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1857 rebellion to the colonial rule. During the 1857 rebellion, Colonel Neill targeted the Kumbh mela site and shelled the region where the
Prayagwals lived, destroying it in what Maclean describes as a "notoriously brutal pacification of Allahabad". Prayagwals too targeted and destroyed the "mission press and churches in Allahabad". Once the British had regained control of the region, the Prayagwals were persecuted by the colonial officials, some convicted and hanged, while others β for whom the government did not have proof enough to convict β were persecuted nevertheless. Large tracts of Kumbh mela lands near the Ganga-Yamuna confluence were confiscated and annexed into the government cantonment. In the years after 1857, the Prayagwals and the Kumbh Mela pilgrim crowds carried flags with images alluding to the rebellion and the racial persecution. The British media reported these pilgrim assemblies and protests at the later Kumbh Mela as "strangely hostile" and with "disbelief", states Maclean.
510:) distributed his wealth among the public once every five years; his treasury was then replenished by his vassals. He describes such a ritual at a site located at the confluence of two rivers, in the kingdom of Po-lo-ye-kia (identified with Prayaga). He also mentions that many hundreds take a bath at the confluence of two rivers, to wash away their sins. According to some scholars, this is earliest surviving historical account of the Kumbh Mela or its predecessor. However, Australian researcher Kama Maclean notes that the Xuanzang reference is about an event that happened every 5 years (and not 12 years), and might have been a Buddhist celebration (since, according to Xuanzang, Harsha was a Buddhist emperor).
766:
tax on the pilgrims brought the
Company into direct conflict with the Prayagwals. Even after the Company abolished the pilgrim tax in 1840, it continued to levy taxes on traders and service providers (such as barbers) at the Mela. The first British reference to the Kumbh Mela in Prayag occurs only in an 1868 report, which mentions the need for increased pilgrimage and sanitation controls at the "Coomb fair" to be held in January 1870. According to Maclean, the Prayagwals coopted the Kumbh legend and brand from Haridwar to the ancient annual Prayag Magh Mela given the socio-political circumstances in the 19th century.
60:
476:
827:
and "superstitions" at the festival, gave official licenses to "gambling carnivals". The Hindus objected to these appointments and licenses, petitioned against the voyeurism, found the favoritism to and presence of Muslim officials as unacceptable and asked for Hindu officials to lead the festival. Over time, the communal sentiments intensified and the Kumbh mela became an "ideal place to articulate and promote Hindu interests". However, the Kumbh festival itself remained peaceful and "not a venue for Hindu-Muslim violence", states
Maclean.
1132:, Quote: "The special power of the Kumbha Mela is often said to be due in part to the presence of large numbers of Hindu monks, and many pilgrims seek the darsan (Skt., darsana; auspicious mutual sight) of these holy men. Others listen to religious discourses, participate in devotional singing, engage brahman priests for personal rituals, organize mass feedings of monks or the poor, or merely enjoy the spectacle. Amid this diversity of activities, the ritual bath at the conjunction of time and place is the central event of the Kumbha Mela."
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806:
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once missionaries had been excised from the mela, government would be next". Despite the aggressive proselytization methods used by
Christian missionaries at the Prayag Kumbh melas, states Maclean, they had little success in converting any Hindus there. However, it did help develop vibrant Hindu-owned printing press operations, in reaction to the Christian missionary tactics, that began publishing and widely distributing pro-Kumbh mela, pro-Hindu and anti-colonial literature.
261:
754:. Before that, a Kumbh Mela would have been held in 1846, but there are no records to suggest this. In 1874, G. H. M. Ricketts β the Commissioner of Allahabad β wrote that the fair became more sacred every seventh year, and attracted a larger number of pilgrims and merchants. Beyond this, he wrote, the administration had little knowledge of the factors that resulted in increased or decreased attendance at the fair in a given year.
916:
849:, a newsletter, blamed Muslims for lighting a fire at the mela. District Magistrate Porter tried to ban nudity, arguing that no Hindu scriptures authorized it. He was supported by the Commissioner of Allahabad, but Lieutenant Governor Auckland Colvin rejected the idea. Colvin, a former Magistrate of Allahabad, argued that there was no need to interfere in a Hindu ceremony which only the Hindus needed to attend.
