123:
567:. The next development was the family of the first domestic multi-channel radio relay communication systems, "Strela," in the 1600-2000 MHz range. "Strela-P" with 12 telephone channels was intended for suburban lines, "Strela-M" had 24 channels and was intended for trunk lines up to 2500 km long, and "Strela-T" could transmit a television signal over a distance of 300-400 km. The USSR radio relay communication network began to form on the Strela equipment in the directions Moscow-Ryazan, Moscow-Yaroslavl-Nerekhta-Kostroma-Ivanovo, Moscow-Voronezh, Moscow-Kaluga, Moscow-Tula, Frunze-Jalal-Abad.
3231:
362:
3243:
620:(VOA) and other western radio programs. Over time this initial effort was escalated dramatically, with the approximately 200 jamming stations with a total between 3 and 4 megawatts of output power in 1952 expanded to about 1,700 transmitters with a combined 45 megawatts of output power. By this latter date, the list of jammed foreign broadcasts had been expanded to include not only the successors to the BBC and VOA,
651:
Nevertheless, people continued (or attempted) to listen to
Western broadcasts. In fact, there was even no jamming of these signals (excluding Radio Free Europe) at all, from 1963 to 1968, and from 1973 to 1980. In 1963, a further attempt was made to draw USSR radio listeners from western broadcasts
643:
Jamming was initially attempted by means of superimposed random speech which mimicked station interference. Due to the ineffectiveness of this method, however, a move was later made to the generation of random noise to obscure human speech. From the early 1970s,
554:
The first system for meter-wave radio relay links, "Crab," was created in the experimental workshops of the
Research Institute of Radio Engineering in 1953-1954 and was used on the communication line across the
580:
Tropospheric radio relay system complex "Gorizont" (1960s), which served as the basis for the creation of the Soviet transarctic tropospheric communication network "Sever" and the first satellite systems.
813:
992:
595:
One of the last works of the Soviet period was the R&D "Radius" of 1990 - "Intra-zone digital radio relay system of the third generation of the 8 GHz range", which was completed after the
640:, and others. Total electricity consumed in the course of this jamming operation has been valued at tens of millions of dollars annually, exclusive of site construction and personnel costs.
673:
As the USSR began to fall in the 1980s, the radio organisation of the USSR began to shut down as private services were introduced and the USSR's stations were relaunched and refocused.
2150:
477:'s initiative (for a "paperless newspaper" as the best means of public information) in November 1924. On November 23, 1924 the first regular broadcast was produced in Moscow on the
473:, a major electric factory, and the PCPT,10 but in 1928 was returned to the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs. The first All-Union Radio station, was opened upon
466:
2554:
2537:
2584:
916:
2527:
786:
3047:
2547:
592:
Trunk RRL "Raduga" of the range 3400-3900 and 5670-6170 MHz and terminal equipment to it "Rapira-M" for 1920 channels of TF or digital flow at 34.368 Mbit/s.
577:
R-600 "Vesna" of the 3.4-3.9 GHz range. (1953-1958, E. S. Shtyren, N. N. Kamensky). In the 1960-70s, it was modernized: R-600M, R-6002M, R600-2MV, "Rassvet".
392:
821:
2573:
2542:
2532:
2484:
1082:
1660:
2781:
586:
Complex of unified radio relay systems "KURS" (KURS-4, KURS-6, KURS-2M, etc.) for the ranges of 2, 4, 6 and 8 GHz with wide unification of elements.
313:
3282:
493:
2479:
2092:
2145:
950:
3277:
2664:
2634:
2921:
2881:
2791:
2602:
2118:
3287:
2909:
2804:
2676:
2462:
385:
485:. In 1925, the Radio Commission of the Central Committee of the RCP(B) was organized for overall supervision of radio broadcasting.
