1407:
874:
354:
1817:
has been produced for domestic consumption and risks alienating foreigners. Danish academics Klaas
Dykmann and Ole Bruun state, "oreign observers, particularly in democratic societies, will further note the glaring inconsistencies between the “harmonious world” conception and the tough realities of
812:
by universal and well-defined principles of order. The center of this land was directly apportioned to the
Chinese court, forming the center of a world view that centered on the Chinese court and went concentrically outward to major and minor officials and then the common subjects,
837:, would nominally be the ruler of the entire world. Although in practice there would be areas of the known world which were not under the control of the Chinese monarch, in Chinese political theory the rulers of those areas derived their power from the Chinese monarch.
950:, "Given the then lack of a modern science of understanding geography, the Chinese notion of all under heaven meant all the land, sea, and people under heaven. The term all under heaven was virtually synonymous with the world." As reconstructed by philosopher
1359:, the Japanese terminated Korea's traditional status as a tributary state of China, and the system of feudal enfeoffment and vassalage that had been practiced since the Han dynasty came to an end, a move that greatly changed attitudes toward the
1209:
dynasty. After being threatened by these northern states and realizing the possible effects of a war to the country and people, the Song rulers invented a false concept of kinship with the
Jurchens in an attempt to improve relations. The
934:
operated varied over time, ranging from vassal states accepted the authority of a
Chinese emperor to when vassal states nominally paid tribute while in fact exercising their own authority. In the most expansive historical view, a
824:
The center of this world view was not exclusionary in nature, and outer groups, such as ethnic minorities and foreign people, who accepted the mandate of the
Chinese Emperor were themselves received and included into the Chinese
1805:
system to a modern framework, Chinese political scientist Yan
Xuetong argues that great powers seeking international respect must use "humane authority" instead of seeking to impose hegemony. These concepts influence the
1137:
of imperial relatives in return for military assistance. Although many areas enjoyed great autonomy, the practice established and spread
Chinese language and culture throughout an even wider territory. Scholars including
1785:
purports to be superior to the United
Nations system, which is characterized as more akin to a political market, in which political operations are limited and constrained by parochial national interests. Historian
1150:
as a world order in three concentric layers: "The nation is on the inside and the various feudal kingdoms are on the outside; the feudal kingdoms are on the inside while the barbarians are on the outside."
958:
presupposed "inclusion of all" and implied acceptance of the world's diversities, emphasizing harmonious reciprocal dependence and ruled by virtue as a means for lasting peace. According to Zhao, in the
1761:
perspective to seek "rejuvenation of the
Chinese nation and peaceful development of humanity". Under this contemporary view, China's re-emergence as a great power presents an opportunity to reshape the
1309:
rejected his request, and stated that China was the foremost and most divine nation on Earth and had no interest in foreign goods. In the early 19th century, Britain's victory over Qing China in the
1818:
the domestic harmonious society, and between China’s global media outreach and its increasing domestic control, digital surveillance, blacklisting, and media isolation of the
Chinese public."
2908:
1266:
was actually in reference to government. Using these arguments, Wang was highly critical of Neo-Confucianism. On the other hand, the collapse of the Ming dynasty and the establishment of the
1332:, in which China was made to refer to Great Britain as a "sovereign nation", equal to itself. This made it impossible for China to continue dealing with other nations under the traditional
1486:–538 AD). At the time, Japanese rulers were respectful and submissive to the Chinese court, and Chinese immigrants were received happily and sought after for their knowledge of
1633:
concept had not achieved the Chinese level of an Emperor who governed feudal kingdoms and was entrusted with the ordering of the world by Heaven. In the journals of Gidō Shūshin (
2080:
2264:
1032:
comprising the latter half of the Zhou dynasty, the power of local rulers developed rapidly, and several regions outside the Zhou cultural sphere became powerful
1092:
Your aim must be to take All-under-Heaven intact. Thus your troops are not worn out and your gains will be complete. This is the art of offensive strategy.
796:
concept that denoted either the entire geographical world or the metaphysical realm of mortals, and later became associated with political sovereignty. In
3483:
2915:
2740:
1660:
As the Muromachi shogunate declined, regional warlords began fighting with each other for control of the nation. More powerful nobles, such as
1436:
1826:
The expression 'all under heaven' inspired literary expressions with reference to China in a number of Western languages, such as the Russian
1125:'s goal to 'unify all under Heaven' was in fact representative of his desire to control and expand Chinese territory. At the founding of the
1672:. The term was used with increasing frequency as generals sought to reunify Japan, and came to be equivalent with the land of Japan itself.