779:
missionaries distributed literature β printed in Indian languages β at the large pilgrimage gathering of Hindus at
Allahabad. These attacked the Hindu "devotional practices", "Rama and Lachmad ", the idolatry and Hindu rituals. Some of the missionary literature accused the Prayag pilgrimage as "mere superstition" and "not even sanctioned in the higher sacred books of the Hindus".
377:. The festival is also mentioned in later era texts such as those by Muslim historians of the Mughal Empire. However, these sources do not use the phrase "Kumbh Mela" for the bathing festival at Allahabad. The earliest mention of a Kumbh Mela at Allahabad occurs only after the mid-19th century in colonial era documents. The Prayagwals (local
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discrimination, the newspapers stated was because of "the helplessness of the mild Hindu who identifies his
Christian rulers with the Padres and fears to raise his hand against the White Preacher or his black converts." The government ignored these petitions, states Maclean, "perhaps recognizing that
826:
The
British government collected taxes, as well as began managing the camping and mela services particularly from the 1860s onwards. It allowed missionaries to camp and distribute their literature, appointed Muslim officials to manage the festival reasoning they were more indifferent to the holy men
757:
The earliest reference to a Kumbh Mela at
Allahabad is from a British report of 1868. In this report, G. H. M. Ricketts (then the Magistrate of Allahabad) discusses the need for sanitation controls at the "Coomb fair" (Kumbh Mela) to be held in 1870. He also mentions that he had witnessed huge crowd
611:
in 1765. The early
British records contain detailed information about the annual Magh Mela at Prayagraj, collected for tax-related and administrative purposes. But none of these records call the mela by the name "Kumbh", nor do they suggest any specific significance (such as larger crowds) to a Mela
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The mela became a source of scandal when a Muslim named Husain was appointed as the Kumbh Mela manager, and Indian newspaper reports stated that Husain had "organized a flotilla of festooned boats for the pleasure of
European ladies and gentlemen, and entertained them with dancing girls, liquor and
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The colonial government accused the Prayagwals of contributing to the unrest in Allahabad and in part, for the outbreak of the 1857 uprising at Allahabad. According to the colonial archives, the Praygawal community helped seed and perpetuate the resistance against the Christian missionaries and the
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It is difficult to determine the exact year in which the Magh Mela was first celebrated as a Kumbh Mela. The 1870 fair at Allahabad is the earliest fair that is described as a "Kumbh Mela" by contemporary sources. The previous Kumbh Mela would have been scheduled in 1858; but that year, no fair was
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and a four-lane railway over-bridge worth βΉ275 crore. The Public Works Department has to execute projects worth βΉ430 crore including building an inner ring road in the city. βΉ210 crore would be spent on safe drinking water facilities and βΉ60 crore to electrify the Kumbh area. Focus is also laid on
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Historian Kama Maclean hypothesizes that the 1870 Mela was the first fair at Allahabad to be called a "Kumbh Mela". Historically, the Magh Mela has been an important source of income for the Prayagwal Brahmins of Allahabad. The British attempts to profit from the Mela by imposing a hefty religious
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The Prayagwals and other Hindus found this offensive. They argued β "powerfully" states Maclean β that Hindus were not given the freedom under the British government to enter Christian premises, set up camps, preach and distribute their religious material to Christians near their churches or
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at the Mela. Prayagwals objected to and campaigned against the colonial government supported Christian missionaries and officials who treated them and the pilgrims as "ignorant co-religionists" and who aggressively tried to convert the Hindu pilgrims to a Christian sect. According to Maclean, the
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river. The festival is marked by a ritual dip in the waters, but it is also a celebration of community commerce with numerous fairs, education, religious discourses by saints, mass feedings of monks or the poor, and entertainment spectacle. Approximately 50 and 30 million people attended the
822:
reported that between 2 and 2.5 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh mela in 1796 and 1808, then added these numbers may be exaggerations. Between 1892 and 1908, in an era of major famines, cholera and plague epidemics in British India, the pilgrimage dropped to between 300,000 and 400,000.
428:
There have been multiple incidences of Hindu astrologers disagreeing over the exact condition that ushers in a mela. As a result, fairs claimed to be Kumbh Melas have been at the same place in successive years. For example, 1941 and 1942 in Allahabad; and again, 1965 and 1966 in Allahabad.