2814:
2731:
2624:
1889:
1835:
2754:
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2428:
2052:
862:
520:. In the context in which a new radio mast, M. Gorky, built in 1936 in Tiraspol, allowed a greater coverage of the territory of
2452:
2297:
1036:
1017:
735:
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2406:
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378:
173:
2856:
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2005:
1825:
525:
343:
187:
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2899:
2619:
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783:
3156:
3107:
3040:
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2181:
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968:
959:
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3174:
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2267:
987:
943:
613:
338:
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3035:
3020:
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2836:
2418:
2238:
1110:
668:
596:
17:
801:
3132:
3112:
2809:
2423:
2248:
2176:
1003:
750:
745:
286:
281:
271:
3203:
3030:
2894:
2846:
2607:
2401:
2275:
2258:
1740:
166:
2799:
2474:
2369:
2170:
2078:
197:
148:
3080:
3062:
2828:
2686:
2647:
2614:
2304:
2292:
2208:
2110:
2027:
936:
135:
113:
3075:
3052:
3025:
1958:
1580:
276:
3090:
2993:
2047:
1871:
1776:
1676:
1233:
982:
760:
687:
297:
258:
248:
205:
3085:
3198:
1976:
1901:
1797:
1700:
1068:
470:
333:
2447:
1999:
1953:
1908:
1746:
1460:
589:
Intra-zone RRL systems "Oblast-1" (late 1970s) and "Rakita-8" (1986) in the range of 7.9-8.4 GHz.
441:
418:
3127:
2719:
2657:
1540:
225:
41:
1500:
3246:
2218:
1758:
1752:
104:
928:
848:
George W. Woodard, "Cold War Radio
Jamming," in A. Ross Johnson and R. Eugene Parta (eds.),
3008:
2871:
2691:
2489:
2203:
1596:
1508:
1055:
3095:
1249:
924:
Soviet All-Union Radio
Committee Collection (ARS.0085), Stanford Archive of Recorded Sound
923:
8:
3235:
2964:
2769:
2698:
2506:
2355:
2233:
2155:
2128:
755:
583:
High-capacity RRL "Voskhod" for the Moscow - Far East route in the range of 3400-3900 MHz
482:
366:
1385:
1175:
659:
The jamming stopped in 1988 (Radio Free Europe was, however, unblocked in August 1991).
3102:
3013:
2330:
2243:
2133:
2123:
1988:
1830:
1668:
1652:
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1628:
1548:
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1353:
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1201:
1103:
1087:
1062:
462:
241:
143:
1409:
1127:
3210:
3150:
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2715:
2411:
2213:
2198:
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2058:
1982:
1938:
1933:
1820:
1716:
1564:
1321:
1265:
1257:
1185:
1159:
621:
544:
533:
497:
814:"Волна уходит за горизонт: советская тропосферная радиорелейная линия связи «Север»"
1927:
1792:
1770:
1764:
1369:
1313:
1193:
1143:
617:
409:
1393:
648:
generating swinging carrier signals were used to interfere even more effectively.
3122:
2335:
2287:
2193:
1865:
1708:
1684:
1444:
1436:
1337:
1273:
1135:
790:
529:
469:
Then, in 1924 it was transferred to a joint-stock company whose members were the
3142:
3070:
2350:
2340:
1971:
1883:
1612:
1572:
1556:
1484:
1076:
629:
474:
180:
1289:
1217:
3261:
3003:
1919:
1913:
1787:
1782:
1209:
740:
653:
633:
625:
609:
159:
2886:
2707:
2101:
1994:
1895:
1877:
1588:
1377:
1167:
722:
703:
548:
437:
55:
911:
2749:
2711:
2703:
2325:
2309:
2223:
2165:
2041:
1948:
1943:
1620:
1604:
1476:
779:
709:
697:
560:
556:
1345:
2739:
1241:
1225:
645:
637:
509:
230:
2070:
1452:
612:
to prevent its citizens from listening to political broadcasts of the
2959:
2954:
2776:
2669:
2499:
2160:
1840:
1815:
1516:
1361:
1281:
1151:
850:
Cold War
Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
478:
2949:
2494:
2228:
2188:
1846:
Ukrainian
Television Ch.1/Ukrainian Television Ch.2 (Ukrainian SSR)
1305:
1048:
540:
517:
501:
489:
1492:
694:, focusing on the political and economic life of the Soviet Union.
2841:
2345:
1845:
1636:
1401:
1297:
1095:
521:
505:
1692:
1524:
1468:
1041:
445:
2764:
2642:
1119:
958:
863:"B.B.C. RUSSIAN BROADCASTS (JAMMING) (Hansard, 30 July 1949)"
429:
44:
2876:
2652:
2033:
2021:
1965:
1810:
1734:
1428:
691:
564:
513:
433:
852:
Budapest: Central
European University Press, 2010, pg. 53.
2861:
2681:
903:
574:
R-60/120 of the 2 GHz range for trunk lines up to 2500 km
652:
by launching a radio station favouring Moscow city and
423:
3259:
2950:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
784:Radio Moldova se revendica de la Radio Tiraspol
467:People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs.
