1619:. Marriage rules over time create social structures, as marriages are primarily forged between groups and not just between the two individuals involved. When groups exchange women on a regular basis they marry together, with each marriage creating a debtor/creditor relationship which must be balanced through the "repayment" of wives, either directly or in the next generation. Levi-Strauss proposed that the initial motivation for the exchange of women was the incest taboo, which he deemed to be the beginning and essence of culture, as it was the first rule to check natural impulses; and secondarily the sexual division of labour. The former, by prescribing exogamy, creates a distinction between marriageable and tabooed women and thus necessitates a search for women outside one's own kin group ("marry out or die out"), which fosters exchange relationships with other groups; the latter creates a need for women to do "women's tasks". By necessitating wife-exchange arrangements, exogamy therefore promotes inter-group alliances and serves to form structures of social networks.
1647:. These tribal societies are made up of multiple moieties which often split up, thus rendering them comparatively unstable. Generalised exchange is more integrative but contains an implicit hierarchy, for instance amongst the Kachin where wife-givers are superior to wife-takers. Consequently, the last wife-taking group in the chain is significantly inferior to the first wife-giving group to which it is supposed to give its wives. These status inequalities can destabilise the entire system or can at least lead to an accumulation of wives (and in the case of the Kachin also of bridewealth) at one end of the chain.
1675:
crucial role in alliance theory, as he is the one who ultimately decides whom his daughter will marry. Moreover, it is not just the nuclear family as such but alliances between families that matter in regard to the creation of social structures, reflecting the typical structuralist argument that the position of an element in the structure is more significant than the element itself. Descent theory and alliance theory therefore look at two different sides of the same coin: the former emphasising bonds of consanguinity (kinship by blood), the latter stressing bonds of affinity (kinship by law or choice).
1651:
theory is supported by fact that patrilateral cross-cousin marriage is in fact the rarest of three types. However, matrilateral generalised exchange poses a risk, as group A depends on being given a woman from a group that it has not itself given a woman to, meaning that there is a less immediate obligation to reciprocate compared to a restricted exchange system. The risk created by such a delayed return is obviously lowest in restricted exchange systems.
1627:
of exchange: restricted (or direct) exchange, a symmetric form of exchange between two groups (also called moieties) of wife-givers and wife-takers; in an initial restricted exchange FZ marries MB, with all children then being bilateral cross-cousins (the daughter is both MBD and FZD). Continued restricted exchange means that the two lineages marry together. Restricted exchange structures are generally quite uncommon.
41:
1583:(1913). But the incest taboo of alliance theory, in which one's daughter or sister is offered to someone outside a family circle, starts a circle of exchange of women: in return, the giver is entitled to a woman from the other's intimate kinship group. Thus the negative prescriptions of the prohibition have positive counterparts. The idea of the alliance theory is thus of a reciprocal or a
735:
1626:
Elementary structures are based on positive marriage rules that specify whom a person must marry, while complex systems specify negative marriage rules (whom one must not marry), thus leaving a certain amount of room for choice based on preference. Elementary structures can operate based on two forms
1599:
According to LĂ©vi-Strauss's alliance theory, there are two different structural "models" of marriage exchange. Either the women of ego's group are offered to another group "explicitly defined" by social institutions: these are the "elementary structures of kinship". Or the group of possible spouses
1654:
Levi-Strauss proposed a third structure between elementary and complex structures, called the semi-complex structure, or the Crow-Omaha system. Semi-complex structures contain so many negative marriage rules that they effectively come close to prescribing marriage to certain parties, thus somewhat
1622:
Levi-Strauss also discovered that a wide range of historically unrelated cultures had the rule that individuals should marry their cross-cousin, meaning children of siblings of the opposite sex - from a male perspective that is either the FZD (father's sister's daughter in kinship abbreviation) or
1674:
In Levi-Strauss' order of things, the basic building block of kinship is not just the nuclear family, as in structural-functionalism, but the so-called kinship atom: the nuclear family together with the wife's brother. This "mother's brother" (from the perspective of the wife-seeking son) plays a
1650:
From a structural perspective, matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is superior to its patrilateral counterpart; the latter has less potential to produce social cohesion since its exchange cycles are shorter (the direction of wife exchange is reversed in each successive generation). Levi-Strauss'
1623:
the MBD (mother's brother's daughter in kinship abbreviation). Accordingly, he grouped all possible kinship systems into a scheme containing three basic kinship structures, constructed out of two types of exchange. He called the three kinship structures elementary, semi-complex and complex.
