Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

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In early June the French troops were withdrawn and the Royal Marines detachment was also sent home, followed by all Canadian troops after it was requested that they be repatriated. All remaining American troops also left for home. The Serbian troops (perhaps Maynard's best infantry fighters) became unreliable as others withdrew around them. By 3 July, the Italian company was on the verge of mutiny as its men were seriously disaffected with their continued presence in Russia so long after the Armistice. In mid July, the two companies of American railway troops were also withdrawn. The French and American troops stationed in the north were similarly reluctant to fight, and French troops in Archangel refused to take part in any action that was not merely defensive. Despite being told when volunteering that they were only to be used for defensive purposes, plans were made in June to use the men of the North Russian Relief Force in a new offensive aimed at capturing the key city of

3300: 1135: 812: 800: 249: 1086: 1074: 1062: 1050: 1038: 1026: 1014: 1002: 990: 978: 966: 954: 942: 929: 916: 904: 892: 880: 868: 856: 407: 3428:, which also hampered efforts. The Allied forces originally took over from some front-line White forces and helped hold the line against the Bolsheviks in the far-east. The British unit helped defend the line at Kraevesk. Outnumbered and outgunned, the small Allied forces were forced to withdraw. Two British armoured trains with two 12-pounder naval guns and two machine guns each were sent from Vladivostok as reinforcements. Operating under a Japanese commander, the small British unit and other Allied forces played a small but important part in the battle of Dukhovskaya on 23–24 August 1918. Five Bolshevik armed trains were attacked, supported by the British forces' own two armoured trains, and there were 600 Japanese casualties. This limited but decisive action eliminated organised Bolshevik resistance on the 2264:, these were very much in the minority. The main concern for the Allies was to defeat the German Empire on the Western Front. While the Bolshevik's repudiation of Russia's national debt and seizure of foreign-owned industries did cause tension, the main concern for the Allies was the Bolshevik's desire to get Russia out of the First World War. The Allies disliked the Whites, who were seen as nothing more than a small group of conservative nationalists who showed no signs of planning reform. Government ministers were also influenced by anti-White public opinion, which was being mobilised by trade unions. The low casualties suffered by the Allies is indicative of the low-level of their combat involvement. However, the Soviets were able to exploit the Allied intervention for propaganda purposes. 433: 446: 3464: 3600:. By January 1919, the British presence was 40,000 strong, the largest of all British intervention contingents in Russia. Again, these British occupations of territory in the Caucasus were in part motivated by a desire to 'protect India's flank' and secure the local oilfields, but they were also motivated by a desire to support the three new independent states and supervise the German and Ottoman withdrawal. The British forces served only a defensive purpose and were withdrawn in the summer of 1919, as regular troops were needed elsewhere and others were long overdue for demobilisation after the Armistice that ended the First World War. The last British forces left Baku on 24 August. 2042: 2653: 1295: 1145: 825: 295: 215: 2119: 1912:, "A few weeks after the Bolshevik Revolution, on December 23, 1917, an Anglo-French convention had been concluded in Paris, regulating the future operations of British and French forces on Russian territory. This convention defined as a British 'zone of influence' the Cossack regions, the territory of the Caucasus, Armenia, Georgia and Kurdistan, while the French zone was to consist of Bessarabia, Ukraine and Crimea. There was a certain economic background for this convention; British investment predominated in the Caucasian oil-fields, while the French were more interested in the coal and iron mines of Ukraina." 2683:

for the Whites and contributed to the desire to withdraw. Attempts were soon made to retake the city, but in a failed attack in late July the British had to force detachments of White forces to land at gunpoint in the city, since they were adamant that they would not take part in any fighting. On one Allied ship, 5 Bolshevik prisoners captured in battle even managed to temporarily subdue the 200 White Russians on board and take control of the ship with little resistance. Despite the Allied setbacks, a battalion of marines, the 6th Royal Marine Light Infantry, was sent to assist the British at the end of July.

1281: 1155: 703: 689: 675: 661: 647: 633: 233: 1195: 788: 173: 1215: 323: 280: 1205: 338: 1175: 620: 608: 265: 2486:. The attack on the village was disorganized and resulted in three marines killed and 18 wounded. An attack on Ussuna was also repulsed. The next morning, faced with the prospect of another attack on the village, one Marine company refused to obey orders and withdrew themselves to a nearby friendly village. As a result, 93 men were sentenced to death and others received substantial sentences of hard labour. In December 1919, the government, under pressure from several MPs, revoked the sentence of death and considerably reduced the sentences of all the convicted men. 353: 1225: 187: 4512: 5938: 4385: 1099: 420: 2687:

White forces before a withdrawal. As part of this, an attack was made on the village of Gorodok. During the attack, 750 Bolshevik prisoners were taken, and one battery was found to have been manned by German troops. The village of Seltso was also attacked, but a strong Bolshevik defence halted any British progress. However, the villages of Kochamika, Jinta, Lipovets and Zaniskaya were captured with little resistance. In total the offensive led to the deaths of around 700 Reds and was considered a success.

570: 558: 3546: 3748:,' and to fix patterns of suspicion and hatred on both sides which even today threaten worse catastrophes in time to come." For Soviet leaders, the operation was proof that Western powers were keen to destroy the Soviet government if they had the opportunity to do so. Modern historian Robert Maddox summarised, "The immediate effect of the intervention was to prolong a bloody civil war, thereby costing thousands of additional lives and wreaking enormous destruction on an already battered society." 2436:. In the following months, British forces in the area were largely engaged in small battles and skirmishes with White Finns. However, Soviet–Allied relations were passing from distrust to open hostility. A Bolshevik force was sent to take control of the town up the Murmansk-Petrograd railway, but in a series of skirmishes the Allied forces repelled the attack. This was the first real fighting between the troops of the Allies and the Reds. A trainload of Bolshevik troops was also found at 1265: 1185: 776: 764: 752: 740: 728: 716: 155: 2918: 201: 41: 2277: 2444: 2539:, losing at least 27 men killed and dozens wounded, a figure that could have been higher if it had not been for a detachment of Poles who bravely covered the retreat as others panicked. The allied troops were mainly inactive in the winter of 1918, building blockhouses with only winter patrols sent out. On the first occasion that White Russian troops were sent into the line of combat during the North Russian campaign, on 11 December 1918, the White Russian troops 1251: 1165: 1125: 838: 596: 583: 381: 309: 141: 367: 546: 534: 522: 510: 498: 486: 473: 129: 2691:

Koikori and Ussuna and attack Konchozero. However, the defences at Koikori and Ussuna were much stronger than expected, and the attacks failed. The Serbs and White Russian forces attacked again on 11 and 14 September, but these attacks also failed. However, the British did manage to reach the Nurmis river by 18 September, with 9,000 troops, including 6,000 White Russians, participating in this final offensive.

3573:. The British held out for the first two weeks of September, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. A final Turkish attack on 14 September lasted until sunset, and, facing an overwhelmingly larger force, the British were forced to withdraw. The troops escaped from the port on three waiting ships on the same day. In total, the battle for Baku had resulted in around 200 British casualties, including 95 dead. 1990: 3252: 1939:" enemies and landing troops to prevent Russian supplies from reaching Germany. According to historian Spencer Tucker, the Allies believed the Bolsheviks wouldn't provide an orderly enough regime to stand up to German domination. "With Brest-Litovsk, the spectre of German domination in Eastern Europe threatened to become reality, and the Allies now began to think seriously about military intervention." 3195:, where there were even less allied troops present. There were still 12,000 well equipped German troops in the city, but they had no intention to participate in the fighting. The local French commander was allowed to negotiate a truce with Hryhoriv, and on 14–16 March all allied and German troops were evacuated by sea without any fighting, leaving considerable quantities of war material behind. 3113:. The Northwestern Army approached to within 16 km (10 mi) of Petrograd, but the Red Army repulsed them back to the Narva River. Distrustful of the White Russians, the Estonian High Command disarmed and interned the remains of the Northwestern Army that retreated behind the state border. With the failure to capture Petrograd, the British had failed to achieve one of their main goals. 3683:. In January 1919, one company of the 19th Punjabi Rifles was sent to reinforce the position at Annenkovo, where a second battle took place on 16 January that resulted in 48 casualties. During February, the British continued to inflict heavy losses on Bolshevik forces. The British Government had decided on 21 January to withdraw the force, and the last troops left for 3081:

guaranteed the recognition of the independent Estonian state. So when British Gen. Gough requested on 8 August Estonians for the military assistance to Yudenich, Estonians in return asked both Yudenich and the Allies to recognise their state first. Gough's deputy, Brigadier Gen. Frank Marsh required Yudenich to immediately issue a statute that would establish the

3439:. The unit stayed in the city for the next six months over the cold Siberian winter. It may have played a role in the coup in the city in November 1918 which brought Admiral Kolchack to power as 'Supreme Leader' of Russia. The force went forward with the advancing Czechs and Russians and continued to provide artillery support along the railway from Omsk to 3270:-class gunboats), managed to delay the Romanians for several days, but the ships had to retreat on 3 February due to no longer being able to adjust and correct their aiming, after Romanian artillery destroyed the shore-based Bolshevik artillery observation posts. Later that day, Romanian troops occupied Vâlcov. The Romanians captured the 3179:, fighting the Bolsheviks there. The campaign involved mainly French, Greek and Polish troops. The morale of the French troops and the sailors of their fleet in the Black Sea was always low, and most wanted to be demobilised and sent home. The morale of the Greek and Polish interventionist forces was no better. A local warlord, 4839:. Retrieved 18 March 2012. "At the end of the year 1918, after the Russian Revolution, the Chinese merchants in the Russian Far East demanded the Chinese government to send troops for their protection, and Chinese troops were sent to Vladivostok to protect the Chinese community: about 1600 soldiers and 700 support personnel." 3916:"Japan and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – Convention embodying basic rules of the Relations between Japan and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, together with Protocols a and B, Declaration, Exchange of Notes, Annexed Note and Protocol of Signature. Peking, January 20, 1925 [1925] LNTSer 69; 34 LNTS 31" 4266: 2534:

The 2/10th Royal Scots cleared the triangle between the Dvina and Vaga and took a number of villages and prisoners. By late September, US Marines and 2/10th Royal Scots had reached Nijne-Toimski, which proved too strong for the lightly equipped Allied force. On 27 October, Allied forces were ambushed

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In early 1918, forces of the Central Powers invaded Russia, occupying extensive territory, and threatening to capture Moscow and to impose pliant regimes. Lenin wanted to negotiate with Germany, but failed to get approval from his council until late February. In a desperate attempt to end the war, as

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The next offensive of the Northwestern Army was planned on 10 July 1919, but the armaments and supplies expected from the Allies did not arrive. Nor did the Estonians desire to proceed with the fruitless war since with the initial peace approach of April 1919 the Russian Bolshevik government already

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mutinied and handed over the city to the Bolsheviks. The loss of the city was a significant blow to the Allied forces as it was the only overland route available for the transfer of supplies and men between the Murmansk and Arkhangel theatres. This event led to the British losing all remaining trust

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On 25 April a White Russian battalion mutinied, and, after 300 men went over to the Bolsheviks, they turned and attacked the Allied troops at Tulgas. In May and June, the units of the original British force which had arrived in Archangel in August and September 1918 finally received orders for home.

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on 15 May, the stubborn Bolshevik defence was only ended with a bayonet charge. British and Bolshevik armoured trains then traded blows as the British attempted to seize control of more of the local railway. The town was finally seized on 21 May, as Italians and French troops pushed forward with the

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after an intense battle on 19–20 January 1919. Over the following days, RAF aircraft flew several bombing and reconnaissance missions to support the withdrawal from Shenkursk. The battle of Shenkursk was a key turning point in the campaign, and the Allied loss put them very much on the back foot for

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In the Murmansk sector, the British decided that the only way to achieve success in ejecting the Bolsheviks from power was by raising a large White Russian Army. However, recruitment and conscription attempts failed to provide a sizable enough force. It was therefore decided in February 1919 to move

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By April 1919, the troops were withdrawn from Odessa after further threats from Nykyfor Hryhoriv's Army, before the defeat of the White Army's march against Moscow. A major mutiny amongst French sailors on the Black Sea had in part necessitated the withdrawal. Some British sailors dispatched to the

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on 2 March which was occupied by just 150 French, 700 Greek and a few hundred volunteers of questionable reliability. After heavy fighting, the city was taken on 9 March. The French lost 4 killed and 22 wounded, while the Greeks had some 250 casualties. Local Greek residents were also killed in the

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on 9 October, with arms provided by Britain and France, and the operational support by the Estonian Army, Estonian Navy, and the Royal Navy. Securing Petrograd for the White forces was one of the main goals of the campaign for the British. The Estonian and British forces made a joint land and naval

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On the railway front south of Archangel, the Allied forces were gradually advancing. On 23 March, British and American troops attacked the village of Bolshie Ozerki, but the first wave of attackers were pushed back. The next day, 500 Bolsheviks attacked Shred Mekhrenga but were eventually repelled,

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The Japanese were expected to send only around 7,000 troops for the expedition, but by the end of their involvement in Siberia had deployed 70,000. The deployment of such a large force for a rescue operation made the Allied Powers wary of Japanese intentions. On 5 September, the Japanese linked up

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A final offensive on the Murmansk front was launched by the Allied forces in September, aimed at destroying the Bolshevik forces to leave the White forces in a good position after the planned withdrawal. Serbian forces supported the British as they attempted to push on to the Bolshevik villages of

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The final two months on the Dvina front, August and September 1919, would see some of the fiercest fighting between British and Red Army troops of the Civil War. In August, a major offensive was launched along the Dvina to try and strike a blow at Bolshevik morale and to increase the morale of the

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and all major cities in Siberia. Austro-Hungarian prisoners were of a number of various nationalities; some Czechoslovak POWs deserted to the Russian Army. Czechoslovaks had long desired to create their own independent state, and the Russians aided in establishing special Czechoslovak units (the

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In April, public recruiting began at home in Britain for the newly created 'North Russian Relief Force', a voluntary force which had the claimed sole purpose of defending the existing British positions in Russia. By the end of April 3,500 men had enlisted, and they were then sent to North Russia.

