:Steigerwald 2004 10870: 10861: 10855: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10795: 10789: 10783: 10774: 10768: 10762: 10759:Shah-Kazemi 2007 10756: 10747: 10741: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10636: 10630: 10624: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10599:, p. 706-7. 10597:Nasr et al. 2015 10594: 10588: 10585:Nasr et al. 2015 10582: 10576: 10570: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10549:Shah-Kazemi 2019 10546: 10537: 10534:Shah-Kazemi 2019 10531: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10486: 10485:, p. 189n1. 10483:Shah-Kazemi 2007 10480: 10474: 10468: 10459: 10453: 10447: 10441: 10432: 10426: 10417: 10414:Steigerwald 2004 10411: 10405: 10402:Shah-Kazemi 2019 10399: 10393: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10369: 10363: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10287: 10281: 10275: 10269: 10263: 10257: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10215:Amir-Moezzi 1994 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10191:Amir-Moezzi 2009 10188: 10182: 10176: 10170: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10143:Shah-Kazemi 2007 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10116: 10110: 10107:Shah-Kazemi 2006 10104: 10095: 10089: 10078: 10072: 10063: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10024:Amir-Moezzi 1998 10021: 10012: 10006: 10000: 9994: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9943: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9838: 9832: 9821: 9815: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9759: 9753: 9744: 9738: 9729: 9723: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9701:, pp. 26–7. 9696: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9672: 9663: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9636: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9589: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9520: 9514: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9492:, pp. 97–8. 9490:Shah-Kazemi 2019 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9442: 9436: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9188: 9182: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9053: 9047: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8716: 8710: 8691: 8685: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8618:, pp. 95–6. 8616:Shah-Kazemi 2019 8613: 8607: 8604:Shah-Kazemi 2014 8601: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8419:, p. 180-1. 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8263: 8257: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8044:Shah-Kazemi 2019 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8020:Shah-Kazemi 2019 8017: 8006: 8000: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7940:Shah-Kazemi 2019 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7902: 7896: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7874:, pp. 55–6. 7869: 7863: 7860:Shah-Kazemi 2019 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7836:Shah-Kazemi 2019 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7663: 7660:Shah-Kazemi 2019 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7636:Shah-Kazemi 2019 7633: 7627: 7624:Nasr et al. 2015 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7586: 7583:Shah-Kazemi 2019 7580: 7571: 7565: 7556: 7550: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7524:Shah-Kazemi 2019 7521: 7512: 7506: 7495: 7489: 7480: 7474: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7338: 7332: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7245: 7239: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7187: 7181: 7172: 7166: 7145: 7139: 7130: 7124: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7070: 7064: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6988: 6982: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6739: 6733: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6693: 6687: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6639:Shah-Kazemi 2019 6636: 6630: 6624: 6615: 6609: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6563:, pp. 52–3. 6558: 6552: 6551:, pp. 71–2. 6546: 6540: 6539:, pp. 62–3. 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6487: 6481: 6470: 6464: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6353:, pp. 66–7. 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6226:, pp. 47–8. 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6200:Shah-Kazemi 2019 6197: 6191: 6188:Shah-Kazemi 2019 6185: 6174: 6168: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6106: 6100: 6089: 6086:Shah-Kazemi 2019 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5990: 5984: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5835:, pp. 84–5. 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5784:, pp. 40–1. 5779: 5773: 5772:, pp. 43–4. 5767: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5707: 5701: 5692: 5686: 5677: 5671: 5662: 5661:, pp. 31–2. 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5550:, pp. 18–9. 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5502:, pp. 30–2. 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5393:, pp. 44–5. 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5217:, pp. 34–7. 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5181:, p. 70–71. 5176: 5170: 5164: 5149: 5143: 5134: 5128: 5119: 5116:Amir-Moezzi 2014 5113: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5081:, pp. 34–9. 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5057:, pp. 72–3. 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5031:Shah-Kazemi 2019 5028: 5022: 5021:, pp. 76–7. 5016: 5010: 5004: 4995: 4992:Shah-Kazemi 2014 4989: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4862:Nasr et al. 2015 4859: 4853: 4847: 4838: 4832: 4823: 4817: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4459: 4458: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4312: 4306: 4271: 4265: 4192: 4190: 4182:). By contrast, 4181: 4179: 4169: 4146: 4143:Tarikh al-Tabari 4138: 4136: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 3947: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3918: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3883: 3882:followers of Ali 3880: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3856:Iranian tapestry 3841: 3839: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3709: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3677: 3669: 3666:verse of tabligh 3661: 3652: 3636: 3595: 3546: 3532: 3531: 3514:Shia view of Ali 3502:Ali in the Quran 3478: 3470: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3408:Imām al-Muttaqin 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3387:Amīr al-Muʾminīn 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3307: 3299: 3267:Names and titles 3261: 3251: 3240:Islamic theology 3219: 3211: 3203: 3196:Kumayl ibn Ziyad 3193: 3176: 3169: 3160: 3152: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3110: 3096: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3012: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2973: 2963: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2888: 2782: 2780: 2755: 2713: 2705: 2576: 2575: 1629–1642 2574: 2561: 2559: 2529: 2488:Hazrat Ali Mazar 2484: 2463: 2441: 2405: 2385: 2351: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2284: 2276: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2194:Battle of Siffin 2164: 2145:Battle of Siffin 2130: 2115: 2009: 1979:Battle of Siffin 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1838: 1829: 1813: 1758: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1667:Burial of Fatima 1628: 1620: 1608: 1597: 1591: 1583: 1577: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1465: 1450:Amr ibn Abd Wudd 1446:Battle of Hunayn 1408: 1400: 1397:Sahih al-Bukhari 1336: 1321:Political career 1307: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1231: 1208:fraternity pacts 1200:Islamic calendar 1159: 1157: 1078:Fatima bint Asad 1068:Ali was born in 1045: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 976:Battle of Siffin 934: 932: 923: 921: 912: 910: 893: 880: 874: 853: 825:Fatima bint Asad 814: 802: 801: 796: 792: 782: 780: 760: 753: 746: 732:Islam portal 730: 729: 728: 691:Related articles 679:Hazrat Ali Mazar 656:Ali in the Quran 650:The Twelve Imams 532:Shia view of Ali 514: 495: 494: 478:Fatima bint Asad 303: 302: 300: 299: 298: 293: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 243: 240: 234: 221: 216: 213: 190: 187: 121:Uthman ibn Affan 89: 75: 66: 63:Amir al-Mu'minin 48: 47: 39: 38: 21: 16406: 16405: 16401: 16400: 16399: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16361:Sahabah martyrs 16351:Philanthropists 16256: 16255: 16254: 16249: 16191: 16181: 16151: 16146: 16120: 16101:Mu'in al-Din II 15981:Mansur al-Hakim 15971:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 15942:(Taqi Muhammad) 15917:Ja'far al-Sadiq 15889: 15881: 15852:Abu'l-Hasan Ali 15822:Nur al-Dahr Ali 15718:Mansur al-Hakim 15708:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 15679:(Taqi Muhammad) 15654:Ja'far al-Sadiq 15626: 15618: 15589:Mansur al-Hakim 15579:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 15550:(Taqi Muhammad) 15525:Ja'far al-Sadiq 15466: 15412:Mansur al-Hakim 15402:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 15373:(Taqi Muhammad) 15348:Ja'far al-Sadiq 15289: 15280:Hasan al-Askari 15255:Ja'far al-Sadiq 15216: 15211: 15181: 15176: 15148: 15143: 15113: 15108: 15099:Uwais al-Qarani 15079:Sulaym ibn Qays 15064:Sa'd ibn Mu'adh 15034:Malik al-Ashtar 14979:Bilal ibn Rabah 14974:Ammar ibn Yasir 14930: 14924: 14883: 14874: 14839: 14822: 14813: 14810: 14808:Caliph of Islam 14803: 14782: 14774: 14770: 14763: 14762: 14754: 14747: 14735: 14729: 14716: 14710: 14697: 14693: 14691:Further reading 14688: 14662:10.5617/ao.5297 14649:Acta Orientalia 14628:10.2307/1595789 14616:Studia Islamica 14562:Islamic Studies 14444: 14439: 14433: 14408: 14383: 14358: 14333: 14313:Shah-Kazemi, R. 14305: 14262:McAuliffe, J.D. 14254: 14226: 14197: 14172: 14132: 14113: 14088: 14069: 14044: 14019: 13994: 13969: 13926: 13903: 13898: 13892: 13779:Shah-Kazemi, R. 13695: 13690: 13684: 13648: 13615: 13584: 13551: 13518: 13482: 13446: 13423:"Ibn Muld̲j̲am" 13410: 13377: 13341: 13305: 13269: 13236: 13201: 13168: 13135: 13102: 13061: 13028: 12995: 12962: 12920: 12915: 12901:Poonawala, I.K. 12809: 12804: 12799: 12793: 12774: 12755: 12733: 12710: 12639: 12580: 12554: 12535: 12527:. I.B. Tauris. 