547:while Western broadcasts were launched in the
465:control over radio resources was given to the
2086:
944:
570:Then more advanced RRL systems were created:
386:
886:
884:
882:
844:
842:
840:
838:
2093:
2079:
951:
937:
890:Woodard, "Cold War Radio Jamming," pg. 64.
393:
379:
960:National media in the former Eastern Bloc
879:
835:
820:(in Russian). 2017-01-11. Archived from
608:Beginning in 1948, the USSR made use of
543:started, Americans launched the station
2100:
662:
27:Soviet state radio broadcasting network
14:
3260:
2119:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
1018:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia
969:Eastern Bloc information dissemination
904:Russian Museum of Radio and TV website
802:Radiofonie românească: Radio Basarabia
736:Eastern Bloc information dissemination
700:– music and speech based entertainment
3283:Radio stations disestablished in 1991
2074:
1816:Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR)
932:
712:– culture, education, classical music
1836:Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR)
806:
1798:Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR)
24:
3278:Radio stations established in 1924
432:broadcasting organisation for the
144:Great October Socialist Revolution
121:
25:
3299:
897:
3288:Defunct radio stations in Russia
3242:
3241:
3229:
1909:Public Radio of the Armenian SSR
716:
614:British Broadcasting Corporation
603:
504:whose main purpose was the anti-
444:. The organization was based in
360:
669:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
440:, operated from 1924 until the
1831:Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR)
855:
795:
773:
751:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
746:Censorship in the Soviet Union
725:– the foreign-language service
706:– the station for young people
690:– the national network of the
496:, started broadcasting in the
13:
1:
2782:Political abuse of psychiatry
2574:Congress of People's Deputies
1741:Bulgarian National Television
1826:First Channel (Georgian SSR)
766:
456:
7:
2945:Academy of Medical Sciences
818:Nanotechnology News Network
729:
681:
676:
424:
114:Culture of the Soviet Union
10:
3304:
1959:Radio Berlin International
1581:Neue Berliner Illustrierte
666:
526:Romanian state broadcaster
451:
3268:Radio in the Soviet Union
3223:
3167:
3141:
3061:
2984:
2975:
2920:
2827:
2790:
2730:
2633:
2595:
2515:
2377:
2368:
2318:
2266:
2257:
2109:
2048:Soviet Information Bureau
2014:
2000:Program 1 Polskiego Radia
1858:
1841:Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR)
1727:
1420:
1234:Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur
1026:
983:Media of the Soviet Union
975:
966:
761:Media of the Soviet Union
688:All Union First Programme
528:started in 1937 to build
488:On 30 October 1930, from
481:radio station, using the
413:
88:
83:
75:
67:
62:
50:
37:
1902:Radio Peace and Progress
1806:Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR)
471:Russian Telegraph Agency
3273:Eastern Bloc mass media
3236:Soviet Union portal
442:dissolution of the USSR
367:Soviet Union portal
3128:Stalinist architecture
2882:Science and technology
2792:Ideological repression
2720:Soviet Airborne Forces
2658:Destruction battalions
1160:Sotsialistik Qazaqstan
500:a Soviet station of 4
126:
2910:List of metro systems
2463:Collective leadership
1811:AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR)
1802:Republican stations:
1083:Republican newspapers
125:
2872:Net material product
2815:Censorship of images
2732:Political repression
2692:Soviet Border Troops
2625:First Deputy Premier
2209:1965 economic reform
2204:Soviet space program
1735:Televizioni Shqiptar
1147:(Karelo-Finnish SSR)
1056:Komsomolskaya Pravda
663:Collapse of the USSR
597:collapse of the USSR
314:World Heritage Sites
2940:Academy of Sciences
2755:Population transfer
2699:Soviet Armed Forces
2562:Congress of Soviets
2543:Presidium/Politburo
2507:Soviet anti-Zionism
2356:West Siberian Plain
2234:Revolutions of 1989
2171:Great Patriotic War
2156:New Economic Policy
1168:Sovettik Kyrgyzstan
756:Radio Yerevan jokes
483:Shukhov radio tower
149:Great Patriotic War
94:International
34:
2585:Military Collegium
2453:Capital punishment
2331:Caucasus Mountains
2244:Post-Soviet states
2124:Russian Revolution
2030:(Byelorussian SSR)
1916:(Byelorussian SSR)
1821:ETV (Estonian SSR)
1777:Central Television
