792:. The airborne spores from mushrooms reach levels comparable to those of mold and pollens. The levels of mushroom respiratory allergy are as high as 30 percent of those with allergic disorder, but it is believed to be less than 1 percent of food allergies. Heavy rainfall (which increases fungal spore release) is associated with increased hospital admissions of children with asthma. A study in New Zealand found that 22 percent of patients with respiratory allergic disorders tested positive for basidiospores allergies. Mushroom spore allergies can cause either immediate allergic symptomatology or delayed allergic reactions. Those with asthma are more likely to have immediate allergic reactions and those with allergic rhinitis are more likely to have delayed allergic responses. A study found that 27 percent of patients were allergic to basidiomycete mycelia extracts and 32 percent were allergic to basidiospore extracts, thus demonstrating the high incidence of fungal sensitisation in individuals with suspected allergies. It has been found that of basidiomycete cap, mycelia, and spore extracts that spore extracts are the most reliable extract for diagnosing basidiomycete allergy.
755:, protease allergens cleave the same sensor proteins that evolved to detect proteases produced by the parasitic worms. Additionally, a new report on seasonal allergies called "Extreme allergies and Global Warming", have found that many allergy triggers are worsening due to climate change. 16 states in the United States were named as "Allergen Hotspots" for large increases in allergenic tree pollen if global warming pollution keeps increasing. Therefore, researchers on this report claimed that global warming is bad news for millions of asthmatics in the United States whose asthma attacks are triggered by seasonal allergies. Indeed, seasonal allergies are one of the main triggers for asthma, along with colds or flu, cigarette smoke and exercise. In Canada, for example, up to 75% of asthmatics also have seasonal allergies.
775:(RAST) or the more recent enzyme allergosorbent tests (EAST), implemented to detect high levels of allergen-specific IgE in response to particular allergens. Although blood tests are less accurate than the skin tests, they can be performed on patients unable to undergo skin testing. Imaging tests can be useful to detect sinusitis in people who have chronic rhinitis, and they can work when other test results are ambiguous. There is also nasal endoscopy, wherein a tube is inserted through the nose with a small camera to view the passageways and examine any irregularities in the nose structure. Endoscopy can be used for some cases of chronic or unresponsive seasonal rhinitis.
224:
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allergens like pollen. When an allergen enters the body of an individual that is predisposed to allergies, it triggers an immune reaction and the production of antibodies. These allergen antibodies migrate to mast cells lining the nose, eyes, and lungs. When an allergen drifts into the nose more than once, mast cells release a slew of chemicals or histamines that irritate and inflame the moist membranes lining the nose and produce the symptoms of an allergic reaction: scratchy throat, itching, sneezing and watery eyes. Some symptoms that differentiate allergies from a cold include:
751:
apples, grapes, peaches, celery, and apricots, produce severe itching in the ears and throat. The cypress pollen allergy brings a cross reactivity between diverse species like olive, privet, ash and
Russian olive tree pollen allergens. In some rural areas, there is another form of seasonal grass allergy, combining airborne particles of pollen mixed with mold. Recent research has suggested that humans might develop allergies as a defense to fight off parasites. According to Yale University Immunologist
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recommend the treatment to follow. 2 tests have to be done in order to determine the cause: a blood test and a skin test. Allergists do skin tests in one of two ways: either dropping some purified liquid of the allergen onto the skin and pricking the area with a small needle; or injecting a small amount of allergen under the skin.
954:
treatment involves administering doses of allergens to accustom the body to induce specific long-term tolerance. Allergy immunotherapy can be administered orally (as sublingual tablets or sublingual drops), or by injections under the skin (subcutaneous). Immunotherapy contains a small amount of the
182:
by changing a skin cell's configuration so that it is no longer recognized by the immune system as part of the body. Various trees and wood products such as paper, cardboard, MDF etc. can also cause mild to severe allergy symptoms through touch or inhalation of sawdust such as asthma and skin rash.