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was captured and half the Red Army garrison was killed, wounded or taken prisoner. During the February offensive, the British forces pushed the Red Army beyond Soroko and as far south as Olimpi. Despite an attempted Bolshevik counter-attack, by 20 February 3,000 square miles of territory had been

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Churchill, the loudest voice in favour of action, was a vehement anti-socialist and saw Bolshevism as socialism's worst form. As a result, he attempted to gain Allied support for intervention on ideological grounds. Most of the British press were ideologically hostile to the Bolshevik regime, and

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and another British agent and a French official in Moscow tried to organize a coup that would overthrow the Bolshevik regime. They were dealing with double agents and were exposed and arrested. French and British support for the Whites was also motivated by a desire to protect the assets they had

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Many of the British and foreign troops often refused to fight, and Bolshevik attacks were launched with the belief that some British troops may even defect to their side once their commanders had been killed. The numerous White mutinies demoralised Allied soldiers and affected morale. The Allied

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According to John Bradley, the Allied intervention, which treated White generals as "servile satellites" with little independence, gave the White generals' a reputation as "undignified puppets". This caused the White movement to be discredited while the Bolsheviks appeared more independent and

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Flotilla', a boat unit that assisted the Whites by attacking the Bolshevik forces along the course of the river. They bombarded Red troop concentrations, protected bridges and provided direct fire support and attacked Bolshevik boats on the river. In one action, the flotilla sank the Bolshevik

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interventionist attempt left an ugly legacy of fear and suspicion to future relations between Russia and the other great powers, and it strengthened the hand of those among the Bolshevik leadership who were striving to impose monolithic unity and unquestioning obedience on the Russian people.

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However, it did succeed in so thoroughly engaging the forces of revolutionary expansionism that the countries of war-torn eastern and central Europe, potentially most susceptible to the Bolshevik contagion, were able to recover enough social and economic balance to withstand Bolshevism. The

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shells at British positions on the Archangel-Vologda railway. The use of poison gas by the Bolsheviks was soon announced in the British press. The Bolsheviks would use poison gas shells against the British on at least two occasions in North Russia, although its effectiveness was limited.

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However, while Soviet propaganda often portrayed Allied intervention as an alliance dedicated to crushing a nascent, worldwide communist revolution in the cradle, in reality the Allies were not particularly interested in intervention. While there were some loud voices in favour, such as

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By 1 November, the British force had re-occupied Merv and on instructions of the British government, halted their advance and took up defensive positions at Bairam Ali. The Transcaspian forces continued to attack the Bolsheviks to the north. After the Transcaspian forces were routed at

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against the railway there. The British party was ambushed even before landing and suffered heavy casualties, with 13 men killed and 4 wounded. Consequently, the unopposed Bolsheviks destroyed a number of bridges, delaying the evacuation for a time. One of the fatalities, a private from

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Winston Churchill, who had been the most prominent supporter of a campaign to remove the Bolsheviks from power, long lamented the Allies' failure to crush the Soviet state in its infancy. This was especially the case during the breakdown of western-Soviet relations in the aftermath of

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and linking up with Kolchak's White forces in Siberia. The villages of Topsa and Troitsa were attacked in anticipation of this action, with 150 Bolsheviks being killed and 450 being captured. However, with Kolchak's forces being pushed back rapidly, the Kotlas offensive was cancelled.

3248:. The battle of Tighina was one of the two significant engagements of the 1918 Bessarabian Campaign. It lasted for five days, between 20 and 25 January, and ended in a Romanian victory, albeit with significant Romanian casualties (141 dead). Romanian troops captured 800 guns. 2677:

In early July 1919, another White unit under British command mutinied and killed its British officers, with 100 men then deserting to the Bolsheviks. Another White mutiny was foiled later in the month by Australian troops. On 20 July, 3,000 White troops in the key city of

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By this point, British troops had started withdrawing to Archangel in order to prepare themselves for the evacuation of North Russia. On the morning of September 27, 1919, the last Allied troops departed from Archangel, and on October 12, Murmansk was abandoned.

2056:, and there was also the question of the large quantities of supplies and equipment in Russian ports, which the Allied Powers feared might be seized by the Germans. Also worrisome to the Allied Powers was the April 1918 landing of a division of German troops in 2963:, and sank with the loss of 11 of her crew. At this time, the new Estonian government was weak and desperate. The Estonian Prime Minister asked Britain to send military forces to defend his capital, and even requested that his state be declared a 3696:

patriotic, driving former Imperial military leaders into joining the Bolsheviks instead. The Allied intervention helped to bolster the Bolsheviks, as they also successfully used this to attack the Whites and paint themselves in a positive light.

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On 4 September 1918 the promised American forces arrived. Three battalions of troops, supported by engineers and under the command of Colonel George Stewart, landed in Archangel. This force numbered 4,500 troops. A British River Force of 11

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British cruisers and destroyers soon sailed up the coast close to the Estonian–Russian border and laid down a devastating barrage on the advancing Bolsheviks' supply lines. On 26 December, British warships captured the Bolshevik destroyers

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with over 100 Red troops being killed despite the British suffering no fatal casualties. Another Bolshevik attack was launched on Seltskoe, but that attack also failed. In total, the Bolsheviks lost 500 men in one day in the two attacks.

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I think the day will come when it will be recognized without doubt, not only on one side of the House, but throughout the civilized world, that the strangling of Bolshevism at its birth would have been an untold blessing to the human

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In total, the British lost 128 men in the Baltic campaign, with at least 27 also being wounded and 9 being captured. Britain committed around 90 ships to the campaign, and of this number 17 ships were lost and around 70 were damaged.

2616:. The strategically important city of Shenkursk was described by British commander Ironside as 'the most important city in North Russia' after Archangel and he was determined to hold the line. However, British and Allied troops were 2208:. In December 1918, Sinclair sailed into Estonian and Latvian ports, sending in troops and supplies, and promising to attack the Bolsheviks "as far as my guns can reach". In January 1919, he was succeeded in command by Rear-Admiral 3654:

on the Afghan border but were repulsed, with 3 officers and 24 rank and file being killed or wounded. 2 British liaison officers were shot from behind as they advanced, presumably treacherously. There was further action at

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south to capture more populated areas from which recruits could be conscripted. This would be the first significant action on the Murmansk front between the Allies and the Bolsheviks. Met with stiff opposition, the town of

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In September, a force of 1,200 Italians arrived as well as small Canadian and French battalions. By early Autumn, British forces were also 6,000 strong. On 2 August 1918, anti-Bolshevik forces, led by Tsarist Captain

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counterattack defeated the Russian forces. This led to the collapse of the Eastern Front. The demoralised Russian Army stood on the verge of mutiny and most soldiers had deserted the front lines. Kerensky replaced

4761: 2569: 3663:. At this point, Malleson, against the wishes of the Indian government, decided to push further into Transcaspia and attack the Bolsheviks. Fighting alongside Transcaspian troops, they subsequently fought at 4261: 3077:. The attackers also managed to sink the important Russian submarine depot ship. Despite the actions, the mutiny was eventually suppressed by the 12 in (300 mm) guns of the Bolshevik battleships. 3082: 3671:(14 October). At Dushak, the British force suffered 54+ killed and 150+ wounded while inflicting 1,000 casualties on the Bolsheviks. British attacks continued to inflict heavy losses on Bolshevik forces. 8090: 2566:(Toulgas). When the news came through of the Armistice with Germany, many of the British troops in Archangel eagerly anticipated a quick withdrawal from North Russia, but their hopes were soon dashed. 2021:(POW) would be repatriated. In 1917, the Bolsheviks stated that if the Czechoslovak Legions remained neutral and agreed to leave Russia, they would be granted safe passage through Siberia en route to 6918: 3821: 3393:; as a result the European Allied Powers trekked westward. The Canadians largely remained in Vladivostok for the duration. The Japanese, with their own objectives in mind, refused to proceed west of 2382: 1722: 2432:, and British marines fought alongside Red Guards to capture the area by 10 May with several casualties. In this first engagement, British troops had fought against a White force in support of the 4392: 4390: 4388: 2099:

Faced with these events, the British and French governments decided upon an Allied military intervention in Russia. The first British landing in Russia came at the request of a local (Bolshevik)

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Joana Breidenbach (2005). Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach, ed. China inside out: contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism (illustrated ed.). Central European University Press. p. 90.

1713:. These factors, together with the evacuation of the Czechoslovak Legion in September 1920, led the western Allied powers to end the North Russia and Siberian interventions in 1920, though the 7282: 2649:

Public opinion regarding the formation of the force was mixed, with some newspapers being more supportive than others. The relief force eventually arrived in North Russia in late May–June.

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Fearing a German attack on the town, the Murmansk Soviet requested that the Allies landed troops for protection. British troops arrived on 4 March 1918, the day after the signing of the

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until "the civil power would be strong enough to release the forces from the responsibility to maintain the public order". There were also British occupations of the Georgian cities of

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Grey, Jeffrey (October 1985). "A 'Pathetic Sideshow': Australians and the Russian Intervention, 1918–19". Journal of the Australian War Memorial. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 7.

7275: 5770:"Winkleigh Devon its Sons & Heroes – History of the Village part 5 – Medals of honour, the Victoria Cross, Captain Gordon Steele, Lieutenant Henry Hartnol- Photographs, stories" 2420:

The first instance of British involvement in the war was the landing in Murmansk in early March 1918. 170 British troops arrived on 4 March 1918, the day after the signing of the

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Red Armies were still active. The Estonian High Command decided to invade across the border into Russia in support of the White Russian Northern Corps. They went on offensive at

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Severely short of troops to spare, the British and French requested that President Wilson provide American soldiers for the campaign. In July 1918, against the advice of the

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However, having been defeated in World War I, the Ottoman Empire had to withdraw its forces from the borders of Azerbaijan in the middle of November 1918. Headed by General

3186:, aligned himself with the Bolsheviks on 18 February 1919 and advanced his army against the foreign invaders. With his army of 10–12,000 men, he first attacked allied-held 8558: 3557:

The British landed in Baku on 17 August 1918. The British force was at this time 1,200 men strong. Dunsterforce was initially delayed by 3,000 Russian Bolshevik troops at

3397:. The Americans, suspicious of Japanese intentions, also stayed behind to keep an eye on them. By November, the Japanese occupied all ports and major towns in the Russian 8553: 4690: 2978: 7731: 2482:

On the Murmansk front, the British 6th Royal Marine Light Infantry Battalion was ordered to seize the village of Koikori on 28 August as part of a wide offensive into

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Historian John M. Thompson argued that while the intervention failed to stop the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, it prevented its spread to central Europe. He wrote:

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Flake, Lincoln. "‘Nonsense From the Beginning’ – Allied Intervention in Russia's Civil War at 100: Historical Perspectives from Combatant Countries."

5586:, to assist in the withdrawal of British forces. Still not expecting to have to fight, the battalion was ordered forward under army command to hold certain outposts. 5582:

who had only recently returned from Germany and had no home leave. There was outrage when on short notice, the 6th Battalion was shipped to Murmansk, Russia, on the

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attack against Krasnaya Gorka, while the Estonian 2nd Division attempted to throw the 10th Red Division across the Velikaya, and the 3rd Division attacked toward

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and companies from each of the three naval port depots. Very few of their officers had seen any land fighting. Their original purpose had been only to deploy to

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If I had been properly supported in 1919, I think we might have strangled Bolshevism in its cradle, but everybody turned up their hands and said, "How shocking!"

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in July 1918 and had taken control of Krasnovodsk. Malleson had been authorised to intervene with Empire and British troops, in what would be referred to as the

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The small British force was withdrawn in the summer of 1919. All remaining Allied forces were evacuated in 1920, apart from the Japanese who stayed until 1922.

2076:, the nature of which worried many Allied governments. Meanwhile, Allied materiel in transit quickly accumulated in the warehouses in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. 3614:

With the British fearing that German and Ottoman forces may penetrate into Russian Central Asia, possibly via a crossing of the Caspian sea to the key port of

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viewed the situation in Russia as an opportunity for settling Japan's "northern problem". The Japanese government was also intensely hostile to communism.

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The Allied Powers lent their support to White Russian elements from the summer of 1918. There were tensions between the two anti-Bolshevik factions, the

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before they gained full control of the city. The landings began the intervention in southern Russia (later Ukraine) which was to aid and supply General

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with the vanguard of the Czech Legion, a few days later the British, Italian and French contingents joined the Czechs in an effort to re-establish the

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in Georgia, along with the full length of the Baku-Batum railway, since the British wanted to protect this strategic line which connected the

2783:(SBAL): a British-trained and led contingent composed mostly of expatriate Russian anti-Bolshevik, Finnish and Estonian volunteers (including 7726: 2472: 4194: 7958: 7814: 3358: 3219: 2945: 2190: 2155: 1508: 1488: 412: 3299: 2573: 1343: 1270: 160: 6526: 1893:, a member of the British War Cabinet, wrote him a letter expressing support for Kornilov. A British armoured-car squadron commanded by 8063: 7746: 7736: 6641: 3851: 2826: 2353: 1425: 1381: 5918:

Fletcher, William A. (1976). "The British navy in the Baltic, 1918–1920: Its contribution to the independence of the Baltic nations".

3740:, wrote that the consequences of the expedition "were to poison East-West relations forever after, to contribute significantly to the 3141:(many of the crews had fought in World War I), poor food and accommodation, a lack of leave, and the effects of Bolshevik propaganda. 2219:, concerned about their northern border, sent the largest military force, numbering about 70,000. They desired the establishment of a 7483: 7457: 3676: 3325:, which was the first Allied force to land in Vladivostok on 3 August. The Japanese entered through Vladivostok and points along the 5818: 4411:"'Nonsense From the Beginning' — Allied Intervention in Russia's Civil War at 100: Historical Perspectives from Combatant Countries" 3093:

made the deal public that angered the Foreign Office and the War Cabinet, and caused a decline in further military aid to Yudenich.

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that began in 1918. The initial impetus behind the interventions was to secure munitions and supply depots from falling into the

1459: 8130: 7921: 7716: 7462: 4415: 3770: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 1942:

The perception of betrayal removed whatever reservations the Allied Powers had about overthrowing the Bolsheviks. According to

1532: 1336: 4706: 3720:, in which Japan agreed to withdraw its troops from Russia. In return, the Soviet Union agreed to honor the provisions of the 8563: 8548: 7761: 7741: 7357: 3836: 3334: 3068: 2440:

heading north, but the British managed to convince them to stop, before Serb reinforcements arrived and took over the train.

2357: 2182: 2045: 5689: 2694:

On 22 September, with the Allied withdrawal already ongoing, a British detachment from the Royal Scots was sent by river to

6017: 4571:

Alston, Charlotte (1 June 2007). "British Journalism and the Campaign for Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20".

3816: 3713: 3330: 3116:

Significant unrest took place among British sailors in the Baltic. This included small-scale mutinies amongst the crews of

2790: 2763: 2224: 2147: 1905:

25 October] 1917 led to the overthrow of Kerensky's provisional government and to the Bolsheviks assuming power.

6756:

Balbirnie, Steven (2 July 2016). "'A Bad Business': British Responses to Mutinies Among Local Forces in Northern Russia".