1645:Politikin Zabavnik
1533:Jugend und Technik
1354:Slobodna Dalmacija
1330:Rabotnichesko Delo
1176:Moldova Socialistă
1104:Sovetskaya Latviya
1099:(Byelorussian SSR)
1088:Sovetskaya Rossiya
1063:Pionerskaya Pravda
1037:Central newspapers
789:2013-05-21 at the
463:October Revolution
425:Vsesoyuznoye radio
127:
30:
3255:
3254:
3219:
3218:
3211:Hammer and sickle
3153:and their groups
3151:Soviet dissidents
2930:Communist Academy
2847:Economic planning
2823:
2822:
2716:Soviet Air Forces
2635:Security services
2555:General Secretary
2538:Central Committee
2480:Political parties
2412:Brezhnev Doctrine
2407:Foreign relations
2364:
2363:
2305:Autonomous okrugs
2219:Soviet–Afghan War
2199:Sino-Soviet split
2141:Russian Civil War
2068:
2067:
2059:Czech News Agency
1939:Deutschlandsender
1934:Berliner Rundfunk
1266:Neues Deutschland
1250:Mladá fronta DNES
1128:Czerwony Sztandar
867:api.parliament.uk
622:Radio Free Europe
545:Radio Free Europe
534:Soviet propaganda
498:Romanian language
422:
403:
402:
98:
97:
16:(Redirected from
3295:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3232:
2982:
2981:
2890:
2745:Collectivization
2490:Marxism–Leninism
2375:
2374:
2264:
2263:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2061:(Czechoslovakia)
2036:(Lithuanian SSR)
1928:Rundfunk der DDR
1892:(Lithuanian SSR)
1890:Lietuvos radijas
1884:Latvijas Radio 1
1793:Moscow Programme
1749:(Czechoslovakia)
1720:(Czechoslovakia)
1386:Večernje novosti
1370:Sportske novosti
1341:(Czechoslovakia)
1325:(Czechoslovakia)
1314:Politika Ekspres
1253:(Czechoslovakia)
1144:Neuvosto-Karjala
1131:(Lithuanian SSR)
1123:(Lithuanian SSR)
953:
946:
939:
930:
929:
920:
908:
891:
888:
877:
876:
874:
873:
859:
853:
846:
833:
832:
830:
829:
810:
804:
799:
793:
777:
618:Voice of America
427:
417:
415:
414:Всесоюзное радио
395:
388:
381:
365:
364:
363:
124:
116:
100:
99:
35:
33:Всесоюзное радио
29:
21:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3230:
3228:
3215:
3163:
3137:
3057:
2971:
2916:
2888:
2862:Internet domain
2857:Five-year plans
2819:
2786:
2726:
2629:
2591:
2523:Communist Party
2511:
2470:Passport system
2360:
2336:European Russia
2314:
2253:
2194:Khrushchev Thaw
2173:(World War II)
2151:Creation treaty
2105:
2099:
2069:
2064:
2010:
1930:(East Germany)
1898:(Russian SFSR)
1872:First Programme
1866:All-Union Radio
1854:
1723:
1685:Svet kompjutera
1416:
1410:Zëri i Popullit
1274:Nova Makedonija
1179:(Moldavian SSR)
1022:
993:State Committee
971:
962:
957:
918:
906:
900:
895:
894:
889:
880:
871:
869:
861:
860:
856:
847:
836:
827:
825:
812:
811:
807:
800:
796:
791:Wayback Machine
778:
774:
769:
732:
719:
684:
679:
671:
665:
606:
530:Radio Basarabia
459:
454:
406:All-Union Radio
399:
361:
359:
352:
351:
344:National anthem
329:
328:
319:
318:
309:
308:
292:
291:
262:
261:
236:
235:
221:
220:
211:
210:
201:
200:
154:
153:
139:
138:
122:
112:
93:
58:
32:
31:All-Union Radio
28:
23:
22:
18:All-Union Radio
15:
12:
11:
5:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
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3182:
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3160:
3159:
3147:
3145:
3139:
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3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
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3065:
3059:
3058:
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3055:
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3044:
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3038:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2979:
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2957:
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2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2905:Rail transport
2902:
2900:Railway system
2892:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
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2772:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2620:Deputy Premier
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2603:Heads of state
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2571:
2568:Supreme Soviet
2565:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2485:State ideology
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2351:Ural Mountains
2348:
2343:
2341:North Caucasus
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2270:
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1972:Radio Bulgaria