150:
recognizes nine foods as major food allergens: peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, milk, shellfish, fish, wheat, soy, and most recently sesame, as well as sulfites (chemical-based, often found in flavors and colors in foods) at 10ppm and over. In other countries, due to differences in the genetic profiles of
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Among seasonal allergies, there are some allergens that fuse together and produce a new type of allergy. For instance, grass pollen allergens cross-react with food allergy proteins in vegetables such as onion, lettuce, carrots, celery, and corn. Besides, the cousins of birch pollen allergens, like
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Ladders are also used for egg and milk allergies as a home-based therapy mainly for children. Such methods cited in the UK involve the gradual introduction of the allergen in a cooked form where the protein allergenicity has been reduced to become less potent. By reintroducing the allergen from a
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Alternative tools are available to identify seasonal allergies, such as laboratory tests, imaging tests, and nasal endoscopy. In the laboratory tests, the doctor will take a nasal smear and it will be examined microscopically for factors that may indicate a cause: increased numbers of eosinophils
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Based on the symptoms seen on the patient, the answers given in terms of symptom evaluation and a physical exam, doctors can make a diagnosis to identify if the patient has a seasonal allergy. After performing the diagnosis, the doctor is able to tell the main cause of the allergic reaction and
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If both parents have had allergies in the past, there is a 66% chance for the individual to experience seasonal allergies, and the risk lowers to 60% if just one parent has had allergies. The immune system also has strong influence on seasonal allergies, because it reacts differently to diverse
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An allergic reaction can be caused by any form of direct contact with the allergen—consuming food or drink one is sensitive to (ingestion), breathing in pollen, perfume or pet dander (inhalation), or brushing a body part against an allergy-causing plant (direct contact). Other common causes of
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were described as being possible airborne allergens and were linked to asthma in 1969. Basidiospores are the dominant airborne fungal allergens. Fungal allergies are associated with seasonal asthma. They are considered to be a major source of airborne allergens. The basidospore family include
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fully cooked, usually baked, state research suggests that a tolerance can emerge to certain egg and milk allergies under the supervision of a dietitian or specialist. The suitability of this treatment is debated between UK and North
American experts.
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Seasonal allergy symptoms are commonly experienced during specific parts of the year, usually during spring, summer or fall when certain trees or grasses pollinate. This depends on the kind of tree or grass. For instance, some trees such as
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1594:
885:. However, these antihistamines may cause extreme drowsiness, therefore, people are advised to not operate heavy machinery or drive while taking this kind of medication. Other side effects include dry
151:
their citizens and different levels of exposure to specific foods, the official allergen lists will vary. Canada recognizes all nine of the allergens recognized by the US as well as mustard. The
1364:"Cross-reactive N-glycans of Api g 5, a high molecular weight glycoprotein allergen from celery, are required for immunoglobulin E binding and activation of effector cells from allergic patients"
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1602:
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Santilli J, Rockwell WJ, Collins RP (September 1985). "The significance of the spores of the
Basidiomycetes (mushrooms and their allies) in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis".
944:. Some of their side-effects include drowsiness. For eye symptoms, it is important to first bath the eyes with plain eyewashes to reduce the irritation. People should not wear
1889:
Horner WE, Lopez M, Salvaggio JE, Lehrer SB (1991). "Basidiomycete allergy: identification and characterization of an important allergen from
Calvatia cyathiformis".
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to the person experiencing anaphylaxis, which suppresses the body's overreaction to the allergen, and allows for the patient to be transported to a medical facility.
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Bloom KA, Huang FR, Bencharitiwong R, Bardina L, Ross A, Sampson HA, et al. (December 2014). "Effect of heat treatment on milk and egg proteins allergenicity".
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Van
Overtvelt L. et al. Immune mechanisms of allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy. Revue française d'allergologie et d'immunologie clinique. 2006; 46: 713–720.
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Zug KA, Warshaw EM, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Belsito DL, Pratt MD, et al. (2009). "Patch-test results of the North
American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006".
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Rosmilah M, Shahnaz M, Patel G, Lock J, Rahman D, Masita A, et al. (December 2008). "Characterization of major allergens of royal jelly Apis mellifera".
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Sensitivities vary widely from one person (or from one animal) to another. A very broad range of substances can be allergens to sensitive individuals.
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Lopez M, Butcher BT, Salvaggio JE, Olson JA, Reed MA, McCants ML, et al. (1985). "Basidiomycete allergy: what is the best source of antigen?".
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Sprenger JD, Altman LC, O'Neil CE, Ayars GH, Butcher BT, Lehrer SB (December 1988). "Prevalence of basidiospore allergy in the
Pacific Northwest".
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skin lesions. Children who are born during autumn months (during fungal spore season) are more likely to develop asthmatic symptoms later in life.
2955:
Venter C, Meyer R, Ebisawa M, Athanasopoulou P, Mack DP (January 2022). Eigenmann PA (ed.). "Food allergen ladders: A need for standardization".
