692:. Thomas denied labels placed upon her as an artist and would not accept any barriers inhibiting her creative process and art career, including her identity as a black woman. She believed that the most important thing was for her to continue to create her visions through her own artwork and work in the art world despite racial segregation. Despite this, Thomas was still discriminated against as a black female artist and was critiqued for her abstract style as opposed to other Black Americans who worked with figuration and symbolism to fight oppression. Her works were featured alongside many other African-American artists in galleries and shows, such as the first Black-owned gallery in the District of Columbia.
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their lack of representation. New York critics were impressed with Thomas's modern style, especially given the fact that she was a nearly 80-year-old woman at the time of her national debut. The New York Times reviewed her exhibit four times, calling her paintings "expert abstractions, tachiste in style, faultless in their handling of color." Many white critics complimented her as “the Signac of current color painters” and as “gifted, ebullient abstractionist”. Alma Thomas's philosophy of her own art is that her works are full of energy, and those energies cannot be destroyed or created.
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361:. Her artistic focus at Howard was on sculpture; the paintings she produced during her college education were described by Romare Bearden and Henry Henderson as "academic and undistinguished." She earned her Bachelors of Science in Fine Arts in 1924 from Howard, becoming the first graduate from the university's fine arts program, and also "possibly the first African-American woman" to earn a bachelor's degree in art—or the first American woman of any racial background, as the artist
573:, "something that endeared her to critics . . . but also raised questions about her 'blackness' at a time when younger African-American artists were producing works of racial protest." She stated, "The use of color in my paintings is of paramount importance to me. Through color I have sought to concentrate on beauty and happiness in my painting rather than on man's inhumanity to man." Speaking again about her use of color she said: "Color is life, and light is the mother of color."
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908:), they also addressed, through rhythmic and high key color abstract painting techniques, the social aspirations of Washington D.C.'s African American middle class." He continued by noting that in the 1960s Thomas "turned her back" on her earlier representational style "that would have been seen by D.C.'s arts community as ideologically conservative," in favor of "an abstract style inspired by horticulture, scientific color theory, and music." Powell described Thomas's 1976
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307:, where she took her first art classes. About them, she said "When I entered the art room, it was like entering heaven. . . . The Armstrong High School laid the foundation for my life." In high school, she excelled at math and science, and architecture specifically interested her. A miniature schoolhouse that she made from cardboard using techniques learned in her architecture studies at Armstrong was exhibited at the
463:, both artists and members of the Howard University art faculty (Jones from 1930 to 1977, and Tabary beginning in 1945). The date of the group's founding is described variously as during the German occupation of Paris (i.e., 1940 to 1944), "the late 1940s," 1945, 1946, or 1948. It met either weekly or twice per week, at Jones' studio, the "Little Paris studio," in her home at 1220 Quincy Street NE, in Washington's
400:, the opera singer) as Thomas's "fermenting period;" during them she absorbed many ideas and influences, and after 1960 from those ideas and influences she would create her own distinctive art. While she taught at Shaw Junior High, Thomas continued to pursue her art, her formal and informal education, and activities with the Washington, D.C. art community, the latter often in ways connected to Howard University.
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954:. Kainen remembers her at that time as "a small, slim woman whose elegance of dress and manner and unmistakable firmness of character made the matter of her size irrelevant." In the program of the 1966 Howard University Art Gallery's show "Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective Exhibition, 1959-1966," Kainen is quoted as describing her as "the Signac of current color painters."
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767:" on your tombstone. I feel very proud of having maintain my Miss. I say that Miss stand for all the Jackasses I missed in life." She added, "A fine man is a delight, but for God sake don't get entangled with a Jackass." She had an active social life, with many artist friends. She reportedly "rarely missed" a museum or gallery opening in Washington.
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and supported by the
Friends of the Tang. The exhibit's promotional material noted that "Thomas's patterned compositions, energetic brushwork and commitment to color created a singular and innovative body of work." They also noted that it "includes rarely exhibited watercolors and early experiments."
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were applying pointillism. She evoked mood by dramatic contrast of color with mosaic style, using dark blue against pale pink and orange colors, depicting an abstraction and accidental beauty through the use of color. Most of the works in these series have circular, horizontal, and vertical patterns.
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In contrast with most other members of the
Washington Color School, she did not use masking tape to outline the shapes in her paintings. Her technique involved drawing faint pencil lines across the canvas to create shapes and patterns, and filling in the canvas with paint afterwards. Her pencil lines
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system of
Washington. Her parents made this move despite that the family "kind of came down a bit," socially and economically, in leaving their upper-middle class life in Georgia. Describing the reason for the family move, she later wrote, "When I finished grade school in Columbus, there was nowhere
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shortly before Alma was born, and her family attributed her poor hearing to the fright from that incident. Although still segregated, the nation's capital was known to offer more opportunities for
African-Americans than most other cities. As she wrote in the 1970s, "At least Washington's libraries
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was inspired in part by Thomas's interest in the colors of natural world: "The holly tree outside her living room intrigued Thomas with designs formed by its leaves against the window panes, and with patterns of light and shade cast on the floor and walls inside her home." She called her paintings
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After her show at the
Whitney, Thomas's fame within the fine arts community immediately skyrocketed. Her newfound recognition was due in part to Robert Doty's vocal support of her, as he organized Thomas's Whitney show as part of a series of African-American artist exhibitions, intended to protest
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When Thomas began her advanced studies at
American University in 1950, she was still a figurative painter. During the 1950s her style evolved in several major shifts, from figurative painting to cubism and then to abstract expressionism, with "monumental," dark paintings largely in blue and brown
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was her most influential teacher there, and would become a close friend for the rest of her lifetime. When Thomas studied with Kainen in fall 1957, he considered her as a fellow artist rather than as a student. Kainen had met Thomas in 1934, at the Barnet-Aden
Gallery, and in 1957, he agreed to
747:, with the heads of notable women artists collaged over the heads of Christ and his apostles; Alma Thomas was among those notable women artists. This image, addressing the role of religious and art historical iconography in the subordination of women, became "one of the most iconic images of the
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To meet the challenge posed by the Howard show, according to Romare
Bearden and Henry Henderson, her style changed again, in a crucial way: "Thomas evolved the specific style now recognized as her signature - playing color against color and over color with small, irregular rectangular shapes of
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Thomas lived in the same family house in
Washington, at 1530 15th Street, NW, for nearly her entire life, from 1907 when her family moved from Georgia so she could attend high school until her death in 1978 (aside from a few years in her 20s when she worked elsewhere). Her younger sister John
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graduates. She was creative as a child, although her serious artistic career began much later in life. While growing up, Thomas displayed her artistic capabilities, and enjoyed making small pieces of artwork such as puppets, sculptures, and plates, mainly out of clay from the river behind her
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Creative art is for all time and is therefore independent of time. It is of all ages, of every land, and if by this we mean the creative spirit in man which produces a picture or a statue is common to the whole civilized world, independent of age, race and nationality; the statement may stand
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neighborhood. It existed for five years. It offered developing artists an opportunity to paint from the model, to improve their techniques -- "developing skills and styles," and "to hone their skills and exchange critiques"—as well as a salon, or discussion forum—to "talk about the latest
452:, the "pivotal" development in, her development as a professional artist." It put her into contact with leading contemporary national artists, which "heightened her awareness of art trends and directions," and it provided exposure to local artists which "both challenged and inspired her."