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Many newly prosperous villagers started attending the Mela a status symbol, and documented their claimed lineages in the registers of the Pryagwals. Many also documented their land ownership claims in these registers, so that these could be used in court cases, in case of any disputes.
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A Christian missionary asked the government not to get involved in organization of Kumbh Mela as it made them complicit in idolatry. However, the Magistrate of Allahabad refused to oblige, arguing that the British involvement was necessary to keep the militarized Sadhus under control.
986:, the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, announced the renaming of the "Ardh Kumbh" as the "Kumbh". On 22 December 2017 the Uttar Pradesh Assembly enacted a law setting up the Prayagraj Mela Authority, and implementing the change of name that Adityanath had announced on 12 December.
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The British abolished the pilgrim taxes as "a measure calculated to augment the popularity of Government... in these disaffected times". A huge number of people attended the Magh Mela that year. A stampede occurred, in which 2 people were killed and another 2 were injured.
902:
Also, in 1941, Daraganj-based Mahanirvani Akhara asked the Government to ban the presence of non-Hindus (Muslim police and Christian missionaries) at the mela. The Akhara also expressed displeasure with granting of official licenses to "gambling carnivals" at the mela.
385:, the 12-year cycle of the historic Maha Kumbh Mela and annual Magh Mela around this time. Since then, every 12 years, the Magh Mela turns into a Maha Kumbh Mela, and six years after a Kumbh Mela, it is an Ardh Kumbh ("Half Kumbh") or Kumbh Mela.
817:
networks helped the pilgrims. However, the attendance varied over time for many reasons and reliable estimates of attendance are scant. The historical and modern estimates of attendance vary greatly between sources. For example, the colonial era
758:
at an "Ad Coomb" (Ardh Kumbh) four years earlier. In his report on the 1870 Magh Mela, the Commissioner of Allahabad J. C. Robertson also stated that this year's fair was a "Koombh". This report is also the earliest extant source that mentions a
887:, which frequently published communal sentiments β urged the government to ban Muslim police from the area. A clash between the Naga Sadhus occurred at the 1906 Mela. The police ordered a cavalry charge to break up the conflict.
1186:
The festival grows in size every time it is held and is considered the world's largest temporary gathering of people. Officials said some 30 million visited the site on Sunday, considered the most auspicious day to bathe in the
425:) does not coincide with the month of Magh. In such a case, the mela is still held in Magh. For example, the 1989 Kumbh Mela should have begun in mid-March according to astrological calculations; however, it started in January.
1061:
Approximately once a century, the Kumbh mela returns after 11 years. This is because of Jupiter's orbit of 11.86 years. With each 12 year cycle per the Georgian calendar, a calendar year adjustment appears in approximately 8
783:
criticize Christianity on Christian festivals. In contrast, the Christian missionaries under the protection of the British government do exactly that to the Hindu community that gathers to celebrate their own festival. This
1025:
solid waste management to ensure that Ganga water is not contaminated and putting up LED lights. Moreover, widening and beatification of 18 roads and 25 road crossings is being done with the deadline of October 2017.
1165:
616:. There are several records of applications from Hindu princes seeking tax-free attendance at the Mela at Prayagraj. Again, all of these describe the mela as an annual one. Bholanath Chunder (1869) of
737:
Like the Haridwar mela, the Prayag mela also had a mercantile component, but on a far smaller scale. European traveler Charles James C. Davidson visited the fair twice, and described it in his book
43:
1020:, over two times more than it had spent on the last Kumbh held in 2013. About 199 projects of 16 government departments are underway under four phases which includes a six-lane bridge over the
720:
requested the British to grant a tax exemption for his 5000-strong retinue. The British agreed to grant an exemption only for 1000 people. An angry Raja abandoned his trip to Allahabad.
455:(pot). These four places, including Prayagraj, are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The river-side fair at Prayagraj is centuries old, but its association with the
656:
The Company outsourced the tax collection at the mela to a native to escape the complexity of the tax system as well as the accusations of profiting from the non-Christian practices.
2128:
2107:
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The Company announced waiving of pilgrim taxes for native soldiers wishing to bathe at Allahabad. This move was intended at strengthening their loyalty to the British government.