1573:. Thus, inside a given society, certain categories of kin are forbidden to inter-marry. The incest taboo is thus a negative prescription; without it, nothing would push men to go searching for women outside their inner kinship circle, or vice versa. This theory echoes with
1638:
cross-cousin marriage). This involves an asymmetric exchange between at least three groups. Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage arrangements where the marriage of the parents is repeated by successive generations are very common in parts of Asia (e.g. amongst the
1643:). Levi-Strauss considered generalised exchange to be superior to restricted exchange because it allows the integration of indefinite numbers of groups. Examples of restricted exchange are found in some tribes residing in the
1538:
The hypothesis of a "marriage-alliance" emerged in this frame, pointing out towards the necessary interdependence of various families and lineages. Marriages themselves are thus seen as a form of
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1630:
The second form of exchange within elementary structures is called generalised exchange, meaning that a man can only marry either his MBD (
1591:. This global phenomenon takes the form of a "circulation of women" which links together the various social groups in one whole: society.
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have described. Alliance theory hence tries to understand the basic questions about inter-individual relations, or what constitutes
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Based on incest taboo in a given society, certain categories of kin are forbidden to intermarry
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resembling elementary structures. These structures are found amongst societies such as the
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Introduction à deux théories d'anthropologie. Groupe de filiation et alliance de mariage
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French works until the 1980s; its influences were felt in various fields, including
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1608:. LĂ©vi-Strauss call these latter "complex structures of kinship".
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Levi-Strauss' model attempted to offer a single explanation for
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1615:
marriage, sister-exchange, dual organisation and rules of
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1569:prohibition of incest pushes human groups towards
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1595:Elementary structures and complex structures
633:Matrilineal / matrilocal societies
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688:
1720:, Paris, Mouton, 1967, 2ème édition, p.60
1718:Les structures élémentaires de la parenté
1771:
1763:The Elementary Structures of Kinship
1519:. Alliance theory has oriented most
645:Sex and Repression in Savage Society
1634:cross-cousin marriage) or his FZD (
1511:(1949) and is in opposition to the
1503:relations. It finds its origins in
13:
654:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
14:
1800:
145:Parallel / cross cousins
1561:Alliance theory is based on the
1509:Elementary Structures of Kinship
733:
39:
1604:, aunts, uncles...), as in the
1755:, Paris-La Haye : Mouton.
1725:
1707:
1423:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
1738:
1731:Cf. Barnard and Good, 1984:96
1565:: according to it, only this
1542:that anthropologists such as
287:Household forms and residence
352:Classificatory terminologies
7:
1678:
1493:general theory of exchanges
10:
1805:
1443:List of indigenous peoples
1188:Cross-cultural comparison
1700:
1360:Historical particularism
1695:Structural anthropology
1193:Participant observation
1750:
1335:Cross-cultural studies
662:"The Traffic in Women"
495:Coming of Age in Samoa
678:Cultural anthropology
638:Feminist anthropology
430:Australian Aboriginal
1759:LĂ©vi-Strauss, Claude
1585:generalized exchange
1533:political philosophy
1491:, also known as the
1428:Anthropology by year
1365:Boasian anthropology
1340:Cultural materialism
1325:Actor–network theory
923:Paleoanthropological
569:Bronisław Malinowski
1765:(1947 original ed.)