490:. One source states that in the early 1950s, "the A.U. art department was regarded in many quarters as 'the' avant-garde art department in the nation." Accordingly, in 1950, at the age of 59, she began a decade of studies at that university, taking night and weekend classes, studying
950:, her teacher at American University in autumn 1957, asserts that "Thomas played a key role in the development of abstract painting throughout the mid 20th century." Kainen wrote in the catalog of the Fort Wayne show that he met Thomas in 1943, at an event at the
1023:. It was "the first artwork by an African-American woman to hang in the public spaces of the White House and enter the permanent collection." The choice of Thomas for the White House collection was described as an ideal symbol for the Obama administration by
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in manner. As a black woman, she focused her work on creative spirit rather than race or gender. Thomas believed that creativity should be independent of gender or race, creating works with a focus on accidental beauty and the abstraction of color.
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Between the years 1967 and 1975, Thomas received several awards and recognitions from various
American art organizations and museums. In 1967, Thomas won an honorable mention in the American Austrian Society's painting exhibition with her painting
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take over teaching an intensive year-long A.U. class for six selected top painting students, including Thomas, but the administration allowed 32 students, many of them beginners, to take the class and Kainen quit in frustration after one term.
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Thomas's reputation has continued to grow since her death. Her paintings are displayed in notable museums and collections, and they have been the subject of several books and solo museum exhibitions. In 2021, a museum sold Thomas's painting
377:, a Black school in the then-segregated public schools of Washington, D.C., where she worked until her retirement in 1960; she wrote, "I was there for thirty-five years and occupied the same classroom." She taught alongside fellow artist
1039:, described in promotional materials as "the first comprehensive look at the artist’s work in nearly twenty years," and as presenting "a wide range of evolution of Thomas's work from the late 1950s to her death in 1978," was organized by
448:, the first successful Black-owned private art gallery in the United States. She served as the gallery's vice president. Thomas's association with the Barnett-Aden Gallery has been described as "critical to" and, according to curator
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During this time Thomas painted, especially in watercolor; while her style in the 1930s was described as still "quite traditional" and naturalistic, she has been called a "brilliant watercolorist." Over summers, she would travel to
194:, and is now recognized as a major American painter of the 20th century. Thomas is best known for the "exuberant", colorful, abstract paintings that she created after her retirement from a 35-year career teaching art at Washington's
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and oil paintings incorporated the use of (sometimes overlapping) colorful rectangles. She continued to use this technique, in works which explored colors found in trees, flowers, gardens, and other natural imagery. Her painting
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Thomas was known to work in her home studio (a small living room), creating her paintings by "propping the canvas on her lap and balancing it against the sofa." She worked out of the kitchen in her house, creating works like
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These patterns are able to generate a conceptual feeling of floating. The patterns also generate energy within the canvas. The contrast of colors creates a powerful color segregation, and maintains visual energy.
476:, Richard Dempsey, Barbara Linger, Don Roberts, Desdemona Wade, Frank West, and Elizabeth Williamson. A photo, from Thomas's archives, of a 1948 gathering of the group shows thirteen artists and a male model.
599:. Although Thomas was largely an apolitical artist, she portrayed the 1963 event in a 1964 painting. A detail from that painting became a 2005 U.S. postage stamp commemorating the March on Washington.
393:. Also, according to her reminiscences, "At Shaw, I organized the first art gallery in the D.C. public schools in 1938, securing paintings by outstanding Negro artists from the Howard Gallery of Art."
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Rowell, Charles Henry (2016). "Two Galleries, Engaging Art, Great Talents, and Challenging Minds: The Howard University Gallery of Art, the Little Paris Group, and the Barnett-Aden Gallery".
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727:), also purchased some of her work, and wrote to Thomas in 1975, thanking her for a painting that hung in his living room: "It's like having Spring well before its appointed date."
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The three and a half decades of Thomas's teaching career, from 1924 to 1960, were described by Thurlow Tibbs, the D.C. African-American art dealer (and grandson of Thomas's friend
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1019:(1966), was prominently hung in the Old Family Dining Room of the White House, having been acquired for the White House collection in 2014 with $ 290,000 in funding from the
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in 1977 that she had "never married a man but my art. What man would have ever appreciated what I was up to?" She wrote, "Once upon a time it was said, don't die having a "
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Swann Galleries, "Alma Thomas’s Journey to Abstraction" (Sep. 27, 2017) - five examples of paintings showing the evolution of her abstract style from the 1950s to the 1970s
865:'Alma's Stripes,' as the overlapping shapes of paint created elongated rectangles. Later works were inspired by space exploration and the cosmos. The title of her painting
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described her in 2016 as a previously "underappreciated artist" who is more recently recognized for her "exuberant" works, noteworthy for their pattern, rhythm and color.
459:'s artist community, "The Little Paris Group (or "Little Paris Studio," or "Little Paris Studio group"). This group of Black Washington artists was founded by Jones and
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Despite a growing interest in the arts, Thomas was "not allowed" to go into art museums as a child. She was provided with music lessons, as her mother played the violin.
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Simpson, Pamela H.; Kainen, Jacob; Gibson, Ann; Binstock, Jonathan P.; Tsujimoto, Karen; Baas, Jacquelynn (2000). "Alma W. Thomas, A Retrospective of the Paintings".
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as among the reasons her family left Georgia. As another example of the racial violence that her family faced in Georgia, Alma's father had an encounter with a
641:, a friend, would drive into the countryside where Thomas would seek inspiration, pulling ideas from the effects of light and atmosphere on rural environments.
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Maurice Thomas, who was named for their father and had a career as a librarian at Howard University, shared the house with her.) That home, now known as the
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as the two best known African-American members of the Washington Color School, "While conversant with the works of fellow Washington Color School artists (
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exhibited a retrospective on the artist, the lateness of in-depth scholarly attention is not representative of her legacy and influence on the realm of
4983:"Box 1, Folder 1 | A Finding Aid to the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 | Digitized Collection | Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution"
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developments in modern art, particularly as it was centered in Paris." Other members of the group in addition to Jones and Tabary included
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381:. While at Shaw Junior High, she started a community arts program that encouraged student appreciation of fine art. The program supported
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Cherry, Schroeder (1997). "Instructional Resources: Four Works by African-American Artists in the Baltimore Museum of Art's Collection".