12521:Shah-Kazemi, R. 12513: 12501:Islamic History 12490: 12476:Sachedina, A.A. 12468: 12446: 12420: 12397: 12378: 12359: 12340: 12318: 12297: 12278: 12256: 12234: 12212: 12193: 12170: 12144: 12125: 12106: 12083: 12075:. I.B. Tauris. 12064: 12056:. I.B. Tauris. 12045: 12026: 12000: 11977: 11958: 11950:. I.B. Tauris. 11936: 11910: 11891: 11868: 11849: 11830: 11820:Voices of Islam 11811: 11785: 11759: 11723: 11700: 11678: 11656: 11648:. I.B. Tauris. 11630: 11611: 11585: 11564: 11541: 11522: 11500: 11481: 11462: 11439: 11413: 11387: 11364: 11338: 11312: 11286: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11248: 11244: 11236: 11232: 11224: 11220: 11212: 11203: 11195: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11156: 11152: 11144: 11140: 11132: 11128: 11120: 11116: 11108: 11104: 11096: 11089: 11081: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11057: 11053: 11045: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11021: 11017: 11009: 11005: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10961: 10957: 10949: 10945: 10937: 10933: 10925: 10918: 10910: 10903: 10895: 10891: 10883: 10879: 10871: 10864: 10856: 10852: 10844: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10820: 10816: 10808: 10804: 10796: 10792: 10784: 10777: 10769: 10765: 10757: 10750: 10742: 10738: 10732:Miskinzoda 2015 10730: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10706: 10702: 10694: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10670: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10643: 10639: 10631: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10607: 10603: 10595: 10591: 10583: 10579: 10571: 10567: 10559: 10555: 10547: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10520: 10516: 10508: 10504: 10496: 10489: 10481: 10477: 10469: 10462: 10454: 10450: 10442: 10435: 10427: 10420: 10412: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10388: 10384: 10376: 10372: 10364: 10353: 10345: 10341: 10333: 10329: 10321: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10296:Modarressi 2003 10294: 10290: 10284:Modarressi 2003 10282: 10278: 10272:Modarressi 2003 10270: 10266: 10258: 10245: 10239:Modarressi 2003 10237: 10233: 10225: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10201: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10179:Modarressi 1993 10177: 10173: 10167:Modarressi 2003 10165: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10141: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10105: 10098: 10090: 10081: 10073: 10066: 10058: 10054: 10046: 10042: 10034: 10030: 10022: 10015: 10007: 10003: 9995: 9988: 9980: 9976: 9968: 9964: 9956: 9952: 9944: 9940: 9932: 9928: 9920: 9916: 9908: 9904: 9896: 9892: 9884: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9860: 9856: 9848: 9841: 9833: 9824: 9816: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9773: 9762: 9754: 9747: 9739: 9732: 9724: 9717: 9709: 9705: 9697: 9693: 9685: 9681: 9673: 9666: 9658: 9654: 9646: 9639: 9631: 9627: 9619: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9590: 9586: 9578: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9554: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9508: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9452: 9445: 9437: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9410:Wellhausen 1927 9408: 9404: 9396: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9371:Wellhausen 1901 9369: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9340: 9336: 9330:Wellhausen 1901 9328: 9324: 9316: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9289: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9265: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9241: 9237: 9229: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9200: 9191: 9183: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9156: 9143: 9135: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9019: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8992: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8965: 8958: 8954:, pp. 1–2. 8950: 8946: 8940:Afsaruddin 2013 8938: 8929: 8921: 8917: 8909: 8905: 8897: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8779: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8752: 8748: 8740: 8736: 8728: 8719: 8711: 8694: 8686: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8571: 8567: 8559: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8364: 8360: 8352: 8348: 8340: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8304: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8266: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8219: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8180: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8102: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8018: 8009: 8001: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7914: 7905: 7897: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7626:, p. 3203. 7622: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7598: 7589: 7581: 7574: 7566: 7559: 7551: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7498: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7341: 7333: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7248: 7240: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7190: 7182: 7175: 7167: 7148: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7073: 7065: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6991: 6983: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6904: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6816: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6696: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6490: 6482: 6473: 6465: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6260:Afsaruddin 2013 6258: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6177: 6169: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5695: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5463: 5457:Afsaruddin 2013 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5152: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5019:Miskinzoda 2015 5017: 5013: 5007:Miskinzoda 2015 5005: 4998: 4990: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4462: 4455: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4315: 4307: 4274: 4266: 4203: 4199: 4187: 4176: 4153:Arab Christians 4133: 4116:primary sources 4112: 4106: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4033: 3967: 3959:words and deeds 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3848: 3836: 3819:, inscribed in 3809: 3796: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3717: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3625: 3613: 3599:Imam Ali Shrine 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3563: 3549: 3537: 3530: 3516: 3500:Main articles: 3498: 3454: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3300:(teknonym) was 3275: 3269: 3259:Nahj al-balagha 3232: 3226: 3184: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3113: 3076:Imam Ali shrine 3064: 3044: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3010:Ghurar al-hikam 3001: 2996:Ghurar al-hikam 2983: 2971:Nahj al-balagha 2961:Nahj al-balagha 2950:Nahj al-balagha 2944:Nahj al-balagha 2935: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2911:Nahj al-balagha 2907: 2903:Nahj al-balagha 2889:, circa 1150 CE 2886:Nahj al-balagha 2877: 2863: 2853:Ghurar al-hikam 2845:Nahj al-balagha 2843:Main articles: 2841: 2813:Ja'far al-Sadiq 2797: 2777: 2748: 2680: 2650: 2644: 2623: 2617: 2609:Main articles: 2607: 2571: 2556: 2553:Harun al-Rashid 2522:application of 2503: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2467:Imam Ali Shrine 2464: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2442: 2431: 2425:Imam Ali Shrine 2419:Main articles: 2417: 2397: 2374: 2362:Dumat al-Jandal 2358: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2301: 2292: 2268: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2238:Euphrates River 2234: 2196: 2187: 2153: 2137: 2122: 2120:Fiscal policies 2103: 2086: 2038: 2021: 1998: 1993: 1963: 1938: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1904:Malik al-Ashtar 1884: 1858: 1820: 1791: 1766: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1706: 1690: 1685: 1679:Siege of Uthman 1659:Sermon of Fadak 1639: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1480: 1430:standard-bearer 1359: 1357:Military career 1333:Sunan al-Nasa'i 1323: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1233: 1188: 1170:Laylat