1142:
1173:
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started the Kumbh Mela at Prayag in the 8th century, to facilitate meeting of holy men from different regions. However, academics doubt the authenticity of this claim.
334:(half) mela is held after about 6 years at the same site. The 2013 Kumbh mela was the largest religious gathering in the world with almost 120 million visitors. An
1006:
said though the new law was attempting to change the tradition related to Kumbha, it would not change the beliefs and the process of taking the dip in the river.
672:, the tax was severe: in those days 1 rupee was enough to keep a man "in comfort for one month". Another contemporary source puts the tax imposed by company at
463:
and applied it to their local Magh Mela, an annual celebration. The Magh Mela probably dates back to the early centuries CE, and has been mentioned in several
2078:
2033:
1669:
Diary of Travels and Adventures in Upper India: With a Tour in Bundelcund, a Sporting Excursion in the Kingdom of Oude, and a Voyage Down the Ganges
2153:
895:
In 1941, the Government banned sale of tickets intending to travel to Allahabad during 4 January - 4 February 1942. Due to Japan's entry into the
1907:
1411:
1275:
594:(c. 1695-1699) uses the term "Kumbh Mela" to describe only the Mela at Haridwar; it only mentions the existence of an annual Mela at Allahabad.
640:
praises a Muslim named Mir Muhammad Amjad for rendering good service to Hindu pilgrims from the Deccan. Amjad was an officer of Asaf-ud-daula.
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5,490 (a hefty amount in those days), on the basis that he had employed Prayagwals, and people in his retinue had their heads tonsured.
2018:
1500:
1308:
Kama MacLean (August 2003). "Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad".
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harvest, Hindus came to the Triveni Sangam in such large numbers that the jungles and the plains were not sufficient to hold them.
123:
964:).The 2013 festival in Prayagraj was one of the first mass gatherings to have cloud-based near real time disease surveillance.
704:, refused to pay tax on the grounds that he did not take a bath. However, the local British Collector sent Rewa a tax bill of
2256:
2211:
1968:
1890:
1851:
1824:
1765:
1699:
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held every 12th year. In contrast, there are multiple references to the name "Kumbh Mela" as well as a 12-year cycle for the
1780:
2178:
1937:
17:
741:(1843). According to him, the wares put up for sale at the mela were low-value items "usually found in all Indian fairs".
600:(1834 CE) similarly mentions that the mela at Allahabad is held every winter in Magha, when the sun enters the Capricorn.
324:
899:, the Government wanted to keep the number of attendees low. There were rumours that Japan was going to bomb Allahabad.
502:(Hiuen Tsang) possibly contain a reference to an ancient version of this fair in 644 CE. Xuanzang mentions that Emperor
459:
myth and a 12-year old cycle dates back to the 19th century. The priests of Prayagraj borrowed these concepts from the
1364:
692:
The Company made arrangements for a "great" congregation of people at the "melah" that had not occurred in 28 years.
38:
1784:
883:
In 1905, a group of prayagwals ceased eating at a charitable feast due to presence of a Muslim police officer.
2310:
994:
said that the law setting up the authority had many provisions that were against the established tenets of
295:
1543:
814:
566:
mentions the mela in Allahabad as an annual one, but does not contain any reference to a 12-year cycle.
2305:
676:
3 and mentions greater expense is incurred in charity and gifts to Brahmins sitting by the river side.
604:
338:
was held in early 2019. The next full Kumbh mela is scheduled for 2025. The exact date is based on the
1984:
1408:
762:
of sadhus at Allahabad; this procession occurs only during a Kumbh Mela, and not during a Magh Mela.
2004:
1254:
960:
over a two-month period, including over 30 million on a single day, on 10 February 2013 (the day of
367:). The site, its sacredness, bathing pilgrimage and the annual festival is mentioned in the ancient
357:
The Mela is one of the four fairs traditionally recognized as Kumbh Melas. An annual fair, known as
2315:
1042:
1038:
929:
1855:
863:
534:
states the exalted holiness of Prayag in the Magha month, but does not mention any "Kumbh Mela".