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In collaboration with the exhibition, a short documentary, "Miss Alma Thomas: A Life in Color" was commissioned. The film, directed by
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as "skillfully negotiating the slippery pathways between nature and society," and "epitomize the integrationist mood of the times."
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Thomas would not become a full-time, professional artist until she was 68 or 69 years old, in 1960, when she retired from teaching.
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The number in this sentence is typed as "thirty-eight," but in one of the three copies, the "eight" is corrected by hand to "five."
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that I could continue my education, so my parents decided to move the family to Washington." Other writers have pointed to the
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Holland Cotter. Cotter described Thomas' work as "forward-looking without being radical; post-racial but also race-conscious."
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Within twelve years after her first class at American, she began creating Color Field paintings, inspired by the work of the
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1725:(Cited page numbers refer to the 36 pages of the online folder, rather than numbers on particular pages in the folder.)
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was eventually removed from the White House due to concerns about the piece fitting into the space in Michelle Obama's
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2068:"Art Capital: Nearly 500 Gather at National Gallery of Art to Discuss African American Art in 20th Century Washington"
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4121:"Art and Civil Rights: The Mississippi Museum of Art and Tougaloo College Art and Civil Rights Initiative, 2017–2020"
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3618:. Rosen, Randy., Brawer, Catherine Coleman., Cincinnati Art Museum. (1st ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. 1989.
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In 1936, she founded an organization, called the School Arts League Project, to bring art opportunities to children.
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3490:"Everything is Beautiful: Major Alma W. Thomas Traveling Exhibition Opening at Chrysler Museum of Art in July 2021"
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and later in 1972, at the age of 81, Thomas was the first African-American woman to have a solo exhibition at the
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Thomas's post-retirement artwork had a notable focus on color theory. Her work at the time resonated with that of
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3361:"Alma Thomas, a Favored Artist of the Obamas, Could More Than Double Her Auction Record Next Month at Christie's"
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Her involvement with the Little Paris Group is said to have inspired Thomas to seek further academic training at
3465:. London : New York, New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ; Thames & Hudson Inc. 2021. p. 170.
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were open to Negroes, whereas Columbus excluded Negroes from its only library." In Washington, Thomas attended
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1847:"Locating Alma Thomas: Forthcoming Retrospective Will Explore Artist's Creative Life and Hometown Connections"
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190:(September 22, 1891 – February 24, 1978) was an African-American artist and teacher who lived and worked in
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In the summer of 1935, she further studied marionettes in New York City with the German-American puppeteer
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wrote that "it was said that she was the first woman in America ever to gain a bachelor’s degree in art."
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3412:"Doubting Thomas: Greenville County Museum Sells "Alma's Flower Garden" in a Non-Transparent Transaction"
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Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001, Box 2, Folder 7: Autobiographical Writings, circa 1960s-circa 1970s
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Inspired by the Moon landing in 1969, Alma Thomas began her second major theme of paintings. The series
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In 1943, Thomas helped James W. Herring, her former professor at Howard, and Alonzo J. Aden found the
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in 1921, at age 30, entering as a junior because of her previous teacher training. She started as a
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253:, as the oldest of four daughters, to John Harris Thomas, a businessman, and Amelia Cantey Thomas, a
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This exhibition was divided into four sections: Move to Abstraction; Earth, Space, and Late Work.
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geometric abstraction of tessellated brushstroke patterns." These paintings have been compared to
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tones, to beginning to embrace the bright colors that she would later use in her signature style.
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2866:"Joshua Taylor letter to Alma Thomas, 1975 March 3, from the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001"
1789:"Pioneering Painter Alma Thomas Is Making a Comeback 30 Years after Her Last Major Retrospective"
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An exhibition of her art entitled "Alma W. Thomas: Everything is Beautiful," co-organized by the
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Alma Thomas died on February 24, 1978, in Howard University Hospital, following aortal surgery.
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dense, often intense color." This exhibition received a supportive review from Helen Hoffman in
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4422:. Published for the National Museum of American Art by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.
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Women artists of color : a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas
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in 1934; her studies focused on sculpture, and she wrote her thesis on the use of marionettes.
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2310:"Little Paris Group in Lois Jones' studio, 1948, from the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001"
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837:. Thomas' style has qualities similar to West African paintings as well as Byzantine mosaics.
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4237:"Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music | Smithsonian American Art Museum"
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The art of Black American women : works of twenty-four artists of the twentieth century
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3438:"$ 2.8 million mystery: Greenville museum sells rare Alma Thomas painting to secret buyer"
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1432:(1971), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
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Her first retrospective exhibit was in 1966 (April 24–May 17) at the Gallery of Art at
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3082:"Longtime Home of Artist Alma Thomas For Sale in Washington, D.C., for $ 2.2 Million+"
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2126:"Longtime Home of Artist Alma Thomas For Sale in Washington, D.C., for $ 2.2 Million+"
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After further education at American University and influenced by James V. Herring and
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1552:(1978), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
1546:(1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
1540:(1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
1512:(1973), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
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students in an extensive tour arranged by that university's Tyler School of Art.
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4219:"Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : Hydrangeas Spring Song"
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has played over 40 film festivals worldwide, and has won awards and accolades.
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Art historian Richard J. Powell wrote in 1997 about the position of Thomas and
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Thomas' papers were donated in several periods between 1979 and 2004 to the
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4003:"Snoopy--Early Sun Display on Earth | Smithsonian American Art Museum"
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The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at Skidmore College
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The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at Skidmore College
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are obvious in many of her finished pieces, as Thomas did not erase them.
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Making their mark : women artists move into the mainstream, 1970-85
2973:. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of Women in the Arts. Archived from
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The Politics of Space: Alma Thomas And Race Relations in 1960's America
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Recent Paintings by Alma W. Thomas: Earth and Space Series (1961–1971)
1141:
Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940-1970
4867:
3826:"Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers | The Phillips Collection"
1504:
1124:
in Nashville in spring 2022, and the Columbus Museum in summer 2022.
986:
688:. Later the same year, a much larger exhibition was also held at the
435:
353:
student, planning to specialize in costume design, only to switch to
312:
244:
225:
3736:, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
2455:
2442:"Reviewed Works: Alma W. Thomas, a Retrospective of the Paintings".
2024:
1765:
935:
Color-Field paintings ever produced by an African-American artist."