al-Mabit 1166: 1154: 1066: 1052: 1042:Nahj al-balagha 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 929: 918: 907: 829:among the first 809:Rashidun caliph 797: 764: 726: 724: 712: 711: 697:Rashidun Caliph 692: 684: 683: 674:Imam Ali Shrine 669: 661: 660: 626: 618: 617: 608:Imam Ali Mosque 593:Nahj al-Balagha 588: 580: 579: 545: 537: 536: 522: 442: 441: 352: 331:Asma bint Umais 304: 296: 294: 290: 287: 282: 279: 277: 275: 274: 273: 263:Imam Ali Shrine 261:Believed to be 245: 241: 236: 222: 217: 214: 192: 188: 131: 92: 78: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16404: 16394: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16251: 16250: 16248: 16247: 16242: 16240:Sa'id ibn Zayd 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16196: 16193: 16192: 16180: 16179: 16172: 16165: 16157: 16148: 16147: 16145: 16144: 16138: 16132: 16125: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16086:Mu'in al-Din I 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16066:Radi al-Din II 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15945: 15937: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15902:Husayn ibn Ali 15899: 15893: 15891: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15786: 15783: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15682: 15674: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15639:Husayn ibn Ali 15636: 15630: 15628: 15620: 15619: 15617: 15616: 15611: 15609:Mansur al-Amir 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15553: 15545: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15501: 15500: 15476: 15474: 15468: 15467: 15465: 15464: 15459: 15457:Dawud al-Hamid 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15432:Mansur al-Amir 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15376: 15368: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15324: 15323: 15299: 15297: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15240:Husayn ibn Ali 15237: 15232: 15226: 15224: 15218: 15217: 15210: 15209: 15202: 15195: 15187: 15178: 15177: 15175: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15153: 15150: 15149: 15142: 15141: 15134: 15127: 15119: 15110: 15109: 15107: 15106: 15104:Zayd ibn Suhan 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15019:Jawn bin Huwai 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14935: 14932: 14931: 14926:Companions of 14923: 14922: 14915: 14908: 14900: 14892: 14891: 14879: 14876: 14850: 14835: 14831: 14830: 14824: 14823: 14818: 14815: 14804: 14799: 14795: 14794: 14788: 14787: 14755: 14748: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14734: 14733: 14727: 14714: 14708: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14686: 14667: 14640: 14607: 14574: 14557: 14546: 14525: 14507:(4): 450–469. 14496: 14470:(4): 346–367. 14459: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14437: 14431: 14412: 14406: 14387: 14381: 14362: 14356: 14337: 14331: 14309: 14303: 14284: 14258: 14252: 14230: 14224: 14201: 14195: 14176: 14170: 14157: 14136: 14130: 14117: 14111: 14092: 14086: 14073: 14067: 14048: 14042: 14023: 14017: 13998: 13992: 13973: 13967: 13950: 13934:Afsaruddin, A. 13930: 13924: 13911:"Ghadir Khumm" 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13896: 13890: 13863: 13840: 13813: 13774: 13747: 13724: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13682: 13652: 13646: 13619: 13613: 13588: 13582: 13555: 13549: 13522: 13516: 13486: 13480: 13450: 13444: 13414: 13408: 13381: 13375: 13345: 13339: 13309: 13303: 13273: 13267: 13240: 13234: 13205: 13199: 13172: 13166: 13139: 13133: 13106: 13100: 13073: 13059: 13032: 13026: 12999: 12993: 12966: 12960: 12939:"Ghadīr Khumm" 12933: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12913: 12897: 12876: 12848: 12835: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12797: 12791: 12778: 12772: 12759: 12753: 12737: 12731: 12714: 12708: 12688: 12667: 12647:Wellhausen, J. 12643: 12637: 12624: 12608: 12584: 12578: 12558: 12552: 12539: 12533: 12517: 12511: 12494: 12488: 12472: 12466: 12450: 12444: 12428:Robinson, C.F. 12424: 12418: 12401: 12395: 12382: 12376: 12363: 12357: 12344: 12338: 12322: 12316: 12301: 12295: 12282: 12276: 12260: 12254: 12242:Modarressi, H. 12238: 12232: 12216: 12210: 12197: 12191: 12174: 12168: 12148: 12142: 12129: 12123: 12110: 12104: 12087: 12081: 12068: 12062: 12049: 12043: 12030: 12024: 12004: 11998: 11981: 11975: 11962: 11956: 11940: 11934: 11914: 11908: 11895: 11889: 11872: 11866: 11853: 11847: 11834: 11828: 11815: 11809: 11793:Esposito, J.L. 11789: 11783: 11763: 11757: 11740: 11727: 11721: 11704: 11698: 11682: 11676: 11660: 11654: 11634: 11628: 11615: 11609: 11589: 11583: 11568: 11562: 11545: 11539: 11526: 11520: 11504: 11498: 11485: 11479: 11466: 11460: 11443: 11437: 11417: 11411: 11391: 11385: 11368: 11362: 11342: 11336: 11320:Afsaruddin, A. 11316: 11310: 11290: 11284: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11254: 11242: 11230: 11218: 11216:, p. 513. 11201: 11199:, p. 114. 11186: 11184:, p. 193. 11174: 11150: 11138: 11126: 11124:, p. 312. 11114: 11102: 11087: 11075: 11073:, p. 407. 11063: 11061:, p. 116. 11051: 11039: 11037:, p. 174. 11027: 11025:, p. 155. 11015: 11003: 10991: 10987:Tabatabai 1975 10979: 10967: 10955: 10943: 10931: 10916: 10914:, p. 172. 10901: 10899:, p. 147. 10889: 10887:, p. 305. 10885:Poonawala 2014 10877: 10862: 10850: 10848:, p. 135. 10838: 10836:, p. 120. 10826: 10814: 10812:, p. 136. 10802: 10800:, p. 202. 10790: 10788:, p. 201. 10775: 10763: 10761:, p. 134. 10748: 10736: 10724: 10720:Tabatabai 1975 10712: 10700: 10688: 10686:, p. 152. 10676: 10661: 10649: 10637: 10625: 10613: 10601: 10589: 10587:, p. 706. 10577: 10565: 10553: 10551:, p. 104. 10538: 10526: 10514: 10502: 10487: 10475: 10473:, p. 310. 10460: 10456:Tabatabai 1975 10448: 10446:, p. 134. 10433: 10418: 10406: 10394: 10382: 10370: 10351: 10339: 10327: 10312: 10300: 10288: 10276: 10264: 10243: 10231: 10219: 10207: 10195: 10183: 10171: 10159: 10147: 10135: 10133:, p. 225. 10123: 10111: 10096: 10094:, p. 227. 10079: 10064: 10052: 10040: 10038:, p. 108. 10028: 10013: 10011:, p. 161. 10001: 9999:, p. 107. 9986: 9974: 9962: 9960:, p. 211. 9950: 9946:Sachedina 1981 9938: 9926: 9914: 9902: 9890: 9888:, p. 104. 9878: 9876:, p. 216. 9866: 9854: 9839: 9822: 9791: 9779: 9760: 9758:, p. 334. 9745: 9730: 9715: 9703: 9691: 9689:, p. 311. 9679: 9664: 9652: 9637: 9635:, p. 308. 9625: 9608: 9606:, p. 166. 9596: 9594:, p. 307. 9584: 9572: 9560: 9548: 9536: 9534:, p. 123. 9521: 9506: 9504:, p. 141. 9494: 9482: 9470: 9468:, p. 261. 9458: 9456:, p. 262. 9443: 9441:, p. 164. 9426: 9414: 9402: 9387: 9375: 9358: 9356:, p. 260. 9346: 9344:, p. 254. 9334: 9322: 9307: 9295: 9283: 9271: 9259: 9257:, p. 102. 9247: 9235: 9233:, p. 165. 9218: 9216:, p. 286. 9206: 9204:, p. 257. 9189: 9187:, p. 256. 9174: 9172:, p. 137. 9162: 9160:, p. 255. 9141: 9139:, p. 129. 9129: 9117: 9105: 9103:, p. 101. 9093: 9091:, p. 100. 9081: 9079:, p. 162. 9069: 9054: 9052:, p. 163. 9037: 9025: 9023:, p. 191. 9010: 9008:, p. 245. 8998: 8996:, p. 247. 8983: 8971: 8969:, p. 243. 8956: 8944: 8927: 8915: 8903: 8901:, p. 241. 8888: 8876: 8864: 8852: 8850:, p. 406. 8840: 8838:, p. 238. 8821: 8819:, p. 149. 8809: 8807:, p. 119. 8797: 8795:, p. 235. 8785: 8783:, p. 234. 8770: 8768:, p. 198. 8758: 8756:, p. 232. 8746: 8734: 8717: 8715:, p. 161. 8692: 8675: 8673:, p. 226. 8663: 8644: 8632: 8630:, p. 186. 8620: 8608: 8589: 8577: 8575:, p. 204. 8565: 8563:, p. 203. 8553: 8551:, p. 196. 8541: 8529: 8527:, p. 160. 8517: 8505: 8503:, p. 144. 8493: 8491:, p. 190. 8481: 8469: 8467:, p. 165. 8457: 8455:, p. 194. 8445: 8443:, p. 182. 8433: 8431:, p. 122. 8421: 8409: 8407:, p. 121. 8397: 8395:, p. 141. 8382: 8380:, p. 172. 8370: 8368:, p. 171. 8358: 8356:, p. 140. 8346: 8334: 8332:, p. 139. 8322: 8320:, p. 113. 8310: 8308:, p. 170. 8293: 8281: 8279:, p. 159. 8264: 8262:, p. 169. 8249: 8247:, p. 107. 8237: 8235:, p. 166. 8225: 8223:, p. 361. 8210: 8198: 8186: 8171: 8169:, p. 132. 8159: 8157:, p. 157. 8144: 8132: 8130:, p. 133. 8120: 8108: 8096: 8094:, p. 227. 8084: 8072: 8070:, p. 108. 8060: 8058:, p. 109. 8048: 8046:, p. 115. 8036: 8024: 8007: 7992: 7990:, p. 156. 7980: 7968: 7966:, p. 153. 7956: 7954:, p. 276. 7944: 7932: 7930:, p. 264. 7920: 7903: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7852: 7840: 7828: 7826:, p. 133. 7816: 7804: 7792: 7780: 7768: 7756: 7744: 7732: 7715: 7703: 7691: 7679: 7664: 7652: 7650:, p. 150. 7640: 7628: 7616: 7612:Tabatabai 1975 7604: 7600:Tabatabai 1975 7587: 7572: 7557: 7553:Tabatabai 1975 7540: 7538:, p. 272. 7528: 7526:, p. 105. 7513: 7509:Tabatabai 1975 7496: 7494:, p. 148. 7481: 7466: 7454: 7450:Tabatabai 1975 7442: 7419: 7407: 7394: 7392:, p. 115. 7382: 7370: 7358: 7356:, p. 158. 7339: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7285: 7283:, p. 144. 7273: 7261: 7246: 7244:, p. 147. 7227: 7225:, p. 143. 7215: 7203: 7188: 7173: 7169:Bahramian 2015 7146: 7131: 7114: 7112:, p. 157. 7102: 7071: 7054: 7052:, p. 152. 7042: 7030: 7028:, p. 126. 7018: 7006: 7004:, p. 127. 6989: 6987:, p. 112. 6970: 6968:, p. 123. 6958: 6956:, p. 122. 6946: 6934: 6922: 6920:, p. 111. 6910: 6885: 6883:, p. 128. 6873: 6861: 6859:, p. 121. 6849: 6834: 6822: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6740: 6723: 6721:, p. 109. 6711: 6709:, p. 467. 6694: 6692:, p. 108. 6679: 6667: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6616: 6601: 6589: 6577: 6575:, p. 116. 