156:
47:
1251:
613:
1388:
longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch. Whilst the muscularis externa is similar throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, an exception is the stomach which has an additional inner oblique muscular layer to aid with grinding and mixing of food. The muscularis externa of the stomach is composed of the inner oblique layer, middle circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer.
853:, the villi, and the microvilli increases the absorptive area of the mucosa about 600-fold, making a total area of about 250 m (2,700 sq ft) for the entire small intestine. Its main function is to absorb the products of digestion (including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) into the bloodstream. There are three major divisions:
2326:
dehydration and malnutrition. There is no cure for intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Different types of surgery and treatment managing life-threatening complications such as ileus and volvulus, intestinal stasis which lead to bacterial overgrowth, and resection of affected or dead parts of the gut may be needed. Many patients require parenteral nutrition.
1116:, develop as swellings or dilatations in the cells of the primitive gut. In contrast, gut-related derivatives — that is, those structures that derive from the primitive gut but are not part of the gut proper, in general, develop as out-pouchings of the primitive gut. The blood vessels supplying these structures remain constant throughout development.
2342:, affecting up to 1% of people of northern European descent. An autoimmune response is triggered in intestinal cells by digestion of gluten proteins. Ingestion of proteins found in wheat, barley and rye, causes villous atrophy in the small intestine. Lifelong dietary avoidance of these foodstuffs in a gluten-free diet is the only treatment.
1607:. It takes 2.5 to 3 hours for 50% of the contents to leave the stomach. The rate of digestion is also dependent of the material being digested, as food composition from the same meal may leave the stomach at different rates. Total emptying of the stomach takes around 4–5 hours, and transit through the colon takes 30 to 50 hours.
2285:
spiral bacterium. Over half the world's population is infected with it, mainly during childhood; it is not certain how the disease is transmitted. It colonizes the gastrointestinal system, predominantly the stomach. The bacterium has specific survival conditions that are specific to the human gastric
1541:
Approximately 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 75% of these genes are expressed in at least one of the different parts of the digestive organ system. Over 600 of these genes are more specifically expressed in one or more parts of the GI tract and the corresponding proteins
4011:
Yumiko; Lockett, Trevor; Clarke, Julie M.; Topping, David L.; Tomita, Masaru; Hori, Shohei; Ohara, Osamu; Morita, Tatsuya; Koseki, Haruhiko; Kikuchi, Jun; Honda, Kenya; Hase, Koji; Ohno, Hiroshi (2013). "Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells".
4010:
Furusawa, Yukihiro; Obata, Yuuki; Fukuda, Shinji; Endo, Takaho A.; Nakato, Gaku; Takahashi, Daisuke; Nakanishi, Yumiko; Uetake, Chikako; Kato, Keiko; Kato, Tamotsu; Takahashi, Masumi; Fukuda, Noriko N.; Murakami, Shinnosuke; Miyauchi, Eiji; Hino, Shingo; Atarashi, Koji; Onawa, Satoshi; Fujimura,
1387:
outer layer. The circular layer prevents food from traveling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer
3422:
Gremel, Gabriela; Wanders, Alkwin; Cedernaes, Jonathan; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Uhlén, Mathias; Pontén, Fredrik (2015-01-01). "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based
2325:
is a syndrome caused by a malformation of the digestive system, characterized by a severe impairment in the ability of the intestines to push and assimilate. Symptoms include daily abdominal and stomach pain, nausea, severe distension, vomiting, heartburn, dysphagia, diarrhea, constipation,
2318:
antibodies, a stool test, and a urease breath test (which is a by-product of the bacteria). If caught soon enough, it can be treated with three doses of different proton pump inhibitors as well as two antibiotics, taking about a week to cure. If not caught soon enough, surgery may be
2314:. Signs and symptoms of infection are gastritis, burning abdominal pain, weight loss, loss of appetite, bloating, burping, nausea, bloody vomit, and black tarry stools. Infection can be detected in a number of ways: GI X-rays, endoscopy, blood tests for anti-
2179:
can often be performed in the outpatient setting. In the United States in 2012, operations on the digestive system accounted for 3 of the 25 most common ambulatory surgery procedures and constituted 9.1 percent of all outpatient ambulatory surgeries.
1685:, one of the most predominant bacterial groups in the GI tract, play an important role in influencing the dynamics of the gut's immune system. It has been demonstrated that the intake of a high fiber diet could be responsible for the induction of
705:, the duodenum may appear to be a unified organ, but it is divided into four segments based on function, location, and internal anatomy. The four segments of the duodenum are as follows (starting at the stomach, and moving toward the jejunum):
716:
The suspensory muscle is an important anatomical landmark that shows the formal division between the duodenum and the jejunum, the first and second parts of the small intestine, respectively. This is a thin muscle which is derived from the
1586:
The time taken for food to transit through the gastrointestinal tract varies on multiple factors, including age, ethnicity, and gender. Several techniques have been used to measure transit time, including radiography following a
1414:
and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a bolus (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as
1258:
The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy. The GI tract can be divided into four concentric layers in the following order:
3370:
Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
2364:(or similarly, bowel strangulation) is a comparatively rare event (usually developing sometime after major bowel surgery). It is, however, hard to diagnose correctly, and if left uncorrected can lead to bowel
2711:
2744:
971:. Its length is about 1.5 m, and the area of the mucosa in an adult human is about 2 m (22 sq ft). Its main function is to absorb water and salts. The colon is further divided into:
1635:, which is composed of physical, biochemical, and immune elements elaborated by the intestinal mucosa. Microorganisms also are kept at bay by an extensive immune system comprising the
2813:
Raines, Daniel; Arbour, Adrienne; Thompson, Hilary W.; Figueroa-Bodine, Jazmin; Joseph, Saju (2014-05-26). "Variation in small bowel length: Factor in achieving total enteroscopy?".
1627:
The surface area of the digestive tract is estimated to be about 32 square meters, or about half a badminton court. With such a large exposure (more than three times larger than the
2080:
is a condition that is very common in older people in industrialized countries. It usually affects the large intestine but has been known to affect the small intestine as well.
1108:
Each segment of the gut is further specified and gives rise to specific gut and gut-related structures in later development. Components derived from the gut proper, including the
2915:
Marchesi, J. R; Adams, D. H; Fava, F; Hermes, G. D; Hirschfield, G. M; Hold, G; Quraishi, M. N; Kinross, J; Smidt, H; Tuohy, K. M; Thomas, L. V; Zoetendal, E. G; Hart, A (2015).
1926:) stretched antero-posteriorly, before the middle part of the stretch would get narrower and closed fully, leaving an anterior orifice (mouth) and a posterior orifice (anus plus
4166:"Fossil Reveals Earth's Oldest Known Animal Guts - The find in a Nevada desert revealed an intestine inside a creature that looks like a worm made of a stack of ice cream cones"
1631:), these immune components function to prevent pathogens from entering the blood and lymph circulatory systems. Fundamental components of this protection are provided by the
2306:
for gastric epithelial lining and the gastric mucosal layer about it. Gastric colonization of this bacterium triggers a robust immune response leading to moderate to severe
4090:
1759:
for space and "food", as the intestinal tract has limited resources. A ratio of 80–85% beneficial to 15–20% potentially harmful bacteria is proposed for maintaining
1105:. Although these terms are often used in reference to segments of the primitive gut, they are also used regularly to describe regions of the definitive gut as well.
1341:
The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions. The most variation is seen in the epithelium.
346:
2120:
are other functional disorders of the intestine that have physiological causes but do not have identifiable structural, chemical, or infectious pathologies.
2102:. While Crohn's can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract, ulcerative colitis is limited to the large intestine. Crohn's disease is widely regarded as an
710:
1501:. They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position. For example, the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the
4573:
3619:
Wilson, Malcom J.; Dickson, W.H.; Singleton, A.C. (1929), "Rate of evacuation of various foods from the normal stomach: a preliminary communication",
2493:. Some instrumentalists, however, still use gut strings in order to evoke the older tone quality. Although such strings were commonly referred to as "
1355:
The submucosa consists of a dense irregular layer of connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves branching into the mucosa and
3953:"Gut epithelial barrier dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus coinfected patients: Influence on innate and acquired immunity"
1066:) in two directions: the sides of the embryo fold in on each other and the head and tail fold toward one another. The result is that a piece of the
5812:
2632:
906:: This is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long and contains the
3688:"Colonic Transit Study Technique and Interpretation: Can These be Uniform Globally in Different Populations with Non-uniform Colon Transit Time?"