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is a predominant air-borne allergen affecting up to 22 percent of patients with respiratory allergies. Some fungal air-borne allergens such as
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2152:
Weissman DN, Halmepuro L, Salvaggio JE, Lehrer SB (1987). "Antigenic/allergenic analysis of basidiomycete cap, mycelia, and spore extracts".
768:(white blood cells), which indicates an allergic condition. If there is a high count of eosinophils, an allergic condition might be present.
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1563:
703:, which includes watering and itchy eyes. Also an initial tickle on the roof of the mouth or in the back of the throat may be experienced.
1685:
1624:
2201:
Liengswangwong V, Salvaggio JE, Lyon FL, Lehrer SB (May 1987). "Basidiospore allergens: determination of optimal extraction methods".
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Grass allergy is generally linked to hay fever because their symptoms and causes are somehow similar to each other. Symptoms include
2659:
3125:
2859:"Primary care as a setting for introducing milk using the milk ladder in children with IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy"
1481:
1401:
1116:"Revised Labelling Regulations for Food Allergens, Gluten Sources and Sulphites (Amendments to the Food and Drug Regulations)"
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65:. In atopic individuals, non-parasitic antigens stimulate inappropriate IgE production, leading to type I hypersensitivity.
179:
2626:
2113:"Basidiomycete mycelia and spore-allergen extracts: skin test reactivity in adults with symptoms of respiratory allergy"
61:. However, some individuals may respond to many common environmental antigens. This hereditary predisposition is called
3118:
1197:
dos Santos-Pinto JR, dos Santos LD, Arcuri HA, da Silva
Menegasso AR, Pêgo PN, Santos KS, et al. (January 2015).
1503:
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1718:
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688:
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2336:
Stephen E, Raftery AE, Dowding P (August 1990). "Forecasting spore concentrations: a time series approach".
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to help relieve a stuffy nose and they can stop the itching and sneezing. Some over-the-counter options are
2057:
Hasnain SM, Wilson JD, Newhook FJ, Segedin BP (May 1985). "Allergy to basidiospores: immunologic studies".
1337:
147:
80:
2014:
Khot A, Burn R, Evans N, Lenney W, Storr J (July 1988). "Biometeorological triggers in childhood asthma".
1662:
1533:
1442:
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902:
850:
2810:"The influence of the time and temperature of heat treatment on the allergenicity of egg white proteins"
2724:"Canadian food ladders for dietary advancement in children with IgE-mediated allergy to milk and/or egg"
2604:
2443:"Coprinus comatus (shaggy cap) is a potential source of aeroallergen that may provoke atopic dermatitis"
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3288:
1238:
Zamith-Miranda D, Fox EG, Monteiro AP, Gama D, Poublan LE, de Araujo AF, et al. (September 2018).
3033:"Dietary Advancement Therapy Using Milk and Egg Ladders Among Children With a History of Anaphylaxis"
2992:"Dietary Advancement Therapy Using Milk and Egg Ladders Among Children With a History of Anaphylaxis"
2683:"Dietary Advancement Therapy Using Milk and Egg Ladders Among Children With a History of Anaphylaxis"
3110:
57:(IgE) responses. Most humans mount significant Immunoglobulin E responses only as a defense against
2857:
Cronin C, McGinley AM, Flores L, McKiernan A, Velasco R, O'B Hourihane J, et al. (July 2023).
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772:
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Bublin M, Radauer C, Wilson IB, Kraft D, Scheiner O, Breiteneder H, et al. (September 2003).
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46:
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Chomyn A, Chan ES, Yeung J, Vander Leek TK, Williams BA, Soller L, et al. (August 2021).
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Harley KG, Macher JM, Lipsett M, Duramad P, Holland NT, Prager SS, et al. (April 2009).
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1918:
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2484:"Fungi and pollen exposure in the first months of life and risk of early childhood wheezing"
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3387:
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3031:
Gallagher A, Cronin C, Heng TA, McKiernan A, Tobin C, Flores L, et al. (August 2024).
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Gallagher A, Cronin C, Heng TA, McKiernan A, Tobin C, Flores L, et al. (August 2024).
2681:
Gallagher A, Cronin C, Heng TA, McKiernan A, Tobin C, Flores L, et al. (August 2024).
2414:
Gupta SK, Pereira BM, Singh AB (March 1999). "Fomes pectinatis: an aeroallergen in India".
2345:
1797:
Herxheimer H, Hyde HA, Williams DA (July 1969). "Allergic asthma caused by basidiospores".