759:
Thomas was, according to all evidence, never married. She told the
4902:
2049:
The Barnett Aden Gallery: A Home for Diversity in a Segregated City
354:
299:
4255:"White Roses Sing and Sing | Smithsonian American Art Museum"
1082:, painted in approximately 1968 to 1970, was deaccessioned by the
818:. Toward the end of her life, her style moved "to a color-filled,
4771:
2797:. Farris, Phoebe, 1952-. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 1999.
2755:
African-American art : 20th century masterworks, III :
1523:
970:
819:
547:
4273:"Untitled (Music Series) | Smithsonian American Art Museum"
4189:"Spring Embraces Yellow | The University of Iowa Libraries"
3778:"Painting - Air View Of A Spring Nursery | Columbus Museum"
2100:"The "Other" Lost Generation of Black American Artists in Paris"
938:
Although Thomas did not receive a monograph until 1998 when the
649:
of May 4, 1966, titled "colorful abstract reflects her spirit".
494:
and painting. At American University she studied painting with
2198:"Delilah W. Pierce Among Alma Thomas' Little Paris Group, 1948"
1958:
A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present
826:
282:
4504:
2408:"Alma Thomas's "Watusi (Hard Edge)" Won't Hang in White House"
1653:
872:
4469:
1984:"Art in Washington and Its Afro-American Presence: 1940-1970"
4470:"Miss Alma Thomas: A Life in Color" short documentary (2021)
4408:. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of American Art (1981).
1269:
A Proud Continuum: Eight Decades of Art at Howard University
719:, and in 1976 his family's foundation gave the piece to the
311:
in 1912. Although she expressed an interest in becoming an
3662:"Color Balance: Paintings by Felrath Hines and Alma Thomas"
2010:
1259:
Alma Thomas: Phantasmagoria, Major Paintings from the 1970s
1078:
In 2021, a new record price was set for Thomas's work when
764:
479:
In 1958, Thomas visited art centers in Western Europe with
257:. Her mother and aunts, she later wrote, were teachers and
2501:. Archives of American Art. August 9, 2013. Archived from
2228:"PORTRAITS: LoĂŻs Mailou Jones and the Little Paris Studio"
1230:
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
4208:, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
2727:
2364:
National Museum of Women in the Arts - Broad Strokes Blog
1820:"White House Art: Colors From a World of Black and White"
1275:
Color Balance: Paintings by Felrath Hines and Alma Thomas
869:(1972) alluded to news stories of a dust storm on Mars..
2673:"Alma Thomas is Given Pride of Place at the White House"
2499:"Alma Thomas's March on Washington …with 250,000 Others"
629:, a series of nature-inspired abstract works, including
2279:
2277:
1247:, 1998, Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Tampa Museum of Art,
318:
After graduating from high school in 1911, she studied
3978:"American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center"
2192:
2190:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1309:
415:
During the summers of 1930 through 1934, she attended
385:
performances and the distribution of student designed
4171:"Alma Woodsey Thomas. Fiery Sunset. 1973 | MoMA"
3946:"Iris, Tulips, Jonquils, and Crocuses | Artwork"
438:, known as the father of modern puppetry in America.
277:
In 1907, when Thomas was 16, the family moved to the
4739:
Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics
3455:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3161:. New York, N.Y.: Thames & Hudson. p. 128.
2302:
2274:
699:
Thomas at the opening of her solo exhibition at the
4428:. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art (1972).
4025:
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden | Smithsonian
3529:
3244:"Alma Thomas' "Watusi" Gets the White House Kibosh"
2221:
2219:
2187:
1864:
1838:
1538:
Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music
1164:
Alma Thomas: A Retrospective Exhibition (1959-1966)
882:
Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music
4325:
4315:Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
3960:"In Depth: "Pansies in Washington" by Alma Thomas"
3611:
2883:
2790:
2785:
2783:
1655:
1255:, Smithsonian Institution, and The Columbus Museum
245:Childhood, education, and early teaching positions
3745:
3306:
2994:
2992:
1880:"The late Spring time of Alma Thomas (interview)"
1089:Thomas' work was included in the 2021 exhibition
1051:, Associate Curator, Permanent Collection at the
273:Alma Thomas's childhood home in Columbus, Georgia
5004:
4392:Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings
2934:
2250:
2248:
2216:
1954:
1658:Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings
1245:Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings
1138:In 2023 her work was included in the exhibition
736:Some Living American Women Artists / Last Supper
201:Thomas, who is often considered a member of the
4394:. Fort Wayne: Fort Wayne Museum of Art (1998).
4328:"Alma Thomas Was the Godmother of Afrofuturism"
3844:"Museum Stories | The Phillips Collection"
3378:
3281:
2959:
2780:
1654:Thomas, Alma; Fort Wayne Museum of Art (1998).
910:Azeleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music
775:, was built in about 1875 and is listed on the
391:Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center
249:Alma Thomas was born on September 22, 1891, in
3922:. National Museum of Women in the Arts. 2011.
3579:
3577:
3504:
2989:
1817:
633:(1966), which in 2014 would be bought for the
296:Atlanta race riots and racial massacre of 1906
4490:
3717:"Alma Thomas - Exhibitions - Mnuchin Gallery"
3684:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3386:"Alma Thomas (1891-1978), A Fantastic Sunset"
2556:"ALMA THOMAS (1891 1978) March on Washington"
2245:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
997:, hung in the Obama family private quarters.
5043:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
4577:Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art
4013:
3668:. Nasher Museum of Art. 2011. Archived from
2752:
2515:
2405:
957:In 2009, two paintings by Thomas, including
357:after studying under art department founder
281:neighborhood of Washington, D.C., to escape
236:in a private transaction for $ 2.8 million.
4755:Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?
4555:New York School of Applied Design for Women
4351:
4338:
2909:
2891:"Joshua C. Taylor Becomes Director of NCFA"
1426:, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
873:Later reactions, exhibits, and developments
794:by J. Maurice Thomas, Alma Thomas' sister.
208:but alternatively classified by some as an
4506:Feminist art movement in the United States
4497:
4483:
4370:
3554:
3429:
3023:
3021:
2757:. New York, NY: Michael Rosenfeld Gallery.
2285:"Little Paris Group in Lois Jones' studio"
2085:
1955:Bearden, Romare; Henderson, Henry (1993).
1950:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1703:
1701:
1699:
37:Portrait of a Lady (Alma Thomas), 1947 by
31:
3409:
3403:
3358:
3159:Black art and culture in the 20th century
3079:
2833:
2670:
2578:
2401:
2399:
2352:
2065:
2059:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1844:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
4543:American Association of University Women
4341:"'Alma Thomas,' an Incandescent Pioneer"
4299:Oxford: Oxford University Press (1998).