6565: 6553: 6541: 6529: 6517: 6505: 6488: 6471: 6454: 6442: 6430: 6418: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6367: 6355: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6317:, p. 158. 6315:Tabatabai 1975 6307: 6288: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6250:, p. 382. 6240: 6228: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6175: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6132:, p. 122. 6122: 6120:, p. 117. 6107: 6090: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6042: 6030: 6018: 6006: 5991: 5989:, p. 141. 5972: 5970:, p. 100. 5960: 5948: 5933: 5921: 5919:, p. 116. 5909: 5897: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5759: 5747: 5735: 5733:, p. 249. 5731:Qutbuddin 2006 5723: 5708: 5693: 5678: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5492: 5480: 5461: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5420:, p. 253. 5407: 5405:, p. 590. 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5335: 5323: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5150: 5135: 5120: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4996: 4977: 4965: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4898:McAuliffe 2023 4890: 4878: 4866: 4864:, p. 379. 4854: 4852:, p. 110. 4839: 4824: 4820:Schmucker 2012 4809: 4797: 4795:, p. 248. 4793:Qutbuddin 2006 4785: 4783:, p. 186. 4773: 4771:, p. 186. 4750: 4738: 4734:Poonawala 1982 4647: 4635: 4623: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4561: 4559:, p. 130. 4549: 4460: 4453: 4431: 4406: 4404:, p. 239. 4394: 4313: 4272: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4137: 773–774 4105: 4104:Historiography 4102: 4032: 4029: 3999:generated the 3966: 3963: 3916:par excellence 3847: 3844: 3808: 3807:In Sunni Islam 3805: 3795: 3792: 3716: 3713: 3624: 3621: 3617:Muslim culture 3612: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3497: 3494: 3468:par excellence 3453: 3450: 3443:father of dust 3282:Mirror writing 3268: 3265: 3228:Main article: 3225: 3222: 3201:Kitab al-Diyat 3183: 3180: 3112: 3103: 3099:Uthmanid codex 3072:Surah al-buruj 3063: 3060: 3000: 2991: 2980:Ibn Abil-Hadid 2932:Sharif al-Radi 2906: 2899: 2871:al-Jafr (book) 2840: 2837: 2796: 2793: 2747: 2744: 2724:Fatima's death 2654:Muhsin ibn Ali 2646:Main article: 2643: 2640: 2606: 2603: 2560: 786–809 2513:40 AH) at the 2507:morning prayer 2492:Mazar-i Sharif 2486: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2465: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2443: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2416: 2413: 2396: 2393: 2373: 2370: 2357: 2354: 2309:Nahrawan Canal 2300: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2267: 2264: 2233: 2230: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2152: 2149: 2136: 2133: 2121: 2118: 2102: 2099: 2085: 2082: 2037: 2034: 2020: 2017: 1997: 1996:Election (656) 1994: 1962: 1959: 1937: 1934: 1883: 1880: 1857: 1854: 1819: 1816: 1790: 1787: 1765: 1762: 1705: 1702: 1689: 1686: 1638: 1635: 1479: 1476: 1444:(625) and the 1442:Battle of Uhud 1436:(624) and the 1434:Battle of Badr 1358: 1355: 1322: 1319: 1283:mutual cursing 1232: 1224: 1165: 1162: 1051: 1048: 1017:rightly-guided 933: 644–656 922: 634–644 911: 632–634 766: 765: 763: 762: 755: 748: 740: 737: 736: 735: 734: 722: 714: 713: 710: 709: 704: 699: 693: 690: 689: 686: 685: 682: 681: 676: 670: 667: 666: 663: 662: 659: 658: 653: 643: 638: 633: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 529: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 507: 506: 500: 499: 491: 490: 485: 481: 480: 475: 471: 470: 465: 461: 460: 450: 444: 443: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 363: 362: 360: 354: 353: 351: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 312: 310: 306: 305: 260: 258: 254: 253: 209: 205: 204: 183: 179: 178: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 141: 140: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 94: 93: 90: 82: 81: 77: 76: 67: 55: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16403: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16291:Arab generals 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16263: 16261: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16197: 16194: 16190: 16188: 16178: 16173: 16171: 16166: 16164: 16159: 16158: 16155: 16143: 16139: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16127: 16126: 16123: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16106:Amir Muhammad 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16091:Atiyyat Allah 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16056:Radi al-Din I 16054: 16052: 16051:Muhammad Shah 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15976:Nizar al-Aziz 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15951: 15946: 15944: 15943: 15938: 15936: 15935: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15907:Ali al-Sajjad 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15894: 15892: 15888: 15884: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15832:Shah Nizar II 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15807:Abu Dharr Ali 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15787: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15713:Nizar al-Aziz 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15688: 15683: 15681: 15680: 15675: 15673: 15672: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15644:Ali al-Sajjad 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15627:(Qasim-Shahi) 15625: 15621: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15584:Nizar al-Aziz 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15559: 15554: 15552: 15551: 15546: 15544: 15543: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15515:Ali al-Sajjad 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15502: 15498: 15495: 15494: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15473: 15469: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15407:Nizar al-Aziz 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15382: 15377: 15375: 15374: 15369: 15367: 15366: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15338:Ali al-Sajjad 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15312: 15308: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15296: 15292: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15260:Musa al-Kazim 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15235:Hasan ibn Ali 15233: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15208: 15203: 15201: 15196: 15194: 15189: 15188: 15185: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15151: 15147: 15140: 15135: 15133: 15128: 15126: 15121: 15120: 15117: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15054:Qays ibn Sa'd 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14999:Hujr ibn 'Adi 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14969:Adi ibn Hatim 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14936: 14933: 14929: 14921: 14916: 14914: 14909: 14907: 14902: 14901: 14898: 14889: 14888: 14882: 14881:Hasan ibn Ali 14873: 14871: 14867: 14863: 14859: 14855: 14848: 14847: 14846: 14845:Final prophet 14838: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14820:Hasan ibn Ali 14812: 14809: 14802: 14796: 14793: 14789: 14778: 14766: 14761: 14760: 14753: 14752: 14743: 14738: 14730: 14724: 14720: 14715: 14711: 14705: 14701: 14696: 14695: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14674: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14646: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14621: 14617: 14613: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14575: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14558: 14554: 14553: 14547: 14543: 14539: 14536:(1): 93–129. 14535: 14531: 14526: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14506: 14502: 14497: 14493: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14465: 14460: 14457:(2): 100–107. 14456: 14452: 14447: 14446: 14434: 14432:9781610691789 14428: 14424: 14419: 14413: 14409: 14403: 14399: 14394: 14388: 14384: 14378: 14374: 14369: 14363: 14359: 14353: 14349: 14344: 14338: 14334: 14328: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14304:0-415-96692-2 14300: 14296: 14291: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14259: 14255: 14249: 14245: 14240: 14239:"Ahl al-Bayt" 14235: 14231: 14227: 14225:9780415326391 14221: 14217: 14213: 14208: 14202: 14198: 14192: 14188: 14183: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14163: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14137: 14133: 14131:0-02-865604-0 14127: 14123: 14118: 14114: 14112:0-7591-0189-2 14108: 14104: 14099: 14093: 14089: 14083: 14079: 14074: 14070: 14064: 14060: 14055: 14054:"Arbitration" 14049: 14045: 14043:0-415-96692-2 14039: 14035: 14030: 14024: 14020: 14014: 14010: 14005: 13999: 13995: 13989: 13985: 13980: 13974: 13970: 13964: 13960: 13956: 13951: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13921: 13917: 13912: 13906: 13905: 13893: 13887: 13883: 13879: 13875: 13870: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13847: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13820: 13814: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13793: 13791: 13787: 13780: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13759: 13754: 13748: 13744: 13740: 13736: 13731: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13704: 13698: 13697: 13685: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13626: 13620: 13616: 13610: 13606: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13589: 13585: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13562: 