2017:
diversity of the gastrointestinal tract, and further enable inflammatory mediators. Gastroenteritis is the most common disease of the GI tract.
460:, stomach, and intestines, and is divided into the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. The GI tract includes all structures between the
697:. This differentiates the embryonic borders between the foregut and midgut, and is also the division commonly used by clinicians to describe
1334:
that aids the passing of material and enhances the interaction between the epithelial layer and the contents of the lumen by agitation and
339:
4345:
4488:
2073:
located at the caecum. This is a potentially fatal condition if left untreated; most cases of appendicitis require surgical intervention.
1935:
2106:. Although ulcerative colitis is often treated as though it were an autoimmune disease, there is no consensus that it actually is such.
2762:
G., Hounnou; C., Destrieux; J., Desmé; P., Bertrand; S., Velut (2002-12-01). "Anatomical study of the length of the human intestine".
1487:. In these sections of the gut, there is a clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue. These parts of the tract have a
914:
that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here.
1078:
aspect of the embryo, begins to be pinched off to become the primitive gut. The yolk sac remains connected to the gut tube via the
5398:
4546:
1846:(all mammals that do not lay eggs, including humans) possess separate anal and uro-genital openings. The females of the subgroup
332:
4566:
3570:
Keendjele, Tuwilika P. T.; Eelu, Hilja H.; Nashihanga, Tunelago E.; Rennie, Timothy W.; Hunter, Christian John (1 March 2021).
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4446:
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709:, descending, horizontal, and ascending. The suspensory muscle attaches the superior border of the ascending duodenum to the
5805:
2749:
2716:
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2458:
2109:
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have functions related to digestion of food and uptake of nutrients. Examples of specific proteins with such functions are
900:. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralize the stomach acids contained in the chyme.
1854:
1045:
4252:
Nielsen, C., Brunet, T. & Arendt, D. Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nat Ecol Evol 2, 1358–1376 (2018).
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2397:
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2523:'s characteristic buzzing timbre. While the modern snare drum almost always uses metal wire rather than gut cord, the
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4559:
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3330:
3250:
2117:
694:
1938:
development (when both mouth and anus develop from the gut stretch in the embryo) present in some nephrozoans (e.g.
1740:. However, the primary function of the large intestine is water absorption from digested material (regulated by the
1661:) neutralizes many pathogenic microorganisms. Other factors in the GI tract contribution to immune function include
17:
1950:
This section discusses related diseases, medical associations with the gastrointestinal tract, and use in surgery.
5798:
5754:
3518:
Madsen, MD, Jan
Lysgard (1992), "Effects of gender, age, and body mass index on gastrointestinal transit times",
3160:
Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by
Richard; Richardson, Paul (2015).
3735:
Mowat, Allan M.; Agace, William W. (2014-10-01). "Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system".
2964:
Clarke, Gerard; Stilling, Roman M; Kennedy, Paul J; Stanton, Catherine; Cryan, John F; Dinan, Timothy G (2014).
4513:
3474:
Degen, L.P.; Phillips, S.F. (August 1996), "Variability of gastrointestinal transit in healthy women and men",
1681:
Beneficial bacteria also can contribute to the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal immune system. For example,
1636:
3556:
1448:
6150:
5790:
5067:
5045:
3843:
Sánchez de Medina, Fermín; Romero-Calvo, Isabel; Mascaraque, Cristina; Martínez-Augustin, Olga (2014-12-01).
2193:
2189:
1872:
1144:
Esophagus, stomach, duodenum (1st and 2nd parts), liver, gallbladder, pancreas, superior portion of pancreas
4594:
2322:
1930:). A stretched gut without the middle part closed is present in another branch of bilaterians, the extinct
1566:
of the stomach mucosa. Specific proteins expressed in the stomach and duodenum involved in defence include
1384:
217:
177:
5391:
4165:
2611:
1733:
1396:
3094:
3044:
6326:
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5439:
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3951:
Márquez, Mercedes; Fernández Gutiérrez Del Álamo, Clotilde; Girón-González, José Antonio (2016-01-28).
2287:
2091:
1632:
1231:
1197:
3190:
Helander, Herbert F.; Fändriks, Lars (2014-06-01). "Surface area of the digestive tract - revisited".
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698:
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3159:
5263:
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2412:
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2176:
2113:
1954:
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1404:
1083:
1082:. Usually, this structure regresses during development; in cases where it does not, it is known as
595:
mechanisms, indicating that the cells releasing these hormones are conserved structures throughout
122:
31:
2728:
2084:
occurs when pouches form on the intestinal wall. Once the pouches become inflamed it is known as
6384:
6379:
6374:
5891:
5634:
4264:
De
Robertis, E. M., & Tejeda-Muñoz, N. (2022). Evo-Devo of urbilateria and its larval forms.
2021:
1642:
There are additional factors contributing to protection from pathogen invasion. For example, low
1403:) due to its self-contained enteric nervous system. The rate can be modulated by the rest of the
1400:
4194:"Discovery of bilaterian-type through-guts in cloudinomorphs from the terminal Ediacaran Period"
6165:
6160:
6155:
5906:
5901:
5721:
5654:
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5189:
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2512:. Today, synthetic strings are much more common, but the best gut strings are now made out of
2474:
1690:
1364:
617:
481:
313:
308:
134:
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2429:
Intestines from animals other than humans are used in a number of ways. From each species of
1974:
There are many diseases and conditions that can affect the gastrointestinal system, including
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5543:
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4198:
1964:
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1315:
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303:
3788:"Intestinal Antigen-Presenting Cells: Key Regulators of Immune Homeostasis and Inflammation"
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5691:
5686:
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4207:
4020:
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2077:
2014:
767:) is the segment of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the pyloric sphincter of the
733:
525:
524:. It is considerably shorter in the living body because the intestines, which are tubes of
2683:
1303:
The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. The mucosa surrounds the
556:
468:, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organs of digestion, namely, the
8:
6170:
5874:
5716:
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5518:
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1892:
In 2020, the oldest known fossil digestive tract, of an extinct wormlike organism in the
990:
893:
628:
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4024:
3842:
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1878:
Many birds and other animals have a specialised stomach in the digestive tract called a
1307:, or open space within the tube. This layer comes in direct contact with digested food (
849:
area in an adult human is about 30 m (320 sq ft). The combination of the
568:
520:
origin of each segment. The whole human GI tract is about nine meters (30 feet) long at
6444:
6301:
6245:
6055:
5884:
5851:
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1395:. This controls peristalsis. Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells, (myenteric
1318:– innermost layer. Responsible for most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes.
429:
have a "through-gut" or complete digestive tract. Exceptions are more primitive ones:
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Flannigan, Kyle L.; Geem, Duke; Harusato, Akihito; Denning, Timothy L. (2015-07-01).
3760:
3752:
3717:
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3593:
3572:"Corn? When did I eat corn? Gastrointestinal transit time in health science students"
3535:
3501:
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2866:"Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases"
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gut. With the advent of the modern era, musicians have tended to use strings made of
2352:
meaning intestinal), but their symptoms are not mainly associated with the intestine.
2222:
2041:
1998:
1686:
1442:
1360:
1324:– a layer of connective tissue. Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue
921:
911:
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is made up of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the
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is where a capsule containing a camera is swallowed in order to examine the tract.
2128:
Several symptoms can indicate problems with the gastrointestinal tract, including:
1958:
1906:
A through-gut (one with both mouth and anus) is thought to have evolved within the
1900:
1728:
that can break down molecules the human body cannot process alone, demonstrating a
1522:
1476:
1392:
1217:
1213:
1191:
1016:
1000:
865:
544:
434:
268:
263:
70:
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2094:
is an inflammatory condition affecting the bowel walls, and includes the subtypes
1701:. Basically, the butyrate induces the differentiation of Treg cells by enhancing
532:
in a halfway-tense state but can relax in spots to allow for local distention and
155:
46:
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1054:-derived structure. At approximately the sixteenth day of human development, the
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1857:, the asymmetric position of the bowels and inner organs is initiated (see also
1441:
The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract consists of several layers of
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6025:
6007:
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1419:. In the large intestine, the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as
1380:
1356:
1321:
1298:
1273:
1079:
920:: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains
907:
850:
540:
489:
5820:
4416:. New York: Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. pp. 389–398.