3788:
3512:"Alma W. Thomas:Everything is Beautiful"
3484:
3482:
3275:
3136:. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland Publishing.
2611:
2609:
2607:
2475:
2473:
2144:
1975:
1501:University of Iowa Stanley Museum of Art
1198:Alma W. Thomas: Retrospective Exhibition
999:
876:
839:
694:
663:
601:
575:
268:
4371:Dobrzynski, Judith H. (March 1, 2016).
4046:"Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love And Peace"
4021:"Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace"
3606:
3604:
3205:
3180:
3178:
3027:
3018:
2695:
2693:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2339:Being But Men, We Walked Into the Trees
2327:
2055:(Ph.D.). Pennsylvania State University.
2039:
1897:
1564:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library
1303:Alma W. Thomas: Everything is Beautiful
1261:, 2001, Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, and
1120:in Washington, D.C., in fall 2021, the
5005:
3970:
3796:"Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers"
3654:
3184:
3156:
3150:
3131:
3080:Valentine, Valerie L. (May 16, 2020).
2998:
2767:
2671:Valentine, Victoria (April 17, 2015).
2586:"Today We Take a Stand Against Racism"
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2396:
2150:
2006:
2004:
1927:
1845:Valentine, Victoria (April 14, 2018).
1806:
1786:
1751:
1716:, Smithsonian Archives of American Art
1676:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1151:
973:William Allman to be exhibited in the
373:In 1924, Thomas began teaching art at
368:
328:University of the District of Columbia
214:University of the District of Columbia
5078:20th-century African-American artists
4702:WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution
4549:National Association of Women Artists
4478:
4446:Alma Thomas's work at the Smithsonian
4420:A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978
4406:A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978
4326:Elizabeth Hamilton (March 15, 2022).
3916:"Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses"
3908:
3479:
3359:Armstrong, Annie (October 24, 2019).
3211:
3001:"At 77, She's Made It to the Whitney"
2723:
2721:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2604:
2548:
2470:
2314:Archives of American Art, Smithsonian
2066:Valentine, Victoria (April 2, 2017).
2045:
1877:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1430:Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace
1359:(1968), Luther W. Brady Art Gallery,
1321:Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
1235:A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978
995:Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
782:
673:Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
669:Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace
5053:20th-century American women painters
4643:The Women's Building (San Francisco)
4602:National Museum of Women in the Arts
3782:columbusmuseum.pastperfectonline.com
3601:
3435:
3250:
3175:
2946:The Frost Art Museum Drawing Project
2770:"Expert Abstractions by Alma Thomas"
2690:
2378:
1981:
1914:National Museum of Women in the Arts
1787:Sheets, Hilarie (January 21, 2016).
1394:National Museum of Women in the Arts
1347:Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers
1297:Alma Thomas: Resurrection Exhibition
1075:sale. It sold for $ 2.655 million.
967:Michael S. Smith (interior designer)
777:National Register of Historic Places
472:and Thomas, as well as Bruce Brown,
408:to visit art museums, including the
389:which were given to soldiers at the
152:Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers
5073:20th-century African-American women
4352:Berry, Ian; Haynes, Lauren (2016).
3099:
3028:Richard, Paul (February 25, 1978).
2917:"In Memoriam: Joshua C. Taylor '39"
2768:Mellow, James R. (April 29, 1972).
2426:
2254:
2225:
2001:
1818:Holland Cotter (October 11, 2009).
1390:Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses
1310:Notable works in public collections
1015:In 2015, another of her paintings,
637:collection. Thomas and the artist
120:Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses
13:
4633:Women's Art Resources of Minnesota
4319:
3926:from the original on June 24, 2011
3739:
3262:White House Historical Association
3224:from the original on June 16, 2013
3187:"An Alumni Reunion On the Hilltop"
2728:Ian Berry, Lauren Haynes. (2016).
2718:
2659:
1728:
1707:
1596:
1516:Wind Sparkling Dew and Green Grass
1371:White House Historical Association
1182:, 1971, Carl Van Vechten Gallery,
1160:, 1960, Dupont Theatre Art Gallery
1021:White House Historical Association
595:with her friend, the opera singer
510:
212:, earned her teaching degree from
14:
5089:
5048:Artists from Georgia (U.S. state)
4965:Feminist movements and ideologies
4439:
4309:"Alma Thomas papers, 1894-2000".
3802:. Phillips Museum. Archived from
3758:from the original on June 6, 2011
3185:Dawson, Jessica (April 7, 2005).
3055:"Obituaries: John Maurice Thomas"
2971:Clara - Database of Women Artists
2481:"Starry Night and the Astronauts"
2406:Blake Gopnik (November 5, 2009).
1878:Munro, Eleanor (April 15, 1979).
1228:, 1976, H.C. Taylor Art Gallery,
916:described her as "a force in the
797:
4975:
4451:Alma Thomas, Skidmore University
4265:
4247:
4146:"The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
3754:. The New Georgia Encyclopedia.
3410:Rosenbaum, Lee (April 9, 2021).
3212:Vogel, Carol (October 6, 2009).
2999:Shirey, David L. (May 4, 1972).
2895:Smithsonian Institution Archives
1226:Alma W. Thomas: Recent Paintings
1216:Alma W. Thomas: Recent Paintings
1067:In 2019, Thomas's 1970 painting
965:, White House interior designer
754:
711:New York art curator and editor
455:In the 1940s Thomas also joined
289:and to seek the benefits of the
239:
4607:New York Feminist Art Institute
4289:
4229:
4211:
4199:
4181:
4163:
4138:
4113:
4095:
4077:
4052:
4038:
3995:
3952:
3938:
3890:
3880:""Resurrection" by Alma Thomas"
3872:
3854:
3836:
3818:
3770:
3727:
3709:
3352:
3336:
3258:""Resurrection" by Alma Thomas"
3236:
3214:"A Bold and Modern White House"
3125:
3107:"Alma Thomas papers, 1894–2000"
3073:
3047:
2858:
2761:
2746:
2705:Smithsonian American Art Museum
2642:""Resurrection" by Alma Thomas"
2634:
2509:
2491:
2360:"Artist Spotlight: Alma Thomas"
2118:
1576:
1478:Starry Night and the Astronauts
1424:Smithsonian American Art Museum
1239:National Museum of American Art
1084:Greenville County Museum of Art
1009:Smithsonian American Art Museum
923:Writing in 1998, art historian
886:Smithsonian American Art Museum
725:Smithsonian American Art Museum
571:Washington Color Field Painters
498:and Ben "Joe" Summerford. But
305:Armstrong Technical High School
5068:African-American women artists
5058:20th-century American painters
5033:Painters from Washington, D.C.