13556: 13552: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13529: 13523: 13519: 13513: 13509: 13505: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13477: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13460: 13459:"al-D̲j̲amal" 13455: 13451: 13447: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13405: 13401: 13397: 13393: 13388: 13382: 13378: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13274: 13270: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13247: 13241: 13237: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13218: 13212: 13206: 13202: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13179: 13173: 13169: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13146: 13140: 13136: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13113: 13107: 13103: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13080: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13039: 13033: 13029: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13006: 13000: 12996: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12973: 12967: 12963: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12940: 12934: 12930: 12929: 12923: 12922: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12881:"Abū Lo'Lo'a" 12877: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12802:Encyclopedias 12794: 12788: 12784: 12779: 12775: 12769: 12765: 12760: 12756: 12754:1-904063-11-X 12750: 12746: 12742: 12741:Shomali, M.A. 12738: 12734: 12728: 12723: 12722: 12715: 12711: 12705: 12702:. Doubleday. 12700: 12699: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12676: 12675: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12655: 12654: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12634: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12619: 12613: 12609: 12604: 12603: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12579:0-87395-390-8 12575: 12570: 12569: 12568:Shi'ite Islam 12563: 12559: 12555: 12549: 12545: 12540: 12536: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12512:0-521-08137-8 12508: 12503: 12502: 12495: 12491: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12467:0-87850-110-X 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12441: 12436: 12435: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12419:1-897940-32-7 12415: 12410: 12409: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12388: 12383: 12379: 12373: 12370:. Routledge. 12369: 12364: 12360: 12354: 12350: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12313: 12309: 12308: 12302: 12298: 12296:0-8156-2411-5 12292: 12288: 12283: 12279: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12233:9780030525964 12229: 12225: 12221: 12217: 12213: 12207: 12203: 12198: 12194: 12188: 12185:. Routledge. 12183: 12182: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12160: 12159: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12139: 12135: 12130: 12126: 12120: 12116: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12096: 12095: 12088: 12084: 12082:1-85043-293-7 12078: 12074: 12069: 12065: 12063:1-85043-592-8 12059: 12055: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12036: 12031: 12027: 12021: 12016: 12015: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11999:0-664-25302-4 11995: 11990: 11989: 11982: 11978: 11972: 11968: 11963: 11959: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11935:0-582-78080-2 11931: 11926: 11925: 11919: 11918:Jafri, S.H.M. 11915: 11911: 11909:9780812290011 11905: 11901: 11896: 11892: 11890:0-7486-1888-0 11886: 11881: 11880: 11873: 11869: 11867:9780520241947 11863: 11859: 11854: 11850: 11844: 11840: 11835: 11831: 11825: 11821: 11816: 11812: 11810:0-19-512558-4 11806: 11801: 11800: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11780: 11775: 11774: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11758:0-19-510799-3 11754: 11749: 11748: 11741: 11736: 11735: 11728: 11724: 11718: 11713: 11712: 11705: 11701: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11646: 11645: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11625: 11621: 11616: 11612: 11606: 11601: 11600: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11569: 11565: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11532: 11527: 11523: 11521:0-7486-2194-6 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11486: 11482: 11480:0-19-509612-6 11476: 11472: 11467: 11463: 11461:0-8078-2689-8 11457: 11452: 11451: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11429: 11428: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11412:1-58836-445-3 11408: 11403: 11402: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11377: 11376: 11369: 11365: 11363:0-7914-2122-8 11359: 11354: 11353: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11328: 11327: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11307: 11302: 11301: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11268: 11251: 11250:Madelung 1997 11246: 11239: 11238:Robinson 2003 11234: 11228:, p. 59. 11227: 11222: 11215: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11198: 11197:McLaurin 1979 11193: 11191: 11183: 11178: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11154: 11147: 11142: 11136:, p. 64. 11135: 11130: 11123: 11118: 11111: 11106: 11100:, p. 67. 11099: 11094: 11092: 11085:, p. 58. 11084: 11079: 11072: 11067: 11060: 11055: 11049:, p. 38. 11048: 11043: 11036: 11031: 11024: 11019: 11013:, p. 68. 11012: 11007: 11001:, p. 42. 11000: 10995: 10988: 10983: 10976: 10971: 10965:, p. 37. 10964: 10959: 10952: 10947: 10940: 10935: 10928: 10923: 10921: 10913: 10908: 10906: 10898: 10893: 10886: 10881: 10875:, p. 36. 10874: 10869: 10867: 10860:, p. 14. 10859: 10854: 10847: 10842: 10835: 10830: 10823: 10818: 10811: 10806: 10799: 10794: 10787: 10782: 10780: 10773:, p. 30. 10772: 10767: 10760: 10755: 10753: 10745: 10740: 10734:, p. 76. 10733: 10728: 10722:, p. 35. 10721: 10716: 10710:, p. 41. 10709: 10704: 10697: 10692: 10685: 10680: 10674:, p. 66. 10673: 10668: 10666: 10658: 10653: 10646: 10641: 10634: 10629: 10622: 10617: 10611:, p. 46. 10610: 10605: 10598: 10593: 10586: 10581: 10574: 10569: 10562: 10557: 10550: 10545: 10543: 10535: 10530: 10524:, p. 63. 10523: 10518: 10512:, p. 90. 10511: 10506: 10500:, p. 41. 10499: 10494: 10492: 10484: 10479: 10472: 10471:Madelung 1997 10467: 10465: 10457: 10452: 10445: 10440: 10438: 10430: 10429:Madelung 1997 10425: 10423: 10415: 10410: 10404:, p. 72. 10403: 10398: 10391: 10386: 10379: 10378:Alizadeh 2015 10374: 10367: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10348: 10343: 10336: 10331: 10325:, p. 28. 10324: 10319: 10317: 10310:, p. 45. 10309: 10304: 10297: 10292: 10286:, p. 17. 10285: 10280: 10273: 10268: 10261: 10260:Pakatchi 2015 10256: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10240: 10235: 10228: 10227:Esposito 2003 10223: 10217:, p. 89. 10216: 10211: 10204: 10199: 10193:, p. 24. 10192: 10187: 10181:, p. 13. 10180: 10175: 10168: 10163: 10156: 10151: 10144: 10139: 10132: 10127: 10120: 10115: 10108: 10103: 10101: 10093: 10092:Esposito 2003 10088: 10086: 10084: 10076: 10071: 10069: 10061: 10056: 10050:, p. 92. 10049: 10044: 10037: 10032: 10025: 10020: 10018: 10010: 10005: 9998: 9993: 9991: 9984:, p. 44. 9983: 9978: 9972:, p. 44. 9971: 9966: 9959: 9954: 9948:, p. 25. 9947: 9942: 9936:, p. 26. 9935: 9930: 9924:, p. 71. 9923: 9918: 9911: 9906: 9900:, p. 69. 9899: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9875: 9870: 9864:, p. 28. 9863: 9858: 9851: 9850:Madelung 2003 9846: 9844: 9836: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9819: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9788: 9783: 9776: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9757: 9756:Madelung 1997 9752: 9750: 9742: 9737: 9735: 9728:, p. 27. 9727: 9722: 9720: 9713:, p. 91. 9712: 9707: 9700: 9695: 9688: 9687:Madelung 1997 9683: 9676: 9671: 9669: 9662:, p. 26. 9661: 9656: 9649: 9648:Kohlberg 1982 9644: 9642: 9634: 9633:Madelung 1997 9629: 9622: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9605: 9600: 9593: 9592:Madelung 1997 9588: 9581: 9580:Madelung 1997 9576: 9569: 9568:Madelung 1997 9564: 9558:, p. 69. 9557: 9552: 9546:, p. 68. 9545: 9540: 9533: 9528: 9526: 9519:, p. 77. 9518: 9513: 9511: 9503: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9480:, p. 87. 9479: 9474: 9467: 9466:Madelung 1997 9462: 9455: 9454:Madelung 1997 9450: 9448: 9440: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9423: 9418: 9412:, p. 85. 9411: 9406: 9399: 9398:Madelung 1997 9394: 9392: 9384: 9383:Madelung 1997 9379: 9373:, p. 18. 9372: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9355: 9354:Madelung 1997 9350: 9343: 9342:Madelung 1997 9338: 9331: 9326: 9319: 9318:Madelung 1997 9314: 9312: 9304: 9303:Madelung 1997 9299: 9292: 9291:Madelung 1997 9287: 9281:, p. 31. 9280: 9275: 9269:, p. 65. 9268: 9263: 9256: 9251: 9245:, p. 43. 9244: 9239: 9232: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9215: 9214:Madelung 1997 9210: 9203: 9202:Madelung 1997 9198: 9196: 9194: 9186: 9185:Madelung 1997 9181: 9179: 9171: 9166: 9159: 9158:Madelung 1997 9154: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9138: 9133: 9126: 9125:Madelung 1997 9121: 9114: 9109: 9102: 9097: 9090: 9085: 9078: 9073: 9066: 9061: 9059: 9051: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9034: 9033:Madelung 1997 9029: 9022: 9017: 9015: 9007: 9006:Madelung 1997 9002: 8995: 8994:Madelung 1997 8990: 8988: 8980: 8975: 8968: 8967:Madelung 1997 8963: 8961: 8953: 8948: 8942:, p. 53. 