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Another laboratory test is the blood test for IgE (immunoglobulin production), such as the
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8:
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Also, depending on the season, the symptoms may be more severe and people may experience
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58:
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Hasnain SM, Wilson JD, Newhook FJ (May 1985). "Fungal allergy and respiratory disease".
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19:
This article is about the antigen. For the Irish-registered pharmaceutical company, see
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1991:
1974:
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1199:"B-cell linear epitopes mapping of antigen-5 allergen from Polybia paulista wasp venom"
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In Canada, 8% of children attending allergy clinics were found to be allergic to
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Lehrer SB, Lopez M, Butcher BT, Olson J, Reed M, Salvaggio JE (September 1986).
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are significant airborne spores. Other significant fungal allergens include
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Fischer B, Yawalkar N, Brander KA, Pichler WJ, Helbling A (October 1999).
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Tarlo SM, Bell B, Srinivasan J, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE (July 1979).
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Type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response
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715:
714:, and irritability. A few people even become depressed, lose their
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329:
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20:
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Journal of
Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases
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of miscellaneous plant pollens. Pollens are very common allergens.
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2627:"Allergy Shots (Subcutaneous Immunotherapy) | Allergy Treatment"
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are normally the first option. They may be taken together with
838:
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207:. An extremely serious form of an allergic reaction is called
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96:
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Dhillon M (May 1991). "Current status of mold immunotherapy".
76:
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In addition to foreign proteins found in foreign serum (from
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American
College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI)
3037:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice
2996:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice
2687:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice
2243:
2056:
1240:"The allergic response mediated by fire ant venom proteins"
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597:
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371:
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1096:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 10 January 2023
211:. One form of treatment is the administration of sterile
897:, confusion, and light-headedness. There is also a newer
673:
669:
442:
376:
263:
196:
2908:"Home-based graded exposure to egg to treat egg allergy"
2601:"Oral Immunotherapy (OIT) in Practice - FoodAllergy.org"
2287:
International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology
2154:
International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology
1891:
International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology
1361:
1061:
103:
Allergens can be found in a variety of sources, such as
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Allermatch — Sequence comparison to allergenic proteins
2906:
Cotter S, Lad D, Byrne A, Hourihane JO (October 2021).
2905:
2110:
2083:
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Levetin E (April 1989). "Basidiospore identification".
1742:"Possible role of basidiospores as air-borne allergens"
1414:
1036:
1796:
1595:"Seasonal allergies getting worse from Climate Change"
1294:
3551:
2335:
1417:
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug
1297:"Hymenoptera venom review focusing on Apis mellifera"
1831:
30:
is an otherwise harmless substance that triggers an
2562:"Non-Sedating or Anti-Drowsy Antihistamine Tablets"
2013:
143:are the cause of serious allergies in many people.
2554:
1972:
1150:Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP)
746:These symptoms usually last longer than 7–10 days.
722:may also become congested, some people experience
3096:SDAP — Structural database of allergenic proteins
2413:
1408:
1037:Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Kuby J, Osborne BA (2003).
740:Sneezes occurring in rapid and several sequences.
718:, or have problems sleeping. Moreover, since the
3587:
1435:
955:substance that triggers the allergic reactions.
924:is pseudoephedrine and its side-effects include
178:, which causes the skin rash condition known as
2416:Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology
684:, timothy and orchard pollinate in the summer.
680:pollinate in the spring, while grasses such as
3076:"General information on allergy and allergens"
2447:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2321:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2250:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2186:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2117:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1940:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1923:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
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1203:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
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2434:
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1504:"Seasonal allergies: Something to sneeze at"
1336:Solensky R. Phillips EJ, Feldweg AM (eds.).
1094:Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
2644:
1879:
34:in sensitive individuals by stimulating an
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2807:
2246:"Human sensitization to Ganoderma antigen"
1599:National Wildlife Federation. Media Center
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2814:Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research
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1990:
1973:Koivikko A, Savolainen J (January 1988).
1765:
1480:. Rahway, NJ, USA: Merck & Co., Inc.
1379:
1338:"Penicillin allergy: Immediate reactions"
1312:
1271:
1214:
936:are available by prescription, including
2728:Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology
1686:"Eosinophilia - Hematology and Oncology"
1592:
1041:(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
222:
86:
75:
2386:
2338:International Journal of Biometeorology
1858:
1740:Gregory PH, Hirst JM (September 1952).
1295:de Lima PR, Brochetto-Braga MR (2003).
932:, and difficulty urinating. Some other
788:mushrooms, rusts, smuts, brackets, and
3588:
1120:Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
901:that are generally classified as the "
737:Mucous secretions are runny and clear.