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3703:
3436:
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635:. The tract itself is divided into upper and lower tracts, and the intestines
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Gut cord has also been used to produce strings for the snares that provide a
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2029:
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1150:, it is derived from dorsal mesentery and therefore not a foregut derivative)
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3164:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 312.
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1893:
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1807:
1760:
1716:, resulting in the reduction of the inflammatory response and allergies.
1530:
1420:
1411:
1335:
1294:
925:
897:
674:
533:
529:
501:
461:
4466:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 32, 64, 294, 133–4, 208, 303–4, 502.
4032:
3347:"The human proteome in gastrointestinal tract - The Human Protein Atlas"
2442:
423:
is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines.
6414:
6349:
6341:
6117:
5744:
5449:
5376:
5181:
5050:
5020:
4969:
4874:
4582:
4547:
Your
Digestive System and How It Works at National Institutes of Health
4441:. New York: Garland Science Taylor and Francis Group LLC. p. 494.
3531:
3137:
2553:
2520:
2365:
2291:
2256:
2010:
1939:
1868:
1795:
1783:
1737:
1702:
1698:
1682:
1628:
1526:
1498:
1436:
1278:
1225:
1209:
last third of the transverse colon, to the upper part of the anal canal
1033:
1009:(flexed portion of the transverse and descending colon apparent to the
960:
929:
808:
772:
702:
588:
517:
465:
446:
400:
2826:
993:(flexed portion of the ascending and transverse colon apparent to the
6429:
6419:
5921:
5676:
5144:
4939:
4720:
4380:
4285:
Nitzan, Orna; Elias, Mazen; Peretz, Avi; Saliba, Walid (2016-01-21).
2545:
2430:
2311:
2210:
1975:
1923:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1864:
1823:
1811:
1764:
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596:
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457:
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194:
99:
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life, the primitive gut is gradually patterned into three segments:
391:
of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the
6142:
5568:
5563:
5444:
5320:
5283:
5278:
5205:
5077:
4658:
4643:
4621:
2812:
2682:
Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). "Introduction to
Bilateria".
2386:
2145:
2132:
2024:
may occur at any point in the gastrointestinal tract, and includes
1994:
1990:
1927:
1915:
1756:
1732:
relationship. These bacteria are responsible for gas production at
1725:
1694:
1658:
1592:
1514:
1460:
1167:
1071:
1067:
1051:
889:
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857:
842:
824:
784:
721:
690:
668:
576:
548:
493:
408:
204:
2188:
Various methods of imaging the gastrointestinal tract include the
693:. The exact demarcation between the upper and lower tracts is the
6180:
6002:
5959:
5843:
5573:
5350:
5268:
5245:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5072:
5008:
4713:
4663:
4638:
4517:
4352:(188). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
4287:"Role of antibiotics for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease"
2534:
2505:
2504:
Sheep gut was the original source for natural gut string used in
2454:
2303:
2246:
2209:
Parts of the tract may be visualised by camera. This is known as
2165:
2056:
2048:
1879:
1819:
1791:
1713:
1708:
in the promoter and conserved non-coding sequence regions of the
1571:
1510:
1456:
1204:
1171:
1136:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1075:
1059:
903:
846:
828:
788:
768:
686:
678:
664:
656:
584:
572:
564:
521:
513:
505:
469:
438:
396:
229:
199:
189:
109:
845:
and is a tubular structure, usually between 6 and 7 m long. Its
783:. In humans, the small intestine is further subdivided into the
437:) throughout their body for digestion and a larger dorsal pore (
6318:
5665:
5477:
5305:
5300:
5235:
5230:
5176:
5112:
5060:
4979:
4869:
4857:
4812:
4771:
4766:
4708:
4633:
3421:
3369:
3325:. San Rafael, California: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences.
3141:
2591:
2559:
2527:
2509:
2494:
2438:
2226:
1983:
1843:
1831:
1779:
1775:
1745:
1666:
1662:
1588:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1484:
1468:
1452:
1221:
1163:
lower duodenum, to the first two-thirds of the transverse colon
1158:
1098:
1055:
1028:
1010:
956:
804:
718:
509:
485:
450:
430:
412:
278:
3647:"Small intestine transit time in the normal small bowel study"
6237:
6196:
5759:
5459:
5315:
5310:
5195:
4922:
4829:
4730:
4688:
4627:
3569:
2917:"The gut microbiota and host health: A new clinical frontier"
2490:
2486:
2348:
are named by their transmission-route through the intestine (
2329:
2052:
1889:. In birds this is found as a pouch alongside the esophagus.
1786:
activities, are also instrumental in the intestine's role of
1709:
1651:
1604:
1567:
1416:
1308:
1179:
1175:
1090:
994:
975:
968:
952:
917:
861:
860:: A short structure (about 20–25 cm long) that receives
832:
796:
792:
652:
497:
416:
380:
246:
234:
184:
89:
82:
52:
3785:
2963:
2675:
1693:
during the fermentation of plant-derived nutrients such as
5510:
5082:
4817:
4693:
4611:
2966:"Minireview: Gut Microbiota: The Neglected Endocrine Organ"
2562:
is traditionally boiled in, and served in, a sheep stomach.
2482:
2434:
1835:
1827:
1815:
1670:
1391:
Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers is the
873:
384:
285:
93:
3111:
Kapoor, Vinay Kumar (13 Jul 2011). Gest, Thomas R. (ed.).
2154:, which refers to the passage of fewer and hardened stools
1615:
The gastrointestinal tract forms an important part of the
5416:
5117:
4934:
4698:
4346:"Surgeries in Hospital-Owned Outpatient Facilities, 2012"
3900:
Schubert, Mitchell L. (2014-11-01). "Gastric secretion".
2569:
2541:, are made of animal gut, especially hog, beef, and lamb.
2513:
2498:
2446:
1655:
896:
which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing
3293:
Histology and cell biology: an introduction to pathology
2358:
can affect the intestines, with similar symptoms to IBS.
2236:
may be used to examine the lower gastrointestinal tract.
4489:"Violin strings were never made out of actual cat guts"
4284:
4009:
3685:
3290:
2914:
1914:, after their ancestral ventral orifice (single, as in
1646:(ranging from 1 to 4) of the stomach is fatal for many
1643:
1410:
The coordinated contractions of these layers is called
951:, also called the colon, forms an arch starting at the
775:
and as in other mammals, consists of two segments: the
445:
have both a ventral mouth and dorsal anal pores, while
4542:
The gastro intestinal tract in the Human
Protein Atlas
4192:
Svhiffbauer, James D.; et al. (10 January 2020).
3845:"Intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier function"
3618:
2755:
880:. The digestive enzymes break down proteins, and bile
739:
The lower gastrointestinal tract includes most of the
4191:
2453:
intestines are eaten, and pig intestines are used as
1770:
453:
have a single pore for both digestion and excretion.
51:
Diagram of the gastrointestinal tract in the average
3245:(Twelfth ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. p. 794.
2013:
to treat such bacterial infections can decrease the
623:
The structure and function can be described both as
3686:Ghoshal, U. C.; Sengar, V.; Srivastava, D. (2012).
3110:
1885:Another feature found in a range of animals is the
701:as being of either "upper" or "lower" origin. Upon
4089:Azzouz, Laura L.; Sharma, Sandeep (31 July 2023).
3557:"Gastrointestinal Transit: How Long Does It Take?"
3130:
2213:if examining the upper gastrointestinal tract and
2148:, or the passage of liquid or more frequent stools
6076:
5834:
1850:have even separate urinary and genital openings.
799:, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
795:while the large intestine is subdivided into the
673:The upper gastrointestinal tract consists of the
456:The human gastrointestinal tract consists of the
6457:
4343:
3265:
3189:
3060:
2681:
2594:, from 1640 AD, were made from animal intestine.
4455:
4405:
4362:
4344:Wier LM, Steiner CA, Owens PL (February 2015).
2568:, a kind of food, consist of thoroughly washed
2477:. In the recent past, strings were made out of
2221:if examining the lower gastrointestinal tract.