8941: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8924: 8923:Madelung 1997 8919: 8913:, p. 98. 8912: 8907: 8900: 8899:Madelung 1997 8895: 8893: 8886:, p. 97. 8885: 8880: 8873: 8868: 8862:, p. 70. 8861: 8856: 8849: 8844: 8837: 8836:Madelung 1997 8832: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8801: 8794: 8793:Madelung 1997 8789: 8782: 8781:Madelung 1997 8777: 8775: 8767: 8766:Hazleton 2009 8762: 8755: 8754:Madelung 1997 8750: 8744:, p. 67. 8743: 8738: 8732:, p. 75. 8731: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8714: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8689: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8672: 8671:Madelung 1997 8667: 8660: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8642:, p. 66. 8641: 8636: 8629: 8628:Madelung 1997 8624: 8617: 8612: 8606:, p. 23. 8605: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8586: 8585:Madelung 1997 8581: 8574: 8573:Madelung 1997 8569: 8562: 8561:Madelung 1997 8557: 8550: 8549:Madelung 1997 8545: 8539:, p. 99. 8538: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8515:, p. 58. 8514: 8509: 8502: 8497: 8490: 8489:Madelung 1997 8485: 8479:, p. 97. 8478: 8473: 8466: 8465:Petersen 1958 8461: 8454: 8453:Madelung 1997 8449: 8442: 8441:Madelung 1997 8437: 8430: 8429:Hazleton 2009 8425: 8418: 8417:Madelung 1997 8413: 8406: 8405:Hazleton 2009 8401: 8394: 8389: 8387: 8379: 8378:Madelung 1997 8374: 8367: 8366:Madelung 1997 8362: 8355: 8350: 8343: 8342:Madelung 1997 8338: 8331: 8326: 8319: 8318:Hazleton 2009 8314: 8307: 8306:Madelung 1997 8302: 8300: 8298: 8290: 8289:Madelung 1997 8285: 8278: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8261: 8260:Madelung 1997 8256: 8254: 8246: 8245:Hazleton 2009 8241: 8234: 8233:Madelung 1997 8229: 8222: 8217: 8215: 8208:, p. 88. 8207: 8202: 8195: 8194:Madelung 1997 8190: 8183: 8178: 8176: 8168: 8163: 8156: 8155:Madelung 1997 8151: 8149: 8142:, p. 19. 8141: 8140:Cappucci 2014 8136: 8129: 8128:Madelung 1997 8124: 8118:, p. 89. 8117: 8112: 8105: 8100: 8093: 8092:Madelung 1997 8088: 8081: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8045: 8040: 8034:, p. 84. 8033: 8028: 8022:, p. 94. 8021: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8004: 7999: 7997: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7953: 7952:Madelung 1997 7948: 7941: 7936: 7929: 7928:Madelung 1997 7924: 7918:, p. 64. 7917: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7901:, p. 95. 7900: 7895: 7893: 7886:, p. 94. 7885: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7861: 7856: 7850:, p. 83. 7849: 7844: 7838:, p. 90. 7837: 7832: 7825: 7820: 7814:, p. 67. 7813: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7778:, p. 71. 7777: 7772: 7766:, p. 59. 7765: 7760: 7753: 7752:Madelung 1997 7748: 7742:, p. 60. 7741: 7736: 7730:, p. 34. 7729: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7713:, p. 57. 7712: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7677:, p. 73. 7676: 7671: 7669: 7662:, p. 77. 7661: 7656: 7649: 7648:Madelung 1997 7644: 7637: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7614:, p. 64. 7613: 7608: 7602:, p. 46. 7601: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7585:, p. 89. 7584: 7579: 7577: 7569: 7568:Madelung 1997 7564: 7562: 7555:, p. 44. 7554: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7537: 7536:Madelung 1997 7532: 7525: 7520: 7518: 7511:, p. 45. 7510: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7493: 7492:Madelung 1997 7488: 7486: 7479:, p. 91. 7478: 7473: 7471: 7464:, p. 53. 7463: 7458: 7452:, p. 43. 7451: 7446: 7440:, p. 25. 7439: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7416: 7415:Madelung 1997 7411: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7380:, p. 72. 7379: 7378:Madelung 1997 7374: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7337:, p. 72. 7336: 7331: 7329: 7322:, p. 69. 7321: 7316: 7310:, p. 85. 7309: 7304: 7298:, p. 71. 7297: 7292: 7290: 7282: 7281:Madelung 1997 7277: 7270: 7269:Madelung 1997 7265: 7259:, p. 64. 7258: 7253: 7251: 7243: 7242:Madelung 1997 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7224: 7223:Madelung 1997 7219: 7213:, p. 70. 7212: 7207: 7201:, p. 24. 7200: 7195: 7193: 7185: 7184:Madelung 1997 7180: 7178: 7170: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7144:, p. 81. 7143: 7138: 7136: 7129:, p. 56. 7128: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7069:, p. 65. 7068: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7027: 7026:Madelung 1997 7022: 7015: 7010: 7003: 7002:Madelung 1997 6998: 6996: 6994: 6986: 6985:Madelung 1997 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6967: 6966:Madelung 1997 6962: 6955: 6954:Madelung 1997 6950: 6943: 6942:Madelung 1997 6938: 6932:, p. 68. 6931: 6926: 6919: 6918:Madelung 1997 6914: 6908:, p. 31. 6907: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6882: 6881:Madelung 1997 6877: 6870: 6869:Madelung 1997 6865: 6858: 6857:Madelung 1997 6853: 6847:, p. 49. 6846: 6841: 6839: 6832:, p. 62. 6831: 6826: 6820:, p. 22. 6819: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6800: 6799:Madelung 1997 6795: 6789:, p. 59. 6788: 6783: 6776: 6775:Madelung 1997 6771: 6765:, p. 98. 6764: 6763:Madelung 1997 6759: 6753:, p. 30. 6752: 6747: 6745: 6738:, p. 63. 6737: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6720: 6719:Madelung 1997 6715: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6691: 6690:Madelung 1997 6686: 6684: 6677:, p. 53. 6676: 6671: 6664: 6663:Madelung 1997 6659: 6653:, p. 52. 6652: 6647: 6641:, p. 84. 6640: 6635: 6629:, p. 67. 6628: 6623: 6621: 6614:, p. 87. 6613: 6612:Madelung 1997 6608: 6606: 6598: 6593: 6587:, p. 68. 6586: 6585:Madelung 1997 6581: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6550: 6549:Madelung 1997 6545: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6515:, p. 60. 6514: 6509: 6503:, p. 54. 6502: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6486:, p. 21. 6485: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6469:, p. 51. 6468: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6452:, p. 71. 6451: 6450:Madelung 1997 6446: 6440:, p. 43. 6439: 6434: 6428:, p. 52. 6427: 6422: 6416:, p. 50. 6415: 6410: 6408: 6400: 6395: 6389:, p. 67. 6388: 6387:Madelung 1997 6383: 6376: 6375:Madelung 1997 6371: 6364: 6363:Madelung 1997 6359: 6352: 6351:Madelung 1997 6347: 6341:, p. 22. 6340: 6339:Madelung 1997 6335: 6329:, p. 89. 6328: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6305:, p. 40. 6304: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6286:, p. 46. 6285: 6280: 6274:, p. 32. 6273: 6268: 6262:, p. 32. 6261: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6238:, p. 20. 6237: 6232: 6225: 6220: 6214:, p. 50. 6213: 6208: 6202:, p. 81. 6201: 6196: 6190:, p. 78. 6189: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6173:, p. 45. 6172: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6156:, p. 94. 6155: 6150: 6143: 6142:Madelung 1997 6138: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6112: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6088:, p. 79. 6087: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6064:, p. 62. 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6038:Madelung 1997 6034: 6028:, p. 44. 6027: 6022: 6016:, p. 40. 6015: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5987:Madelung 1997 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5964: 5957: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5907:, p. 50. 5906: 5905:Madelung 1997 5901: 5895:, p. 47. 5894: 5889: 5883:, p. 38. 5882: 5877: 5871:, p. 84. 5870: 5865: 5859:, p. 35. 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5823:, p. 98. 5822: 5817: 5811:, p. 78. 5810: 5805: 5803: 5796:, p. 86. 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5770:Madelung 1997 5766: 5764: 5757:, p. 41. 5756: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5721:, p. 40. 5720: 5715: 5713: 5706:, p. 43. 5705: 5704:Madelung 1997 5700: 5698: 5690: 5685: 5683: 5676:, p. 32. 5675: 5674:Madelung 1997 5670: 5668: 5660: 5655: 5649:, p. 16. 5648: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5598:, p. 34. 5597: 5592: 5585: 5584:Madelung 1997 5580: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5560:Madelung 1997 5556: 5549: 5544: 5537: 5536:Madelung 1997 5532: 5526:, p. 35. 5525: 5524:Madelung 1997 5520: 5514:, p. 37. 5513: 5508: 5501: 5500:Madelung 1997 5496: 5490:, p. 18. 5489: 5484: 5478:, p. 39. 5477: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5459:, p. 51. 5458: 5453: 5451: 5444:, p. 41. 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5419: 5418:Madelung 1997 5414: 5412: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5381:, p. 46. 5380: 5375: 5369:, p. 70. 5368: 5363: 5357:, p. 21. 5356: 5351: 5345:, p. 47. 5344: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5321:, p. 45. 5320: 5315: 5313: 5306:, p. 20. 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5282:, p. 35. 5281: 5276: 5270:, p. 20. 5269: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5229:, p. 15. 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5205:, p. 71. 5204: 5199: 5193:, p. 34. 5192: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5148:, p. 80. 5147: 5142: 5140: 5133:, p. 16. 5132: 5127: 5125: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5093:, p. 79. 5092: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5033:, p. 46. 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5009:, p. 69. 5008: 5003: 5001: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4975:, p. 14. 