119:. Food allergies are not as common as
41:In technical terms, an allergen is an
3114:
1564:"Parasites behind seasonal allergies"
1514:from the original on 2 September 2010
1471:
1465:
1683:
1625:"Asthma and Allergies: The Symptoms"
1404:from the original on 4 January 2007.
1335:
2808:Shin M, Han Y, Ahn K (March 2013).
2524:
948:during episodes of conjunctivitis.
899:second generation of antihistamines
180:urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
13:
3080:Health On the Net (HON) Foundation
2912:Clinical and Translational Allergy
2863:Clinical and Translational Allergy
2662:from the original on 22 April 2010
2542:from the original on 15 April 2010
2215:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1987.tb02003.x
2028:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02882.x
1992:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1988.tb02037.x
1690:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1534:"Seasonal Allergies: What to know"
1484:from the original on 12 April 2010
311:(also found naturally in numerous
14:
3617:
3068:
1443:"Seasonal Allergy — What to Know"
1146:"Food Allergens - European Union"
869:. In the case of nasal symptoms,
837:are associated with worsening of
45:that is capable of stimulating a
3573:
3561:
2957:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
2775:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
1152:. University of Nebraska–Lincoln
905:" or anti-drowsy, which include
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2801:
2766:
2715:
2674:
2619:
2593:
2584:
2475:
2407:
2380:
2329:
2278:
2237:
2194:
2145:
2104:
2077:
2059:The New Zealand Medical Journal
2007:
1966:
1931:
1852:
1834:The New Zealand Medical Journal
1825:
1790:
1733:
1703:
1677:
1647:
1617:
1586:
1556:
1526:
1496:
1355:
1329:
1314:10.1590/S1678-91992003000200002
1178:from the original on 2 May 2014
3460:Immunoglobulin class switching
2603:. 3 March 2024. Archived from
1288:
1231:
1190:
1164:
1138:
1108:
1082:
1055:
1030:
471:Top 5 allergens discovered in
155:additionally recognizes other
1:
2568:. New Zealand. Archived from
2460:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70295-2
1811:10.1016/s0140-6736(69)92441-6
1172:"Wood Allergies and Toxicity"
1024:
2263:10.1016/0091-6749(79)90082-4
2130:10.1016/0091-6749(86)90036-9
1952:10.1016/0091-6749(88)90146-7
1593:Weinmann A (14 April 2010).
851:over-the-counter medications
844:
758:
743:Itchy throat, ears and nose.
246:, common allergens include:
148:Food and Drug Administration
7:
2303:(inactive 18 August 2024).
2168:(inactive 18 August 2024).
1905:(inactive 18 August 2024).
1715:New York Times Health Guide
962:
903:non-sedating antihistamines
662:
71:
10:
3622:
3289:Polyclonal B cell response
3050:10.1016/j.jaip.2024.04.057
3009:10.1016/j.jaip.2024.04.057
2741:10.1186/s13223-021-00583-w
2700:10.1016/j.jaip.2024.04.057
2536:Physician's Desk Reference
1264:10.1038/s41598-018-32327-z
1216:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.006
230:
18:
3523:
3481:
3423:
3324:
3254:
3162:
3155:
778:
218:
157:gluten-containing cereals
123:, but some foods such as
2826:10.4168/aair.2013.5.2.96
1629:Asthma Society of Canada
773:radioallergosorbent test
2500:10.1136/thx.2007.090241
701:allergic conjunctivitis
47:type-I hypersensitivity
3403:Tolerance in pregnancy
3145:adaptive immune system
952:Allergen immunotherapy
228:
170:, a resin produced by
159:as well as celery and
100:
84:
3438:Somatic hypermutation
3272:Polyclonal antibodies
3267:Monoclonal antibodies
3106:Allergen Nomenclature
1381:10.1096/fj.02-0872fje
1174:. The Wood Database.
1014:Oral allergy syndrome
810:Calvatia cyathiformis
227:Common food allergens
226:
90:
79:
3455:Junctional diversity
3223:Antigen presentation
2532:"Seasonal Allergies"
1655:"Seasonal Allergies"
1635:on 17 September 2010
1474:"Seasonal Allergies"
1064:Tropical Biomedicine
867:alternative medicine
187:serious allergy are
166:Another allergen is
99:are common allergens
59:parasitic infections
53:individuals through
3450:V(D)J recombination
3433:Affinity maturation
3185:Antigenic variation
2453:(4 Pt 1): 836–841.