5023:Abstract expressionist artists
4954:Women in the art history field
4638:Woman's Building (Los Angeles)
4339:Ken Johnson (August 4, 2016).
4103:"Alma Thomas | Mars Dust"
3436:Mayo, Nikie (March 30, 2021).
2516:Hodge-Thorne, Cynthia (2019).
1780:
1562:Alma Thomas Teen Space at the
1510:Wind and CrĂŞpe Myrtle Concerto
1305:, 2021, Chrysler Museum of Art
1193:Whitney Museum of American Art
929:Wind and Crepe Myrtle Concerto
715:bought Thomas's 1972 painting
686:Whitney Museum of American Art
546:(1963), a manipulation of the
128:Wind and Crepe Myrtle Concerto
1:
5028:People from Columbus, Georgia
4622:Washington Women's Art Center
4085:"The Baltimore Museum of Art"
4060:"The Baltimore Museum of Art"
3692:"Past Exhibits - Alma Thomas"
3284:"Critics Nix Obamas' Pix Mix"
2753:K Harrisburg, Halley (1966).
2590:USPS Stamp of Approval (blog)
2335:"Thursday, February 11, 2016"
2255:Yau, John (August 14, 2016).
1589:
1265:An Institution for the Future
1174:Alma Thomas: Recent Paintings
140:Flowers at Jefferson Memorial
4662:Exhibitions or installations
4150:metmuseum.org/art/collection
3898:"Wind, Sunshine and Flowers"
3866:George Washington University
2485:The Art Institute of Chicago
1961:. New York: Pantheon Books.
1557:
1361:George Washington University
1334:Air View of a Spring Nursery
802:Alma Thomas' early work was
342:, staying there until 1921.
132:Air View of a Spring Nursery
16:American painter (1891–1978)
7:
4787:Women Artists in Revolution
4627:Women Artists in Revolution
3157:Powell, Richard J. (1997).
1710:"Autobiographical Writings"
1292:The Studio Museum in Harlem
1176:, 1968, Franz Bader Gallery
1045:The Studio Museum in Harlem
621:, curated by art historian
591:In 1963, she walked in the
10:
5094:
3848:www.phillipscollection.org
3830:www.phillipscollection.org
3746:Charles T. Butler (2004).
3113:. Archives of American Art
2046:Abbot, Janet Gail (2008).
1533:Philadelphia Museum of Art
1472:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1414:American University Museum
1377:Wind, Sunshine and Flowers
1253:Anacostia Community Museum
1158:Watercolors by Alma Thomas
721:Metropolitan Museum of Art
410:Metropolitan Museum of Art
5063:African-American painters
4962:
4941:
4805:
4764:
4730:
4712:
4661:
4564:
4535:
4512:
3748:"Alma Thomas (1891–1978)"
3290:. ARTnews. Archived from
1982:Morrison, Keith Anthony.
1544:White Roses Sing and Sing
1271:, 2005, Howard University
1241:, Smithsonian Institution
1207:Alma W. Thomas: Paintings
963:First Lady Michelle Obama
336:Eastern Shore of Maryland
180:Michael Rosenfeld Gallery
175:
161:
109:
101:
87:
71:
45:
30:
23:
5038:Howard University alumni
4949:List of feminist artists
4747:The Feminist Art Journal
4206:"Hydrangeas Spring Song"
4175:The Museum of Modern Art
3537:"Action, Gesture, Paint"
3282:Robin Cembalest (2009).
1569:
1520:Fort Wayne Museum of Art
1482:Art Institute of Chicago
1420:Snoopy Early Sun Display
1357:Nature's Red Impressions
1299:, 2019, Mnuchin Gallery
1035:In 2016, the exhibition
927:described Thomas's 1973
792:Archives of American Art
4653:Women's Studio Workshop
4648:Women's Interart Center
4565:Venues or organizations
4460:National Gallery of Art
3347:The Wall Street Journal
3132:Henkes, Robert (1993).
3030:"Alma Thomas, 86, Dies"
2289:Smithsonian Institution
1440:Baltimore Museum of Art
1404:National Gallery of Art
1325:Smithsonian Institution
1249:New Jersey State Museum
1202:Corcoran Gallery of Art
1061:The Wall Street Journal
1053:Studio Museum in Harlem
918:Washington Color School
814:, her work became more
690:Corcoran Gallery of Art
611:National Gallery of Art
585:National Gallery of Art
375:Shaw Junior High School
203:Washington Color School
196:Shaw Junior High School
144:Untitled (Music Series)
4792:Women's Caucus for Art
4713:Films or documentaries
4587:Feminist Art Coalition
4373:"'Alma Thomas' Review"
3902:www.brooklynmuseum.org
3721:www.mnuchingallery.com
3646:: CS1 maint: others (
3516:Chrysler Museum of Art
2825:: CS1 maint: others (
2526:1961/auislandora:84411
1550:Untitled: Music Series
1529:Hydrangeas Spring Song
1497:Spring Embraces Yellow
1211:Martha Jackson Gallery
1102:Chrysler Museum of Art
1012:
889:
852:
704:
676:
614:
588:
536:Abstract Expressionism
525:
363:Keith Anthony Morrison
274:
4721:!Women Art Revolution
4522:Feminist art movement
4297:African-American Art.
4193:digital.lib.uiowa.edu
4089:collection.artbma.org
4064:collection.artbma.org
3672:on September 28, 2011
2505:on September 4, 2013.
2257:"Under No Obligation"
2165:10.1353/cal.2016.0150
1910:"Alma Woodsey Thomas"
1566:was named after her.
1400:Pansies in Washington
1003:
880:
843:
835:Georges-Pierre Seurat
749:feminist art movement
698:
682:The Viennese Waltzes,
667:
607:Pansies in Washington
605:
579:
514:
496:Robert Franklin Gates
450:Adelyn Dohme Breeskin
272:
4456:Works by Alma Thomas
3920:Permanent Collection
3734:"Watusi (Hard Edge)"
3696:Studio Museum Harlem
3492:. September 21, 2020
3463:Women in abstraction
3323:Tang Teaching Museum
1491:Museum of Modern Art
1463:Jackson, Mississippi
1279:Nasher Museum of Art
1091:Women in Abstraction
1080:Alma's Flower Garden
952:Barnett-Aden Gallery
931:as "one of the most
739:(1972) appropriated
446:Barnett-Aden Gallery
340:Wilmington, Delaware
234:Alma's Flower Garden
39:Laura Wheeler Waring
4853:Helen Frankenthaler
4597:Lesbian Art Project
4223:www.philamuseum.org
3982:American University
3541:Whitechapel Gallery
3442:The Greenville News
3246:. November 5, 2009.