1608:
A Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Description of Hindostan, and the Adjacent Counties
1393:
1017:
973:
775:
552:
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There is no record of a Kumbh Mela with a 12-year cycle at Prayag before the 19th century. The
335:
265:
1958:
1880:
1667:
1606:
1473:
1446:
1200:
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declared the Kumbh to be an "intangible cultural heritage of humanity". On 12 December 2017,
1859:
1352:
858:
717:
701:
414:
351:
227:
2201:
2088:
991:
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suggested that the reason for the changes may have been to increase revenue from tourists.
590:
539:
8:
2300:
2112:
1357:
South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora
1229:
South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora
987:
617:
613:
608:
584:, also from the 16th century, mentions that Allahabad is especially holy in the month of
460:
398:
235:
620:
also mentions "the especial great mela" at Allahabad as an annual one, held in January.
2285:
2233:
2083:
1333:
1325:
759:
418:
363:, has been held at Prayag Triveni sangam since ancient times (at least early centuries
347:
59:
995:
494:
of Akbar's era added an inscription that mentions the "Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj".
2262:
2252:
2207:
2051:
1964:
1886:
1820:
1761:
1695:
1479:
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1360:
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596:
402:
2221:
1317:
948:
872:
571:
547:
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480:
475:
410:
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on 3 February 1954. Around 5 million pilgrims had visited the festival that year.
1814:
1755:
1689:
1429:
1415:
1227:
1100:
983:
637:
490:) contains many inscriptions since the 3rd century BCE. Sometime around 1575 CE,
438:
406:
311:
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1 for anyone who wanted to bathe at the Mela. According to Welsh travel writer
645:
558:
339:
97:
1083:
805:
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mentions that he visited a Magh Mela (and not a Kumbh Mela). The 16th century
2294:
2266:
1989:
1373:
1003:
868:
751:
641:
585:
530:
394:
138:
125:
111:
34:
1045:. The deadliest of these was the 1954 stampede, which left 800 people dead.
940:
More than 70 million people visited Ardh Kumbh Mela during a 45-day period.
1011:
999:
896:
669:
580:
518:
199:
2246:
774:
The Prayagwals along the general Hindu community disliked the presence of
784:
421:, and Sun in Capricorn. However, at times this astrological combination (
373:
231:
2237:
2108:"Full or ardh? UP government's mela hype triggers fight over Kumbh name"
1942:
1865:
1329:
867:, it was during the Kumbh Mela in January 1894 at Prayag that his Guru
664:
The Company took over the pilgrim tax collection, and imposed a tax of
503:
364:
320:
316:
299:
1143:"Mauni Amavasya: Five crore pilgrims take holy dip at Kumbh till 5 pm"
449:(the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in a
2226:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
957:
575:
359:
287:
107:
2280:
1321:
1255:"Official Website of Kumbh Mela 2013 Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India"
1034:
961:
956:
An estimated 120 million people visited Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 in
563:
499:
283:
1545:
The travels of a Hindoo to various parts of Bengal and Upper India
744:
2251:. Kedar Narain, Christopher N. Burchett. Vararasi: Pilgrims Pub.
1471:
915:
378:
343:
319:
in 2019 and Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 respectively to bathe in the
2052:"Kumbh Mela: Worry at antibiotics overuse at India's Kumbh Mela"
574:
also mentions that the mela as annual. It states that after the
2129:"Kumbh 2019 work begins, officials arrive with men and machine"
2079:"Bill to set up Prayagraj Mela Authority passed in UP Assembly"
1021:
979:
535:
514:
507:
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184:
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held in Allahabad because of disturbances resulting from the
291:
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27:
Gathering or a fair held every 12 years at Prayagraj in India
2203:
Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954
1816:
Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954
1757:
Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954
1691:
Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954
769:
2286:
Everything You Need To Know About Allahabad Kumbh Mela 2019
1852:
Autobiography of a Yogi by Paramahansa Yogananda Chapter 36
1694:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74β77, 95β98, 125β126.