6500: 3435:

By the end of October, the British force had finished its journey West from Vladivostok all the way to the front lines at

2940:, catching the Soviets by surprise and destroying their 6th Division. Estonian and White attacks were supported along the 8112: 7700: 7668: 3795: 3769:

propaganda later portrayed the Allied intervention as a U.S. military invasion of Russia while denying or minimizing the

720: 451: 4657: 3659:

on 28 August as well as 11 and 18 September. The British forces were reinforced on 25 September by two squadrons of the

8482: 7688: 7653: 7573: 7079: 6991: 6928: 6899: 6842: 6823: 6304: 5853: 4908: 4673: 4555: 4356: 4318: 4291: 4127: 1890: 1564: 1549: 816: 6499:, "The British Intervention in Transcaspia 1918–1919", University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963 5789: 3499:. Its mission was to gather information, train and command local forces, and prevent the spread of German propaganda. 3210:; however, with the deteriorating situation, he and his soldiers fled Russia aboard Allied ships on 14 November 1920. 2711:, who succumbed to his injuries on 26 September, was the last British servicemen to die in action in Northern Russia. 2142:

troops in the campaign. This force, which became known as the "American North Russia Expeditionary Force" (a.k.a. the

7613: 7548: 6651: 6592:

Liudmila G. Novikova, "Red Patriots against White Patriots: Contesting Patriotism in the Civil War in North Russia."

4231: 4204: 4090: 1935:(3 March 1918), ending the bloodshed. The Allied Powers felt betrayed and turned against the new regime, aiding its " 1539: 438: 5578:. Many of the Marines were less than 19 years old; it would have been unusual to send them overseas. Others were ex- 3580:, a British force of 1,600 troops arrived in Baku on 17 November, and martial law was implemented on the capital of 8053: 7807: 7663: 7623: 6920:

Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20

3846: 2609: 2170: 1798:

The Allied powers had been shipping supplies to Russia since the beginning of the war in 1914 through the ports of

1714: 7267: 7170: 8120: 7948: 7332: 6981: 6972:

Foglesong, David S. "Policies Toward Russia and Intervention in the Russian Revolution." in Ross A. Kennedy ed.,

5600: 4898: 3618:, the Transcaspian area became an area of interest. Allied military action began on 11 August 1918, when General 3018:. A few days later, the Northern Corps forces arrived in Pskov. On 19 June 1919, the Estonian Commander-in-Chief 2988: 2759: 2325: 2131: 1513: 1442: 4333:

John W. Long, "Plot and counter-plot in revolutionary Russia: Chronicling the Bruce Lockhart conspiracy, 1918."

8593: 8588: 8502: 8399: 8371: 8199: 8152: 8100: 8023: 7618: 7253: 7185: 7058: 6802: 6577: 6552: 6382: 6205: 6167: 6064: 5730: 5658: 5631: 5007: 4836: 4161: 3888: 3581: 3522:, and the main White Russian forces had no real control. The British feared that Baku could be captured by the 3519: 3511: 3168: 2751: 2321: 1776: 1569: 7236:

Unterberger, Betty Miller. "Woodrow Wilson and the Bolsheviks: The "Acid Test" of Soviet–American Relations."

2052:

The Allied Powers became concerned at the collapse of the Eastern Front and the loss of their Tsarist ally to

8338: 8147: 7894: 7868: 7766: 7673: 6999:

Fuller, Howard. "Great Britain and Russia's Civil War: 'The Necessity for a Definite and Coherent Policy'."

3421: 3310:

The joint Allied intervention began in August 1918. Britain sent a 1,800-strong unit to Siberia commanded by

3233: 1902: 1874: 1842: 1772: 1652: 1466: 1078: 502: 3463: 3448:

flagship on the river and destroyed one other boat. They were later driven back by the Bolshevik advance on

2041: 1821:

The war became increasingly unpopular with the Russian populace. Political and social unrest grew, with the

8583: 8477: 8058: 7953: 7938: 7442: 4660:[Protecting the Conquests of the Revolution and the Restruction of Moldovan Statehood (1917–1918)] 3154: 3052: 2908: 2344: 2081: 1691: 1584: 1518: 1503: 1483: 1432: 1066: 2894:

attached to White Russian forces in the north (as distinct to those in Siberia forces, which included the

7943: 7800: 7558: 7108: 3484: 3386: 2755: 1792: 1437: 1256: 756: 2558:

area as Bolshevik attacks became more sustained. The Bolsheviks launched their largest offensive yet on

8522: 8497: 8164: 8095: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7513: 7478: 7099: 6685: 6056: 4180: 3871: 3577: 3534:

from Baku. This action would open Central Asia to the Turks and give them access to British-controlled

3322: 3203: 3023: 2972: 1559: 1493: 2652: 2471:. There was some resistance at first, but 1,500 French and British troops soon occupied the city. The 2118: 1705:, and a rising discontent among some troops and sailors who were reluctant to fight the world's first 8492: 7508: 7194:

Richard, Carl J. "'The Shadow of a Plan': The Rationale Behind Wilson's 1918 Siberian Intervention."

4410: 3515: 3479:, an Allied military mission of under 1,000 Australian, British, and Canadian troops (drawn from the 2550:

Within four months the Allied Powers' gains had shrunk by 30–50 kilometres (19–31 mi) along the

2467:. General Poole had coordinated the coup with Chaplin. Allied warships sailed into the port from the 2415: 2186: 1768: 1671: 1408: 1103: 933: 6967: 5972:

Shmelev, Anatol (1 June 2003). "The allies in Russia, 1917–20: Intervention as seen by the whites".

5769: 2641:

British. The May offensive never quite carried the Allies as far as the largest town in the region,

2268:

supported the intervention. Many newspapers actively encouraged Allied intervention during the war.

8573: 8507: 8487: 7909: 7899: 7781: 7553: 7523: 7422: 2197: 1943: 1909: 1574: 1476: 7085: 3704:

The Allied Powers withdrew in 1920. The Japanese military stayed in the Maritime Provinces of the

2072:. Other concerns regarded the potential destruction of the Czechoslovak Legions and the threat of 2029:

to fight with the Allied forces on the Western Front. The Czechoslovak Legions travelled via the

7904: 3841: 3741: 3623: 3402: 3342: 3326: 3074: 2421: 2248: 2205: 2104: 2014: 1932: 1921: 1767:

of March 1917 affected the course of the war; under intense political and personal pressure, the

1644: 804: 4790: 1833:, increasing its support. Large numbers of common soldiers either mutinied or deserted from the 8517: 7973: 7538: 7518: 7452: 7412: 6630:

Robert J. Maddox, "The Unknown War with Russia," (San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press., 1977) p. 137

5563: 3282: 2774: 2253: 2033:

to Vladivostok. However, fighting between the Legions and the Bolsheviks erupted in May 1918.

2030: 1998: 679: 285: 7226:

Trani, Eugene P. "Woodrow Wilson and the decision to intervene in Russia: a reconsideration."

4730: 4658:"На защите завоеваний революции и воссоздаваемой Молдавской Государственности (1917–1918 гг.)" 4308: 4281: 4049: 8512: 8189: 7996: 7933: 7756: 7528: 7372: 6983:

America's Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War 1917–1920

6523: 4900:

America's Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War 1917–1920

4751:, 7th Edition, Nichlas V. Riasanovsky & Mark D. Steinberg, Oxford University Press, 2005. 3647: 3631: 3480: 3294: 3117: 2933: 2313: 2143: 2022: 1894: 1834: 1760: 1679: 1544: 1452: 254: 220: 118: 7127:

Kurilla, Ivan. "Allied Intervention From Russia's Perspective: Modern-Day Interpretations."

4100: 3229: 7598: 7447: 7367: 7327: 4063:

Robert L. Willett, "Russian Sideshow" (Washington, D.C., Brassey's Inc., 2003), p. 267

3737: 3721: 3314: 3046: 2964: 2953: 2699: 2166: 2003: 1971: 1471: 946: 587: 574: 425: 7167:

The Polar Bear Expedition: The Heroes of America's Forgotten Invasion of Russia, 1918–1919

6140: 3010:

offensive commenced simultaneously on 13 May 1919. Its Petseri Battle Group destroyed the

2656:

Polish, British and French officers inspecting a detachment of Polish troops of so-called

2305:

50,000 Romanian troops belonging to the 6th Romanian Corps under General Ioan Istrate, in

1814:

dropped his reservations about joining the war with the despotic tsar as an ally, and the

8: 8409: 8159: 8085: 7978: 7848: 7608: 7427: 7317: 4803: 4379:Ülevaade Eesti vabadussõjast 1918–1920 (Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920: Overview) 3733: 3639: 3496: 3346: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3014:

Red Army, captured the town on 25 May, and cleared the territory between Estonia and the

2895: 2866:

during August and September 1918 (including 53 personnel attached to British naval units)

2770: 2617: 2483: 2476: 1984: 1764: 1632: 1603: 1589: 1447: 744: 693: 145: 7134:

Long, John W. "American Intervention in Russia: The North Russian Expedition, 1918–19."

4506: 3915: 3883:

cf. Jamie Bisher, White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian, Routledge 2006,

3266:, between 27 January and 3 February. The actions of Bolshevik warships (including three 3237: 3085:

encompassing Petrograd, Pskov and Novgorod Governorates that would officially guarantee

2600:

The furthest advance south on the northern front in early 1919 was an Allied Mission in

1878: 842: 8427: 8351: 7863: 7823: 7543: 7503: 7392: 7387: 7362: 7220: 7007:

Guard, John (2001). "Question 38/99: British Operations in the Caspian Sea 1918–1919".

6905: 6860: 6781: 6690: 6671: 5997: 5871: 5571: 4596: 3660: 3656: 3378: 3134: 2880: 2856: 2784: 2780: 2739: 2732: 2630: 2509: 2448: 2317: 2139: 1898: 1863: 1838: 1784: 1750: 1648: 1647:, and to rescue the Allied forces that had become trapped within Russia after the 1917 1376: 1006: 829: 386: 358: 3130: 884: 8394: 8323: 8240: 8217: 7916: 7889: 7827: 7493: 7322: 7249: 7181: 7075: 7054: 7037: 7016: 6987: 6924: 6895: 6883:. Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. 6848: 6838: 6819: 6798: 6785: 6773: 6726: 6712: 6647: 6573: 6548: 6378: 6300: 6201: 6163: 6060: 6001: 5989: 5859: 5849: 5745: 5726: 5685: 5654: 5627: 5003: 4904: 4832: 4786: 4669: 4600: 4588: 4551: 4420: 4352: 4314: 4287: 4227: 4200: 4157: 4150: 4123: 3884: 3413: 3311: 3207: 3058: 2921: 2860: 2491: 2329: 2261: 1810:. In April 1917 the United States entered the war on the Allied side. U.S. President 1787:(July to November 1917). The Provisional Government pledged to continue fighting the 1660: 1613: 1608: 1403: 1362: 1300: 1018: 982: 665: 651: 490: 477: 328: 300: 32: 6944:

Carley, Michael Jabara. "Allied Intervention and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1922,"

6909: 6889: 3349:

which had reached Vladivostok greeted the Allied forces. The Americans deployed the

3329:

with more than 70,000 troops eventually being deployed. The Japanese were joined by

2636:

A major offensive was launched in May in the Murmansk sector. During the advance on

2424:. On 2 May, British troops took part in their first military engagement. A party of 1663:. After the Whites collapsed, the Allies withdrew their forces from Russia by 1925. 8422: 8318: 8288: 8255: 8038: 7968: 7963: 7792: 7633: 7533: 7402: 7382: 7297: 7112: 6765: 5981: 5927: 5579: 4580: 4428: 4196:

Strategy and Supply (RLE The First World War): The Anglo-Russian Alliance 1914-1917

3870:

Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 15, Nr 4, 1985,

3705: 3635: 3619: 3609: 3183: 2728: 2584: 2563: 2544: 2425: 2364: 2243: 2231: 2100: 2093: 2061: 1970:" and began negotiating deals for funding White generals to bring them into being. 1855: 1579: 1525: 1328: 920: 792: 768: 707: 514: 343: 6769: 3510:

region was governed by three de facto independent states, the Menshevik-dominated

3199:

Black Sea had also mutinied. The last Allied troops left Crimea on 29 April 1919.

8457: 8308: 7858: 7563: 7347: 7337: 6875: 6813: 6530: 6296: 6024: 5799: 4545: 4117: 3799: 3627: 3558: 3241: 3124: 2941: 2804: 2796: 2583:

On 27 January 1919, word was received at Archangel that the Bolsheviks had fired

2376: 2292:

Numbers of foreign soldiers who were present in the indicated regions of Russia:

2285: 2216: 2201: 2018: 1955: 1870: 1850: 1718: 1706: 1554: 1054: 1042: 970: 732: 270: 7153: 7028:

Head, Michael S. J. (2016). "The Caspian Campaign, Part I: First Phase – 1918".

3443:

in October and November. The British would later form an important part of the '

8437: 8361: 8356: 8346: 8313: 8298: 8278: 8227: 8212: 8181: 8028: 7407: 7397: 7342: 7215:

Thompson, John M. "Allied and American Intervention in Russia, 1918–1921," in

6666:

John M. Thompson, "Allied and American Intervention in Russia, 1918–1921," in

3978: 3570: 3566: 3545: 3523: 3409: 3398: 3304: 3176: 3019: 3015: 2838: 2633:

and Royal Marines rebelling at points as well as American and Canadian forces.

2613: 2551: 2521: 2502: 2174: 2007: 1947: 1936: 1830: 1811: 1756: 1656: 958: 896: 860: 637: 133: 96: 73: 7160:

Stamping Out the Virus: Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War 1918–1920

7143:

The White Generals: An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War

5985: 5931: 4693:[The Bessarabian Question during the period of the Russian Civil War] 4584: 2891: 2657: 1759:

found itself wracked by political strife – public support for World War I and

8537: 8447: 8417: 8389: 8379: 8303: 8260: 8250: 8245: 8235: 7873: 7776: 7203:

The Victors' Dilemma: Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920

7041: 7020: 6852: 6777: 6103:

Artileria română în date și imagini (Romanian artillery in data and pictures)

5993: 5863: 5559: 4592: 4424: 3425: 3275: 3191:

aftermath. After the conquest of Kherson, Hryhoriv turned his forces against

3167:. In Odessa, a 7-hour battle ensued between the French and the forces of the 3138: 3042: 3000: 2949: 2929: 2812: 2679: 2559: 1859: 1815: 1788: 1698: 1636: 1286: 1090: 1030: 994: 908: 550: 538: 526: 238: 6643:

Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong

4668:. Chișinău: International Relations Institute of Moldova. pp. 354–391. 4432: 3679:, their commander Colonel Knollys sent the 28th Cavalry to their support at 2115:, welcomed the arrival of British, American, and French troops in Murmansk. 1763:

had started to dwindle, leaving the country on the brink of revolution. The

600: 8442: 8384: 8328: 8293: 8091:

Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia

8080: 8070: 7588: 7116: 5583: 4762:"Il corpo di spedizione Italiano in Murmania 1918-1919 - Esercito Italiano" 4731:

Olson, John Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994).