3191:The Washington Post
2977:on January 10, 2014
2967:"Mary Beth Adelson"
2942:"Mary Beth Edelson"
2444:Woman's Art Journal
2414:. Arts & Living
2013:Woman's Art Journal
1826:. Critic's Notebook
1351:Phillips Collection
1152:Notable exhibitions
1146:Whitechapel Gallery
1131:, and produced by
1118:Phillips Collection
1071:was auctioned at a
993:, on loan from the
914:The Washington Post
647:The Washington Post
593:March on Washington
581:March on Washington
488:American University
461:CĂ©line Marie Tabary
421:Columbia University
369:Post-college career
324:Miner Normal School
188:Alma Woodsey Thomas
96:Columbia University
50:Alma Woodsey Thomas
4918:Carolee Schneemann
4678:Three Weeks in May
4418:Foresta, Merry A.
4404:Merry A. Foresta,
4345:The New York Times
4295:Patton, Sharon F.
4277:americanart.si.edu
4259:americanart.si.edu
4241:americanart.si.edu
4007:americanart.si.edu
3752:Individual Artists
3343:Alma Thomas Review
3218:The New York Times
3005:The New York Times
2841:"Red Roses Sonata"
2774:The New York Times
2450:(1): 55–56. 2000.
2366:. October 14, 2009
1824:The New York Times
1416:, Washington, D.C.
1406:, Washington, D.C.
1396:, Washington, D.C.
1373:, Washington, D.C.
1363:, Washington, D.C.
1353:, Washington, D.C.
1317:Watusi (Hard Edge)
1069:A Fantastic Sunset
1026:The New York Times
1013:
983:Watusi (Hard Edge)
969:, and White House
959:Watusi (Hard Edge)
890:
853:
783:Death and archives
705:
677:
615:
589:
544:Watusi (Hard Edge)
523:-Alma Thomas, 1970
275:
259:Tuskegee Institute
124:Watusi (Hard Edge)
60:September 22, 1891
4971:
4970:
4843:Mary Beth Edelson
4838:Elaine de Kooning
4686:The Sister Chapel
4305:978-01-92842-13-8
3390:www.christies.com
2897:. January 1, 1970
2845:www.metmuseum.org
2566:on August 5, 2016
2226:Malesky, Robert.
2202:Delilah W. Pierce
2177:Project MUSE
1988:keithmorrison.com
1220:Howard University
1168:Howard University
1114:Columbus, Georgia
1106:Norfolk, Virginia
961:, were chosen by
940:Fort Wayne Museum
812:Lois Mailou Jones
773:Alma Thomas House
741:Leonardo da Vinci
731:Mary Beth Edelson
619:Howard University
481:Temple University
457:Lois Mailou Jones
412:, and galleries.
347:Howard University
251:Columbus, Georgia
218:Howard University
185:
184:
92:Howard University
75:February 24, 1978
5085:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4979:
4913:Rachel Rosenthal
4888:Georgia O'Keeffe
4823:Louise Bourgeois
4694:The Dinner Party
4499:
4492:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4388:
4367:
4348:
4335:
4281:
4280:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3806:on March 4, 2016
3792:
3786:
3785:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3637:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3581:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
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3508:
3502:
3501:
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3497:
3486:
3477:
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3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:, March 1, 2016.
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3315:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3061:. March 25, 2004
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2963:
2957:
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2952:
2938:
2932:
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2913:
2907:
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2887:
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2862:
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2851:
2837:
2831:
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2824:
2816:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2592:. April 27, 2012
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2562:. Archived from
2552:
2546:
2545:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2439:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2403:
2394:
2391:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2232:Bygone Brookland
2223:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2159:(5): 1163–1167.
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2104:Messy Nessy Chic
2096:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1906:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1749:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1705:
1674:
1673:
1661:
1651:
1583:
1580:
1468:Red Roses Sonata
1459:Tougaloo College
1329:Washington, D.C.
1122:Frist Art Museum
979:Obama presidency
804:representational
717:Red Roses Sonata
567:Vasily Kandinsky
417:Teachers College
359:James V. Herring
192:Washington, D.C.
112:
82:Washington, D.C.
78:
59:
57:
35:
21:
20:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4958:
4937:
4898:Louise Nevelson
4801:
4777:Guerrilla Girls
4760:
4726:
4708:
4657:
4617:tArt Collective
4581:Brooklyn Museum
4560:
4531:
4508:
4503:
4442:
4364:
4322:
4320:Further reading
4292:
4285:
4284:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3862:"Brady Gallery"
3860:
3859:
3855:
3850:. May 17, 2020.
3842:
3841:
3837:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3357:
3353:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3294:on July 7, 2011
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3220:. p. A14.
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3059:Washington Post
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3034:Washington Post
3026:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2997:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2726:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2560:Swann Galleries
2554:
2553:
2549:
2514:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2456:10.2307/1358116
2441:
2440:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2412:Washington Post
2404:
2397:
2392:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2253:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2224:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2025:10.2307/1358876
2009:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1953:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1884:Washington Post
1876:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1766:10.2307/3193640
1750:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1677:
1670:
1662:. Pomegranate.
1652:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1560:
1555:
1381:Brooklyn Museum
1338:Columbus Museum
1312:
1263:Women's Museum:
1184:Fisk University
1154:
1110:Columbus Museum
1095:Centre Pompidou
875:
800:
785:
757:
745:The Last Supper
627:Earth Paintings
623:James A. Porter
532:New York School
522:
513:
511:Artistic career
371:
345:Thomas entered
334:schools on the
283:racial violence
247:
242:
168:
148:Red Rose Sonata
110:
94:
83:
80:
76:
67:
66:, Georgia, U.S.