2350:1990IJBm...34...87S
2123:(3 Pt 1): 478–485.
1758:1952Natur.170..414G
1721:on 4 September 2010
1711:"Allergic Rhinitis"
1574:on 8 September 2010
1256:2018NatSR...814427Z
1126:on 22 February 2011
922:nasal decongestants
859:nasal decongestants
849:Treatment includes
825:families. In India
801:Pleurotus ostreatus
3101:Allergome Database
2924:10.1002/clt2.12068
2875:10.1002/clt2.12286
2358:10.1007/BF01093452
1975:"Mushroom allergy"
1244:Scientific Reports
893:, difficulty with
889:, blurred vision,
799:, a basidiospore.
654:Alstonia scholaris
582:Artemisia vulgaris
240:blood transfusions
229:
146:The United States
101:
85:
3549:
3548:
3477:
3476:
3227:professional APCs
2969:10.1111/pai.13714
2787:10.1111/pai.12283
2566:Hayfever Pharmacy
2389:Annals of Allergy
2300:10.1159/000233775
2166:10.1159/000234398
2086:Annals of Allergy
1903:10.1159/000235403
1861:Annals of Allergy
1805:(7612): 131–133.
1374:(12): 1697–1699.
1048:978-0-7167-4947-9
1004:List of allergies
999:Immunodiagnostics
588:Chenopodium album
233:List of allergens
32:allergic reaction
3613:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3443:Clonal selection
3415:Immune privilege
3410:Immunodeficiency
3365:Cross-reactivity
3355:Hypersensitivity
3160:
3159:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3087:
3086:on 6 March 2017.
3082:. Archived from
3063:
3062:
3052:
3043:(8): 2135–2143.
3028:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3002:(8): 2135–2143.
2987:
2981:
2980:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2743:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2693:(8): 2135–2143.
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2572:on 11 April 2010
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2302:
2293:(1–2): 169–170.
2282:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2203:Clinical Allergy
2198:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2065:(779): 393–396.
2054:
2048:
2047:
2016:Clinical Allergy
2011:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1946:(6): 1076–1080.
1935:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1897:(1–4): 359–361.
1886:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1840:(778): 342–346.
1829:
1823:
1822:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1767:10.1038/170414a0
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1717:. Archived from
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1661:. Archived from
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1631:. Archived from
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1605:on 6 August 2010
1601:. Archived from
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1570:. Archived from
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1544:on 14 April 2010
1540:. Archived from
1538:Seasonal Allergy
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1478:The Merck Manual
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1453:on 14 April 2010
1449:. Archived from
1447:Seasonal Allergy
1439:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1383:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1122:. Archived from
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1090:"Food Allergies"
1086:
1080:
1079:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1034:
834:Coprinus comatus
828:Fomes pectinatus
753:Ruslan Medzhitov
250:Animal products
121:food sensitivity
95:, its feces and
55:immunoglobulin E
3621:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3560:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3519:
3473:
3419:
3398:Clonal deletion
3326:
3320:
3250:
3151:
3139:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3029:
3025:
2988:
2984:
2953:
2949:
2904:
2900:
2855:
2851:
2806:
2802:
2771:
2767:
2720:
2716:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2652:"Allergy shots"
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2607:on 3 March 2024
2599:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2480:
2476:
2439:
2435:
2412:
2408:
2385:
2381:
2334:
2330:
2314:
2313:
2283:
2279:
2242:
2238:
2199:
2195:
2179:
2178:
2150:
2146:
2109:
2105:
2082:
2078:
2055:
2051:
2012:
2008:
1971:
1967:
1936:
1932:
1916:
1915:
1887:
1880:
1857:
1853:
1830:
1826:
1795:
1791:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1413:
1409:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1334:
1330:
1293:
1289:
1236:
1232:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1035:
1031:
1027:
965:
875:pseudoephedrine
847:
781:
761:
691:, which causes
665:
660:
258:Allergy to cats
235:
221:
93:house dust mite
74:
36:immune response
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3429:
3427:
3425:Immunogenetics
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3373:
3372:
3370:Co-stimulation
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3311:Immune complex
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Dendritic cell
3219:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3209:Conformational
3206:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3166:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3070:
3069:External links
3067:
3065:
3064:
3023:
2982:
2947:
2898:
2849:
2800:
2781:(8): 740–746.
2765:
2714:
2673:
2643:
2618:
2592:
2583:
2553:
2523:
2494:(4): 353–358.
2474:
2433:
2406:
2395:(5): 385–392.