1510:). This discovery demonstrates that Kofun-era Japanese in that area) had begun viewing their realm to be a complete and divinely-appointed
1502:
that dates to the late 5th century. The characters on the sword refer to the king of the time as 'grand king who rules all under heaven' (
2551:
Babones, Salvatore (2017-09-26), "Taking China Seriously: Relationality, Tianxia , and the "Chinese School" of International Relations",
930:
system existed at various points in Chinese history. Historical views differ, however, on exactly when it was in place. How a system of
1036:
themselves. As many of these states had shared cultural heritage and economic interests, the concept of a great nation centered on the
1807:
2422:
1741:
During the 17th century, with the fall of the Ming dynasty in China, a concept of Korea as the cultural center of Confucianism, or "
770:
2061:
3031:
995:)—referring to the territory established by the Zhou court and governed from the capital—and 'ten thousand states' (
963:
system, rulers relied on humane authority, as opposed to tyranny and military force, to win the hearts and minds of the people.
1572:—necessarily accompanied its introduction into Japan, since Neo-Confucianism said that all were 'equal citizens under heaven' (
2883:
2852:
2574:
2528:
2494:
2316:
2074:
2015:
1963:
1378:
In the 21st century, some academics have criticized contemporary philosopher Zhao Tingyang for "aggrandising" the concept of
2685:
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1298:
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was of a fixed, unchangeable dimension, notwithstanding the fact that the Great Learning's mentioning of harmonizing
913:
2448:
1429:
3186:
17:
2901:
1911:
1282:, a contemporary of Wang Fuzhi, wrote that the destruction of the State was not equivalent to the destruction of
1237:
and its mantras of 'cultivation of moral character, establishment of family, ordering the state, and harmonizing
1073:
where the supreme goal of offensive strategy was to conquer without destroying that which you sought to conquer:
1305:
would with other European nations of the time, and to persuade the Emperor to reduce restrictions on trade. The
2300:
895:
410:
208:
35:
2156:
1629:, and system of order. However, even if Yoritomo had the intention to become a monarch-level ruler, Japan's
1017:
subjects residing on it. The Zhou kings received and empowered these "Ten Thousand States" by virtue of the
3305:
3041:
3026:
2975:
2693:
1155:
1114:
763:
2172:
1791:
1763:
1344:
114:
2393:"Status and Tasks for Study of the Foreign Relations and World View of Koguryo in the Gwanggaeto Stele"
1999:
166:
985:
became common. Other political terms emerged during this time. These include 'four quarters' (
3478:
3016:
2211:
1419:
814:
187:
2589:
Babones, Salvatore (25 September 2019). "From Tianxia to Tianxia: The Generalization of a Concept".
2638:
The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
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1415:
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891:
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into a hub-and-spoke pattern around a single, central state. In this contemporary discourse on
1440:
1274:
by the, people previously considered "fringe barbarians", heavily influenced people's views of
1014:
2518:
1953:
1218:
divided Chinese subjects into two types: those of the south, and those of the north. When the
3251:
3196:
3112:
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2641:
2565:
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of the Chinese people and nations influenced by them since at least the first millennium BC.
424:
31:
2392:
981:, it is first attested that Heaven took on anthropomorphic deity traits, and the concept of
3284:
1683:, the shogun was referred to as the 'man under heaven', and the Edo shogunate as 'court of
1606:
1584:
8:
3181:
3155:
2943:
2681:
1869:
1728:
used the titles of emperor and Son of Heaven, and positioned Goryeo at the center of the
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1532:
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3422:
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2322:
2021:
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244:
236:
2876:
The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy
1351:, the idea that sovereign nations deal with each other as equals, China's traditional
263:
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2848:
2722:
2706:
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2070:
2011:
1959:
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1329:
1018:
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287:
150:
142:
30:"T'ien Hsia" redirects here. For the magazine published in the 1930s and 1940s, see
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3006:
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2702:
2645:
2598:
2560:
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12, in the narrative portion; the first appearance in the annalistic portion is in
2063:
Warring States and Harmonized Nations: Tianxia Theory as a World Political Argument
2003:
1923:
1894:
1854:
1838:
1654:
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793:
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93:
62:
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1781:, which they submit as creating discord. Similarly, this modern treatment toward
1491:
1310:
343:
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2192:. Translated by Samuel Griffith. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 79.
2119:
1889:
1657:, the shogun gradually began to be thought of as the representative of Heaven.