1501:"Kumbh mela dates back to mid-19th century, shows research"
279:
2248:
Kumbh Mela and the sadhus : the quest for immortality
1791:
1735:
1720:
1708:
1427:
542:
visited Prayag in 1514, and participated in a bath on the
2102:
2100:
2098:
2056:
1665:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1252:
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2069:
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2019:"Over 3 crore take holy dip in Sangam on Mauni Amavasya"
2005:"Photos: Kumbh Mela, world's biggest religious festival"
1637:
1635:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1164:
Pradhan, Sharat (11 February 2013), Neil Fullick (ed.),
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have occurred at the Prayag Kumbh Mela, in 1840, 1906,
2095:
1918:
1833:
1552:
247:
2064:
1985:"Record 120 million take dip as Maha Kumbh fest ends"
1647:
1632:
1615:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1571:
1523:
1511:
330:
The full Kumbh mela is held every 12 years, while an
1391:
393:
The Kumbh Mela at Allahabad is held in the month of
2224:(1935). "A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of AΕoka".
1350:
1198:
381:of Prayag) are believed to have adopted the 6 year
2034:"Over three crore devotees take the dip at Sangam"
1760:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74β77, 95β98.
1595:
1541:
2219:
1379:
1226:James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
1166:"Allahabad stampede kills 36 Kumbh Mela pilgrims"
1016:will be allotted by the state government for the
813:Mid-19th century onwards, the improving road and
470:
2292:
2154:"city goal round develop just like metro cities"
1225:
1604:
745:Transformation of the Magh Mela into Kumbh Mela
607:gained control of the Prayagraj area after the
1219:
739:Diary of Travels and Adventures in Upper India
1498:
1409:Buddhist Records of the Western World, Book V
1202:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M
1130:. Vol. 8. Macmillan. pp. 5264β5265.
648:, greatly reduced the pilgrim tax this year.
1956:
1905:
1812:
1753:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1659:
1492:
1472:Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011).
1307:
1125:
1098:
836:beef" as they watched the pilgrims bathing.
628:Some of the Company-era Magh Melas include:
350:zodiac and while the sun and the moon is in
2025:
1274:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1205:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 380.
919:Procession of sadhus at the 2001 Kumbh Mela
278:, also known as Allahabad Kumbh Mela, is a
1878:
1444:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1126:Williams Sox (2005). Lindsay Jones (ed.).
282:, or religious gathering, associated with
1676:
1076:
839:
770:Christian missionaries attack on Hinduism
623:
342:and is determined by the entry of planet
1819:. Oxford University Press. p. 132.
1451:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 127β.
1402:
947:
935:
914:
804:
474:
2199:
1924:
1839:
1800:
1741:
1729:
1714:
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1641:
1626:
1589:
1577:
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1529:
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1434:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. xxii.
1282:
1163:
967:
14:
2293:
2244:
2126:
2031:
1119:
1092:
513:A common conception, advocated by the
1428:Dilip Kumar Roy; Indira Devi (1955).
1353:"The Kumbh Mela Festival Processions"
1232:. Routledge. pp. 40 footnote 3.
1128:Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition
928:Around 800 people were killed in the
498:The writings of the Chinese traveler
1908:"British scrapped Magh mela in 1942"
1774:
910:
176:2025 (Purn Kumbha / Maha Kumbh Mela)
1548:. N. Trubner & Co. p. 304.
1105:. Harmony Books. pp. 153β155.
943:
923:
890:
878:
852:
830:
24:
2179:"Maha Kumbh Mela (1954): 800 dead"
1957:Sarina Singh (15 September 2010).
1938:"Maha Kumbh Mela (1954): 800 dead"
1666:Charles James C. Davidson (1843).
1499:Vikram Doctor (10 February 2013).
1478:. SAGE Publications. p. 677.
195:
25:
2327:
2274:
2127:Sharma, Aman (29 December 2017).
2032:Rashid, Omar (11 February 2013).
1088:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2015.
791:
1906:Vinod Khanal (14 January 2016).
1879:Mark Tully (14 September 1992).
1431:Kumbha: India's ageless festival
259:
58:
2193:
2171:
2146:
2120:
2044:
2011:
1997:
1977:
1950:
1930:
1899:
1872:
1845:
1806:
1785:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
1747:
1535:
1475:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
1465:
1438:
1421:
1385:
1344:
1253:Mela Adhikari Kumbh Mela 2013.
700:Bishunath Singh, the prince of
1963:. Lonely Planet. p. 434.
1398:. Vol. 1. pp. 37β39.