1724:The large intestine contains multiple types of
1399:). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity (
727:
646:
602:
3243:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
2575:Animal gut was used to make the cord lines in
1536:
1019:(descending down the left side of the abdomen)
567:to help regulate the digestive process. These
30:"Enteric" redirects here. For other uses, see
5806:
5392:
4567:
4122:
4065:Science of Everyday Things: Real-life biology
3692:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
3473:
3185:
3183:
3181:
2957:
1942:) are considered to support this hypothesis.
1141:esophagus to first 2 sections of the duodenum
340:
4581:
4185:
4157:
4088:
3323:Colonic Motility: From Bench Side to Bedside
3155:
3153:
2501:were never used as a source for gut strings.
2441:is obtained from the intestines of milk-fed
2420:usually a complication of ulcerative colitis
1867:show many specializations for digesting and
1676:
1062:(with the embryo's ventral surface becoming
27:Organ system within humans and other animals
4365:"Inflammation, Atrophy, and Gastric Cancer"
4274:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.003
4123:Jakoby, WB; Ziegler, DM (5 December 1990).
3136:
3064:Oxford textbook of medicine: Sections 18-33
3054:
2530:frame drum still uses gut for this purpose.
1603:meal, and simple ingestion and spotting of
1025:(a loop of the colon closest to the rectum)
987:(ascending in the back wall of the abdomen)
932:, as well as any other remaining nutrients.
732:"Guts" redirects here. For other uses, see
551:having diverse roles in the maintenance of
5813:
5799:
5399:
5385:
4574:
4560:
4055:
3734:
3517:
3268:Human Embryology and Developmental Biology
3178:
3104:
3067:. Oxford University Press. pp. 511–.
3016:. Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts. p 57.
1689:(Tregs). This is due to the production of
1383:consists of an inner circular layer and a
924:similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly
347:
333:
4388:
4363:Fox, James; Timothy Wang (January 2007).
4320:
4302:
4254:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0
4229:
4219:
4140:
3986:
3968:
3860:
3819:
3711:
3662:
3587:
3495:
3150:
3097:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3047:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3025:
2989:
2940:
2891:
2881:
2731:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2688:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. p. 197
2240:
1896:was discovered; it lived during the late
5406:
4430:
3899:
3550:
3548:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3192:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
2863:
2761:
1945:
1719:
1426:
1249:
611:
539:The gastrointestinal tract contains the
415:, and the waste expelled at the anus as
4461:
2473:by musicians can be traced back to the
1830:, the gastrointestinal tract ends in a
1451:parts of the GI tract are covered with
1367:, situated on the inner surface of the
14:
6458:
4486:
4436:
4411:
4061:
2424:
2372:is understood to have died from this.)
1146:(Though the spleen is supplied by the
504:). The tract may also be divided into
387:. The GI tract contains all the major
5794:
5380:
4555:
4356:
3545:
3320:
3309:
2623:All pages with titles beginning with
2110:Functional gastrointestinal disorders
1074:-lined structure in contact with the
403:. Food taken in through the mouth is
4163:
3633:10.1001/archinte.1929.00140060002001
3321:Sarna, S.K. (2010). "Introduction".
3270:(3rd ed.). Saint Louis: Mosby.
3240:
3234:
2587:, but may be replaced by metal wire.
2459:calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase
2009:of the stomach and small intestine.
1871:tough plant material, consisting of
1842:is fused with the genito-anal pore.
910:also known as plicae circulares and
375:) is the tract or passageway of the
4129:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3902:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
3644:
2649:
2203:dyes may be swallowed to produce a
1046:Development of the digestive system
24:
4487:Hiskey, Daven (12 November 2010).
3146:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
1771:Detoxification and drug metabolism
1610:
936:
814:
25:
6492:
4535:
4369:Journal of Clinical Investigation
4291:World Journal of Gastroenterology
3957:World Journal of Gastroenterology
3792:The American Journal of Pathology
3651:American Journal of Roentgenology
3554:
3012:Nelson RJ. 2005. Introduction to
2633:All pages with titles containing
2485:, or synthetic materials such as
2118:chronic functional abdominal pain
1922:; re-evolved in nephrozoans like
1763:. An imbalanced ratio results in
1755:compete with potentially harmful
1622:
1374:
1254:General structure of the gut wall
978:(first portion of the colon) and
695:suspensory muscle of the duodenum
4462:Goering, Richard (20 May 2014).
3576:Advances in Physiology Education
3291:Abraham L. Kierszenbaum (2002).
2457:casings. Calf intestines supply
2332:is a blockage of the intestines.
2229:may also be taken when examined.
1801:
864:from the stomach, together with
563:. Cells of the GI tract release
154:
45:
5755:Plica semilunaris of the fauces
4506:
4480:
4412:Murphy, Kenneth (20 May 2014).
4337:
4278:
4258:
4246:
4164:Joel, Lucas (10 January 2020).
4116:
4082:
4003:
3944:
3893:
3836:
3779:
3728:
3679:
3638:
3612:
3563:
3520:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
3511:
3467:
3415:
3363:
3339:
3284:
3259:
3088:
3038:
3019:
3006:
2764:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
1873:additional stomach compartments
1581:
3026:Thomasino, Anne Marie (2001).
2908:
2857:
2738:
2722:
2705:
2556:is made of lamb (or goat) gut.
2116:. Functional constipation and
1637:gut-associated lymphoid tissue
1190:, and first two-thirds of the
1039:
587:, are mediated through either
13:
1:
4437:Parham, Peter (20 May 2014).
4142:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45272-0
4125:"The enzymes of detoxication"
4091:"Physiology, Large Intestine"
3028:"Length of a Human Intestine"
2642:
2323:Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
2194:lower gastrointestinal series
2164:, maroon-coloured blood, and
1903:about 550 million years ago.
1311:). The mucosa is made up of:
1003:(passing below the diaphragm)
4095:National Library of Medicine
3914:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000125
3862:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000204
3804:10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.024
3559:. Colorado State University.
3204:10.3109/00365521.2014.898326
3095:Lower+Gastrointestinal+Tract
3045:Upper+Gastrointestinal+Tract
2750:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
2717:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
2461:(CIP), and are used to make
2171:
2112:the most common of which is
1560:gastric intrinsic factor GIF
1455:. These include most of the
1344:
1239:
728:Lower gastrointestinal tract
647:Upper gastrointestinal tract
607:
603:Human gastrointestinal tract
543:, with some 1,000 different
218:Lower gastrointestinal tract
178:Upper gastrointestinal tract
108:canalis gastrointestinales (
7:
6061:Enterochromaffin-like cells
3849:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
3425:Journal of Gastroenterology
3162:Gray's anatomy for students
2657:"Overview of Invertebrates"
2612:Gastrointestinal physiology
2598:
2123:
1969:
1882:used for grinding up food.
1712:locus, thus regulating the
1629:exposed surface of the skin
1537:Gene and protein expression
1397:interstitial cells of Cajal
967:, which is attached to the
10:
6497:
5440:Labial commissure of mouth
4221:10.1038/s41467-019-13882-z
3737:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2933:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309990
2602:
2183:
2092:Inflammatory bowel disease
2059:is an inflammation of the
2051:is an inflammation of the
1962:
1952:
1949:
1744:) and the reabsorption of
1650:that enter it. Similarly,
1633:intestinal mucosal barrier
1430:
1348:
1292:
1243:
1232:inferior mesenteric artery
1198:superior mesenteric artery
1043:
940:
818:
731:
650:
29:
6401:
6340:
6317:
6254:
6236:
6227:
6195:
6179:
6141:
6093:
6084:
6075:
5958:
5920:
5842:
5833:
5737:
5664:
5643:
5589:
5509:
5476:
5458:
5415:
5331:
5254:
5216:
5093:
5036:
4995:
4960:
4901:
4838:
4798:
4789:
4757:
4729:
4602:
4593:
4464:MIMS Medical Microbiology
4097:. StatPearls Publishing.
3704:10.5056/jnm.2012.18.2.227
3437:10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7
3266:Bruce M. Carlson (2004).
3113:"Large Intestine Anatomy"
3061:David A. Warrell (2005).
2883:10.1186/s12865-016-0187-3
2864:Lin, L; Zhang, J (2017).
2776:10.1007/s00276-002-0057-y
2047:Inflammatory conditions.