1314:
1293:
The idea of the absolute authority of the Chinese emperor and the extension of
1246:
1194:
1175:
1167:
1069:
742:
655:
593:
545:
284:
128:
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in which he called himself the 'Son of Heaven in the land of the rising sun' (
939:
system existed between the Zhou (1027–256 BC) and Qing dynasties (1644–1911).
324:
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2610:
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1528:
1302:
1286:. He argued that the Manchus simply filled the role of Emperor, and that the
1267:
1202:
1186:
1139:
1122:
974:
951:
830:
180:
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and being vague on details of what it may entail in the contemporary world.
848:
and order in classical Chinese philosophy, and has formed the basis for the
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3127:
3092:
3021:
2667:
2148:
2025:
1661:
1476:
1337:
1271:
1251:
1219:
1215:
1190:
1182:
1163:
1052:
978:
845:
818:
689:
253:
100:
2007:
1301:'s embassy to China in 1793. George Macartney hoped to deal with China as
3387:
3358:
3346:
3228:
3201:
3160:
2893:
2840:
2308:
2124:
Zuo Tradition. Zuozhuan. 左傳: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals"
1991:
1850:
1787:
1778:
1569:
1536:
1523:
1364:
1206:
1134:
1126:
943:
277:
2649:
1897:— 2002 film centered on the term with controversy on the translation of
1556:
3289:
3279:
3206:
1917:
1754:
1680:
1363:
concept. At the end of the 19th century, Chinese Ambassador to Britain
1255:
1223:
970:
898: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
857:
849:
159:
3223:
3150:
2955:
1879:
1860:" to refer to the contemporary world order led by the United States.
1742:
1694:
concept helped influence Japan's long period of isolation before the
621:
201:
2486:
The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea
873:
3427:
3392:
3233:
3097:
2686:"Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-hegemonic or a New Hegemony?"
2069:(PhD thesis). JYU Dissertations, no. 247. University of Jyväskylä.
1707:
1495:
1279:
1046:
222:
1734:'east of the sea', which encompassed the historical domain of the
353:
3402:
3363:
3351:
3331:
2965:
1676:
1375:
world view and replaced it with a Chinese-foreigner distinction.
1297:
by the assimilation of vassal states began to fade for good with
1211:
1154:
Unified China fractured into many different dynasties during the
1064:
260:
3375:
3216:
2297:
All under Heaven: The Tianxia System for a Possible World Order
2260:
1884:
1725:
1646:
1010:
672:
640:
563:
373:
2299:. Vol. 3. Translated by Harroff, Joseph E. (1 ed.).
1745:" emerged among the Confucian literati of the Joseon dynasty.
292:
3380:
2185:
1972:
808:
denoted the lands, space, and area divinely appointed to the
447:
387:
268:
1564:
was introduced and replaced older concepts. The hallmark of
3326:
2938:
1813:
Various academics have noted that the current discourse of
789:
461:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1547:), showing that the Japanese notion of their independent
241:
227:
213:
2276:
Collected Passages from the Four Books, with Annotations
171:
2741:"Renewal: The Chinese State and the New Global History"
2617:
1945:
1706:
Based on epitaphs dating to the 4th and 5th centuries,
1133:
with the Chinese nation evolved due to the practice of
2032:
1952:
Sullivan, Lawrence R.; Liu-Sullivan, Nancy Y. (2021).
1841:" is possibly derived from the title "Son of Heaven".
1592:
1009:), referring to both the territory as well as the
504:
27:
Chinese cultural, philosophical, and political concept
2126:. University of Washington Press. pp. 168, 372.
1832:
1753:
Official media frequently portrays general secretary
1668:, controlled large areas and viewed their domains as
147:
133:
119:
105:
1951:
1729:
1290:
of traditional Chinese culture was thus carried on.
1222:
overthrew the Yuan dynasty and reunited China under
429:
415:
1230:returned largely as it was during the Han dynasty.
1121:was adapted to act as an actual geographic entity.
665:
192:
2721:
2280:物格而后知至。知至而后意誠。意誠而后心正。心正而后身脩。身脩而后家齊。家齊而后國治。國治而后天下平。
2629:
2461:(in Korean). National Institute of Korean History
2435:(in Korean). National Institute of Korean History
2114:
1605:), he describes the founding of the shogunate by
1355:worldview collapsed. After China's defeat in the
1158:, and with it went the practical use of the term
3450:
2239:. Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company. p. 79.
1798:over and above the liberal international order.