4509:

in Nelson, Lynn H., and George Laughead. "WWW-VL Military History." (2001).

3778: 3492: 3476: 3449: 3374: 2808: 2747: 2642: 2389: 2281: 2220: 2209: 2194: 2159: 2108: 1928: 1687: 872: 780: 612: 562: 6141:"Paper Heritage - 1919 Stamps of the Czech Army in Siberia : Article" 4346: 3643: 2562:

1918 along the Northern Divina front, and there was heavy fighting at the

2276: 2146:) were sent to Arkhangelsk while another 8,000 soldiers, organised as the 40: 8452: 8432: 8283: 8207: 7603: 7578: 7568: 7498: 6496: 3664: 3615: 3597: 3562: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3506:

and its oil fields. During the early stages of the Russian Civil War the

3394: 3338: 3318: 3022:

rescinded his command over the White Russians, and they were renamed the

2917: 2875: 2766: 2695: 2661: 2464: 2452: 2443: 2437: 2178: 2151: 2123: 2069: 2026: 1882: 1818:

began providing economic and technical support to Kerensky's government.

1807: 1799: 1780: 1702: 1675: 1667: 206: 46: 6949: 6375:

Dunsterforce. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I

4666:

Statalitatea Moldovei: continuitatea istorică și perspectiva dezvoltării

2853:, which were sent to Murmansk to operate the Murmansk to Petrograd line. 2531:, mines, and armed motor launches took their toll on the Allied forces. 8270: 8140: 8135: 7928: 7593: 7432: 7417: 7231: 6048: 4015: 3651: 3444: 3164: 3159:

On 18 December 1918, a month after the armistice, the French landed in

2800: 2793:(67th and 68th Batteries of the 16th Brigade, Canadian Field Artillery) 2724: 2605: 2555: 2517: 2306: 2089: 2085: 2073: 1963: 1897:, and dressed in Russian uniforms participated in the failed coup. The 1886: 1826: 1640: 1413: 624: 396: 85: 7210:

Allied Intervention in Russia 1918–1919: and the part played by Canada

4507:"Much Ado About Nothing: Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War" 4156:. A&E Television Networks / The History Channel. pp. 152–53. 3822:

Australian contribution to the Allied Intervention in Russia 1918–1919

2960: 2173:'s request to command and provide most of the soldiers for a combined 7853: 7488: 7377: 6090:

Armata română şi unirea Basarabiei şi Bucovinei cu România: 1917–1918

6077:

Armata română şi unirea Basarabiei şi Bucovinei cu România: 1917–1918

5567: 3901: 3766: 3680: 3593: 3225: 3101: 2898:); 1,200 Italians, a small number of volunteers from other countries. 2708: 2601: 2525: 2516:

was formed to use the navigable waters at the juncture of the rivers

2468: 2107:

between Germany and the Bolshevik government. In the summer of 1918,

2053: 192: 7150:

The Allied Intervention in Russia, 1918–1920: The Diplomacy of Chaos

6835:

The allied intervention in Russia, 1918–1920: the diplomacy of chaos

3236:

January 13] 1918, the 11th Infantry Division under General

8048: 7771: 7658: 7628: 7352: 7217:

Rewriting Russian History: Soviet Interpretations of Russia's Past,

7071:

From Victoria to Vladivostok: Canada's Siberian Expedition, 1917–19

6668:

Rewriting Russian History: Soviet Interpretations of Russia's Past,

6542: 5562:

Light Infantry (RMLI) was scratched together from a company of the

3782: 3745: 3709: 3507: 3417: 3245: 3192: 3106: 2577: 2528: 2513: 2433: 2112: 2065: 1951: 1803: 1733: 6957:

The Day We Almost Bombed Moscow The Allied War in Russia 1918–1920

5712:. Historical Committee for the War of Independence, Tallinn, 1938) 5678: 4622: 5575: 4122:. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. p. 182. 3717: 3488: 3263: 3187: 3172: 2984: 2830: 2704: 2698:

on four fishing boats to stop sabotage operations carried out by

2593: 2495: 2370: 2337: 2077: 2057: 1967: 1846: 1822: 314: 5764: 5762: 3502:

Later on, Dunsterville was told to take and protect the city of

2296:

1,500 French and British troops originally landed in Arkhangelsk

2246:

from the former Austro-Hungarian army who were recruited to the

1869:

Kornilov attempted to set up a military dictatorship by staging

7298:

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

4733:

An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

4544:

Best, Geoffrey; Best, Senior Associate Member Geoffrey (2005).

3684: 3668: 3589: 3585: 3550: 3429: 3251: 3180: 3160: 2670: 2540: 2333: 2239: 1997:

The Czechoslovak Legion was at times in control of most of the

1989: 1959: 1710: 372: 178: 4119:

Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites

3228:

attacked the region of Bessarabia, the Romanian government of

1877:

27 August] 1917). He had the support of the British

8125: 7051:

The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s

6795:

Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia 1918–1920

6198:

The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s

6030: 5901: 5899: 5759: 5645: 5643: 5486: 5484: 5000:

Famous Regiments Series: The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment)

4482:

The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s

3535: 3390: 3129: – the latter due in part to the behaviour of 3007: 2937: 2629:

forces were affected by their own mutinies, with the British

2536: 6297:

The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule

5225: 5223: 5013: 4945: 4943: 4460: 4458: 4444: 4442: 2932:

had attained control over its country, the opposing 7th and

2349:

40,000 British troops in the Caucasus region by January 1919

2280:

The positions of the Allied expeditionary forces and of the

5384: 5382: 5186: 5184: 4310:

The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

3503: 3468: 3436: 3281:

as well as several more barges armed with a total of eight

2060:, increasing speculation they might attempt to capture the 6567: 5896: 5884: 5846:

Historical dictionary of the Russian civil wars, 1916–1926

5640: 5540: 5496: 5481: 5445: 4032: 4030: 4003: 2959:

struck a German-laid mine while on patrol duties north of

1690:(1917–1919). French-led Allied forces participated in the 5955: 5953: 5668: 5666: 5530: 5528: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5319: 5247: 5220: 5121: 5109: 4940: 4804:"Forgotten Battlefields – Canadians in Siberia 1918–1919" 4455: 4439: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3934: 3440: 1975:

acquired through extensive investment in Tsarist Russia.

63:(7 years, 4 months, 1 week and 1 day) 6456: 6454: 6439: 6427: 6403: 6391: 6354: 6342: 6255: 6253: 5435: 5433: 5379: 5355: 5181: 4639: 4637: 4349:

Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies

2621:

the next few months along the railway and Dvina fronts.

2397:

4,192 Canadians in Siberia, 600 Canadians in Arkhangelsk

2312:

23,351 Greeks, who withdrew after three months (part of

7219:

ed. Cyril E. Black (New York, 1962), pp. 319–380.

7015:(1). International Naval Research Organization: 87–88. 5708:. Jyri Kork (Ed.). Esto, Baltimore, 1988 (Reprint from 5208: 5196: 5085: 4897:

David S. Foglesong (2014), "Fighting, But Not At War",

4691:"Бессарабский вопрос в годы Гражданской войны в России" 4612: 4610: 4347:

Kalypso Nicolaïdis; Berny Sebe; Gabrielle Maas (2014).

4223:

INSIDE THE ENIGMA: British Officials in Russia, 1900-39

4027: 3951: 3949: 3785:. In 1949, Churchill stated to the British Parliament: 3773:

that saved millions of Russian lives during 1921–1923.

3037:

mutinied. To support the mutiny, a flotilla of British

2463:, staged a coup against the local Soviet government at 101:

Anti-Bolshevik victory in Finland and the Baltic states

6877:

British Military Involvement in Transcaspia: 1918–1919

6505: 6478: 6466: 6415: 6377:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 2766–2772. 6277: 6265: 5950: 5825: 5663: 5525: 5508: 5469: 5457: 4842: 3961: 3377:. Chinese troops were also sent to Vladivostok by the 1885:, and Kerensky accused Knox of producing pro-Kornilov 7246:

Russian Sideshow: America's Undeclared War, 1918–1920

6451: 6330: 6318: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6121: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5367: 5343: 5331: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5235: 5169: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5097: 5073: 5049: 5037: 5025: 4980: 4866: 4634: 3487:

Fronts), accompanied by armoured cars, deployed from

2952:

and marines. On the night of 4 December, the cruiser

2475:

was established by Chaplin and popular revolutionary

2084:

a national army and, with the support of the British

16:

Foreign interventions in Russia between 1918 and 1925

7822: 7095:"Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok, December 1918" 6547:(illustrated ed.). HarperCollins. p. 250. 5061: 4968: 4928: 4916: 4878: 4854: 4607: 4251:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 153–154. 3946: 3922: 3902:"The March of the Japanese Army at Vladivostok City" 3832:

Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War

3240:

entered Chișinău. The Bolshevik troops retreated to

2825:

North Russia Expeditionary Force (also known as the

1697:

Allied efforts were hampered by divided objectives,

1358: 8559:

20th-century military history of the United Kingdom

6979: 5809: 5807: 2271: 1927:promised in their slogan ‘Peace, Bread, Land’, the 8554:20th-century military history of the United States 6727:"Bolshevism: "Foul baboonery...Strangle at Birth"" 6713:"Bolshevism: "Foul baboonery...Strangle at Birth"" 6670:ed. Cyril E. Black (New York, 1962), pp. 319–380. 6619:Russia Since 1917: Four Decades of Soviet Politics 4896: 4149: 3244:, and after a battle retreated further beyond the 3232:decided to intervene, and on January 26 [ 3096:However, the Northwestern Army launched operation 2902: 4306: 2884:(e.g. the 21st Colonial Battalion) and engineers. 8535: 5804: 4744: 4742: 4408: 4381:(in Estonian). Tallinn: Estonian Defence League. 3565:. This was the primary target for the advancing 3033:With the front approaching, the garrison of the 1309:46 dead from wounds or non-combat related causes 151: 6533:, Behind the Lines. Retrieved 23 September 2009 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 5815:"Andrei Pervozvanny (Andrei Pervozvanny Class)" 5570:to supervise a vote to decide whether northern 3303:A Japanese lithograph showing troops occupying 3133: – and other ships stationed in 2394:70,000+ Japanese soldiers in the Eastern region 229: 6042: 4476: 4474: 4279: 3148: 3045:raided Kronstadt Harbour, sinking the cruiser 2983:, which at the time were shelling the port of 211: 7808: 7283: 6955:Dobson, Christopher and Miller, John (1986). 4739: 4249:The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921, Volume Two 2543:. The ringleaders were ordered to be shot by 2369:2,500 Italians in the Arkhangelsk region and 1344: 8544:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6543:Jacques Bertin, Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1992). 6176: 5599:. Rafmuseum.org. 6 June 1918. Archived from 5597:"British Military Aviation in 1918 – Part 2" 4262:Intervention of the Central Powers in Russia 3220:Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia 2727:: a flotilla of over 20 ships including the 1929:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1629:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 1570:Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army 26:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6162:. Washington: Brassey's. pp. 166–167. 4664:. In Beniuc, Valentin; et al. (eds.). 4471: 4059: 4057: 3727: 3495:. It was named after its commander General 3381:partly to protect Chinese merchants there. 3083:Government of the North-West Russian Region 2574:Monument to the Victims of the Intervention 7815: 7801: 7747:History of the Central Intelligence Agency 7732:Length of U.S. participation in major wars 7290: 7276: 6865:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5876:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4452:(New York City, ibooks, inc., 2000), p. 44 4376: 4246: 3987:, pp. 305–306, 394, 526–528, 530–535. 3852:American Expeditionary Force, North Russia 3827:British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919) 3561:but then proceeded by ship to Baku on the 3262:The second important battle was fought at 2967:. The British would not meet these pleas. 2913:British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919) 2829:): approximately 8,000 personnel from the 2177:force, which also included Australian and 1351: 1337: 7048: 6755: 6731:The Churchill Project – Hillsdale College 6611: 6200:. Stanford University Press. p. 26. 6195: 6036: 5911: 5388: 5361: 5190: 5019: 4649: 3712:until 1925, following the signing of the 3638:. He sent the machine gun section of the 2064:, and subsequently the strategic port of 1993:Czechoslovak troops in Vladivostok (1918) 1655:, the Allied plan changed to helping the 377: 7180:. Westport CT; London: Greenwood Press. 7074:. University of British Columbia Press. 6887: 6811: 6433: 6397: 6348: 5917: 5740: 5738: 5701: 5699: 5214: 4848: 4827: 4825: 4655: 4543: 4518: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4096: 4054: 4036: 3972: 3650:. On 28 August, the Bolsheviks attacked 3603: 3544: 3462: 3298: 3250: 2916: 2651: 2568: 2442: 2275: 2189:. A Royal Navy squadron was sent to the 2117: 2040: 1988: 1631:consisted of a series of multi-national 319: 291: 276: 245: 8076:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine 8019:Provisional Committee of the State Duma 7243: 6873: 6837:. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. 6621:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957), 109. 6484: 6472: 6157: 6008: 5971: 5684: 5615: 4992: 4688: 4682: 4550:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 94–95. 4192: 3955: 3630:Bolsheviks from the western end of the 2764:2/10th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Scots 2092:volunteers, were defending against the 1978: 1915: 1565:Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army 349: 334: 261: 8536: 8131:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 7175: 6916: 6832: 6792: 6639: 6511: 6460: 6445: 6421: 6409: 6372: 6360: 6336: 6324: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6127: 5959: 5944: 5905: 5890: 5831: 5710:Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920 5706:Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920 5672: 5626:. London: William Kimber. p. 38. 5621: 5546: 5534: 5519: 5502: 5490: 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5373: 5349: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5202: 5175: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 4986: 4974: 4949: 4934: 4922: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4724: 4643: 4628: 4616: 4570: 4416:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 4396: 4351:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 131. 4219: 4021: 4009: 3984: 3940: 3928: 3491:some 350 km (220 mi) across 2660:before their departure for the front, 2242:troops sent from Italy and ex-POWs of 8569:Campaigns and theatres of World War I 7796: 7271: 7092: 7067: 7006: 6683: 6116:Soviet Warship Development: 1917–1937 5735: 5696: 4822: 4409:Lincoln E. Flake (19 December 2019). 4402: 4365: 4147: 4136: 4115: 4111: 4109: 4087:, Conway Maritime Press, 1992, p. 98 4085:Soviet Warship Development: 1917–1937 3837:Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force 3571:short, brutal siege in September 1918 3089:recognition of Estonia. On 16 August 2299:14,378 British troops in North Russia 2183:Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force 2046:Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force 1950:contemplated a protectorate over the 1332: 1319:1 landing craft captured by Romanians 7959:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 7727:Timeline of U.S. military operations 7223:, how Soviet view changed over time. 7027: 5574:should remain German or be given to 4961:Obituary: Brigadier Roy Smith-Hill, 4735:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 273. 4532:The Origins of the Russian Civil War 3817:Arthur Sullivan (Australian soldier) 3802:, in June 1954, Churchill lamented: 3699: 3553:to mark the Allied evacuation, 1920. 2225:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff 2148:American Expeditionary Force Siberia 7922:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 6568:John Francis Nejez Bradley (1975). 5843: 4240: 3467:Indian troops at a Persian well in 3100:, the last major effort to capture 3073:were damaged, at the cost of three 2987:. Both units were presented to the 2400:2,300 Chinese troops in Vladivostok 2385:(mostly in the Arkhangelsk regions) 2252:. They were initially based in the 2181:troops. Some of this force was the 2136:agreed to the limited participation 1709:; this reluctance sometimes led to 95:Defeat and collapse of the Russian 13: 8044:Council of the People's Commissars 7198:49.1 (1986): 64–84. Historiography 7129:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 7001:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6964:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6938: 6684:Stern, Sheldon M. (11 July 2008). 6101:Adrian Storea, Gheorghe Băjenaru, 4801: 4335:Intelligence and National Security 4106: 3569:forces and Dunsterforce endured a 3224:After the Bolshevik forces of the 2760:548th (Dundee) Army Troops Company 2036: 1889:. Kerensky also claimed that Lord 1783:(March to July 1917) and later by 14: 8605: 7484:American–Algerian War (1785–1795) 7263: 6545:The Harper Atlas of World History 4024:, pp. 490–492, 498–500, 504. 2428:had captured the Russian town of 2200:. This force consisted of modern 1639:'s hands, particularly after the 8054:Military Revolutionary Committee 6719: 6705: 6677: 6660: 6633: 6624: 6599: 6586: 6561: 6536: 6517: 6490: 6366: 6309: 6289: 6151: 6133: 6108: 6095: 6082: 6069: 5965: 5837: 5783: 5715: 5589: 5552: 4810:. Department of National Defence 4495:European Dictatorships 1918–1945 4193:Neilson, Keith (24 April 2014). 3847:Japanese intervention in Siberia 3714:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention 3401:and Siberia east of the city of 3041:under the command of Lieutenant 2272:Foreign forces throughout Russia 1881:in Petrograd, Brigadier-General 1715:Japanese intervention in Siberia 1684:intervened in the Baltic theatre 1682:of 1918–1922). The British also 1293: 1279: 1263: 1249: 1223: 1213: 1203: 1193: 1183: 1173: 1163: 1153: 1143: 1133: 1123: 1097: 1084: 1072: 1060: 1048: 1036: 1024: 1012: 1000: 988: 976: 964: 952: 940: 927: 914: 902: 890: 878: 866: 854: 836: 823: 810: 798: 786: 774: 762: 750: 738: 726: 714: 701: 687: 673: 659: 645: 631: 618: 606: 594: 581: 568: 556: 544: 532: 520: 508: 496: 484: 471: 444: 431: 418: 405: 379: 365: 351: 336: 321: 307: 293: 278: 263: 247: 231: 213: 199: 185: 171: 153: 139: 127: 39: 8579:Naval battles involving Romania 7949:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 6894:. University of Toronto Press. 6874:Sargent, Michael (April 2004). 6797:. London: Hambledon Continuum. 6749: 6606:League of Nations Treaty Series 6572:. B. T. Batsford. p. 178. 5690:"Tales of Sub-Lieutenant Ilyin" 4955: 4890: 4795: 4779: 4754: 4564: 4537: 4524: 4500: 4487: 4340: 4327: 4300: 4273: 4255: 4220:Hughes, Michael (1 July 1997). 4213: 4186: 4170: 4152:The Greatest Stories Never Told 4077: 4066: 4042: 3990: 3765:According to Sheldon M. Stern, 3667:(between 9 and 11 October) and 2989:Estonian Provisional Government 2903:Baltics and Northwestern Russia 2409: 2302:1,800 British troops in Siberia 2132:United States Department of War 1845:18 June] 1917, but a 1775:3 March] 1917) and a 8483:German Revolution of 1918–1919 8024:Russian Provisional Government 7762:List of anti-war organizations 7248:. Washington D.C.: Brassey's. 7049:Humphreys, Leonard A. (1996). 6948:11#4 (1989), pp. 689–700 6640:Loewen, James (8 April 2008). 6570:Civil War in Russia, 1917–1920 6196:Humphreys, Leonard A. (1995). 5817:. 8 April 2009. Archived from 5746:"Baltic and North Russia 1919" 4699:Problemy Nationalnoy Strategii 4286:. Pan Macmillan. p. 342. 3908: 3894: 3877: 3864: 3582:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 3520:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 3512:Democratic Republic of Georgia 2811:seaplanes along with a single 2254:Italian Concession in Tientsin 1946:, even before Brest-Litovsk, " 1841:started on 1 July [ 1777:Russian Provisional Government 1: 8148:Socialist Revolutionary Party 7895:Ukrainian War of Independence 7674:War against the Islamic State 7053:. Stanford University Press. 6974:A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 6888:Winegard, Timothy C. (2016). 6770:10.1080/09546545.2016.1243613 4050:Malleson Mission – Casualties 3857: 3771:American famine relief effort 3624:Ashkhabad Executive Committee 3622:intervened in support of the 3549:Indian troops at a parade in 3213: 3026:. Shortly afterward, General 1744: 1739: 1717:continued until 1922 and the 1653:Armistice of 11 November 1918 1540:Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt 61:12 January 1918 – 20 May 1925 8564:History of the Royal Marines 8549:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 8059:Russian Constituent Assembly 7954:Red Army invasion of Georgia 7939:Estonian War of Independence 7178:Imperial Spies Invade Russia 6980:Foglesong, David S. (2014), 6946:International History Review 5002:, London: Leo Cooper, 1976, 4705:(9): 162–183. Archived from 4631:, pp. 526–528, 530–535. 4247:Chamberlin, William (1935). 3874:. Accessed January 24, 2016. 3690: 3323:Lieutenant Colonel John Ward 3206:reorganized his army in the 3155:Southern Russia intervention 3137:. The causes were a general 3061:, the Bolshevik battleships 3059:In a second attack in August 3030:took command of the troops. 2999:, formed the nucleus of the 2909:Estonian War of Independence 2841:, 337th Field Hospital, and 2404: 2345:Southern Russia intervention 2122:American troops parading in 1866:of the Army (19 July 1917). 1692:Southern Russia intervention 7: 8503:Workers' Councils in Poland 8101:Ukrainian People's Republic 7944:Latvian War of Independence 7244:Willett, Robert L. (2003). 7109:University of Toronto Press 6158:Willett, Robert L. (2003). 6092:, pp. 115–118 (in Romanian) 6079:, pp. 105–107 (in Romanian) 6018:The Campaign in the Ukraine 4656:Polivțev, Vladimir (2017). 3810: 3794:In a further speech at the 3708:until 1922 and in northern 3458: 3169:Ukrainian People's Republic 3149:Southern Russia and Ukraine 2878:personnel, mainly from the 2781:Slavo-British Allied Legion 2756:Royal Marine Light Infantry 2328:Infantry Divisions, in the 1806:(established in 1915), and 1392:Central Powers intervention 10: 8610: 8523:Belarusian-Soviet conflict 8165:General Jewish Labour Bund 8034:Pro-independence movements 7664:War in North-West Pakistan 7514:Second Sumatran expedition 7479:American Revolutionary War 7100:Canadian Historical Review 6833:Moffat, Ian C. D. (2015). 6524:Operations in Trans-Caspia 5723:Lühike vabadussõja ajalugu 5651:Lühike vabadussõja ajalugu 5558:The British 6th Battalion 4313:. Routledge. p. 608. 4307:Spencer C. Tucker (2013). 4181:Princeton University Press 3607: 3292: 3288: 3217: 3175:'s White Army forces, the 3152: 2906: 2473:Northern Region Government 2413: 2343:15,000 French also in the 2256:and numbered about 2,500. 2062:Murmansk-Petrograd railway 1982: 1919: 1873:( 10 September [ 1748: 45:Allied troops parading in 8493:Hungarian Soviet Republic 8470: 8408: 8370: 8337: 8269: 8226: 8198: 8180: 8173: 8111: 8011: 7882: 7869:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising 7841: 7834: 7709: 7509:First Sumatran expedition 7471: 7310: 7303: 7228:Journal of Modern History 6793:Kinvig, Clifford (2006). 6656:– via Google Books. 5986:10.1080/09546540308575766 5932:10.1080/01629777600000141 5920:Journal of Baltic Studies 4808:Canadian Military Journal 4585:10.1080/09546540701314343 4236:– via Google Books. 4226:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4209:– via Google Books. 