2379:
2328:
2277:
2236:
2209:(3): 191–198.
2193:
2144:
2103:
2092:(3): 469–471.
2076:
2049:
2022:(4): 351–358.
2006:
1965:
1930:
1878:
1867:(4): 306–310.
1851:
1824:
1789:
1732:
1702:
1676:
1665:on 16 May 2010
1646:
1616:
1585:
1555:
1525:
1495:
1464:
1434:
1407:
1354:
1328:
1287:
1230:
1209:(1): 264–267.
1189:
1163:
1137:
1107:
1081:
1070:(3): 243–251.
1054:
1047:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:Hypoallergenic
991:
989:Eggshell skull
986:
981:
976:
971:
964:
961:
946:contact lenses
920:An example of
871:antihistamines
855:antihistamines
846:
843:
780:
777:
760:
757:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
664:
661:
659:
658:
657:
656:
595:
562:
538:
537:
536:
531:
523:
522:
521:
516:
508:
507:
506:
500:
494:
488:
485:Balsam of Peru
482:
479:nickel sulfate
469:
463:
462:
461:
455:
449:
435:
434:
433:
428:
427:
426:
421:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
364:
363:
362:
351:
341:
332:
318:
317:
316:
306:
301:
291:
290:
289:
283:
278:
270:
261:
236:
231:Main article:
220:
217:
153:European Union
73:
70:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3618:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Immune system
3594:
3593:
3591:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Clonal anergy
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:Microantibody
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2963:(1): e13714.
2962:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:(8): e12068.
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:(7): e12286.
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:(2): 96–101.
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
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3345:Alloimmunity
3340:Autoimmunity
3325:Immunity vs.
3277:Autoantibody
3179:
3175:Superantigen
3084:the original
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934:nasal sprays
930:restlessness
921:
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915:fexofenadine
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499:(10.3%), and
475:in 2005–06:
350:, the white)
304:sulfonamides
237:
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165:
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49:reaction in
40:
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3606:Allergology
3483:Lymphocytes
3142:Lymphocytic
2656:Mayo Clinic
1985:(1): 1–10.
1659:Kids Health
1568:ABC Science
1130:28 February
1100:23 December
1009:Nose filter
942:Ipratropium
815:aspergillus
473:patch tests
454:sting venom
361:, egg-plant
346:(typically
309:salicylates
213:epinephrine
209:anaphylaxis
117:royal jelly
107:excretion,
3601:Immunology
3590:Categories
3524:Substances
3388:Peripheral
3376:Inaction:
3255:Antibodies
3236:Macrophage
3149:complement
2422:(1): 1–7.
1039:Immunology
1025:References
979:Bioaerosol
938:Azelastine
911:loratadine
907:cetirizine
839:eczematous
823:penicillin
819:alternaria
697:runny nose
299:penicillin
201:penicillin
176:poison oak
172:poison ivy
115:, or even
3541:Cytolysin
3531:Cytokines
3378:Tolerance
3327:tolerance
3246:Immunogen
2734:(1): 83.
1725:31 August
1669:31 August
1639:31 August
1609:31 August
1578:31 August
1548:31 August
1518:31 August
1323:1678-9199
974:Asthmagen
895:urination
845:Treatment
797:Ganoderma
790:puffballs
759:Diagnosis
734:No fever.
724:headaches
546:hay fever
491:fragrance
414:tree nuts
288:excretion
286:dust mite
273:cockroach
141:shellfish
105:dust mite
3580:Medicine
3491:Cellular
3335:Immunity
3333:Action:
3316:Paratope
3304:Idiotype
3294:Allotype
3262:Antibody
3216:Mimotope
3180:Allergen
3163:Antigens
3156:Lymphoid
3059:38729302
3018:38729302
2977:34882843
2942:34667590
2893:37488730
2884:10351366
2844:23450247
2795:25251921
2760:34353372
2709:38729302
2660:Archived
2540:Archived
2518:19240083
2469:10518829
2428:10403002
2374:30836940
2231:45338948
2044:27600549
1776:12993181
1512:Archived
1508:CBS News
1482:Archived
1429:19470301
1402:Archived
1398:22253513
1390:12958180
1342:UpToDate
1282:30258210
1225:25129676
1182:24 April
1176:Archived
1076:19287364
963:See also
926:insomnia
879:Benadryl
783:In 1952
716:appetite
712:wheezing
708:coughing
693:sneezing
689:rhinitis
663:Seasonal
633:Platanus
619:Aesculus
614:hornbeam
573:plantago
556:ryegrass
519:chromium
505:(10.0%).