1428:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
329:
315:
2347:"China's Pledge to Civilise "All Under Heaven""
1625:" refers to the establishment of a new nation,
1560:in 7th-century Japan, a sinocentric concept of
1317:. This marked the beginning of the end for the
1250:, became widespread, producing large shifts in
1044:began to appear in classical texts such as the
829:. In classical Chinese political thought, the "
1635:
1599:
1574:
1541:
1504:
1233:At the end of the Ming dynasty, criticisms of
682:
452:
2909:
2208:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty
1996:Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power
1827:
1170:origin, after being made vassal, referred to
764:
466:
67:
2724:An etymological dictionary of modern English
2455:
2429:
2344:
2201:
2199:
1715:
1494:. The excavated Eda Funayama grave mound in
1475:first appear in Japanese history during the
556:
392:
378:
2839:
2800:Mizubayashi, Takeshi; et al. (2001).
2799:
2635:
2623:
2345:Dykmann, Klaas; Bruun, Ole (May 31, 2021).
1978:
1531:king in 607 sent a hand-written epistle to
2923:
2916:
2902:
1385:
771:
757:
2861:
2778:
2769:
2564:
2489:. Duke University Press. pp. 24–26.
2364:
2196:
2104:, the first appearance in the text is in
1958:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 423.
1808:Chinese school of international relations
1641:), Gidō records a discussion he had with
1459:Learn how and when to remove this message
914:Learn how and when to remove this message
863:
2830:
2821:
2808:
2787:
2680:
2553:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
2520:Writing the Nation: A Global Perspective
1955:Historical Dictionary of Chinese Culture
1518:of the older and larger Chinese empire.
856:has been applied by other realms in the
3484:Relationship between Heaven and Mankind
3032:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind
2745:Australian Centre on China in the World
2719:
2588:
2550:
2395:광개토왕비에 보이는 대외 관계와 고구려 천하관에 대한 연구 현황과 과제
2259:
2205:
2184:
2059:
1649:repeatedly referred to his dominion as
14:
3451:
2774:(in Japanese). Tokyo University Press.
2770:Mizoguchi, Yuzo; et al. (2001).
2566:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.602
2516:
1498:contained an iron sword with engraved
792:', is a Chinese term for a historical
243:
149:
2897:
2340:
2338:
2336:
1777:s moral appeal distinguishes it from
1748:
1621:in nature, and his phrase "beginning
1142:sought to standardize the meaning of
2870:
2291:
2047:
1514:in its own right, separate from the
1400:
1075:
1059:The theme of unification applied to
896:adding citations to reliable sources
867:
2845:The Political Thought of Xi Jinping
2234:
1990:
1849:In 2013, the Singaporean historian
1336:system, and forced it to establish
973:was not fully developed during the
926:The historical consensus is that a
557:
24:
2636:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
2482:
2390:
2352:Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
2333:
2237:Studies of Chinese Western Regions
1821:
1185:, northern China was ruled by the
25:
3495:
2086:from the original on 14 Dec 2020.
1690:. The widespread adoption of the
942:According to political scientist
817:, and finally ending with fringe
3187:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
2779:Hayashiya, Tatsusaburō (1966).
2738:
2707:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2008.00830.x
2591:Chinese Political Science Review
1405:
1162:. In the 7th century during the
872:
352:
2732:
2713:
2674:
2582:
2544:
2510:
2476:
2381:
2285:
2253:
2228:
1328:, China was forced to sign the
883:needs additional citations for
293:
269:
242:
228:
214:
193:
172:
2301:University of California Press
2178:
2162:
2140:
2090:
2060:Puranen, Matti (17 Jul 2020).
2053:
1994:(2013-12-31). Sun, Zhe (ed.).
1984:
1844:
1324:Following their defeat in the
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
737:
733:
718:
714:
635:
631:
505:
430:
416:
330:
148:
134:
120:
106:
68:
34:. For the 2007 TV series, see
13:
1:
2878:. Stanford University Press.
2809:Fujiwara, Ri'ichirō (1971).
1934:
1480:
1040:gradually expanded. The term
36:Ming Dynasty (2007 TV series)
3306:Four Books and Five Classics
3042:Ancestor veneration in China
3027:Unity of Heaven and humanity
2862:Hamashita, Takeshi (1997).
2831:Sugiyama, Masa'aki (2004).
2790:Nihon Chūsei Shisōshi Kenkyū
2694:International Studies Review
2391:Jo Yeongkwang (조영광) (2015).
1939:
1551:had continued to that time.
1156:Northern and Southern period
1107:—Griffith translation, 1963
7:
2847:. Oxford University Press.
2788:Tamagake, Hiroyuki (1998).
1863:
1833:
1792:Community of Common Destiny
1790:states that the concept of
1764:liberal international order
1730:
1593:
1345:liberal international order
844:is closely associated with
10:
3500:
2822:Yamauchi, Kōichi (2003).