1395:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
1246:
1192:
1157:
1135:
1055:
800:
538:'s prominent spiritual leader
471:Early records of the Magh Mela
13:
1:
1392:Alexander Cunningham (1877).
1380:Krishnaswamy & Ghosh 1935
1355:. In Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
1069:
484:
2021:. IBNLive. 10 February 2013.
1382:, pp. 698β699, 702β703.
1351:James G. Lochtefeld (2008).
1310:The Journal of Asian Studies
1199:James G. Lochtefeld (2002).
1028:
7:
1885:. Penguin UK. p. 138.
1611:. John Murray. p. 301.
1542:Bholanauth Chunder (1869).
820:Imperial Gazetteer of India
10:
2332:
1672:. H. Colburn. p. 319.
1085:Kumbh Mela: Hindu festival
971:
605:British East India Company
481:Ashoka pillar at Prayagraj
432:
325:largest peaceful gathering
1359:. Routledge. p. 70.
1102:India: A Sacred Geography
732:
340:Hindu luni-solar calendar
258:
242:
223:
215:
207:
191:
180:
172:
164:
154:
117:
103:
93:
85:
77:
69:
57:
52:
1788:, 1909, v. 13, pp. 52β53
1605:Walter Hamilton (1820).
1048:
930:1954 Kumbh Mela stampede
388:
323:Ganges, making them the
286:and held in the city of
187:, pilgrims and merchants
1856:Autobiography of a Yogi
864:Autobiography of a Yogi
809:Kumbh Mela in the 1850s
723:
711:
695:
687:
679:
659:
651:
631:
234:until 1947; thereafter
168:2019 (Ardh Kumbha Mela)
39:Infobox recurring event
31:
2245:Narain, Badri (2010).
2200:Maclean, Kama (2008),
1882:No Full Stops in India
1448:No Full Stops in India
974:2019 Prayag Kumbh Mela
953:
920:
840:Ardha Kumbh Mela, 1888
810:
776:Christian missionaries
624:Company-era Magh Melas
553:Chaitanya Charitamrita
495:
266:2019 Prayag Kumbh Mela
44:considered for merging
2007:. CNN. 25 March 2013.
1860:Paramahansa Yogananda
1813:Kama Maclean (2008).
1754:Kama Maclean (2008).
1688:Kama Maclean (2008).
1099:Diana L. Eck (2012).
951:
936:Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2007
918:
859:Paramahansa Yogananda
808:
478:
327:events in the world.
219:Prayag Mela Authority
2220:Krishnaswamy, C.S.;
1414:4 March 2016 at the
992:Ram Govind Chaudhary
968:Prayagraj Kumbh 2019
875:for the first time.
591:Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh
64:2013 Maha Kumbh Mela
18:Allahabad Kumbh Mela
2311:January observances
2113:The Hindustan Times
2091:. 22 December 2017.
2060:. 5 September 2023.
1960:Lonely Planet India
1803:, pp. 122β124.
1744:, pp. 126β127.
1732:, pp. 124β126.
1717:, pp. 125β127.
1445:Mark Tully (1992).
1176:on 16 November 2017
988:The Hindustan Times
614:Haridwar Kumbh Mela
609:Treaty of Allahabad
461:Haridwar Kumbh Mela
417:; or Jupiter is in
310:, and the mythical
236:Government of India
135: /
2133:The Economic Times
2084:The Indian Express
1912:The Times of India
978:In December 2017,
954:
921:
811:
496:
228:East India Company
2306:Prayagraj culture
2258:978-81-7769-805-3
2222:Ghosh, Amalananda
2213:978-0-19-533894-2
2116:. 9 January 2019.
1970:978-1-74220-347-8
1892:978-0-14-192775-6
1826:978-0-19-971335-6
1767:978-0-19-971335-6
1701:978-0-19-971335-6
1485:978-1-4522-6656-5
1458:978-0-14-192775-6
1239:978-1-134-07459-4
1212:978-0-8239-3179-8
1112:978-0-385-53190-0
911:Independent India
597:Yadgar-i-Bahaduri
506:(identified with
445:dropped drops of
276:Prayag Kumbh Mela
272:
271:
139:25.431Β°N 81.885Β°E
53:Prayag Kumbh Mela
16:(Redirected from
2323:
2281:Official website
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1993:. 12 March 2013.