1790:in the detoxification of
1677:Immune system homeostasis
1288:
699:gastrointestinal bleeding
133:
121:
81:
76:
64:
59:
44:
39:
6481:Routes of administration
3589:10.1152/advan.00192.2020
3099:Medical Subject Headings
3049:Medical Subject Headings
3014:Behavioral Endocrinology
2733:Medical Subject Headings
2712:"gastrointestinal tract"
2413:Pseudomembranous colitis
2252:Enteric duplication cyst
2177:Gastrointestinal surgery
2114:irritable bowel syndrome
1955:Gastrointestinal disease
1405:autonomic nervous system
1224:, and upper part of the
32:Enteric (disambiguation)
6385:External anal sphincter
6380:Intersphincteric groove
6375:Internal anal sphincter
5892:Pterygomandibular raphe
5635:Tubarial salivary gland
4514:"World's oldest condom"
4414:Janeway's Immunobiology
4304:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1078
4062:Knight, Judson (2002).
3970:10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1433
3385:10.1126/science.1260419
2970:Molecular Endocrinology
2368:and death. (The singer
2069:is inflammation of the
2022:Gastrointestinal cancer
1736:, which is released as
1734:host–pathogen interface
1691:short-chain fatty acids
1513:of the stomach, distal
1497:parts are covered with
1401:basal electrical rhythm
963:. It also includes the
6166:Duodenojejunal flexure
6161:Minor duodenal papilla
6156:Major duodenal papilla
5907:Pharyngobasilar fascia
5902:Buccopharyngeal fascia
5823:gastrointestinal tract
5722:Glossoepiglottic folds
5026:Lymphoid immune system
4595:Musculoskeletal system
4350:HCUP Statistical Brief
2729:Gastrointestinal+tract
2605:anatomical terminology
2475:third dynasty of Egypt
2469:The use of animal gut
2392:Hirschsprung's disease
2241:Other related diseases
1591:-labeled meal, breath
1365:enteric nervous plexus
1255:
620:
482:human digestive system
361:gastrointestinal tract
314:Anatomical terminology
309:Human digestive system
169:Gastrointestinal tract
135:Anatomical terminology
98:canalis alimentarius (
40:Gastrointestinal tract
6123:Enteroendocrine cells
5770:Palatopharyngeal arch
5544:Mucogingival junction
5539:Junctional epithelium
5435:Frenulum of lower lip
5014:Myeloid immune system
4800:Cardiovascular system
4266:Developmental Biology
4199:Nature Communications
4068:. Vol. 4. Gale.
3664:10.2214/ajr.104.3.522
1965:Clinical significance
1963:Further information:
1946:Clinical significance
1838:. In the cloaca, the
1720:Intestinal microbiota
1599:analysis following a
1427:Adventitia and serosa
1253:
1246:Gastrointestinal wall
1084:Meckel's diverticulum
615:
304:Gastrointestinal wall
88:tractus digestorius (
5579:Periodontal ligament
5366:Islets of Langerhans
5226:Genitourinary system
4962:Integumentary system
3488:10.1136/gut.39.2.299
3351:www.proteinatlas.org
3295:. St. Louis: Mosby.
3032:The Physics Factbook
2982:10.1210/me.2014-1108
2685:Invertebrate Zoology
2433:that is a source of
2338:is a common form of
2267:Peptic ulcer disease
2166:tarry-coloured blood
2135:, which may include
2078:Diverticular disease
1505:. These include the
1459:, first part of the
734:Gut (disambiguation)
528:, maintain constant
526:smooth muscle tissue
379:that leads from the
6056:Gastric chief cells
5717:Sublingual caruncle
5611:Submandibular gland
5549:Sulcular epithelium
5519:Interdental papilla
5256:Reproductive system
4975:Subcutaneous tissue
4744:Cartilaginous joint
4212:2020NatCo..11..205S
4033:10.1038/nature12721
4025:2013Natur.504..446F
3241:Hall, John (2011).
2815:Digestive Endoscopy
2425:Uses of animal guts
2278:Helicobacter pylori
2005:which results from
1999:foodborne illnesses
1753:intestinal bacteria
1529:. In addition, the
991:Right colic flexure
629:microscopic anatomy
5765:Palatoglossal arch
5038:Respiratory system
4791:Circulatory system
4493:TodayIFoundOut.com
4171:The New York Times
3532:10.1007/BF01296501
2745:"digestive system"
2603:This article uses
2465:. Other uses are:
2437:, a corresponding
2104:autoimmune disease
2100:ulcerative colitis
2034:oesophageal cancer
1859:axial twist theory
1824:egg-laying mammals
1687:T-regulatory cells
1570:proteins, such as
1503:transpyloric plane
1369:muscularis externa
1359:. It contains the
1357:muscularis externa
1330:– a thin layer of
1328:Muscularis mucosae
1256:
1212:last third of the
1007:Left colic flexure
955:and ending at the
621:
569:digestive hormones
433:have small pores (
319:Outline of anatomy
163:Major parts of the
6453:
6452:
6445:Muscularis mucosa
6397:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6307:epiploic appendix
6223:
6222:
6151:Suspensory muscle
6113:Intestinal glands
6071:
6070:
5788:
5787:
5374:
5373:
4897:
4896:
4887:Glymphatic system
4785:
4784:
4473:978-0-3230-4475-2
4448:978-0-8153-4146-8
4439:The Immune System
4423:978-0-8153-4243-4
4019:(7480): 446–450.
3855:(12): 2394–2404.
3526:(10): 1548–1553,
3379:(6220): 1260419.
3302:978-0-323-01639-1
3277:978-0-323-03649-8
3171:978-0-8089-2306-0
3074:978-0-19-856978-7
2827:10.1111/den.12309
2698:978-0-03-025982-1
2590:The oldest known
2463:goldbeater's skin
2223:Capsule endoscopy
2160:, which includes
2141:vomiting of blood
2042:colorectal cancer
1855:early development
1782:, along with the
1443:connective tissue
1361:submucosal plexus
1237:
1236:
870:digestive enzymes
559:, and many other
516:, reflecting the
441:) for excretion,
357:
356:
149:
148:
144:
16:(Redirected from
6488:
6476:Endocrine system
6471:Digestive system
6327:Transverse folds
6284:Descending colon
6274:Transverse colon
6234:
6233:
6188:No substructures
6171:Brunner's glands
6101:Intestinal villi
6091:
6090:
6082:
6081:
5981:Angular incisure
5897:Pharyngeal raphe
5865:retropharyngeal
5840:
5839:
5825:, excluding the
5815:
5808:
5801:
5792:
5791:
5623:Sublingual gland
5501:Incisive papilla
5425:Vermilion border
5401:
5394:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5333:Endocrine system
5095:Digestive system
4840:Lymphatic system
4823:Lymphatic vessel
4796:
4795:
4600:
4599:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4553:
4552:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4392:
4381:10.1172/JCI30111
4360:
4354:
4353:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4306:
4297:(3): 1078–1087.
4282:
4276:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4233:
4223:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3972:
3963:(4): 1433–1448.
3948:
3942:
3941:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3864:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3798:(7): 1809–1819.
3783:
3777:
3776:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3645:Kim, SK (1968).
3642:
3636:
3635:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3591:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3555:Bowen, Richard.
3552:
3543:
3542:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3499:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3318:
3307:
3306:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3108:
3102:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3058:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2759:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2726:
2720:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2663:. 6 October 2015
2653:
2638:
2635:Gastrointestinal
2628:
2625:Gastrointestinal
2544:The wrapping of
2407:colorectal polyp
2403:Polyp (medicine)
2302:also exhibits a
2288:microenvironment
1959:Gastroenterology
1665:secreted in the
1533:has adventitia.