2783:(in Japanese). Chūō Kōron.
2762:
2747:. Chinese University Press
2603:10.1007/s41111-019-00139-9
2000:Princeton University Press
1801:Applying lessons from the
1591:whose journals became the
1389:
1166:, some northern tribes of
666:
29:
3464:Chinese words and phrases
3459:Cultural history of China
3415:
3319:
3298:
3262:
3174:
3138:
3070:
3017:Confucian ritual religion
2994:
2931:
2843:; Cheung, Olivia (2024).
2835:. Tokyo University Press.
2523:. Springer. p. 126.
2456:
2430:
2402:(in Korean) (49): 70–76.
2212:Stanford University Press
1828:
1716:
1636:
1600:
1575:
1542:
1505:
1115:Qin's wars of unification
986:
724:Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom)
699:
683:
650:
616:
603:
588:
573:
531:
498:
493:
489:
460:
453:
446:
441:
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404:
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127:
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75:
61:
56:
52:
45:
2863:
2832:
2826:(in Japanese). Yamakawa.
2823:
2814:
2810:
2804:(in Japanese). Yamakawa.
2801:
2792:
2780:
2771:
2720:Weekley, Ernest (1967).
2640:. New Haven and London:
2449:
2423:
2400:Dongbuga Yeoksa Nonchong
2394:
2366:10.1177/1868102621992775
2271:
1770:, proponents argue that
1701:
1554:With the development of
1414:This section includes a
1396:
1347:arguably being based on
1338:a foreign affairs bureau
1313:forced China to sign an
1079:
467:
2961:Ritual and music system
2817:(in Japanese). Iwanami.
2795:(in Japanese). Perikan.
2624:Tsang & Cheung 2024
2557:Oxford University Press
2517:Berger, Stefan (2007).
1979:Tsang & Cheung 2024
1736:Three Kingdoms of Korea
1443:more precise citations.
1392:Little China (ideology)
1386:Usage in the Sinosphere
1357:First Sino-Japanese War
1349:Westphalian sovereignty
833:", having received the
2925:Religious Confucianism
2824:世界史リブレット 67 朝鮮から見た華夷思想
2206:Laikwan, Pang (2024).
1875:Chinese exceptionalism
1090:
1030:Warring States periods
864:Historical development
840:The larger concept of
316:
3252:Temple of Agriculture
3197:Religious goods store
3083:Holy Confucian Church
3037:Chinese folk religion
2986:Worship of the living
2728:. Dover. p. 270.
2642:Yale University Press
2008:10.1515/9781400848959
1794:presumes a vision of
1587:, an official of the
1367:took the traditional
1226:rule, the concept of
1129:, the equivalence of
3285:Confucian coin charm
2684:(18 November 2008).
2682:Callahan, William A.
2309:10.2307/j.ctv1n9dkth
2278:] (in Chinese).
1837:. The English term "
1607:Minamoto no Yoritomo
1585:Fujiwara no Kanezane
892:improve this article
411:Revised Romanization
3182:Temple of Confucius
2944:Sacrifice to Heaven
2650:10.2307/jj.11589102
2235:Liu Yitang (1997).
1981:, pp. 174–175.
1870:Chinese unification
1643:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
1583:In the journals of
1244:, a quote from the
1181:By the time of the
948:Tsinghua University
540:Part of a series on
311:Vietnamese alphabet
2483:Em, Henry (2013).
2265:Passages from the
2154:
2050:, p. 120–121.