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1145:. Times of India
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1080:
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944:Kumbh Mela, 2013
924:Kumbh Mela, 1954
891:Kumbh Mela, 1942
879:Kumbh Mela, 1906
873:Mahavatar Babaji
861:in his work the
853:Kumbh Mela, 1894
831:Kumbh mela, 1882
707:
675:
667:
572:Nizamuddin Ahmad
568:Tabaqat-i-Akbari
548:Bengali language
544:Makara Sankranti
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2185:. 4 March 2010.
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1946:. 4 March 2010.
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984:Yogi Adityanath
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952:2013 Kumbh Mela
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618:Asiatic Society
528:section of the
526:Prayag Mahatmya
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336:Ardh Kumbh Mela
315:Prayagraj Ardh
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2158:www.jagran.com
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1925:Maclean 2008
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1418:by Xuan Zang
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1258:. Retrieved
1248:
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1178:, retrieved
1174:the original
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1147:. Retrieved
1137:
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716:The Raja of
715:
699:
691:
683:
670:Fanny Parkes
663:
655:
635:
627:
602:
595:
589:
581:Ain-i-Akbari
579:
567:
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551:
529:
525:
523:
519:Adi Shankara
512:
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450:
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372:
358:
356:
331:
329:
275:
273:
264:
230:until 1857;
216:Organised by
202:4,200 crores
181:Participants
37:
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2206:, OUP USA,
1260:24 November
1180:15 November
1041:, 1986 and
1014:2,500 crore
801:British Raj
785:orientalist
488: 1900
374:Mahabharata
232:British Raj
142: /
118:Coordinates
104:Location(s)
33:βΉ The
2301:Kumbh Mela
2295:Categories
2183:rediff.com
2163:19 January
2040:. Chennai.
1943:rediff.com
1866:wikisource
1149:4 February
1070:References
760:procession
517:, is that
504:Shiladitya
423:Kumbh Yoga
321:holy river
317:Kumbh Mela
300:confluence
173:Next event
130:81Β°53β²06β³E
127:25Β°25β²52β³N
2267:588502369
2038:The Hindu
1338:162404242
1035:stampedes
1029:Stampedes
958:Prayagraj
540:Chaitanya
415:Capricorn
360:Magh Mela
352:Capricorn
312:Sarasvati
294:, at the
288:Prayagraj
108:Prayagraj
86:Frequency
42:is being
2238:25201233
1781:Haridwar
1412:Archived
1270:cite web
1033:Several
564:Tulsidas
500:Xuanzang
379:Brahmins
284:Hinduism
208:Activity
46:. βΊ
35:template
1330:3591863
1170:Reuters
1062:cycles.
1009:Around
815:railway
638:Scindia
550:source
515:akharas
483:(photo
465:Puranas
433:History
413:are in
399:Jupiter
369:Puranas
344:Jupiter
302:of the
243:Website
224:Sponsor
211:Rituals
185:Akharas
155:Country
2265:
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2138:8 July
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1187:river.
1109:
1022:Ganges
980:UNESCO
733:Others
644:, the
546:. The
536:Bengal
508:Harsha
492:Birbal
457:kumbha
452:kumbha
447:amrita
443:Vishnu
419:Taurus
405:, and
401:is in
383:kumbha
348:Taurus
308:Yamuna
306:, the
304:Ganges
298:, the
192:Budget
73:Active
70:Status
2234:JSTOR
1334:S2CID
1326:JSTOR
1049:Notes
586:Magha
403:Aries
397:when
389:Dates
332:ardha
292:India
248:kumbh
159:India
94:Venue
78:Genre
2263:OCLC
2253:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2165:2019
2140:2018
1965:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1276:link
1262:2015
1234:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1182:2017
1151:2019
1107:ISBN
1043:2013
1039:1954
998:and
871:met
724:1840
718:Rewa
712:1836
702:Rewa
696:1833
688:1812
680:1808
660:1806
652:1801
632:1790
603:The
576:rabi
479:The
411:Moon
409:and
395:Magh
280:mela
274:The
250:.gov
196:est.
81:Fair
2089:PTI
2057:BBC
1858:by
1318:doi
562:of
407:Sun
346:in
252:.in
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