503:neomycin
458:mosquito
387:soybeans
330:celeriac
244:vaccines
199:stings,
193:fire ant
168:urushiol
72:Examples
28:allergen
21:Allergan
3568:Biology
3554:Portals
3536:Opsonin
3515:NK cell
3503:Humoral
3383:Central
3350:Allergy
3299:Isotype
3199:Epitope
3170:Antigen
2933:8506942
2835:3579098
2751:8340453
2666:9 April
2636:3 March
2611:3 March
2576:9 April
2546:9 April
2509:3882001
2401:2035901
2366:2228299
2346:Bibcode
2309:4008070
2223:3608137
2174:3623711
2139:3760405
2098:4037433
2071:3857522
2036:3416418
2001:3278649
1979:Allergy
1960:3204251
1911:1937899
1873:2705657
1846:3858721
1819:4183245
1784:4205965
1754:Bibcode
1488:9 April
1457:9 April
1347:25 June
1273:6158280
1252:Bibcode
1156:23 June
720:sinuses
682:Bermuda
569:ragweed
542:pollens
510:Metals
487:(11.9%)
481:(19.0%)
424:almonds
399:seafood
382:peanuts
367:legumes
359:pumpkin
348:albumen
254:Fel d 1
137:seafood
125:peanuts
43:antigen
3508:B cell
3496:T cell
3241:B cell
3204:Linear
3192:Hapten
3057:
3016:
2975:
2940:
2930:
2891:
2881:
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1799:Lancet
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1774:
1746:Nature
1695:1 June
1427:
1396:
1388:
1321:
1280:
1270:
1223:
1074:
1045:
984:Eczema
969:Asthma
913:, and
883:Tavist
865:, and
807:, and
779:Fungal
695:and a
676:, and
628:poplar
624:willow
593:sorrel
577:nettle
540:Plant
525:Other
514:nickel
467:spores
445:sting
419:pecans
404:sesame
326:celery
313:fruits
268:dander
242:) and
219:Common
203:, and
129:legume
113:dander
111:, pet
109:pollen
97:chitin
51:atopic
2370:S2CID
2227:S2CID
2040:S2CID
1780:S2CID
1394:S2CID
1307:(2).
1019:Toxin
887:mouth
678:maple
639:Tilia
610:hazel
606:alder
602:birch
598:trees
565:weeds
552:grass
529:latex
465:Mold
460:bites
447:venom
431:wheat
372:beans
354:fruit
339:maize
321:Foods
294:Drugs
276:calyx
205:latex
161:lupin
63:atopy
3147:and
3055:PMID
3014:PMID
2973:PMID
2938:PMID
2889:PMID
2840:PMID
2791:PMID
2756:PMID
2705:PMID
2668:2010
2638:2024
2613:2024
2578:2010
2548:2010
2514:PMID
2465:PMID
2424:PMID
2397:PMID
2362:PMID
2323:link
2305:PMID
2268:PMID
2219:PMID
2188:link
2170:PMID
2135:PMID
2094:PMID
2067:PMID
2032:PMID
1997:PMID
1956:PMID
1925:link
1907:PMID
1869:PMID
1842:PMID
1815:PMID
1772:PMID
1727:2010
1697:2022
1671:2010
1641:2010
1611:2010
1580:2010
1550:2010
1520:2010
1490:2010
1459:2010
1425:PMID
1386:PMID
1349:2019
1319:ISSN
1278:PMID
1221:PMID
1184:2014
1158:2024
1132:2011
1102:2023
1072:PMID
1043:ISBN
940:and
881:and
817:and
645:Olea
534:wood
452:wasp
394:milk
377:peas
344:eggs
335:corn
328:and
281:wool
266:and
195:and
189:wasp
174:and
139:and
133:nuts
91:The
3469:HLA
3465:MHC
3045:doi
3004:doi
2965:doi
2928:PMC
2920:doi
2879:PMC
2871:doi
2830:PMC
2822:doi
2783:doi
2746:PMC
2736:doi
2695:doi
2504:PMC
2496:doi
2455:doi
2451:104
2354:doi
2295:doi
2258:doi
2211:doi
2162:doi
2125:doi
2024:doi
1987:doi
1948:doi
1899:doi
1807:doi
1762:doi
1750:170
1376:doi
1309:doi
1268:PMC
1260:doi
1211:doi
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674:elm
670:oak
443:bee
409:soy
337:or
264:fur
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131:),
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