1749:Contemporary China
1720:) and independent
1666:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1589:Kamakura shogunate
1416:list of references
1369:Hua-Yi distinction
1254:. The philosopher
1085:，故兵不頓而利可全，此謀攻之法也。
1038:Yellow River Plain
32:T'ien Hsia Monthly
3446:
3445:
3376:Bluegreen Emperor
3311:Thirteen Classics
3103:Confucian Academy
3088:Xuanyuan teaching
3012:Mandate of Heaven
2885:978-1-503-63088-8
2854:978-0-197-68936-3
2576:978-0-19-022863-7
2530:978-0-230-22305-9
2496:978-0-822-35372-0
2318:978-0-520-97421-0
2152:
2076:978-951-39-8218-8
2017:978-1-4008-4895-9
1965:978-1-5381-4604-0
1853:coined the term "
1696:Meiji Restoration
1521:According to the
1469:
1468:
1461:
1330:Treaty of Tianjin
1146:. Dong described
1117:, the concept of
1111:
1110:
1026:Spring and Autumn
1019:Mandate of Heaven
924:
923:
916:
835:Mandate of Heaven
810:Chinese sovereign
781:
780:
535:
534:
527:
526:
437:
436:
425:McCune–Reischauer
300:
299:
209:Yale Romanization
94:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
3491:
3479:World government
3416:Tutelary deities
3247:Beijing Shejitan
3242:Temple of Heaven
3238:Beijing Temples
3192:Ancestral shrine
3108:Confucian Shinto
3078:Confucian church
3007:Chinese theology
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2867:
2858:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2805:
2796:
2784:
2775:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2690:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2342:
2331:
2330:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2263:, ed. (1100s). "
2257:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2210:. Stanford, CA:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2166:
2160:
2146:See for example
2144:
2138:
2137:
2133:978-0-295-999159
2116:Durrant, Stephen
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2068:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2030:
2029:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1924:The Land of Fire
1903:All Under Heaven
1895:Hero (2002 film)
1839:Celestial Empire
1836:
1831:
1830:
1776:
1733:
1724:. The rulers of
1719:
1718:
1710:had concepts of
1689:
1655:Muromachi period
1640:
1639:
1638:
1613:". His usage of
1604:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1488:Chinese language
1485:
1482:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1439:this section by
1430:inline citations
1409:
1408:
1401:
1326:Second Opium War
1307:Qianlong Emperor
1299:George Macartney
1243:
1235:Neo-Confucianism
1084:
1076:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
919:
912:
908:
905:
899:
876:
868:
815:tributary states
794:Chinese cultural
773:
766:
759:
739:
735:
720:
716:
701:
686:
685:
669:
668:
652:
637:
633:
618:
605:
590:
579:Celestial Empire
575:
560:
559:
548:
537:
536:
523:
522:
491:
490:
456:
455:
433:
432:
419:
418:
402:
401:
396:
395:
382:
381:
363:
356:
333:
332:
319:
296:
295:
272:
271:
248:
247:
246:
231:
230:
217:
216:
196:
195:
175:
174:
154:
153:
152:
137:
136:
123:
122:
109:
108:
85:
84:
71:
70:
43:
42:
21:
18:All under Heaven
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3411:
3315:
3294:
3275:Tiangong censer
3258:
3170:
3134:
3066:
3057:Yan Huang Zisun
3002:Shendao shejiao
2990:
2927:
2922:
2892:
2886:
2865:
2855:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2782:
2781:日本の歴史 12 - 天下一統
2773:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2733:
2718:
2714:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2660:
2644:. p. 199.
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2396:
2386:
2382:
2343:
2334:
2319:
2290:
2286:
2273:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2204:
2197:
2183:
2179:
2167:
2163:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2122:, eds. (2016).
2120:Schaberg, David
2118:; Li, Wai-yee;
2113:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2033:
2018:
2002:. p. 218.
1998:. Vol. 5.
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1866:
1847:
1824:
1822:Western calques
1774:
1751:
1704:
1687:
1634:
1598:
1573:
1540:
1503:
1483:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1434:
1420:related reading
1410:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1311:First Opium War
1241:
1172:Emperor Taizong
1103:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1063:can be seen in
920:
909:
903:
900:
889:
877:
866:
777:
730:
711:
696:
679:
662:
647:
628:
613:
600:
585:
570:
546:
521:
485:
484:
483:
362:
348:
305:Vietnamese name
115:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
76:Literal meaning
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:Names of China
3471:
3466:
3461:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:Landlord deity
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3342:Yellow Emperor
3337:Wufang Shangdi
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3166:Yamazaki Ansai
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Yellow Emperor
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3062:Soil and grain
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2981:Ghost marriage
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2872:Zhao, Suisheng
2868:
2859:
2853:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2815:岩波講座世界歴史 12 中世
2806:
2802:体系日本史 2 － 法社会史
2797:
2785:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2739:Wang, Gungwu.
2731:
2712:
2701:(4): 749–761.
2673:
2658:
2628:
2616:
2597:(2): 131–147.
2581:
2575:
2543:
2529:
2509:
2495:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2445:
2419:
2387:
2380:
2359:(2): 227–247.
2332:
2317:
2295:(2021-06-29).