1523:descending colon
1477:transverse colon
1393:myenteric plexus
1230:branches of the
1218:descending colon
1214:transverse colon
1196:branches of the
1192:transverse colon
1131:Arterial supply
1119:
1118:
1017:Descending colon
1001:Transverse colon
894:Brunner's glands
866:pancreatic juice
618:digestive system
616:Illustration of
421:Gastrointestinal
377:digestive system
373:alimentary canal
349:
342:
335:
269:Descending colon
264:Transverse colon
158:
151:
150:
141:edit on Wikidata
138:
71:Digestive system
49:
37:
36:
21:
18:Alimentary tract
6496:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6389:
6336:
6313:
6279:Splenic flexure
6269:Hepatic flexure
6264:Ascending colon
6250:
6229:Large intestine
6219:
6215:Microfold cells
6210:Peyer's patches
6205:Ileocecal valve
6191:
6175:
6137:
6086:Small intestine
6067:
5954:
5916:
5870:parapharyngeal
5860:peripharyngeal
5829:
5821:Anatomy of the
5819:
5789:
5784:
5780:Palatine tonsil
5775:Tonsillar fossa
5733:
5712:Fimbriated fold
5697:Lingual tonsils
5687:Terminal sulcus
5660:
5639:
5585:
5534:Gingival fibers
5529:Gingival margin
5524:Gingival sulcus
5505:
5472:
5454:
5411:
5407:Anatomy of the
5405:
5375:
5370:
5327:
5289:Seminal vesicle
5250:
5212:
5162:Small intestine
5089:
5032:
4991:
4956:
4893:
4834:
4781:
4759:Muscular system
4753:
4725:
4604:Skeletal system
4589:
4580:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4410:
4406:
4361:
4357:
4342:
4338:
4283:
4279:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4162:
4158:
4135:(34): 20715–8.
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4008:
4004:
3949:
3945:
3898:
3894:
3841:
3837:
3784:
3780:
3749:10.1038/nri3738
3743:(10): 667–685.
3733:
3729:
3684:
3680:
3643:
3639:
3621:Arch Intern Med
3617:
3613:
3568:
3564:
3553:
3546:
3516:
3512:
3472:
3468:
3420:
3416:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3319:
3310:
3303:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3239:
3235:
3188:
3179:
3172:
3158:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3109:
3105:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3059:
3055:
3043:
3039:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3007:
2962:
2958:
2913:
2909:
2862:
2858:
2811:
2807:
2760:
2756:
2743:
2739:
2727:
2723:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2631:
2621:
2608:
2601:
2577:longcase clocks
2427:
2418:Toxic megacolon
2398:Intussusception
2394:(aganglionosis)
2336:Coeliac disease
2296:microaerophilic
2243:
2234:abdominal X-ray
2186:
2174:
2162:fresh red blood
2139:of food or the
2126:
2096:Crohn's disease
2061:large intestine
2003:gastroenteritis
1972:
1967:
1961:
1953:Main articles:
1951:
1948:
1934:. This and the
1928:genital opening
1804:
1788:drug metabolism
1773:
1748:and nutrients.
1722:
1679:
1625:
1613:
1611:Immune function
1584:
1562:, expressed in
1550:, expressed in
1539:
1519:ascending colon
1495:Retroperitoneal
1465:small intestine
1449:Intraperitoneal
1439:
1433:Serous membrane
1431:Main articles:
1429:
1377:
1353:
1347:
1301:
1291:
1248:
1242:
1188:ascending colon
1145:
1058:begins to fold
1048:
1042:
985:Ascending colon
949:large intestine
945:
943:Large intestine
939:
937:Large intestine
839:small intestine
835:
821:Small intestine
819:Main articles:
817:
815:Small intestine
781:large intestine
777:small intestine
745:large intestine
743:and all of the
741:small intestine
737:
730:
671:
651:Main articles:
649:
610:
605:
581:cholecystokinin
490:salivary glands
480:. The complete
478:large intestine
474:small intestine
369:digestive tract
353:
324:
323:
299:
291:
290:
259:Ascending colon
242:Large intestine
225:Small intestine
220:
210:
209:
180:
145:
114:large intestine
107:
104:large intestine
97:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6494:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6435:Circular folds
6432:
6427:
6425:Muscular layer
6422:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6370:Pectinate line
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6097:
6095:
6088:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6051:Parietal cells
6048:
6046:Foveolar cells
6043:
6041:Pyloric glands
6038:
6033:
6031:Cardiac glands
6028:
6026:Gastric glands
6023:
6015:
6010:
6008:Gastric mucosa
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5912:Pyriform sinus
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5875:retrovisceral
5872:
5867:
5862:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5818:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5795:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5727:Lingual septum
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5649:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5595:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5515:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5496:Palatine raphe
5493:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5468:Buccal fat pad
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5218:Urinary system
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Laryngopharynx
5137:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5108:Salivary gland
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5005:
5003:
5001:immune systems
4997:Haematopoietic
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4947:Somatic system
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4930:Sensory system
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4907:
4905:
4903:Nervous system
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4882:CNS equivalent
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4749:Synovial joint
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4608:
4606:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4536:External links
4534:
4531:
4530:
4505:
4479:
4472:
4454:
4447:
4429:
4422:
4404:
4355:
4336:
4277:
4257:
4245:
4184:
4156:
4115:
4081:
4074:
4054:
4002:
3943:
3908:(6): 578–582.
3892:
3835:
3778:
3727:
3698:(2): 227–228.
3678:
3657:(3): 522–524.
3637:
3611:
3582:(1): 103–108.
3562:
3544:
3510:
3482:(2): 299–305,
3466:
3414:
3362:
3338:
3331:
3308:
3301:
3283:
3276:
3258:
3251:
3233:
3198:(6): 681–689.
3177:
3170:
3149:
3143:Gray's Anatomy
3129:
3103:
3087:
3073:
3053:
3037:
3018:
3005:
2976:(8): 1221–38.
2956:
2927:(2): 330–339.
2907:
2870:BMC Immunology
2856:
2805:
2770:(5): 290–294.
2754:
2737:
2721:
2704:
2697:
2674:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2585:bracket clocks
2573:
2563:
2557:
2542:
2531:
2517:
2508:, such as for
2502:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2376:Angiodysplasia
2373:
2359:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2207:
2205:barium swallow
2185:
2182:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2158:Blood in stool
2155:
2149:
2143:
2125:
2122:
2086:diverticulitis
2082:Diverticulosis
2075:
2074:
2064:
2045:
2038:stomach cancer
1971:
1968:
1947:
1944:
1932:proarticulates
1840:urinary system
1803:
1800:
1772:
1769:
1721:
1718:
1678:
1675:
1648:microorganisms
1624:
1623:Immune barrier
1621:
1612:
1609:
1583:
1580:
1564:parietal cells
1554:, and gastric
1544:pepsinogen PGC
1538:
1535:
1428:
1425:
1381:muscular layer
1376:
1375:Muscular layer
1373:
1349:Main article:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1325:
1322:Lamina propria
1319:
1299:Gastric mucosa
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1274:Muscular layer
1271:
1266:
1244:Main article:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1080:vitelline duct
1050:The gut is an
1044:Main article:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1004:
998:
988:
982:
941:Main article:
938:
935:
934:
933:
915:
908:circular folds
901:
851:circular folds
841:begins at the
816:
813:
729:
726:
648:
645:
609:
606:
604:
601:
561:microorganisms
541:gut microbiota
355:
354:
352:
351:
344:
337:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
239:
238:
237:
232:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
176:
175:
172:
171:
165:
164:
160:
159:
147:
146:
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
85:
79:
78:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6493:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6289:Sigmoid colon
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6036:Fundic glands
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6017:Microanatomy
6016:
6014:
6013:Gastric folds
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5804:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:Back of mouth
5736:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5692:Foramen cecum
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:Median sulcus
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5655:tooth anatomy
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5599:Parotid gland
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:Biliary tract
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4985:Mammary gland
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Fibrous joint
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4583:Human systems
4577:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4075:9780787656348
4071:
4067:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3332:9781615041503
3328:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3252:9781416045748
3248:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2617:Gut-on-a-chip
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:movements in
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:North African
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:Endometriosis
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:Enteroviruses
2344:
2341:
2340:malabsorption
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:: it is both
2289:
2284:
2283:gram-negative
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:sigmoidoscopy
2216:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:regurgitation
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:tongue cancer
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:, can induce
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:Other animals
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1617:immune system
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:scintigraphic
1594:
1590:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:sigmoid colon
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:, all of the
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:smooth muscle
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:celiac trunk
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:Gives rise to
1127:
1125:Part in adult
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:Sigmoid colon
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
981:
977:
974:
973:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
944:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
913:
909:
905:
902:
899:
895:
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867:
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848:
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826:
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802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
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778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:human anatomy
746:
742:
735:
725:
723:
720:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:gross anatomy
619:
614:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:immune health
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:embryological
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
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471:
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315:
312:
310:
307:
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301:
295:
294:
287:
284:
280:
277:
275:
274:Sigmoid colon
272:
270:
267:
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262:
260:
257:
253:
250:
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248:
245:
244:
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206:
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105:
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95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
6365:Anal sinuses
6355:Anal columns
6133:Paneth cells
6128:Goblet cells
6094:Microanatomy
6021:Gastric pits
5885:prevertebral
5822:
5652:
5559:Periodontium
5188:
5156:
5129:
4881:
4864:
4847:
4807:
4522:. Retrieved
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4492:
4482:
4463:
4457:
4438:
4432:
4413:
4407:
4375:(1): 60–69.