4974: 4969: 4963:, p. 13. 4962: 4957: 4955: 4948:, p. 29. 4947: 4942: 4936:, p. 72. 4935: 4930: 4924:, p. 29. 4923: 4918: 4912:, p. 56. 4911: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4888:, p. 36. 4887: 4882: 4876:, p. 35. 4875: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4837:, p. 16. 4836: 4835:Madelung 1997 4831: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4747: 4742: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4601: 4596: 4590:, p. 34. 4589: 4584: 4578:, p. 12. 4577: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4454:9786338026356 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4185: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4101: 4100: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4015:), Muhammad ( 4014: 4010: 4009:reincarnation 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951:infallibility 3948: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3846:In Shia Islam 3843: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3804: 3802: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3667: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3640: 3635: 3631:The verse of 3629: 3620: 3618: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3458: 3449: 3431: 3430: 3409: 3389: 3388: 3367: 3366: 3345: 3344: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3304:ʾAbū al-Ḥasan 3298: 3297: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216:Kitab al-Kafi 3210: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3087:Mushaf of Ali 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3062:Mushaf of Ali 3059: 3057: 3053: 3042: 3021: 3020: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2933: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2857:Mushaf of Ali 2854: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732:Abbas ibn Ali 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2616: 2612: 2611:Hasan ibn Ali 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2569: 2565: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541:shrine of Ali 2538: 2534: 2533:shrine of Ali 2528: 2527: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2263: 2244: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2226:Amr ibn al-As 2219: 2218: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2129: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2025: 2016: 2008: 2002: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1930: 1923:Quran readers 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1735: 1731: 1711: 1698: 1694: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1542: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1258:, located in 1257: 1253: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1226:Event of the 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076:and his wife 1075: 1071: 1065: 1061: 1060:Early Muslims 1057: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1033: 1032:shrine of Ali 1029: 1025: 1004: 1003: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 927: 916: 905: 901: 900:Sunni Muslims 897: 892: 887: 884: 879: 873: 872: 866: 861: 857: 852: 851: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 810: 806: 791: 785: 776: 772: 761: 756: 754: 749: 747: 742: 741: 739: 738: 733: 723: 721: 718: 717: 716: 715: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 688: 687: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 668:Burial places 665: 664: 657: 654: 651: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 636:Ali as Caliph 634: 632: 629: 628: 622: 621: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 584: 583: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 560:Assassination 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 541: 540: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 518: 517: 513: 509: 508: 505: 502: 501: 497: 496: 489: 486: 482: 479: 476: 472: 469: 466: 462: 458: 454: 451: 449: 445: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 361: 359: 355: 348: 345: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 311: 307: 301: 272: 268: 264: 259: 255: 252: 248: 233: 229: 226: 210: 206: 203: 199: 195: 184: 180: 176: 173: 172:Hasan ibn Ali 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 142: 138: 134: 133:Hasan ibn Ali 129: 125: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 100: 95: 88: 83: 80: 74: 73: 68: 65: 64: 59: 58: 57: 54: 51: 40: 37: 33: 19: 16386:Twelve Imams 16321:Arab Muslims 16214: 15986:Ali al-Zahir 15949: 15941: 15934:(Wafi Ahmad) 15933: 15896: 15872:Aga Khan III 15723:Ali al-Zahir 15686: 15678: 15671:(Wafi Ahmad) 15670: 15633: 15594:Ali al-Zahir 15557: 15549: 15542:(Wafi Ahmad) 15541: 15491: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15447:Isa al-Fa'iz 15417:Ali al-Zahir 15380: 15372: 15365:(Wafi Ahmad) 15364: 15314: 15310: 15306: 15302: 15229: 15171: 14927: 14886: 14885: 14852: 14842: 14841: 14806: 14776: 14764: 14757: 14749: 14718: 14699: 14672: 14652: 14648: 14622:(77): 5–39. 14619: 14615: 14589:(1): 67–82. 14586: 14582: 14578: 14561: 14551: 14533: 14529: 14504: 14500: 14467: 14463: 14454: 14450: 14422: 14397: 14372: 14347: 14322: 14294: 14271: 14243: 14215: 14186: 14161: 14144: 14121: 14102: 14077: 14058: 14033: 14008: 13983: 13958: 13945: 13915: 13873: 13850: 13827: 13800: 13789: 13785: 13777:Jozi, M.R.; 13761: 13734: 13711: 13665: 13629: 13596: 13565: 13532: 13499: 13463: 13427: 13391: 13358: 13349:Madelung, W. 13322: 13286: 13250: 13215: 13182: 13149: 13116: 13083: 13042: 13009: 12976: 12943: 12926: 12908: 12884: 12872:the original 12859: 12852:Madelung, W. 12843: 12822: 12782: 12763: 12744: 12720: 12697: 12692:Hazleton, L. 12673: 12652: 12628: 12617: 12601: 12567: 12543: 12524: 12500: 12479: 12457: 12433: 12407: 12386: 12367: 12348: 12329: 12306: 12286: 12267: 12245: 12223: 12201: 12180: 12157: 12152:Madelung, W. 12133: 12114: 12093: 12072: 12053: 12034: 12013: 11987: 11966: 11947: 11923: 11899: 11878: 11857: 11838: 11819: 11798: 11772: 11767:Donner, F.M. 11746: 11733: 11710: 11689: 11686:Dakake, M.M. 11667: 11643: 11619: 11598: 11573: 11553: 11549: 11530: 11511: 11489: 11470: 11449: 11426: 11400: 11374: 11351: 11325: 11299: 11294:Adamec, L.W. 11275: 11245: 11233: 11221: 11177: 11170:the original 11161: 11153: 11141: 11129: 11117: 11105: 11078: 11066: 11054: 11042: 11030: 11018: 11006: 10994: 10982: 10970: 10958: 10946: 10934: 10912:Daftary 2015 10892: 10880: 10858:Shomali 2003 10853: 10841: 10829: 10817: 10805: 10793: 10766: 10739: 10727: 10715: 10703: 10691: 10679: 10652: 10640: 10628: 10616: 10604: 10592: 10580: 10568: 10556: 10529: 10517: 10505: 10478: 10451: 10409: 10397: 10385: 10373: 10342: 10330: 10303: 10298:, p. 3. 10291: 10279: 10267: 10241:, p. 5. 10234: 10222: 10210: 10198: 10186: 10174: 10169:, p. 2. 10162: 10150: 10145:, p. 4. 10138: 10126: 10114: 10060:Daftary 2007 10055: 10043: 10031: 10004: 9977: 9965: 9953: 9941: 9929: 9917: 9905: 9893: 9881: 9874:Anthony 2013 9869: 9857: 9818:Daftary 2014 9782: 9706: 9694: 9682: 9655: 9628: 9599: 9587: 9575: 9563: 9556:Kennedy 2016 9551: 9544:Kennedy 2016 9539: 9497: 9485: 9473: 9461: 9417: 9405: 9378: 9349: 9337: 9325: 9298: 9286: 9279:Daftary 2013 9274: 9262: 9250: 9238: 9209: 9165: 9132: 9120: 9108: 9096: 9084: 9072: 9028: 9001: 8981:, p. 1. 8974: 8947: 8918: 8906: 8879: 8867: 8855: 8843: 8812: 8800: 8788: 8761: 8749: 8742:Kennedy 2016 8737: 8666: 8640:Kennedy 2016 8635: 8623: 8611: 8580: 8568: 8556: 8544: 8532: 8520: 8508: 8496: 8484: 8472: 8460: 8448: 8436: 8424: 8412: 8400: 8373: 8361: 8349: 8337: 8325: 8313: 8284: 8240: 8228: 8201: 8189: 8162: 8135: 8123: 8111: 8099: 8087: 8075: 8063: 8051: 8039: 8027: 7983: 7976:Lambton 1991 7971: 7959: 7947: 7935: 7923: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7819: 7807: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7706: 7694: 7682: 7655: 7643: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7531: 7457: 7445: 7410: 7397: 7385: 7373: 7361: 7315: 7303: 7276: 7264: 7218: 7206: 7127:Lapidus 2002 7105: 7067:Kennedy 2016 7045: 7033: 7021: 7009: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6925: 6913: 6906:Anthony 2013 6876: 6864: 6852: 6825: 6794: 6782: 6770: 6758: 6751:Daftary 2014 6714: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6634: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6513:Kennedy 2016 6508: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6103:Anthony 2013 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6021: 6009: 5963: 5951: 5944:Sajjadi 2018 5924: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5789: 5777: 5750: 5745:, p. 8. 5738: 5726: 5654: 5642: 5635:Lecomte 2012 5630: 5625:, p. 3. 5603: 5591: 5586:, p. 5. 5579: 5567: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5437: 5425: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5333:, p. 2. 