2293:Zhao, Tingyang
2284:
2252:
2245:
2227:
2220:
2195:
2190:The Art of War
2177:
2161:
2139:
2132:
2089:
2075:
2052:
2031:
2016:
1983:
1971:
1964:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1892:
1890:Heaven worship
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1846:
1843:
1823:
1820:
1757:as having the
1750:
1747:
1703:
1700:
1609:as "beginning
1568:—a concept of
1471:References to
1467:
1466:
1424:external links
1413:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1315:unequal treaty
1258:believed that
1247:Great Learning
1176:Khan of Heaven
1109:
1108:
1105:
1101:The Art of War
1096:
1095:
1088:
1070:The Art of War
922:
921:
880:
878:
871:
865:
862:
802:imperial China
779:
778:
776:
775:
768:
761:
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:
746:
745:
729:
728:
727:
726:
710:
709:
708:
707:
695:
694:
693:
692:
678:
677:
676:
675:
661:
660:
659:
658:
656:Nine Provinces
646:
645:
644:
643:
627:
626:
625:
624:
612:
611:
610:
609:
599:
598:
597:
596:
594:Chinese Empire
584:
583:
582:
581:
569:
568:
567:
566:
551:
550:
547:Names of China
542:
541:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
520:
519:
516:
513:
510:
506:
502:
496:
495:
494:Transcriptions
487:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
468:
464:
458:
457:
450:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
434:
427:
421:
420:
413:
407:
406:
405:Transcriptions
398:
397:
390:
384:
383:
376:
370:
369:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
349:
346:
340:
339:
335:
334:
327:
321:
320:
313:
307:
306:
302:
301:
298:
297:
290:
281:
280:
274:
273:
266:
257:
256:
250:
249:
239:
233:
232:
225:
219:
218:
211:
205:
204:
202:Yue: Cantonese
198:
197:
190:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
163:
162:
156:
155:
145:
139:
138:
131:
125:
124:
117:
111:
110:
103:
97:
96:
90:
89:
88:Transcriptions
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3496:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Flame Emperor
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:Black Emperor
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:White Emperor
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Spirit tablet
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:Organizations
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Son of Heaven
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2807:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2659:9780300266900
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2246:957-09-1119-0
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2221:9781503638815
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:24 (636 BCE).
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1930:
1929:Zhao Tingyang
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1712:Son of Heaven
1709:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1653:. During the
1652:
1648:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1627:jurisprudence
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1474:
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3438:Mountain God
3123:Suika Shinto
3093:Taigu school
3051:
3022:Filial piety
2949:Festival Huế
2875:
2864:朝貢システムと近代アジア
2844:
2841:Tsang, Steve
2833:モンゴル帝国と大元ウルス
2789:
2749:. Retrieved
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1995:
1992:Yan, Xuetong
1986:
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1216:Yuan dynasty
1191:Liao dynasty
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890:Please help
885:verification
882:
853:
846:civilization
841:
839:
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823:
805:
784:
783:
782:
704:
518:ame-no-shita
500:Romanization
254:Southern Min
188:Romanization
167:Romanization
101:Hanyu Pinyin
79:under heaven
57:Chinese name
46:
40:
3388:Red Emperor
3229:Miao shrine
3202:Hero shrine
3161:Kang Youwei
2811:ヴェトナム諸王朝の変遷
2668:jj.11589102
2026:j.ctt32bbm1
1851:Wang Gungwu
1845:Other usage
1829:Поднебесная
1788:Steve Tsang
1779:realpolitik
1570:citizenship
1537:Sui dynasty
1524:Book of Sui
1441:introducing
1365:Xue Fucheng
1343:Due to the
1207:Western Xia
1199:Jin dynasty
1135:enfeoffment
1127:Han dynasty
1024:During the
944:Yan Xuetong
608:Divine land
368:Korean name
338:Zhuang name
278:Eastern Min
3453:Categories
3290:Joss paper
3280:Hell money
3207:Myo shrine
2866:. Iwanami.
2536:4 November
2502:3 November
2465:6 December
2450:장수왕의 남진 정책
2439:3 November
2413:3 November
2157:內史過論晉惠公必無後
1935:References
1918:Pax Sinica
1755:Xi Jinping
1681:Edo period
1645:where the
1500:characters
1484: 250
1449:March 2024
1390:See also:
1256:Wang Fuzhi
1224:ethnic Han
1201:, and the
971:world view
858:Sinosphere
850:world view
819:barbarians
194:ien24 ha55
135:t'ien-hsia
129:Wade–Giles
3224:Ci shrine
3175:Buildings
3151:Confucius
3113:Taiseikyo
2956:Feng Shan
2793:日本中世思想史研究
2611:2365-4244
2408:1975-7840
2375:1868-1026
2188:(1963) .
2048:Zhao 2023
1940:Citations
1880:Four Seas
1855:American
1679:to early
1675:From the
1321:concept.