4372:
4368:
4358:
4349:
4339:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4248:
4206:(205): 205.
4203:
4197:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4169:
4159:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4094:
4084:
4064:
4057:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3431:(1): 46–57.
3428:
3424:
3423:profiling".
3417:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3354:. Retrieved
3350:
3341:
3322:
3292:
3286:
3267:
3261:
3242:
3236:
3195:
3191:
3161:
3142:
3132:
3121:. Retrieved
3116:
3106:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3063:
3056:
3040:
3031:
3021:
3008:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2821:(1): 67–72.
2818:
2814:
2808:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2748:
2740:
2724:
2715:
2707:
2684:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:www.ck12.org
2660:
2651:
2634:
2624:
2566:Chitterlings
2428:
2382:Constipation
2378:of the colon
2370:Maurice Gibb
2349:
2316:Helicobacter
2315:
2308:inflammation
2300:Helicobacter
2299:
2276:
2272:Yellow fever
2262:Pancreatitis
2187:
2175:
2152:Constipation
2127:
2108:
2090:
2076:
2067:Appendicitis
2026:mouth cancer
2007:inflammation
1988:
1980:inflammation
1973:
1905:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1852:
1810:, including
1805:
1774:
1750:
1742:hypothalamus
1723:
1680:
1654:(containing
1641:
1626:
1614:
1605:corn kernels
1601:radiolabeled
1585:
1582:Transit time
1576:intelectin-1
1556:ATPase ATP4A
1540:
1493:
1447:
1440:
1409:
1390:
1385:longitudinal
1378:
1368:
1354:
1340:
1302:
1257:
1148:celiac trunk
1107:
1088:
1049:
946:
878:gall bladder
836:
764:
760:
756:
752:
738:
715:
672:
622:
571:, including
538:
455:
443:comb jellies
427:Most animals
425:
420:
372:
368:
364:
360:
358:
168:
87:
6360:Anal valves
6297:taenia coli
6293:Continuous
6118:Enterocytes
5967:Curvatures
5929:Sphincters
5491:Soft palate
5486:Hard palate
5430:Cupid's bow
5356:Parathyroid
5056:Nasopharynx
4918:Spinal cord
4853:Bone marrow
4622:Collar bone
4498:15 December
3627:: 787–796,
3138:Gray, Henry
3119:. WebMD LLC
2550:gardoubakia
2497:" strings,
2362:Bowel twist
2310:, known as
2292:capnophilic
2215:colonoscopy
2201:Radioopaque
2011:Antibiotics
1997:that cause
1936:amphistomic
1894:Cloudinidae
1848:Placentalia
1834:and not an
1826:, and some
1808:vertebrates
1796:xenobiotics
1761:homeostasis
1751:Beneficial
1706:acetylation
1552:chief cells
1548:lipase LIPF
1531:oral cavity
1412:peristalsis
1336:peristalsis
1295:Oral mucosa
1040:Development
926:vitamin B12
898:bicarbonate
868:containing
534:peristalsis
530:muscle tone
502:gallbladder
411:and absorb
407:to extract
77:Identifiers
6460:Categories
6415:Adventitia
6342:Anal canal
6106:Microvilli
5745:Oropharynx
5703:Underside
5450:White roll
5135:Oropharynx
4875:Lymph node
4808:peripheral
4654:Metatarsus
4649:Metacarpus
4628:Thigh bone
4624:(clavicle)
4524:2008-04-11
4371:. review.
4177:10 January
3356:2017-09-21
3123:2013-08-20
2643:References
2554:torcinello
2537:hulls, or
2533:"Natural"
2521:snare drum
2405:(see also
2366:infarction
2257:Giardiasis
2015:microbiome
1993:, such as
1976:infections
1940:roundworms
1916:cnidarians
1908:nephrozoan
1869:fermenting
1812:amphibians
1784:antiporter
1738:flatulence
1703:histone H3
1699:propionate
1683:Clostridia
1659:antibodies
1595:analysis,
1527:anal canal
1499:adventitia
1437:Adventitia
1316:Epithelium
1293:See also:
1279:Adventitia
1226:anal canal
1034:Anal canal
961:anal canal
930:bile acids
884:fats into
882:emulsifies
809:anal canal
703:dissection
589:intracrine
557:metabolism
447:cnidarians
401:intestines
6430:Submucosa
6420:Subserosa
5922:Esophagus
5677:Taste bud
5554:Stippling
5341:Pituitary
5190:accessory
5145:Esophagus
4865:secondary
4777:Diaphragm
4721:Cartilage
4669:Phalanges
4313:1007-9327
4272:, 10–20.
3979:2219-2840
3922:1531-7056
3871:1536-4844
3812:1525-2191
3757:1474-1741
3606:231817664
3445:0944-1174
3393:0036-8075
3212:1502-7708
2835:0915-5635
2784:0930-1038
2546:kokoretsi
2431:livestock
2319:required.
2312:gastritis
2211:endoscopy
2172:Treatment
1991:pathogens
1924:flatworms
1912:Bilateria
1910:clade of
1898:Ediacaran
1865:Ruminants
1765:dysbiosis
1730:symbiotic
1507:esophagus
1489:mesentery
1351:Submucosa
1345:Submucosa
1269:Submucosa
1240:Histology
1060:ventrally
892:contains
876:from the
763:; Greek:
753:intestine
719:embryonic
683:esophagus
661:Esophagus
633:histology
608:Structure
597:evolution
593:autocrine
458:esophagus
409:nutrients
393:esophagus
195:Esophagus
100:esophagus
6246:Appendix
6143:Duodenum
5707:Frenulum
5569:Philtrum
5564:Cementum
5445:Philtrum
5321:Placenta
5284:Testicle
5279:Prostate
5206:Pancreas
5167:Appendix
5157:lower GI
5130:upper GI
5078:Bronchus
5021:Lymphoid
4704:Vertebra
4659:Ossicles
4644:Mandible
4399:17200707
4331:26811648
4240:31924764
4108:24 March
4103:29939634
4041:24226770
3997:26819512
3930:25211241
3887:11434730
3879:25222662
3830:25976247
3773:31460146
3765:25234148
3722:22523737
3598:33544037
3461:21302849
3453:24789573
3401:25613900
3228:11094705
3220:24694282
3140:(1918).
3117:Medscape
3000:24892638
2951:26338727
2902:28061847
2876:(1): 2.
2851:19069407
2843:24861190
2800:33366428
2792:12497219
2599:See also
2579:and for
2506:racquets
2387:Diarrhea
2227:Biopsies
2146:Diarrhea
2133:Vomiting
2124:Symptoms
2071:appendix
1995:bacteria
1989:Various
1970:Diseases
1844:Therians
1820:reptiles
1806:In most
1792:antigens
1778:such as
1757:bacteria
1726:bacteria
1695:butyrate
1593:hydrogen
1546:and the
1515:duodenum
1473:appendix
1461:duodenum
1184:appendix
1168:duodenum
1072:endoderm
1068:yolk sac
1052:endoderm
980:appendix
965:appendix
890:duodenum
886:micelles
858:Duodenum
843:duodenum
825:Duodenum
785:duodenum
779:and the
722:mesoderm
691:duodenum
669:duodenum
577:secretin
565:hormones
549:bacteria
494:pancreas
464:and the
405:digested
365:GI tract
298:See also
252:Appendix
205:Duodenum
6466:Abdomen
6332:Ampulla
6302:haustra
6181:Jejunum
6003:Pylorus
5971:greater
5960:Stomach
5856:Spaces
5852:Muscles
5844:Pharynx
5574:Gingiva
5361:Adrenal
5351:Thyroid
5269:Scrotum
5246:Urethra
5241:Bladder
5150:Stomach
5073:Trachea
5009:Myeloid
4848:primary
4714:Sternum
4664:Patella
4639:Humerus
4630:(femur)
4518:Ananova
4390:1716216
4322:4716021
4231:6954273
4208:Bibcode
4151:2249981
4049:4408815
4021:Bibcode
3988:4721978
3938:8267813
3821:4483458
3713:3325313
3673:5687899
3540:1396002
3506:8977347
3497:1383315
3373:Science
2991:5414803
2942:4752653
2893:5219689
2667:25 June
2592:condoms
2572:'s gut.