3760: 2416:North Russia intervention 2352:13,000 Americans (in the 2187:North Russia Intervention 1779:formed, led initially by 1672:North Russia intervention 1372: 1323: 1239: 1113: 1104:Alexander Krasnoshchyokov 934:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko 460: 111: 53: 38: 30: 25: 8488:Bavarian Soviet Republic 8478:Revolutions of 1917–1923 7463:2021 U.S. Capitol attack 7423:Battle of Blair Mountain 7093:Isitt, Benjamin (2006). 7068:Isitt, Benjamin (2010). 5624:RAF Operations 1918–1938 4497:. Routledge, 2012, p. 49 4177:Intervention and the War 3728:Assessment by historians 3410:White Russian government 3345:troops. Elements of the 2924:in the west in 1918–1919 2851:168th Railroad Companies 2799:: contingent comprising 2791:Canadian Field Artillery 2206:V and W-class destroyers 2198:Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair 1944:William Henry Chamberlin 1910:William Henry Chamberlin 1901:of 7 November [ 1723:occupy the northern half 1666:Allied troops landed in 1575:Great Siberian Ice March 92:Allied powers withdrawal 7905:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising 7722:Wars involving the U.S. 7559:Philippine–American War 7443:1960s ghetto rebellions 6917:Wright, Damien (2017). 6891:The First World Oil War 6812:Mawdsley, Evan (2007). 6373:Missen, Leslie (1984). 6145:www.paperheritage.co.uk 5725:, p. 142. Olion, 1992, 5653:, p. 141. Olion, 1992, 4689:Maltsev, Denis (2011). 4280:Robert Service (2000). 3842:Italian Legione Redenta 3742:origins of World War II 3361:, plus elements of the 2843:337th Ambulance Company 2618:expelled from Shenkursk 2422:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2249:Italian Legione Redenta 2185:; another part was the 2105:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2015:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1933:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1922:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1645:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 8518:Slovak Soviet Republic 8498:Hungarian–Romanian War 8200:Provisional Government 7767:Conscientious objector 7669:First Libyan Civil War 7539:Second Fiji expedition 7519:Ivory Coast expedition 7453:1992 Los Angeles riots 7413:Colorado Coalfield War 7305:Listed chronologically 7230:48.3 (1976): 440–461. 6966:32.4 (2019): 549–552. 6959:(Hodder and Stoughton) 6617:Frederick L. Schuman, 6105:, p. 107 (in Romanian) 5798:1 October 2007 at the 5564:Royal Marine Artillery 4766:www.esercito.difesa.it 3808: 3792: 3758: 3554: 3472: 3307: 3259: 2925: 2775:Royal Dublin Fusiliers 2773:, and elements of the 2752:236th Infantry Brigade 2665: 2580: 2455: 2388:950 British troops in 2375:1,300 Italians in the 2289: 2127: 2049: 2031:Trans-Siberian Railway 1999:Trans-Siberian Railway 1994: 1771:( 16 March [ 1509:Armenia and Azerbaijan 680:Robert L. Eichelberger 461:Commanders and leaders 8594:Allies of World War I 8589:Military intervention 8190:Nicholas II of Russia 7737:Territorial evolution 7717:Conflicts in the U.S. 7639:Intervention in Haiti 7529:First Fiji expedition 7131:32.4 (2019): 570–573. 7030:Warship International 7009:Warship International 7003:32.4 (2019): 553–559. 6815:The Russian Civil War 6608:, vol. 34, pp. 32–53. 6596:71.2 (2019): 183–202. 5622:Bowyer, Chaz (1988). 4337:10#1 (1995): 122–143. 4116:Kenez, Peter (1977). 3804: 3787: 3781:and the start of the 3753: 3648:Trans-Caspian railway 3632:Trans-Caspian Railway 3626:, who had ousted the 3604:Transcaspian campaign 3548: 3466: 3357:regiments out of the 3302: 3295:Siberian intervention 3254: 2920: 2907:Further information: 2827:Polar Bear Expedition 2655: 2572: 2446: 2279: 2234:created the special " 2165:That same month, the 2144:Polar Bear Expedition 2121: 2044: 1992: 1895:Oliver Locker-Lampson 1835:Imperial Russian Army 1680:Siberian intervention 1674:of 1918–1919) and in 1240:Casualties and losses 8508:Polish–Ukrainian War 7910:Polish–Ukrainian War 7900:Ukrainian–Soviet War 7599:Bay of Pigs Invasion 7554:Spanish–American War 7524:Mexican–American War 7448:Kent State shootings 7438:Puerto Rican revolts 7368:American Indian Wars 7165:Nelson, James Carl. 7117:10.3138/CHR/87.2.223 6923:. Solihull: Helion. 6910:10.3138/j.ctv1005dpz 6758:Revolutionary Russia 6529:2 April 2009 at the 6299:Hoover Press, 1992, 6023:9 March 2008 at the 5974:Revolutionary Russia 5848:. Lanham, Maryland. 4998:A. Michael Brander, 4573:Revolutionary Russia 4450:When Hell Froze Over 4148:Beyer, Rick (2003). 4012:, pp. 289, 315. 3943:, pp. 297, 304. 3891:, p.378, footnote 28 3738:Frederick L. Schuman 3722:Treaty of Portsmouth 3530:directly across the 2965:British protectorate 2890:: 1,000 Serbian and 2363:11,500 Estonians in 2223:in Siberia, and the 2004:Czechoslovak Legions 1979:Czechoslovak Legions 1972:R. H. Bruce Lockhart 1916:Russia exits the war 1633:military expeditions 1472:Ukrainian-Soviet War 1129:50,000–70,000 troops 947:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 426:Far Eastern Republic 8584:Invasions of Russia 8160:Union of October 17 7979:Kronstadt rebellion 7974:Workers' Opposition 7849:February Revolution 7614:Invasion of Grenada 7609:Dominican Civil War 7240:11.2 (1987): 71–90. 7201:Silverlight, John. 7176:Plotke, AJ (1993). 6986:, UNC Press Books, 6594:Europe-Asia Studies 6295:Audrey L. Altstadt 6039:, pp. 130–131. 5908:, pp. 271–290. 5893:, pp. 242–244. 5844:Jon, Smele (2015). 5549:, pp. 291–292. 5505:, pp. 261–262. 5493:, pp. 258–259. 5454:, pp. 241–242. 5328:, pp. 191–192. 5256:, pp. 223–225. 5232:, pp. 180–181. 5130:, pp. 193–194. 5118:, pp. 125–126. 5022:, pp. 131–132. 4952:, pp. 259–262. 4903:, UNC Press Books, 4749:A History of Russia 4464:Robert L. Willett, 4377:Jaan Maide (1933). 4179:by Richard Ullman, 4073:Greek army document 3998:Czechoslovak Legion 3796:National Press Club 3734:Communist Party USA 3640:19th Punjabi Rifles 3516:Republic of Armenia 3497:Lionel Dunsterville 3347:Czechoslovak Legion 3327:China–Russia border 3051:and the depot ship 3039:Coastal Motor Boats 3035:Krasnaya Gorka fort 3028:Nikolai N. Yudenich 2896:Czechoslovak Legion 2771:Manchester Regiment 2762:, Royal Engineers, 2477:Nikolai Tchaikovsky 2365:northwestern Russia 2236:Corpo di Spedizione 2167:Canadian government 2013:The signing of the 1985:Czechoslovak Legion 1765:February Revolution 1387:Allied intervention 1382:Left-wing uprisings 745:Lionel Dunsterville 694:Wilds P. Richardson 588:Sergej Vojcechovský 146:Czechoslovak Legion 8428:Stepan Petrichenko 8352:Alexander Kerensky 7864:October Revolution 7824:Russian Revolution 7654:War in Afghanistan 7624:Invasion of Panama 7619:Lebanese Civil War 7544:Formosa Expedition 7504:Second Barbary War 7458:2020 racial unrest 7393:Johnson County War 7388:Lincoln County War 7363:American Civil War 7358:Harpers Ferry raid 7333:Turner's Rebellion 7238:Diplomatic History 7212:(Routledge, 2017). 7208:Swettenham, John. 7141:Luckett, Richard. 7138:6.1 (1982): 45–68. 7136:Diplomatic History 6691:Washington Decoded 6686:"Cold War Origins" 6315:Kenez, pp. 202–203 6114:Siegfried Breyer, 6053:Istoria Basarabiei 5721:Traksmaa, August: 5686:Raskolnikov, Fedor 5649:Traksmaa, August: 5572:Schleswig-Holstein 4802:Moffat, Ian C. D. 4534:. Routledge, 2013. 4468:, pp. 166–167, 170 4283:Lenin: A Biography 4083:Siegfried Breyer, 3661:28th Light Cavalry 3555: 3473: 3399:Maritime Provinces 3379:Beiyang government 3308: 3260: 3230:Ion I. C. Brătianu 3070:Andrei Pervozvanny 2926: 2769:, 52nd Battalion, 2700:Finnish Bolsheviks 2666: 2658:Murmansk Battalion 2631:Yorkshire Regiment 2581: 2456: 2318:Konstantinos Nider 2290: 2171:British government 2150:, were shipped to 2140:United States Army 2128: 2111:, the head of the 2050: 1995: 1899:October Revolution 1864:Commander-in-Chief 1839:Kerensky offensive 1785:Alexander Kerensky 1755:In early 1917 the 1751:Russian Revolution 1649:October Revolution 1377:October Revolution 1007:Kliment Voroshilov 830:Konstantinos Nider 817:Philippe d'Anselme 8531: 8530: 8513:Polish–Soviet War 8466: 8465: 8400:Alexander Antonov 8395:Maria Spiridonova 8324:Felix Dzerzhinsky 8241:Alexander Kolchak 8218:Alexander Guchkov 8007: 8006: 7934:Polish–Soviet War 7917:Finnish Civil War 7890:Russian Civil War 7790: 7789: 7752:Casualties of war 7584:Russian Civil War 7549:Korean Expedition 7494:First Barbary War 7373:Brooks–Baxter War 7328:Fries's Rebellion 7323:Whiskey Rebellion 7148:Moffat, Ian C.D. 6952:. Historiography. 6818:. Pegasus Books. 6646:. The New Press. 6448:, pp. 15–16. 6412:, pp. 78–79. 6363:, pp. 93–94. 6027:, at sansimera.gr 5205:, pp. 62–66. 5094:, pp. 43–50. 4965:, August 21, 1996 4547:Churchill and War 4530:Swain, Geoffrey. 4183:, 1961, pp. 11–13 3700:Allied withdrawal 3414:Alexander Kolchak 3373:Regiments out of 3057:on 17 June 1919. 3024:Northwestern Army 2922:Russian Civil War 2833:, including the: 2729:seaplane carriers 2447:Captured British 2262:Winston Churchill 2244:Italian ethnicity 1661:Russian Civil War 1622: 1621: 1364:Russian Civil War 1327: 1326: 1019:Fedor Raskolnikov 983:Alexander Samoylo 666:George E. Stewart 652:William S. Graves 491:Mikhail Diterikhs 478:Alexander Kolchak 107: 106: 33:Russian Civil War 8601: 8423:Maria Nikiforova 8319:Nikolai Bukharin 8289:Grigory Zinoviev 8256:Nikolai Yudenich 8178: 8177: 8039:Petrograd Soviet 7969:Tambov Rebellion 7964:Left SR uprising 7839: 7838: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7794: 7793: 7742:Military history 7701:Yemeni civil war 7634:Somali Civil War 7534:Second Opium War 7403:Homestead strike 7318:Shays' Rebellion 7292: 7285: 7278: 7269: 7268: 7259: 7191: 7124: 7119:. Archived from 7089: 7084:. Archived from 7064: 7045: 7024: 6996: 6976:(2013): 386–405. 6934: 6913: 6884: 6882: 6870: 6864: 6856: 6829: 6808: 6789: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6715:. 11 March 2016. 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6681: 6675: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6637: 6631: 6628: 6622: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6540: 6534: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6313: 6307: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6193: 6174: 6173: 6160:Russian Sideshow 6155: 6149: 6148: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6093: 6088:Stanescu Marin, 6086: 6080: 6075:Stanescu Marin, 6073: 6067: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5821:on 8 April 2009. 5811: 5802: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5742: 5733: 5719: 5713: 5703: 5694: 5693: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5661: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5593: 5587: 5580:prisoners of war 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5523: 5517: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4799: 4793: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4711: 4696: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4663: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4493:Lee, Stephen J. 4491: 4485: 4478: 4469: 4466:Russian Sideshow 4462: 4453: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4363: 4362: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4190: 4184: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4155: 4145: 4134: 4133: 4113: 4104: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3959: 3953: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3881: 3875: 3868: 3732:In 1957, former 3706:Russian Far East 3636:Malleson mission 3610:Malleson mission 3422:Grigory Semyonov 3238:Ernest Broșteanu 3184:Nykyfor Hryhoriv 2944:'s coast by the 2785:Dyer's Battalion 2754:, 6th Battalion 2564:Battle of Tulgas 2545:General Ironside 2316:under Maj. Gen. 2202:C-class cruisers 2019:prisoners-of-war 1879:military attaché 1856:Aleksei Brusilov 1851:Austro-Hungarian 1761:Tsar Nicholas II 1731: 1686:(1918–1919) and 1678:(as part of the 1367: 1365: 1353: 1346: 1339: 1330: 1329: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1079:Dmitry Nadyozhny 1077: 1076: 1075: 1067:Mikhail Muravyov 1065: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1005: 1004: 1003: 993: 992: 991: 981: 980: 979: 969: 968: 967: 957: 956: 955: 945: 944: 943: 936: 932: 931: 930: 921:Nikolai Krylenko 919: 918: 917: 907: 906: 905: 895: 894: 893: 883: 882: 881: 871: 870: 869: 859: 858: 857: 843:Ernest Broșteanu 841: 840: 839: 832: 828: 827: 826: 815: 814: 813: 803: 802: 801: 793:James H. Elmsley 791: 790: 789: 779: 778: 777: 769:Wilfrid Malleson 767: 766: 765: 755: 754: 753: 743: 742: 741: 731: 730: 729: 719: 718: 717: 710: 708:Joseph D. Leitch 706: 705: 704: 696: 692: 691: 690: 682: 678: 677: 676: 668: 664: 663: 662: 654: 650: 649: 648: 640: 636: 635: 634: 623: 622: 621: 611: 610: 609: 599: 598: 597: 590: 586: 585: 584: 573: 572: 571: 561: 560: 559: 549: 548: 547: 537: 536: 535: 525: 524: 523: 515:Nikolai Yudenich 513: 512: 511: 503:Grigory Semyonov 501: 500: 499: 489: 488: 487: 480: 476: 475: 474: 450: 448: 447: 437: 435: 434: 424: 422: 421: 411: 409: 408: 389: 385: 383: 382: 371: 369: 368: 361: 357: 355: 354: 346: 342: 340: 339: 331: 327: 325: 324: 313: 311: 310: 303: 299: 297: 296: 288: 284: 282: 281: 273: 269: 267: 266: 257: 253: 251: 250: 241: 237: 235: 234: 223: 219: 217: 216: 205: 203: 202: 191: 189: 188: 177: 175: 174: 163: 159: 157: 156: 144: 143: 142: 132: 131: 130: 55: 54: 43: 23: 22: 8609: 8608: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8574:Greater Romania 8534: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8462: 8458:Peter Kropotkin 8404: 8366: 8333: 8309:Semyon Budyonny 8265: 8222: 8194: 8169: 8107: 8096:Tsentralna Rada 8003: 7878: 7859:Kornilov affair 7830: 7821: 7791: 7786: 7705: 7564:Boxer Rebellion 7467: 7348:Bleeding Kansas 7306: 7299: 7296: 7266: 7256: 7188: 7123:on 6 July 2011. 7088:on 6 July 2011. 7082: 7061: 6994: 6941: 6939:Further reading 6931: 6902: 6880: 6858: 6857: 6845: 6826: 6805: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6733:. 11 March 2016 6725: 6724: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6682: 6678: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6541: 6537: 6531:Wayback Machine 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6194: 6177: 6170: 6156: 6152: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6096: 6087: 6083: 6074: 6070: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6025:Wayback Machine 6014: 6013: 6009: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5869: 5868: 5856: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5800:Wayback Machine 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5736: 5720: 5716: 5704: 5697: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5603:on 30 June 2012 5595: 5594: 5590: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5526: 5518: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4830: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4800: 4796: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4740: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4712:on 25 July 2020 4709: 4694: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4661: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4472: 4463: 4456: 4448:E.M. Halliday, 4447: 4440: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4386: 4375: 4366: 4359: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4146: 4137: 4130: 4114: 4107: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3962: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3813: 3800:Washington D.C. 3763: 3744:and the later ' 3730: 3702: 3693: 3646:located on the 3628:Tashkent Soviet 3612: 3606: 3578:William Thomson 3461: 3412:led by Admiral 3297: 3291: 3222: 3216: 3157: 3151: 2942:Gulf of Finland 2915: 2905: 2892:Polish infantry 2888:Other countries 2881:Armée coloniale 2835:310th Engineers 2805:Fairey Campania 2797:Royal Air Force 2610:Nizhnyaya Toyma 2535:at Kulika near 2418: 2412: 2407: 2383:150 Australians 2377:Murmansk region 2286:European Russia 2274: 2162:in California. 