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1557:Kultur im Heim
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1485:Form und Zweck
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2182:The Holocaust
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2019:
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2006:Radio Romania
2004:
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1995:Radio Polonia
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1989:Kossuth Rádió
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1920:Radio Georgia
1918:
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1914:Radio Belarus
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1886:(Latvian SSR)
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1549:Književna reč
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1394:Večernji list
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1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:(Afghanistan)
1236:
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1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
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1212:
1211:
1210:Esti Budapest
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1203:
1199:
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1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
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1177:
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1171:(Kirghiz SSR)
1170:
1169:
1165:
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1153:
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1141:
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1130:
1129:
1125:
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1121:
1117:
1115:(Latvian SSR)
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:(Latvian SSR)
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1038:
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1033:Soviet Union
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1016:
1012:
1011:Printed media
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839:
824:on 2020-02-24
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762:
759:
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742:
741:Radio jamming
739:
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734:
733:
724:
721:
720:
717:International
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639:
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634:Radio Vatican
631:
627:
626:Radio Liberty
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:radio jamming
604:Radio jamming
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532:, to counter
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3227:
3117:
2999:Demographics
2989:Antisemitism
2842:Central Bank
2760:Forced labor
2708:Spetsnaz GRU
2528:organisation
2436:Human rights
2385:Constitution
2268:Subdivisions
2146:Russian SFSR
2102:Soviet Union
1983:Magyar Rádió
1966:Radio Tirana
1896:Radio Moscow
1878:Eesti Raadio
1715:
1712:(Yugoslavia)
1707:
1704:(Yugoslavia)
1699:
1696:(Yugoslavia)
1691:
1688:(Yugoslavia)
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1680:(Yugoslavia)
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1664:(Yugoslavia)
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1648:(Yugoslavia)
1643:
1640:(Yugoslavia)
1635:
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1619:
1616:(Yugoslavia)
1611:
1603:
1595:
1589:Neue Werbung
1587:
1579:
1576:(Yugoslavia)
1571:
1565:Lakáskultúra
1563:
1555:
1552:(Yugoslavia)
1547:
1544:(Yugoslavia)
1539:
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1528:(Yugoslavia)
1523:
1515:
1512:(Yugoslavia)
1507:
1499:
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1461:Eulenspiegel
1459:
1456:(Yugoslavia)
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1448:(Yugoslavia)
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1405:(Yugoslavia)
1400:
1397:(Yugoslavia)
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1389:(Yugoslavia)
1384:
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1258:Népszabadság
1256:
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1205:(Yugoslavia)
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1197:(Yugoslavia)
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988:Broadcasting
919:(in Russian)
912:Soviet Union
907:(in Russian)