5326: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 4968: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4769:Buehler 2014 4741: 4638: 4626: 4595: 4583: 4552: 4440: 4434: 4422:. Retrieved 4418: 4409: 4397: 4123: 4113: 4098: 4082:exaggerators 4065:Sultan Sahak 4034: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3911: 3907:Judgment Day 3903:intercession 3862: 3860: 3829: 3821:Hagia Sophia 3797: 3718: 3644: 3623:In the Quran 3614: 3576:Baháʼí Faith 3481: 3463: 3428: 3407: 3385: 3364: 3342: 3310: 3291: 3244:unity of God 3233: 3190:Du'a' Kumayl 3185: 3171: 3155: 3114: 3105: 3085: 3015: 2993: 2955:instructions 2908: 2892: 2798: 2749: 2681: 2624: 2526:lex talionis 2504: 2398: 2389: 2359: 2317: 2293: 2269: 2235: 2222: 2215: 2188: 2167: 2162:Siyer-i nebi 2138: 2135:Rules of war 2123: 2104: 2087: 2030: 2013: 1939: 1929: 1885: 1872: 1865: 1821: 1792: 1778: 1767: 1707: 1615: 1603: 1601: 1504:Ghadir Khumm 1497: 1478:Ghadir Khumm 1472:Banu Qurayza 1427: 1405:Sahih Muslim 1376: 1351:Banu Jadhima 1324: 1260:South Arabia 1249: 1245:Khavarannama 1244: 1189: 1186:Ghadir Khumm 1135: 1130:Siyer-i nebi 1128: 1090:Shia Muslims 1067: 996: 937: 896:Shia Muslims 865:Ghadir Khumm 833: 770: 769: 625:Perspectives 503: 79: 56: 53: 36: 16381:Zaydi imams 16311:Deified men 16142:concealment 16130:occultation 16001:Ali al-Hadi 15877:Aga Khan IV 15867:Aga Khan II 15812:Murad Mirza 15738:Ali al-Hadi 15275:Ali al-Hadi 15265:Ali al-Rida 14751:Banu Hashim 14655:: 157–196. 13824:Daftary, F. 13797:Daftary, F. 13758:Daftary, F. 13708:Daftary, F. 13211:"Al-Saḳīfa" 12008:Kennedy, H. 11928:. Longman. 11664:Daftary, F. 11638:Daftary, F. 11421:Ayoub, M.M. 11226:Clarke 2005 11182:Jacobs 2014 11098:Ismail 2016 11011:Mavani 2013 10999:Haider 2014 10975:Mavani 2013 10939:Mavani 2013 10927:Gleave 2004 10810:Keaney 2021 10708:Mavani 2013 10696:Mavani 2013 10672:Lalani 2000 10645:Leaman 2006 10621:Mavani 2013 10609:Mavani 2013 10561:Lalani 2006 10498:Glassé 2001 10347:Corbin 2006 10323:Lalani 2006 10308:Hulmes 2008 10131:Dakake 2007 10119:Djebli 2012 10075:Thomas 2008 10048:Haider 2014 10036:McHugo 2017 9997:McHugo 2017 9970:Pierce 2016 9958:Dakake 2007 9934:Donner 1999 9886:McHugo 2017 9835:Huart 2012b 9787:Dakake 2007 9604:Donner 2010 9517:Shaban 1971 9478:Kelsay 1993 9439:Donner 2010 9255:Hinds 1972b 9231:Donner 2010 9101:Hinds 1972b 9089:Hinds 1972b 9077:Donner 2010 9050:Donner 2010 8979:Dakake 2007 8952:Dakake 2007 8911:Hinds 1972b 8884:Hinds 1972b 8848:Adamec 2017 8730:Shaban 1971 8713:Donner 2010 8688:Lecker 2012 8659:McHugo 2017 8525:Donner 2010 8513:Rahman 1995 8277:Donner 2010 8182:McHugo 2017 7916:McHugo 2017 7800:Dakake 2007 7788:Dakake 2007 7764:Dakake 2007 7740:Dakake 2007 7728:Haider 2014 7711:Dakake 2007 7699:Mavani 2013 7687:Shaban 1971 7675:Shaban 1971 7462:McHugo 2017 7366:Keaney 2021 7354:Donner 2010 7335:Shaban 1971 7296:Shaban 1971 7110:Donner 2010 7050:Donner 2010 7038:Hinds 1972a 6845:McHugo 2017 6707:Hinds 1972a 6651:Dakake 2007 6537:Shaban 1971 6525:Keaney 2021 6399:Pellat 1983 6303:Glassé 2001 6212:Dakake 2007 6118:Mavani 2013 6074:Mavani 2013 6050:Mavani 2013 6014:McHugo 2017 5917:Mavani 2013 5881:Khetia 2013 5857:Khetia 2013 5809:Khetia 2013 5689:Fedele 2018 5659:Khetia 2013 5647:Shaban 1971 5623:Walker 2014 5608:Keaney 2021 5596:Mavani 2013 5572:McHugo 2017 5442:Dakake 2007 5430:McHugo 2017 5403:Lalani 2006 5391:Dakake 2007 5379:Dakake 2007 5367:Mavani 2013 5343:Dakake 2007 5331:Mavani 2013 5319:Dakake 2007 5292:Lalani 2011 5280:Dakake 2007 5268:Mavani 2013 5215:Dakake 2007 5203:Lalani 2000 5191:Dakake 2007 5179:Lalani 2000 5146:Mavani 2013 5091:Mavani 2013 5079:Dakake 2007 5067:Arafat 1976 5055:Donner 2010 5043:Faizer 2006 4934:Mavani 2013 4922:Lalani 2006 4910:Fedele 2018 4886:Haider 2014 4874:Haider 2014 4631:Mavani 2013 4619:Huart 2012a 4268:Gleave 2008 4191: 2023 4184:W. Madelung 4130:Abu Mikhnaf 3987:(Name) and 3983:(meaning), 3801:Naqshbandis 3684:Ahl al-Bayt 3580:Druze Faith 3488:companion, 3357:lion of God 3182:Other works 3133:book of Ali 3048: 1116 2987: 1258 2976:Mu'tazilite 2939: 1015 2895:Du'a Kumayl 2875:Du'a Kumayl 2821:Isma'ilites 2720:Umm Kulthum 2496:Afghanistan 2395:Final years 2320:al-Nahrawan 2204:First Fitna 2202:Map of the 2141:Islamic law 2079:on margin). 2051:during the 1850:Umm Kulthum 1518:ahl al-bayt 1488:MS Arab 161 1367:Bab al-Nasr 1254:envoy from 1106:Banu Hashim 1080:around 600 555:First Fitna 457:Banu Hashim 382:Umm Kulthum 295: / 160:Predecessor 117:Predecessor 16376:Shia imams 16276:661 deaths 16271:600 births 16260:Categories 16071:Shah Tahir 15862:Aga Khan I 15837:Sayyid Ali 15785:Islam Shah 15782:Qasim Shah 15214:Shia Imams 15089:Umm Salama 14771: 600 14382:0028656040 14234:Leaman, O. 14212:Leaman, O. 13938:Nasr, S.H. 13661:"Abū Bakr" 13656:Watt, M.W. 13387:"Mubāhala" 12612:Watt, W.M. 12592:Holt, P.M. 12326:Nasr, S.H. 11944:Kassam, Z. 11593:Corbin, H. 11259:References 11214:Algar 1994 11146:Nisan 2002 11122:Moosa 1987 11110:Moosa 1987 11083:Atwan 2015 11059:Nisan 2002 11035:Momen 1985 11023:Momen 1985 10951:Momen 1985 10897:Momen 1985 10846:Crone 2005 10834:Soufi 1997 10822:Lucas 2004 10771:Louër 2020 10744:Momen 1985 10684:Momen 1985 10657:Momen 1985 10633:Momen 1985 10573:Momen 1985 10522:Abbas 2021 10510:Momen 1985 10444:Ayoub 2014 10203:Momen 1985 10009:Momen 1985 9982:Momen 1985 9922:Momen 1985 9910:Momen 1985 9898:Momen 1985 9862:Momen 1985 9775:Lewis 2012 9741:Jafri 1979 9726:Momen 1985 9711:Jafri 1979 9699:Momen 1985 9660:Momen 1985 9532:Jafri 1979 9502:Ayoub 2014 9422:Ayoub 2014 9267:Jafri 1979 9243:Fadel 2013 9170:Aslan 2005 9137:Ayoub 2014 8872:Ayoub 2014 8817:Abbas 2021 8805:Ayoub 2014 8537:Ayoub 2014 8501:Abbas 2021 8477:Ayoub 2014 8393:Abbas 2021 8354:Abbas 2021 8330:Abbas 2021 8221:Hinds 1971 8206:Ayoub 2014 8167:Aslan 2005 8116:Ayoub 2014 8104:Ayoub 2014 8080:Ayoub 2014 8068:Ayoub 2014 8056:Ayoub 2014 8032:Ayoub 2014 7988:Abbas 2021 7964:Abbas 2021 7899:Ayoub 2014 7884:Ayoub 2014 7872:Jafri 1979 7848:Ayoub 2014 7824:Abbas 2021 7812:Jafri 1979 7776:Jafri 1979 7477:Ayoub 2014 7438:Momen 1985 7390:Abbas 2021 7308:Ayoub 2014 7257:Jafri 1979 7211:Ayoub 2014 7199:Momen 1985 7142:Ayoub 2014 6830:Jafri 1979 6818:Momen 1985 6787:Jafri 1979 6736:Jafri 1979 6675:Jafri 1979 6597:Jafri 1979 6573:Abbas 2021 6561:Jafri 1979 6501:Jafri 1979 6484:Momen 1985 6467:Jafri 1979 6438:Ayoub 2014 6426:Jafri 1979 6414:Jafri 1979 6327:Abbas 2021 6284:Jafri 1979 6272:Ayoub 2014 6236:Momen 1985 6224:Jafri 1979 6171:Jafri 1979 6154:Abbas 2021 6130:Aslan 2005 6062:Momen 1985 6026:Jafri 1979 6002:Momen 1985 5968:Soufi 1997 5929:Soufi 1997 5893:Jafri 1979 5869:Soufi 1997 5845:Ayoub 2014 5833:Soufi 1997 5821:Abbas 2021 5794:Soufi 1997 5782:Jafri 1979 5755:Jafri 1979 5719:Jafri 1979 5548:Momen 1985 5512:Jafri 1979 5488:Momen 1985 5476:Jafri 1979 5355:Jafri 1979 5304:Jafri 1979 5256:Jones 2009 5227:Momen 1985 5131:Momen 1985 4973:Momen 1985 4961:Momen 1985 4850:Osman 2015 4805:Momen 1985 4781:Klemm 2005 4643:Abbas 2021 4600:Rubin 1995 4588:Abbas 2021 4576:Momen 1985 4557:Rubin 1995 4424:26 January 4419:sunnah.com 4402:Momen 1985 4180: 767 4161:L. Caetani 4108:See also: 4092:extremists 3965:In Alawism 3840: 855 3833:Ibn Hanbal 3518:See also: 3343:Asad Allāh 3311:al-Murtaḍā 3271:See also: 2865:See also: 2829:Qarmatians 2781: 713 2770:Abu Hashim 2766:Kaysanites 2762:al-Mukhtar 2674:Kaysanites 2670:Isma'ilism 2652:See also: 2619:See also: 2605:Succession 2519:Ibn Muljam 2324:Kharijites 2217:Tarikhnama 2065:Khosrow II 2047:minted in 2019:Legitimacy 1983:Kharijites 1965:See also: 1867:Tarikhnama 1800:Ridda wars 1641:See also: 1612:polysemous 1216:companions 1168:See also: 1158: 923 1054:See also: 988:Ibn Muljam 980:Kharijites 938:Following 883:polysemous 819:. Born to 550:Birthplace 283:44°18′51″E 280:31°59′46″N 189: 600 16111:Haydar II 16096:Aziz Shah 15932:Abdallah 15890:(Mu'mini) 15847:Qasim Ali 15669:Abdallah 15540:Abdallah 15363:Abdallah 14682:304390529 14603:159678004 14521:159763369 14492:155455942 14484:0020-7438 14004:"'A'isha" 13492:(2012b). 13456:(2012f). 13420:(2012g). 13354:"S̲h̲ī'a" 13313:Lewis, B. 13069:186002378 12893:2330-4804 12868:2330-4804 12831:2330-4804 12684:752790641 12663:453206240 12596:Lewis, B. 12454:Rubin, U. 12264:Momen, M. 12136:. Brill. 11508:Crone, P. 11395:Aslan, R. 11272:Abbas, H. 10798:Rauf 2007 10786:Rauf 2007 10390:Gibb 2012 10335:Nasr 2006 9113:Rauf 2007 9021:Rauf 2007 8003:Heck 2023 5574:, §1.III. 4197:Footnotes 4173:Ibn Ishaq 4087: or 4057:Yarsanism 3871:of Ali' ( 3794:In Sufism 3772: or 3704:verse of 3647:verse of 3584:Yarsanism 3528:Yarsanism 3452:Character 3429:Abū Turāb 3330: or 3273:Abu Turab 3236:Ibn Abbas 3174:Kitab Ali 3158:Kitab Ali 3118:Kitab Ali 3108:Kitab Ali 2861:Kitab Ali 2696:Husaynids 2662:Husaynids 2628:abdicated 2448:in Kufa, 2073:bismillah 2069:holy fire 2053:caliphate 1961:Caliphate 1888:Abu Dharr 1734:Muhajirun 1631:caliphate 1565:closer to 1560: or 1389:stood to 1347:Hamdanids 1252:Christian 1151:al-Tabari 1102:Al-Nawawi 954:captured 817:Shia imam 784:romanized 598:Al-Ghadir 242: 60 168:Successor 146:Shia Imam 127:Successor 72:Abu Turab 16200:Abu Bakr 16076:Haydar I 16016:Hasan II 15961:al-Qa'im 15698:al-Qa'im 15497:Muhammad 15320:Muhammad 15157:Abu Bakr 14875:632–661 14837:Muhammad 14814:656–661 14678:ProQuest 14315:(2006). 14267:"Fāṭima" 14264:(2023). 14236:(2006). 13979:"Fatima" 13940:(2023). 13786:Taṣawwuf 13781:(2015). 13658:(1986). 13561:"Fāṭima" 13351:(2012). 13318:"'Alids" 13315:(2012). 13279:(2012). 13178:"Ṣiffīn" 13145:"'Alids" 12972:"'Alids" 12903:(1982). 12854:(2003). 12817:(1998). 12743:(2003). 12694:(2009). 12649:(1901). 12614:(1960). 12598:(eds.). 12564:(1975). 12523:(2007). 12478:(1981). 12456:(1995). 12430:(2003). 12328:(2006). 12266:(1985). 12244:(2003). 12222:(1979). 12154:(1997). 12010:(2016). 11920:(1979). 11795:(2003). 11769:(2010). 11688:(2007). 11640:(2013). 11595:(2006). 11510:(2005). 11423:(2014). 11397:(2005). 11348:(1994). 11322:(2013). 11296:(2017). 11274:(2021). 8661:, 2.III. 8184:, §2.II. 5432:, §2.IV. 4049:Isma'ili 4045:Socrates 3971:Alawites 3938:awhayna' 3777:guardian 3611:In Islam 2978:scholar 2805:Twelvers 2801:Abbasids 2789:Zaydites 2722:. 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