2101:Soviet council. 2039: 2037:Allied concerns 2006:) to fight the 1987: 1981: 1924: 1918: 1827:Bolshevik Party 1753: 1747: 1742: 1725: 1719:Empire of Japan 1707:socialist state 1688:in the Caucasus 1625: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1477:Western Ukraine 1419:Eastern Karelia 1368: 1363: 1361: 1360:Theaters of the 1359: 1357: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1250: 1248: 1232: 1224: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1204: 1202: 1194: 1192: 1184: 1182: 1174: 1172: 1164: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1134: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1109: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1061: 1059: 1055:Hayk Bzhishkyan 1049: 1047: 1043:Semyon Budyonny 1037: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1001: 999: 989: 987: 977: 975: 971:Vasily Blyukher 965: 963: 953: 951: 941: 939: 928: 926: 925: 915: 913: 903: 901: 891: 889: 885:Jukums Vācietis 879: 877: 867: 865: 855: 853: 847: 837: 835: 824: 822: 821: 811: 809: 805:Henri Bertholot 799: 797: 787: 785: 775: 773: 763: 761: 757:William Thomson 751: 749: 739: 737: 733:Frederick Poole 727: 725: 721:Edmund Ironside 715: 713: 702: 700: 699: 688: 686: 685: 674: 672: 671: 660: 658: 657: 646: 644: 643: 632: 630: 629: 619: 617: 607: 605: 595: 593: 582: 580: 579: 575:Stanislav Čeček 569: 567: 557: 555: 545: 543: 533: 531: 521: 519: 509: 507: 497: 495: 485: 483: 472: 470: 469: 456: 445: 443: 432: 430: 419: 417: 406: 404: 392: 380: 378: 366: 364: 352: 350: 337: 335: 322: 320: 308: 306: 294: 292: 279: 277: 264: 262: 248: 246: 232: 230: 214: 212: 200: 198: 186: 184: 172: 170: 167: 154: 152: 140: 138: 128: 126: 76: 62: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8607: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8438:Semen Karetnyk 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8414: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8362:Boris Sokoloff 8359: 8357:Boris Savinkov 8354: 8349: 8347:Viktor Chernov 8343: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8314:Yakov Sverdlov 8311: 8306: 8301: 8299:Mikhail Frunze 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8279:Vladimir Lenin 8275: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8228:White movement 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8213:Pavel Milyukov 8210: 8204: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8184: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8128: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8029:White movement 8026: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7992:Central Powers 7989: 7983:Interventions 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7845: 7843: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7820: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7797: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7757:Peace movement 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7408:Pullman Strike 7405: 7400: 7398:Coal Creek War 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7343:Dorr Rebellion 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7272: 7265: 7264:External links 7262: 7261: 7260: 7254: 7241: 7234: 7224: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7173: 7163: 7158:Moore, Perry. 7156: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7090: 7081:978-0774818025 7080: 7065: 7059: 7046: 7025: 7004: 6997: 6993:978-1469611136 6992: 6977: 6970: 6960: 6953: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930:978-1911512103 6929: 6914: 6901:978-1487522582 6900: 6885: 6871: 6844:978-1137435736 6843: 6830: 6825:978-1933648156 6824: 6809: 6803: 6790: 6764:(2): 129–148. 6751: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6718: 6704: 6676: 6659: 6652: 6632: 6623: 6610: 6598: 6585: 6578: 6560: 6553: 6535: 6516: 6514:, p. 114. 6504: 6489: 6477: 6465: 6450: 6438: 6436:, p. 239. 6426: 6424:, p. 230. 6414: 6402: 6400:, p. 210. 6390: 6383: 6365: 6353: 6351:, p. 202. 6341: 6329: 6317: 6308: 6305:978-0817991821 6288: 6286:, p. 298. 6276: 6274:, p. 211. 6264: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6206: 6175: 6168: 6150: 6132: 6120: 6107: 6094: 6081: 6068: 6041: 6037:Balbirnie 2016 6029: 6007: 5964: 5962:, p. 289. 5949: 5937: 5926:(2): 134–144. 5910: 5895: 5883: 5855:978-1442252806 5854: 5836: 5834:, p. 279. 5824: 5803: 5782: 5758: 5734: 5714: 5695: 5677: 5675:, p. 138. 5662: 5639: 5632: 5614: 5588: 5551: 5539: 5537:, p. 131. 5524: 5522:, p. 265. 5507: 5495: 5480: 5478:, p. 278. 5468: 5466:, p. 264. 5456: 5444: 5442:, p. 253. 5429: 5427:, p. 255. 5417: 5415:, p. 171. 5405: 5403:, p. 170. 5393: 5391:, p. 142. 5389:Balbirnie 2016 5378: 5376:, p. 174. 5366: 5364:, p. 136. 5362:Balbirnie 2016 5354: 5352:, p. 198. 5342: 5340:, p. 193. 5330: 5318: 5316:, p. 129. 5306: 5304:, p. 178. 5294: 5292:, p. 229. 5282: 5280:, p. 217. 5270: 5268:, p. 185. 5258: 5246: 5244:, p. 218. 5234: 5219: 5217:, p. 257. 5207: 5195: 5193:, p. 130. 5191:Balbirnie 2016 5180: 5178:, p. 168. 5168: 5166:, p. 167. 5156: 5154:, p. 165. 5144: 5142:, p. 215. 5132: 5120: 5108: 5106:, p. 190. 5096: 5084: 5082:, p. 121. 5072: 5060: 5058:, p. 213. 5048: 5046:, p. 149. 5036: 5034:, p. 123. 5024: 5020:Balbirnie 2016 5012: 4991: 4989:, p. 147. 4979: 4967: 4954: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4910:978-1469611136 4909: 4889: 4877: 4875:, p. 115. 4865: 4853: 4841: 4821: 4794: 4778: 4753: 4738: 4723: 4701:(in Russian). 4681: 4675:978-9975564397 4674: 4648: 4646:, p. 297. 4633: 4621: 4606: 4563: 4557:978-1852854645 4556: 4536: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4486: 4470: 4454: 4438: 4401: 4384: 4364: 4358:978-0857726292 4357: 4339: 4326: 4320:978-1135506940 4319: 4299: 4293:978-0330476331 4292: 4272: 4254: 4239: 4232: 4212: 4205: 4185: 4169: 4162: 4135: 4129:978-0520033467 4128: 4105: 4089: 4076: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4039:, p. 208. 4026: 4014: 4002: 3989: 3977: 3975:, p. 229. 3960: 3945: 3933: 3931:, p. 302. 3921: 3907: 3893: 3876: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3762: 3759: 3729: 3726: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3608:Main article: 3605: 3602: 3524:Ottoman Empire 3460: 3457: 3305:Blagoveschensk 3293:Main article: 3290: 3287: 3283:152 mm Obuchov 3218:Main article: 3215: 3212: 3177:Volunteer Army 3153:Main article: 3150: 3147: 3020:Johan Laidoner 3016:Velikaya River 2904: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2885: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2859:: the cruiser 2854: 2839:339th Infantry 2818: 2817: 2816: 2794: 2788: 2778: 2745: 2720:British Empire 2614:Northern Dvina 2552:Northern Dvina 2522:Northern Dvina 2512:, and Russian 2461:Georgi Chaplin 2414:Main article: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2273: 2270: 2175:British Empire 2169:agreed to the 2038: 2035: 2008:Central Powers 1983:Main article: 1980: 1977: 1948:Downing Street 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1831:Vladimir Lenin 1812:Woodrow Wilson 1769:Tsar abdicated 1757:Russian Empire 1749:Main article: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1694:(1918–1919). 1659:forces in the 1620: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1494:South Caucasus 1491: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1341: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1290: 1276: 1271:United Kingdom 1260: 1259:: 4,112 killed 1257:Czechoslovakia 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1220: 1210: 1200: 1190: 1180: 1170: 1160: 1150: 1140: 1130: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1093: 1081: 1069: 1057: 1045: 1033: 1021: 1009: 997: 985: 973: 961: 959:Mikhail Frunze 949: 937: 923: 911: 899: 897:Sergey Kamenev 887: 875: 863: 861:Vladimir Lenin 850: 848: 846: 845: 833: 819: 807: 795: 783: 771: 759: 747: 735: 723: 711: 697: 683: 669: 655: 641: 638:Woodrow Wilson 627: 615: 603: 591: 577: 565: 553: 541: 529: 517: 505: 493: 481: 466: 463: 462: 458: 457: 455: 454: 441: 428: 415: 401: 393: 391: 390: 375: 362: 347: 332: 317: 304: 289: 274: 259: 243: 226: 225: 224: 209: 196: 182: 166: 165: 161:United Kingdom 149: 136: 134:White movement 123: 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104: 103: 102: 99: 97:White movement 93: 82: 78: 77: 74:Russian Empire 71: 69: 65: 64: 59: 51: 50: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8606: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471:International 8469: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8448:Viktor Bilash 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8418:Nestor Makhno 8416: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:Mark Natanson 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8380:Yakov Blumkin 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8304:Joseph Stalin 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8262: 8261:Lavr Kornilov 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8251:Pyotr Krasnov 8249: 8247: 8246:Anton Denikin 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8236:Pyotr Wrangel 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8010: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7874:Junker mutiny 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7818: 7813: 7811: 7806: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7777:War on terror 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6886: 6879: 6878: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6714: 6708: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6655: 6653:9781595586537 6649: 6645: 6644: 6636: 6627: 6620: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6589: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6498: 6493: 6487:, p. 21. 6486: 6481: 6475:, p. 19. 6474: 6469: 6463:, p. 16. 6462: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6442: 6435: 6434:Winegard 2016 6430: 6423: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6398:Winegard 2016 6394: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6350: 6349:Winegard 2016 6345: 6339:, p. 93. 6338: 6333: 6327:, p. 85. 6326: 6321: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6273: 6268: 6262:, p. 79. 6261: 6256: 6254: 6247:, p. 69. 6246: 6241: 6235:, p. 59. 6234: 6229: 6223:, p. 58. 6222: 6217: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6130:, p. 56. 6129: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6091: 6085: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5946: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5892: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792:Petropavlovsk 5786: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5700: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560:Royal Marines 5555: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5216: 5215:Mawdsley 2007 5211: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5070:, p. 38. 5069: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4977:, p. 40. 4976: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4937:, p. 38. 4936: 4931: 4925:, p. 34. 4924: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4893: 4887:, p. 29. 4886: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4863:, p. 26. 4862: 4857: 4851:, p. 91. 4850: 4849:Mawdsley 2007 4845: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4727: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4630: 4625: 4619:, p. 35. 4618: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4540: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4519:Mawdsley 2007 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4303: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4233:9781441127907 4229: 4225: 4224: 4216: 4208: 4206:9781317703457 4202: 4199:. Routledge. 4198: 4197: 4189: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4165: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4097:Mawdsley 2007 4093: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4069: 4060: 4058: 4051: 4045: 4038: 4037:Winegard 2016 4033: 4031: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3973:Winegard 2016 3969: 3967: 3965: 3958:, p. 33. 