870:. Retrieved
866:
857:
849:
826:. Retrieved
822:the original
817:
808:
797:
775:
723:Radio Moscow
704:Radio Yunost
672:
658:
650:
642:
607:
569:
553:
549:Eastern bloc
538:
487:
460:
438:Gosteleradio
405:
404:
339:Coat of arms
266:
226:Architecture
89:Availability
56:Soviet Union
3103:Phraseology
3048:Prohibition
3036:Linguistics
3021:Drug policy
3014:1989 census
2935:Cybernetics
2837:Agriculture
2750:Great Purge
2712:Soviet Navy
2704:Soviet Army
2576:(1989–1991)
2570:(1938–1991)
2564:(1922–1936)
2548:Secretariat
2419:Gun control
2326:Caspian Sea
2310:Closed city
2239:Dissolution
2224:Perestroika
2166:Great Purge
1949:Radio DDR 2
1944:Radio DDR 1
1621:Novy Vostok
1605:Neues Leben
1541:Jugoslavija
1477:Filmspiegel
1290:Oslobođenje
1218:Esti Hírlap
780:Rodica Mahu
710:Radio Orfey
698:Radio Mayak
628:, but also
561:Krasnovodsk
557:Caspian Sea
68:Launch date
3262:Categories
3143:Opposition
3133:Television
3113:Propaganda
3086:Literature
2960:Naukograds
2955:Sharashkas
2889:(currency)
2867:Inventions
2810:Censorship
2740:Red Terror
2424:Government
2298:Autonomous
2281:Autonomous
2214:Stagnation
2177:Evacuation
1979:(Bulgaria)
1743:(Bulgaria)
1728:Television
1437:Dolgozó nő
1338:Rudé právo
1333:(Bulgaria)
1242:Laiko Vima
1226:Freie Erde
1136:Rahva Hääl
1027:Newspapers
1004:Television
872:2022-07-11
828:2020-05-31
667:See also:
646:satellites
638:Kol Israel
510:Bessarabia
428:) was the
287:Propaganda
282:Censorship
272:Television
242:Literature
174:Traditions
3204:Republics
3192:Republics
3180:Republics
3031:Languages
2895:Transport
2777:Holodomor
2670:Militsiya
2608:President
2500:Stalinism
2402:Elections
2276:Republics
2259:Geography
2249:Nostalgia
2161:Stalinism
1991:(Hungary)
1985:(Hungary)
1968:(Albania)
1773:(Romania)
1761:(Hungary)
1737:(Albania)
1597:Neuer Weg
1573:Naša žena
1568:(Hungary)
1517:Guter Rat
1509:Galaksija
1472:(Romania)
1440:(Romania)
1421:Magazines
1413:(Albania)
1349:(Romania)
1282:Novi list
1261:(Hungary)
1245:(Albania)
1221:(Hungary)
1213:(Hungary)
1152:Komunisti
767:Footnotes
539:When the
479:Comintern
457:Beginning
419:romanized
307:Monuments
188:Festivals
167:Languages
42:Broadcast
3247:Category
2800:Religion
2687:Chairmen
2533:Congress
2495:Leninism
2475:Propiska
2370:Politics
2229:Glasnost
2189:Cold War
2129:February
2015:Agencies
2002:(Poland)
1977:Horizont
1767:(Poland)
1501:Für Dich
1381:(Poland)
1346:Scînteia
1306:Politika
1049:Izvestia
976:Overview
787:Archived
730:See also
682:Domestic
677:Stations
559:between
541:Cold War
518:Dniester
512:between
506:Romanian
490:Tiraspol
198:Religion
105:a series
103:Part of
92:National
84:Coverage
3168:Symbols
3081:Fashion
3063:Culture
2977:Society
2922:Science
2887:Rouble
2829:Economy
2805:Science
2615:Premier
2596:Offices
2458:Leaders
2378:General
2346:Siberia
2319:Regions
2293:Oblasts
2134:October
2111:History
2024:(USSR)
1868:(USSR)
1779:(USSR)
1669:Sputnik
1653:Sibylle
1637:Pogledi
1629:Oktyabr
1453:Džuboks
1402:Vjesnik
1298:Pobjeda
1202:Dnevnik
1096:Zvyazda
522:Moldova
452:History
421::
410:Russian
327:Symbols
181:Cuisine
136:History
63:History
51:Country
3187:Emblem
3175:Anthem
3123:Sports
3076:Cinema
3071:Ballet
3053:Racism
3026:Family
2516:Bodies
2104:topics
2044:(USSR)
1874:(USSR)
1717:Vlasta
1693:Svijet
1661:Signal
1525:Izgled
1469:Femeia
1322:Pravda
1042:Pravda
654:oblast
524:, the
446:Moscow
436:under
277:Cinema
160:People
107:on the
76:Closed
3118:Radio
3096:Opera
3091:Music
2994:Crime
2765:Gulag
2643:Cheka
2288:Krais
2055:(GDR)
2028:BelTA
1859:Radio
1701:Tempo
1677:Start
1493:FRÖSI
1362:Sport
1186:Borba
1120:Tiesa
999:Radio
494:MASSR
475:Lenin
430:radio
298:Sport
267:Radio
259:Media
249:Music
206:Islam
45:radio
3199:Flag
3157:List
2965:List
2877:OGAS
2770:List
2653:NKVD
2441:LGBT
2429:List
2395:1977
2390:1936
2034:ELTA
2022:TASS
1954:DT64
1709:Tina
1445:Duga
1429:Atze
1194:Delo
1112:Cīņa
1070:Trud
692:USSR
624:and
565:Baku
563:and
516:and
514:Prut
434:USSR
334:Flag
79:1991
71:1924
38:Type
2682:KGB
2677:MGB
2665:MVD
2648:GPU
2448:Law
2053:ADN
2042:APN
1771:TVR
1765:TVP
1759:MTV
1753:DFF
1747:ČST
1613:NIN
231:Art
219:Art
3264::
2714:•
2710:•
1085::
1039::
881:^
865:.
837:^
816:.
782:,
656:.
636:,
632:,
551:.
536:.
502:kW
492:,
448:.
416:,
412::
2718:/
2706:/
2094:e
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2080:v
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408:(
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