2539:casings
2535:sausage
2471:strings
2455:sausage
2350:enteric
2304:tropism
2247:Cholera
2184:Imaging
2057:colitis
2049:Ileitis
1880:gizzard
1853:During
1776:Enzymes
1714:T cells
1663:enzymes
1639:(GALT)
1572:mucin 6
1511:pylorus
1457:stomach
1205:Hindgut
1172:jejunum
1137:Foregut
1110:stomach
1103:hindgut
1095:foregut
1089:During
1076:ventral
1064:concave
904:Jejunum
847:mucosal
829:Jejunum
789:jejunum
771:to the
769:stomach
711:jejunum
687:stomach
679:pharynx
665:Stomach
657:Pharynx
643:parts.
627:and as
585:ghrelin
573:gastrin
545:strains
522:autopsy
514:hindgut
506:foregut
470:stomach
439:osculum
431:sponges
397:stomach
383:to the
230:Jejunum
200:Stomach
190:Pharynx
128:D041981
110:stomach
60:Details
6440:Mucosa
6411:Serosa
6319:Rectum
5998:Fundus
5988:Cardia
5976:lesser
5945:glands
5880:danger
5750:fauces
5666:Tongue
5591:Glands
5478:Palate
5346:Pineal
5306:Vagina
5301:Uterus
5296:Female
5236:Ureter
5231:Kidney
5177:Rectum
5113:Tongue
5061:Larynx
4980:Breast
4952:Tissue
4870:Spleen
4858:Thymus
4813:Artery
4772:Tendon
4767:Muscle
4731:Joints
4709:Pelvis
4684:Tarsus
4674:Radius
4634:Fibula
4617:Carpus
4587:organs
4520:. 2008
4470:
4445:
4420:
4397:
4387:
4329:
4319:
4311:
4238:
4228:
4149:
4101:
4072:
4047:
4039:
4013:Nature
3995:
3985:
3977:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3828:
3818:
3810:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3720:
3710:
3671:
3604:
3596:
3538:
3504:
3494:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3409:802377
3407:
3399:
3391:
3329:
3299:
3274:
3249:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3168:
3101:(MeSH)
3080:1 July
3071:
3051:(MeSH)
2998:
2988:
2949:
2939:
2900:
2890:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2735:(MeSH)
2695:
2560:Haggis
2552:, and
2528:bendir
2510:tennis
2495:catgut
2443:calves
2439:rennet
2040:, and
1984:cancer
1920:acoels
1901:period
1832:cloaca
1780:CYP3A4
1746:sodium
1667:saliva
1589:barium
1485:rectum
1469:caecum
1453:serosa
1421:faeces
1289:Mucosa
1283:serosa
1264:Mucosa
1222:rectum
1166:lower
1159:Midgut
1101:, and
1099:midgut
1056:embryo
1029:Rectum
1011:spleen
957:rectum
888:. The
831:, and
807:, and
805:rectum
791:, and
765:éntera
751:, the
689:, and
667:, and
583:, and
512:, and
510:midgut
486:tongue
476:, and
451:acoels
417:faeces
413:energy
399:, and
389:organs
279:Rectum
66:System
6256:Colon
6238:Cecum
6197:Ileum
6077:Lower
5938:lower
5933:upper
5835:Upper
5827:mouth
5760:Uvula
5645:Teeth
5460:Cheek
5409:mouth
5316:Ovary
5311:Vulva
5274:Penis
5196:Liver
5172:Colon
5123:Tooth
5103:Mouth
5068:Lower
5046:Upper
4923:Nerve
4913:Brain
4830:Heart
4689:Tibia
4679:Skull
4045:S2CID
3934:S2CID
3883:S2CID
3769:S2CID
3602:S2CID
3457:S2CID
3405:S2CID
3224:S2CID
2847:S2CID
2796:S2CID
2581:fusee
2491:steel
2487:nylon
2330:Ileus
2281:is a
2190:upper
2053:ileum
1816:birds
1710:FOXP3
1652:mucus
1568:mucin
1417:chyme
1363:, an
1309:chyme
1305:lumen
1180:cecum
1176:ileum
1114:colon
1091:fetal
1070:, an
995:liver
976:Cecum
969:cecum
953:cecum
922:villi
918:Ileum
912:villi
862:chyme
833:Ileum
801:colon
797:cecum
793:ileum
757:bowel
747:. In
675:mouth
653:Mouth
641:large
637:small
498:liver
462:mouth
435:ostia
381:mouth
247:Cecum
235:Ileum
185:Mouth
139:[
90:mouth
83:Latin
53:human
6403:Wall
6350:Anus
5993:Body
5950:crop
5673:Top
5653:see
5628:duct
5616:duct
5604:duct
5511:Gums
5264:Male
5182:Anus
5083:Lung
5051:Nose
4999:and
4970:Skin
4818:Vein
4694:Ulna
4612:Bone
4585:and
4500:2015
4468:ISBN
4443:ISBN
4418:ISBN
4395:PMID
4327:PMID
4309:ISSN
4236:PMID
4179:2020
4147:PMID
4110:2024
4099:PMID
4070:ISBN
4037:PMID
3993:PMID
3975:ISSN
3926:PMID
3918:ISSN
3875:PMID
3867:ISSN
3826:PMID
3808:ISSN
3761:PMID
3753:ISSN
3718:PMID
3669:PMID
3594:PMID
3536:PMID
3502:PMID
3449:PMID
3441:ISSN
3397:PMID
3389:ISSN
3327:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3272:ISBN
3247:ISBN
3216:PMID
3208:ISSN
3166:ISBN
3082:2010
3069:ISBN
2996:PMID
2947:PMID
2898:PMID
2839:PMID
2831:ISSN
2788:PMID
2780:ISSN
2693:ISBN
2669:2021
2516:gut.
2499:cats
2483:silk
2479:lamb
2451:calf
2449:and
2435:milk
2294:and
2192:and
2098:and
1982:and
1957:and
1918:and
1887:crop
1836:anus
1828:fish
1794:and
1697:and
1671:bile
1669:and
1574:and
1558:and
1525:and
1483:and
1471:and
1435:and
1379:The
1297:and
1122:Part
1112:and
959:and
947:The
928:and
874:bile
872:and
837:The
773:anus
707:bulb
639:and
555:and
500:and
466:anus
449:and
385:anus
359:The
286:Anus
123:MeSH
94:anus
5417:Lip
5118:Lip
4940:Eye
4935:Ear
4699:Rib
4385:PMC
4377:doi
4373:117
4317:PMC
4299:doi
4270:487
4226:PMC
4216:doi
4137:doi
4133:265
4029:doi
4017:504
3983:PMC
3965:doi
3910:doi
3857:doi
3816:PMC
3800:doi
3796:185
3745:doi
3708:PMC
3700:doi
3659:doi
3655:104
3629:doi
3584:doi
3528:doi
3492:PMC
3484:doi
3476:Gut
3433:doi
3381:doi
3377:347
3200:doi
2986:PMC
2978:doi
2937:PMC
2929:doi
2921:Gut
2888:PMC
2878:doi
2823:doi
2772:doi
2747:at
2714:at
2570:pig
2514:cow
2489:or
2447:Pig
2445:.
2232:An
2217:or
1861:).
1656:IgA
1281:or
761:gut
759:or
631:or
591:or
547:of
112:to
102:to
92:to
6462::
6413:/
4516:.
4491:.
4393:.
4383:.
4367:.
4348:.
4325:.
4315:.
4307:.
4295:22
4293:.
4289:.
4268:,
4234:.
4224:.
4214:.
4204:11
4202:.
4196:.
4168:.
4145:.
4131:.
4127:.
4093:.
4043:.
4035:.
4027:.
4015:.
3991:.
3981:.
3973:.
3961:22
3959:.
3955:.
3932:.
3924:.
3916:.
3906:30
3904:.
3881:.
3873:.
3865:.
3853:20
3851:.
3847:.
3824:.
3814:.
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