3957: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3426:Ivan Kalmykov 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387:Eastern Front 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:62nd Infantry 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355:31st Infantry 3352: 3351:27th Infantry 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3276:landing craft 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258:-class vessel 3257: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3139:war-weariness 3136: 3132: 3131:Admiral Cowan 3128: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3064:Petropavlovsk 3060: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3043:Augustus Agar 3040: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006:The Estonian 3004: 3002: 3001:Estonian Navy 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2950:Estonian Navy 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930:Estonian Army 2928:Although the 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821:United States 2819: 2814: 2813:Sopwith Camel 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2638:Medvyeja-Gora 2634: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2560:Armistice Day 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508:and others), 2507: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2332:, and around 2331: 2327: 2323: 2320:, comprising 2319: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2126:, August 1918 2125: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068:and possibly 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2017:ensured that 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1991: 1986: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1908:According to 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1860:Lavr Kornilov 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1816:United States 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1793:Eastern Front 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1724: 1721:continued to 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:war-weariness 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637:German Empire 1634: 1630: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597:Central Asian 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1322: 1316: 1302: 1291: 1288: 1287:United States 1277: 1272: 1261: 1258: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1221: 1211: 1201: 1199:4,700+ troops 1191: 1189:59,150 troops 1181: 1179:70,000 troops 1171: 1169:11,300 troops 1161: 1159:12,950 troops 1151: 1149:30,000 troops 1141: 1139:15,600 troops 1131: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1094: 1092: 1091:Dmitri Parsky 1082: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1058: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1034: 1032: 1031:Dmitry Zhloba 1022: 1020: 1010: 1008: 998: 996: 995:Joseph Stalin 986: 984: 974: 972: 962: 960: 950: 948: 938: 935: 924: 922: 912: 910: 909:Pavel Dybenko 900: 898: 888: 886: 876: 874: 864: 862: 852: 851: 849: 844: 834: 831: 820: 818: 808: 806: 796: 794: 784: 782: 772: 770: 760: 758: 748: 746: 736: 734: 724: 722: 712: 709: 698: 695: 684: 681: 670: 667: 656: 653: 642: 639: 628: 626: 616: 614: 604: 602: 592: 589: 578: 576: 566: 564: 554: 552: 551:Pyotr Wrangel 542: 540: 539:Anton Denikin 530: 528: 527:Evgeny Miller 518: 516: 506: 504: 494: 492: 482: 479: 468: 467: 465: 464: 459: 453: 452:Ukrainian SSR 442: 440: 429: 427: 416: 414: 413:Soviet Russia 403: 402: 399: 398: 394: 388: 376: 374: 363: 360: 348: 345: 333: 330: 318: 316: 305: 302: 290: 287: 275: 272: 260: 256: 244: 240: 239:United States 228: 227: 222: 210: 208: 197: 194: 183: 180: 169: 168: 162: 150: 147: 137: 135: 125: 124: 121: 120: 119:Allied Powers 116: 115: 110: 100: 98: 94: 91: 90: 89: 87: 83: 80: 79: 75: 70: 67: 66: 60: 57: 56: 52: 48: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 8443:Fedir Shchus 8385:Boris Kamkov 8329:Alexei Rykov 8294:Leon Trotsky 8081:Green armies 8071:Black Guards 7986: 7589:World War II 7583: 7383:Hamburg riot 7245: 7237: 7227: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7177: 7166: 7159: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121:the original 7104: 7098: 7086:the original 7070: 7050: 7036:(1): 69–81. 7033: 7029: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6982: 6973: 6963: 6956: 6945: 6919: 6890: 6876: 6834: 6814: 6794: 6761: 6757: 6750:Bibliography 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Retrieved 4707:the original 4702: 4698: 4684: 4665: 4651: 4624: 4579:(1): 35–49. 4576: 4572: 4566: 4546: 4539: 4531: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4494: 4489: 4481: 4465: 4449: 4414: 4404: 4378: 4348: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4309: 4302: 4282: 4275: 4257: 4248: 4242: 4222: 4215: 4195: 4188: 4176: 4172: 4151: 4118: 4092: 4084: 4079: 4068: 4044: 4017: 4005: 3997: 3992: 3980: 3956:Sargent 2004 3936: 3924: 3910: 3896: 3879: 3866: 3805: 3793: 3788: 3779:World War II 3775: 3764: 3754: 3750: 3731: 3703: 3694: 3687:on 5 April. 3673: 3613: 3575: 3556: 3501: 3493:Qajar Persia 3481:Mesopotamian 3477:Dunsterforce 3474: 3454: 3434: 3407: 3383: 3375:Camp Fremont 3312:Labour Party 3309: 3278: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3223: 3201: 3197: 3158: 3143: 3135:Björkö Sound 3125: 3119: 3115: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3069: 3063: 3054:Pamiat Azova 3053: 3047: 3032: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2955: 2927: 2887: 2879: 2871: 2862: 2820: 2809:Sopwith Baby 2748:British Army 2741: 2734: 2719: 2713: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2647: 2643:Petrozavodsk 2635: 2627: 2623: 2599: 2590: 2582: 2549: 2533: 2510:minesweepers 2504: 2497: 2488: 2484:East Karelia 2481: 2457: 2419: 2410:North Russia 2390:Trans-Caspia 2314:I Army Corps 2291: 2282:White Armies 2266: 2258: 2247: 2235: 2229: 2221:buffer state 2214: 2210:Walter Cowan 2195:Rear-Admiral 2164: 2160:Camp Fremont 2129: 2109:Leon Trotsky 2098: 2094:7th Red Army 2051: 2012: 1996: 1956:Quai d'Orsay 1941: 1925: 1907: 1868: 1820: 1797: 1754: 1736:until 1925. 1696: 1665: 1651:. After the 1628: 1626: 1590:Yakut revolt 1484:South Russia 1409:North Russia 1386: 1289:: 424 killed 1219:2,000 troops 1209:2,500 troops 873:Leon Trotsky 781:Walter Cowan 613:Kikuzo Otani 563:Radola Gajda 395: 221:South Africa 117: 112:Belligerents 84: 31:Part of the 18: 8453:Fanya Baron 8433:Lev Chernyi 8284:Lev Kamenev 8208:Georgy Lvov 8182:Monarchists 7644:Bosnian War 7604:Vietnam War 7579:World War I 7569:Banana Wars 7499:War of 1812 7111:: 223–264. 6512:Kinvig 2006 6497:Ellis, C. H 6461:Kinvig 2006 6446:Kinvig 2006 6422:Kinvig 2006 6410:Kinvig 2006 6361:Moffat 2015 6337:Moffat 2015 6325:Moffat 2015 6284:Kinvig 2006 6272:Kinvig 2006 6260:Kinvig 2006 6245:Kinvig 2006 6233:Kinvig 2006 6221:Kinvig 2006 6128:Kinvig 2006 5960:Kinvig 2006 5947:, p. . 5945:Kinvig 2006 5906:Kinvig 2006 5891:Moffat 2015 5832:Kinvig 2006 5673:Kinvig 2006 5547:Wright 2017 5535:Wright 2017 5520:Kinvig 2006 5503:Kinvig 2006 5491:Kinvig 2006 5476:Wright 2017 5464:Wright 2017 5452:Kinvig 2006 5440:Wright 2017 5425:Kinvig 2006 5413:Wright 2017 5401:Wright 2017 5374:Wright 2017 5350:Kinvig 2006 5338:Kinvig 2006 5326:Kinvig 2006 5314:Wright 2017 5302:Kinvig 2006 5290:Wright 2017 5278:Wright 2017 5266:Kinvig 2006 5254:Wright 2017 5242:Wright 2017 5230:Kinvig 2006 5203:Wright 2017 5176:Wright 2017 5164:Wright 2017 5152:Wright 2017 5140:Wright 2017 5128:Wright 2017 5116:Kinvig 2006 5104:Wright 2017 5092:Wright 2017 5080:Kinvig 2006 5068:Wright 2017 5056:Wright 2017 5044:Wright 2017 5032:Kinvig 2006 4987:Wright 2017 4975:Kinvig 2006 4950:Kinvig 2006 4935:Kinvig 2006 4923:Kinvig 2006 4885:Kinvig 2006 4873:Kinvig 2006 4861:Kinvig 2006 4644:Kinvig 2006 4629:Wright 2017 4617:Kinvig 2006 4521:, p. . 4480:Humphreys, 4399:, p. . 4397:Wright 2017 4265: [ 4099:, pp. 4022:Wright 2017 4010:Kinvig 2006 3985:Wright 2017 3941:Kinvig 2006 3929:Wright 2017 3665:Arman Sagad 3616:Krasnovodsk 3598:Caspian Sea 3563:Caspian Sea 3540:Afghanistan 3532:Caspian Sea 3528:Krasnovodsk 3395:Lake Baikal 3389:beyond the 3359:Philippines 3319:trade union 3098:White Sword 2876:French Army 2845:. Also the 2767:Royal Scots 2696:Kandalaksha 2662:Archangelsk 2465:Archangelsk 2453:Arkhangelsk 2438:Kandalaksha 2426:White Finns 2358:Vladivostok 2354:Arkhangelsk 2156:Philippines 2152:Vladivostok 2124:Vladivostok 2096:'s attack. 2082:established 2070:Arkhangelsk 2027:Vladivostok 1931:signed the 1883:Alfred Knox 1808:Vladivostok 1800:Arkhangelsk 1781:Georgy Lvov 1726: [ 1703:World War I 1676:Vladivostok 1668:Arkhangelsk 1643:signed the 1311:657 wounded 1307:173 missing 1275:938+ killed 439:Latvian SSR 258:(1918–1920) 242:(1918–1920) 195:(1918–1919) 181:(1918–1919) 164:(1918–1920) 148:(1918–1919) 47:Vladivostok 8538:Categories 8410:Anarchists 8271:Bolsheviks 8141:Mensheviks 8136:Bolsheviks 8086:Red Guards 7929:Heimosodat 7842:Revolution 7782:War crimes 7649:Kosovo War 7594:Korean War 7574:Border War 7433:Bonus Army 7428:Tulsa riot 7418:Red Summer 7338:Mormon War 7255:1574884298 7187:0313286116 7060:0804723753 6804:1852854774 6579:0713430141 6554:0062700677 6384:0863071813 6207:0804723753 6169:1574884298 6065:9732802839 6049:Ion Nistor 6015:(in Greek) 5775:4 December 5751:4 December 5731:5450013256 5659:5450013256 5633:0718306716 5008:0850521831 4837:9637326146 4433:Q116739770 4163:0060014016 3889:1135765952 3858:References 3445:Kama River 3214:Bessarabia 3165:Sevastopol 3120:Vindictive 2946:Royal Navy 2801:Airco DH.4 2725:Royal Navy 2606:Vaga River 2585:poison gas 2556:Lake Onega 2524:. Some 30 2307:Bessarabia 2086:Royal Navy 2074:Bolshevism 1964:Bessarabia 1887:propaganda 1745:Revolution 1740:Background 1641:Bolsheviks 1514:Azerbaijan 1489:Bessarabia 1414:Heimosodat 1305:179 killed 1229:150 troops 625:Yui Mitsue 601:Jan Syrový 397:Bolsheviks 8339:Right SRs 8064:elections 7883:Civil War 7854:July Days 7828:Civil War 7489:Quasi-War 7378:Range War 7196:Historian 7042:0043-0374 7021:0043-0374 6861:cite book 6853:909398151 6786:152050937 6778:0954-6545 6737:27 August 6057:Humanitas 6002:145442425 5994:0954-6545 5872:cite book 5864:907965486 5568:Flensburg 4963:The Times 4791:0729-6274 4601:219717886 4593:0954-6545 4425:1351-8046 4048:See also 3996:Bradley, 3872:pp. 46–48 3767:Stalinist 3691:Aftermath 3681:Annenkovo 3644:Baýramaly 3594:Black Sea 3475:In 1917, 3226:Rumcherod 3118:HMS 3102:Petrograd 2956:Cassandra 2954:HMS 2861:USS 2803:bombers, 2740:HMS 2733:HMS 2709:Yorkshire 2602:Shenkursk 2526:Bolshevik 2469:White Sea 2405:Campaigns 2158:and from 2154:from the 2138:of 5,000 2134:, Wilson 2054:communism 1825:anti-war 1555:2nd Kazan 1550:1st Kazan 1448:Petrograd 1443:Lithuania 193:Australia 86:Bolshevik 8372:Left SRs 8153:Left SRs 8049:Red Army 7997:Siberian 7772:Cold War 7689:Cameroon 7659:Iraq War 7629:Gulf War 7353:Utah War 7311:Domestic 7232:in JSTOR 6950:in JSTOR 6697:22 March 6527:Archived 6502:, p. 132 6059:, 1991. 6021:Archived 5796:Archived 5607:28 April 4771:14 April 4429:Wikidata 3811:See also 3783:Cold War 3746:Cold War 3736:member, 3710:Sakhalin 3620:Malleson 3596:and the 3538:through 3518:and the 3508:Caucasus 3459:Caucasus 3418:Cossacks 3416:and the 3335:Canadian 3331:American 3246:Dniester 3202:General 3193:Nikolaev 3107:Pytalovo 3012:Estonian 2991:and, as 2948:and the 2934:Estonian 2874:: 2,000 2815:fighter. 2758:(RMLI), 2578:Murmansk 2541:mutinied 2529:gunboats 2514:gunboats 2492:monitors 2451:tank in 2434:Red Army 2430:Pechenga 2360:regions) 2232:Italians 2217:Japanese 2113:Red Army 2066:Murmansk 1954:and the 1952:Caucasus 1829:, under 1804:Murmansk 1734:Sakhalin 1614:Basmachi 1585:Mongolia 1560:1st Perm 1460:Southern 1398:Northern 1114:Strength 88:victory 68:Location 8174:Figures 8113:Parties 7710:Related 7472:Foreign 7205:(1970). 7171:excerpt 7169:(2019) 7162:(2002). 7154:excerpt 7152:(2015) 7013:XXXVIII 6118:, p. 98 5576:Denmark 4814:8 April 4484:, p. 25 3904:. 1919. 3718:Beijing 3677:Uch Aji 3567:Ottoman 3489:Hamadan 3485:Western 3471:, 1917. 3432:front. 3420:led by 3343:Italian 3321:leader 3289:Siberia 3274:-class 3268:Donetsk 3242:Tighina 3204:Wrangel 3188:Kherson 3173:Denikin 3087:de jure 2997:Vambola 2985:Tallinn 2980:Spartak 2974:Avtroil 2961:Liepāja 2863:Olympia 2857:US Navy 2831:US Army 2742:Nairana 2735:Pegasus 2705:Ormesby 2612:on the 2604:on the 2597:taken. 2371:Siberia 2338:Kherson 2238:" with 2090:Finnish 2078:Estonia 2058:Finland 1968:Ukraine 1823:Marxist 1791:on the 1789:Germans 1604:Bukhara 1545:Siberia 1533:Eastern 1519:Armenia 1504:Georgia 1499:Ossetia 1467:Ukraine 1433:Estonia 1426:Western 1404:Finland 1317:Unknown 1235:Unknown 387:Romania 315:Estonia 72:Former 8121:Kadets 8012:Groups 7987:Allied 7835:Events 7252: 7221:online 7184: 7145:(1971) 7078: 7057: 7040: 7019: 6990: 6968:online 6927: 6908: 6898: 6851: 6841: 6822: 6801: 6784: 6776: 6672:online 6650: 6576: 6551: 6381: 6303: 6204: 6166: 6063: 6000: 5992: 5862: 5852: 5729: 5657: 5630: 5006: 4907: 4835: 4789: 4716:16 May 4672: 4599: 4591: 4554: 4431: 4423: 4355: 4317: 4290: 4230: 4203: 4160: 4126: 4000:, 156. 3887: 3761:Legacy 3685:Persia 3669:Dushak 3652:Kushkh 3586:Tiflis 3559:Enzeli 3514:, the 3430:Ussuri 3341:, and 3339:French 3285:guns. 3272:Russud 3264:Vâlcov 3256:Russud 3208:Crimea 3181:Otaman 3161:Odessa 3111:Ostrov 2993:Lennuk 2872:France 2671:Kotlas 2594:Segeja 2449:Mark V 2334:Odessa 2330:Crimea 2288:, 1919 2240:Alpini 2193:under 2191:Baltic 2179:Indian 2048:, 1919 2023:France 1960:Crimea 1891:Milner 1871:a coup 1847:German 1837:. The 1711:mutiny 1701:after 1526:Tambov 1453:Poland 1438:Latvia 1301:Greece 1298: 1284: 1268: 1254: 449: 436: 423: 410: 384: 373:Latvia 370: 356: 341: 329:Serbia 326: 312: 301:Greece 298: 286:Poland 283: 268: 255:France 252: 236: 218: 204: 190: 179:Canada 176: 158: 81:Result 49:, 1918 8126:Nabat 7694:Libya 7684:Syria 7107:(2). 6906:JSTOR 6881:(PDF) 6782:S2CID 5998:S2CID 4710:(PDF) 4695:(PDF) 4662:(PDF) 4597:S2CID 4269:] 4101:54–55 3790:race. 3590:Batum 3551:Batum 3536:India 3403:Chita 3391:Urals 3126:Delhi 3091:Times 3008:Pskov 2938:Narva 2847:167th 2680:Onega 2664:1919. 2537:Topsa 1958:over 1937:White 1858:with 1730:] 1670:(the 1657:White 1609:Khiva 1580:Chita 359:China 344:Italy 271:Japan 207:India 7826:and 7679:Iraq 7250:ISBN 7182:ISBN 7076:ISBN 7055:ISBN 7038:ISSN 7034:LIII 7017:ISSN 6988:ISBN 6925:ISBN 6896:ISBN 6867:link 6849:OCLC 6839:ISBN 6820:ISBN 6799:ISBN 6774:ISSN 6739:2020 6699:2022 6648:ISBN 6574:ISBN 6549:ISBN 6379:ISBN 6301:ISBN 6202:ISBN 6164:ISBN 6061:ISBN 5990:ISSN 5878:link 5860:OCLC 5850:ISBN 5777:2014 5753:2014 5727:ISBN 5655:ISBN 5628:ISBN 5609:2012 5004:ISBN 4905:ISBN 4833:ISBN 4816:2017 4787:ISSN 4773:2023 4718:2020 4670:ISBN 4589:ISSN 4552:ISBN 4421:ISSN 4353:ISBN 4315:ISBN 4288:ISBN 4228:ISBN 4201:ISBN 4158:ISBN 4124:ISBN 3885:ISBN 3657:Kaka 3588:and 3504:Baku 3483:and 3469:Baku 3450:Perm 3437:Omsk 3424:and 3369:and 3367:13th 3363:12th 3353:and 3317:and 3234:O.S. 3163:and 3109:and 3075:CMBs 3067:and 3048:Oleg 2995:and 2977:and 2911:and 2849:and 2807:and 2738:and 2608:and 2554:and 2520:and 2518:Vaga 2503:HMS 2496:HMS 2356:and 2336:and 2326:13th 2324:and 2230:The 2215:The 2204:and 2088:and 2080:had 2025:via 1966:and 1903:O.S. 1875:O.S. 1849:and 1843:O.S. 1773:O.S. 1627:The 58:Date 7113:doi 6766:doi 5982:doi 5928:doi 4581:doi 3716:in 3642:to 3441:Ufa 3279:K-2 2576:in 2505:Fox 2498:M33 2322:2nd 2284:in 1862:as 1732:of 8540:: 7105:87 7103:. 7097:. 7032:. 7011:. 6904:. 6863:}} 6859:{{ 6847:. 6780:. 6772:. 6762:29 6760:. 6729:. 6688:. 6453:^ 6252:^ 6178:^ 6143:. 6051:, 5996:. 5988:. 5978:16 5976:. 5952:^ 5922:. 5898:^ 5874:}} 5870:{{ 5858:. 5806:^ 5761:^ 5737:^ 5698:^ 5688:. 5665:^ 5642:^ 5527:^ 5510:^ 5483:^ 5432:^ 5381:^ 5222:^ 5183:^ 4942:^ 4824:^ 4806:. 4764:. 4741:^ 4697:. 4636:^ 4609:^ 4595:. 4587:. 4577:20 4575:. 4473:^ 4457:^ 4441:^ 4427:. 4419:. 4413:. 4387:^ 4367:^ 4267:ru 4138:^ 4108:^ 4056:^ 4029:^ 3963:^ 3948:^ 3798:, 3724:. 3542:. 3452:. 3405:. 3365:, 3337:, 3333:, 3315:MP 3123:, 3003:. 2837:, 2787:). 2750:: 2731:; 2707:, 2645:. 2547:. 2501:, 2479:. 2212:. 2010:. 1962:, 1802:, 1795:. 1728:ru 7816:e 7809:t 7802:v 7291:e 7284:t 7277:v 7258:. 7190:. 7115:: 7063:. 7044:. 7023:. 6933:. 6912:. 6869:) 6855:. 6828:. 6807:. 6788:. 6768:: 6741:. 6701:. 6582:. 6557:. 6387:. 6210:. 6172:. 6147:. 6004:. 5984:: 5934:. 5930:: 5924:7 5880:) 5866:. 5779:. 5755:. 5692:. 5636:. 5611:. 4818:. 4775:. 4720:. 4703:4 4678:. 4603:. 4583:: 4560:. 4435:. 4361:. 4323:. 4296:. 4166:. 4132:. 4103:. 3918:. 2777:. 2494:( 2379:. 2340:) 2309:. 1352:e 1345:t 1338:v 1303:: 1273:: 400:: 122::

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Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

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