1714:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1505:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1499:method of studying
1380:Performance studies
1273:Kinship and descent
1213:Cultural relativism
863:Paleoethnobotanical
838:Ethnoarchaeological
674:Social anthropology
564:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
347:Kinship terminology
170:Joking relationship
165:Posthumous marriage
1400:Post-structuralism
1159:Research framework
604:David M. Schneider
450:Polyandry in Tibet
1690:Exchange of women
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1385:Political economy
1208:Thick description
1005:Political economy
868:Zooarchaeological
828:Bioarchaeological
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609:Marilyn Strathern
589:Stephen O. Murray
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622:Related articles
594:Michelle Rosaldo
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1521:anthropological
1517:Radcliffe-Brown
1489:Alliance theory
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1390:Practice theory
1330:Alliance theory
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584:Lewis H. Morgan
579:Henrietta Moore
559:Eleanor Leacock
554:Louise Lamphere
549:Roger Lancaster
524:Tom Boellstorff
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512:Major theorists
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50:Basic concepts
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1587:which founds
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1779:Anthropology
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1645:Amazon basin
1636:patrilateral
1632:matrilateral
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1613:cross-cousin
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1563:incest taboo
1560:
1548:Louis Dumont
1544:LĂ©vi-Strauss
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1487:
1433:Bibliography
1375:Interpretive
1350:Diffusionism
1329:
1319:Key theories
1305: /
1235:Key concepts
1146:Sociological
1126:Ethnological
913:Neurological
898:Evolutionary
843:Experiential
727:Anthropology
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419:Case studies
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265:Unilineality
224:Matrilateral
217: /
192: /
188: /
180:Cohabitation
85:Incest taboo
1303:Colonialism
1246:Development
1203:Reflexivity
1171:Ethnography
1121:Descriptive
979:Development
918:Nutritional
893:Biocultural
818:Battlefield
599:Gayle Rubin
337:Terminology
252:Linealities
130:Bride price
120:Concubinage
1773:Categories
1739:References
1529:philosophy
1515:theory of
1283:Prehistory
1136:Historical
1109:Linguistic
1021:Historical
989:Ecological
881:Biological
783:Linguistic
773:Biological
544:Don Kulick
529:Jack Goody
519:Diane Bell
445:Philippine
321:Patrilocal
305:Matrilocal
300:Matrifocal
244:Avunculate
234:Collateral
1567:universal
1256:Evolution
1251:Ethnicity
1183:Ethnology
1061:Political
969:Cognitive
908:Molecular
486:Sexuality
401:(debated)
219:Bilateral
125:Polyandry
1747:, 1971,
1679:See also
1589:affinity
1438:Journals
1355:Feminism
1141:Semiotic
1081:Symbolic
1076:Religion
1011:Feminist
999:Economic
949:Cultural
903:Forensic
858:Maritime
853:Forensic
848:Feminist
823:Biblical
813:Aviation
778:Cultural
719:a series
717:Part of
463:Feminist
454:in India
394:Sudanese
389:Hawaiian
369:Iroquois
360:By group
311:Neolocal
295:Extended
215:Cognatic
160:Sororate
155:Levirate
115:Polygamy
110:Polygyny
105:Monogamy
90:Endogamy
80:Marriage
70:Affinity
24:a series
22:Part of
1789:Exogamy
1665:Indians
1663:native
1617:exogamy
1571:exogamy
1556:society
1501:kinship
1495:, is a
1293:Society
1241:Culture
1056:Musical
1051:Museums
1046:Medical
1031:Kinship
984:Digital
959:Applied
751:History
746:Outline
472:Chambri
440:Chinese
435:Burmese
316:Nuclear
203:Descent
186:Fictive
95:Exogamy
65:Lineage
33:kinship
1641:Kachin
1268:Gender
1198:Holism
1096:Visual
1071:Public
974:Cyborg
944:Social
808:Aerial
788:Social
229:Lineal
100:Moiety
60:Family
26:on the
1701:Notes
1661:Omaha
1575:Freud
1417:Lists
1298:Value
1176:cyber
1091:Urban
1041:Media
1036:Legal
762:Types
477:Mosuo
379:Omaha
140:Dowry
1659:and
1657:Crow
1531:and
1288:Race
1278:Meme
1016:Food
374:Crow
190:Milk
175:Clan
1667:in
1577:'s
1550:or
1507:'s
964:Art
1775::
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1535:.
1527:,
721:on
1477:e
1470:t
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703:e
696:t
689:v
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