1099:—Sun Tzu,
1015:barbarian
622:Four Seas
229:tin1-haa6
121:tianshiah
3433:City God
3428:Tudigong
3393:Shennong
3234:Yin miao
3098:Shengdao
2995:Concepts
2976:Marriage
2874:(2023).
2772:中國思想文化事典
2424:고구려의 천하관
2102:Zuozhuan
2081:Archived
1912:Panarchy
1907:Our Land
1864:See also
1708:Goguryeo
1619:Ritsuryō
1566:Ritsuryō
1557:Ritsuryō
1496:Kumamoto
1280:Gu Yanwu
1174:as the "
1047:Zuozhuan
904:May 2024
743:Zhonghua
317:thiên hạ
294:tiĕng-hâ
270:thian-hā
223:Jyutping
3403:Zhurong
3364:Zhuanxu
3352:Shaohao
3332:Shangdi
3320:Deities
3263:Objects
3212:Jongmyo
3128:Onmyōdō
3052:Tianxia
2966:Guan Li
2932:Rituals
2763:Sources
2186:Sun Tzu
2100:in the
2098:tianxia
1905:versus
1899:tianxia
1857:Tianxia
1815:tianxia
1803:tianxia
1796:tianxia
1783:tianxia
1772:tianxia
1768:tianxia
1759:tianxia
1731:haedong
1722:tianxia
1692:tianxia
1685:Tianxia
1677:Sengoku
1670:tianxia
1651:tianxia
1631:tianxia
1623:tianxia
1615:tianxia
1611:tianxia
1594:Gyokuyō
1562:tianxia
1549:tianxia
1535:of the
1516:tianxia
1512:tianxia
1492:culture
1473:tianxia
1437:improve
1380:tianxia
1373:tianxia
1371:in the
1361:tianxia
1353:tianxia
1334:tianxia
1319:tianxia
1295:tianxia
1288:tianxia
1284:tianxia
1276:tianxia
1264:tianxia
1260:tianxia
1239:tianxia
1228:tianxia
1195:Jurchen
1160:tianxia
1148:tianxia
1144:tianxia
1131:tianxia
1119:tianxia
1113:During
1065:Sun Tzu
1061:tianxia
1042:tianxia
1006:wànbāng
983:tianxia
968:tianxia
961:tianxia
956:tianxia
937:tianxia
932:tianxia
928:tianxia
854:Tianxia
842:tianxia
827:tianxia
806:tianxia
785:Tianxia
705:Tianxia
431:ch'ŏnha
417:cheonha
359:lajmbwn
325:Chữ Hán
261:Hokkien
215:tīn-hah
173:thie-ya
107:tiānxià
63:Chinese
47:Tianxia
3469:Heaven
3369:Xuanwu
3217:Munmyo
3139:People
3118:Shusei
2882:
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2751:1 July
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2272:四書章句集註
2267:Da Xue
2261:Zhu Xi
2243:
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2106:Zhuang
2073:
2024:
2014:
1962:
1885:Huaxia
1726:Goryeo
1647:shogun
1529:Yamato
1527:, the
1268:Manchu
1212:Mongol
1203:Tangut
1193:, the
1187:Khitan
1168:Turkic
1034:states
992:sìfāng
790:Heaven
673:Serica
667:Σηρικά
641:Huaxia
564:Cathay
374:Hangul
344:Zhuang
285:Fuzhou
3381:Fu Xi
3299:Books
3156:Xunzi
2971:Ji Li
2689:(PDF)
2664:JSTOR
2457:우리역사넷
2431:우리역사넷
2323:JSTOR
2274:[
2149:Guoyu
2084:(PDF)
2067:(PDF)
2022:JSTOR
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1702:Korea
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1543:日出處天子
1506:治天下大王
1422:, or
1397:Japan
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1205:-led
1197:-led
1189:-led
1081:必以全爭於
1053:Guoyu
690:Shina
558:خىتاي
515:tenga
512:tenge
509:tenka
480:あめのした
448:Kanji
388:Hanja
181:Hakka
3327:Tian
2939:Jesa
2880:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2753:2017
2654:ISBN
2607:ISSN
2571:ISBN
2538:2018
2525:ISBN
2504:2018
2491:ISBN
2467:2018
2441:2018
2415:2018
2404:ISSN
2371:ISSN
2313:ISBN
2270:".
2241:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2173:謀攻第三
2128:ISBN
2096:For
2071:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1717:天帝之子
1664:and
1637:義堂周信
1576:天下公民
1490:and
1050:and
1028:and
1013:and
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800:and
589:中華帝國
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