61:
55:
53:
52:
51:
41:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5000:
4999:
4987:www.aaa.si.edu
4973:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:M. C. Richards
4905:
4900:
4895:
4893:Barbara Kruger
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:Alison Bechdel
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4782:The Waitresses
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4612:SOHO20 Gallery
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4574:
4572:A.I.R. Gallery
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4440:External links
4438:
4437:
4436:
4423:
4416:
4402:
4389:
4368:
4363:978-3791355719
4362:
4349:
4336:
4332:Harpers Bazaar
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4307:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4264:
4246:
4228:
4210:
4198:
4180:
4162:
4137:
4112:
4094:
4076:
4051:
4037:
4012:
3994:
3969:
3951:
3937:
3907:
3889:
3871:
3853:
3835:
3817:
3787:
3769:
3738:
3726:
3708:
3683:
3653:
3624:
3600:
3593:
3553:
3528:
3503:
3478:
3472:978-0500094372
3471:
3454:
3428:
3402:
3377:
3351:
3335:
3305:
3274:
3249:
3235:
3204:
3174:
3167:
3149:
3143:978-0899508184
3142:
3124:
3098:
3072:
3046:
3017:
2988:
2958:
2933:
2908:
2882:
2870:www.aaa.si.edu
2857:
2832:
2803:
2779:
2760:
2745:
2739:978-3791355719
2738:
2717:
2689:
2658:
2633:
2621:www.aaa.si.edu
2603:
2577:
2547:
2508:
2490:
2469:
2425:
2395:
2377:
2351:
2326:
2301:
2273:
2244:
2215:
2204:. July 3, 2013
2186:
2143:
2132:. May 16, 2020
2117:
2106:. June 4, 2020
2084:
2058:
2038:
2000:
1974:
1967:
1926:
1896:
1863:
1837:
1805:
1779:
1727:
1708:Thomas, Alma,
1675:
1668:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1513:
1507:
1494:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1455:Red Atmosphere
1452:
1449:Whitney Museum
1442:
1433:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1331:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1222:Gallery of Art
1213:
1204:
1195:
1189:Alma W. Thomas
1186:
1177:
1171:
1170:Gallery of Art
1161:
1153:
1150:
1007:(1966) at the
906:Kenneth Noland
884:(1976) at the
874:
871:
849:Whitney Museum
847:(1972) at the
799:
798:Artistic style
796:
784:
781:
761:New York Times
756:
753:
713:Thomas B. Hess
701:Whitney Museum
671:(1971) at the
639:Delilah Pierce
609:(1969) at the
583:(1964) at the
556:Chubby Checker
512:
509:
470:Delilah Pierce
423:, earning her
379:Malkia Roberts
370:
367:
351:home economics
326:(now known as
262:childhood home
255:dress designer
246:
243:
241:
238:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
163:
159:
158:
113:
107:
106:
103:
102:Known for
99:
98:
89:
85:
84:
81:
79:(aged 86)
73:
69:
68:
62:
49:
47:
43:
42:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5090:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Cindy Sherman
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Lynda Benglis
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:Notable women
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
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3319:"Alma Thomas"
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3193:. p. C05
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3168:0-500-20295-8
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2701:"Alma Thomas"
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2261:Hyperallergic
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1989:
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1410:Lunar Surface
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1049:Lauren Haynes
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833:paintings of
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755:Personal life
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654:Space, Snoopy
650:
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597:Lillian Evans
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519:unchallenged.
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429:Art Education
426:
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411:
407:
406:New York City
401:
399:
398:Lillian Evans
394:
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388:
387:holiday cards
384:
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366:
364:
360:
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352:
348:
343:
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337:
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332:Princess Anne
329:
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322:education at
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291:public school
288:
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240:Life and work
237:
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229:
228:of her time.
227:
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215:
211:
210:Expressionist
207:
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166:Expressionism
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48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4990:. Retrieved
4986:
4977:
4927:
4878:Jane Kaufman
4863:Nancy Graves
4858:Mary Garrard
4833:Judy Chicago
4828:Norma Broude
4745:
4737:
4731:Publications
4719:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4592:Hera Gallery
4517:Feminist art
4425:
4419:
4405:
4391:
4376:
4353:
4344:
4331:
4312:Finding Aid.
4310:
4296:
4290:Bibliography
4286:
4276:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4149:
4140:
4130:December 12,
4128:. Retrieved
4126:. p. 22
4115:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4069:February 13,
4067:. Retrieved
4063:
4054:
4040:
4030:December 12,
4028:. Retrieved
4024:
4015:
4006:
3997:
3987:December 12,
3985:. Retrieved
3981:
3972:
3963:
3954:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3919:
3910:
3901:
3892:
3884:WHHA (en-US)
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:the original
3800:American Art
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3751:
3741:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3695:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3670:the original
3665:
3656:
3613:
3584:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:
3531:
3519:. Retrieved
3515:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3462:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3415:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3389:
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3322:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:the original
3287:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3261:
3252:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3217:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3190:
3158:
3152:
3133:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3110:
3101:
3091:September 4,
3089:. Retrieved
3085:
3075:
3065:September 4,
3063:. Retrieved
3058:
3049:
3039:December 12,
3037:. Retrieved
3033:
3010:December 12,
3008:. Retrieved
3004:
2979:. Retrieved
2975:the original
2970:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2945:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2894:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:
2835:
2792:
2773:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2729:
2710:November 12,
2708:. Retrieved
2704:
2680:. Retrieved
2677:Culture Type
2676:
2651:February 22,
2649:. Retrieved
2646:WHHA (en-US)
2645:
2636:
2626:February 22,
2624:. Retrieved
2620:
2596:December 11,
2594:. Retrieved
2589:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:the original
2559:
2550:
2517:
2511:
2503:the original
2493:
2484:
2447:
2443:
2416:. Retrieved
2411:
2393:Patton, 220.
2370:December 17,
2368:. Retrieved
2363:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2264:. Retrieved
2260:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2206:. Retrieved
2201:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:Culture Type
2129:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2103:
2075:. Retrieved
2072:Culture Type
2071:
2061:
2048:
2041:
2019:(1): 55–56.
2016:
2012:
1993:December 12,
1991:. Retrieved
1987:
1977:
1957:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
1889:December 12,
1887:. Retrieved
1883:
1856:December 13,
1854:. Retrieved
1851:Culture Type
1850:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1823:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:
1760:(2): 25–32.
1757:
1753:
1720:December 12,
1718:, retrieved
1713:
1657:
1578:
1561:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1515:
1509:
1496:
1487:Fiery Sunset
1486:
1477:
1467:
1454:
1444:
1436:Evening Glow
1435:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1376:
1367:Resurrection
1366:
1356:
1346:
1333:
1316:
1302:
1296:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1258:
1244:
1234:
1225:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1139:
1137:
1129:Cheri Gaulke
1126:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1036:
1034:
1024:
1017:Resurrection
1016:
1014:
1005:Resurrection
1004:
990:
982:
958:
956:
948:Jacob Kainen
937:
928:
922:
909:
902:Morris Louis
891:
881:
866:
862:Evening Glow
861:
854:
844:
809:
801:
789:
786:
769:
760:
758:
744:
735:
729:
716:
710:
706:
681:
678:
668:
657:
653:
651:
643:
631:Resurrection
630:
626:
616:
606:
590:
580:
564:
560:
551:
543:
540:
529:
526:
517:
515:
505:
500:Jacob Kainen
485:
478:
454:
443:
440:
433:
414:
402:
395:
372:
344:
320:kindergarten
317:
279:Logan Circle
276:
263:
248:
233:
230:
206:art movement
200:
187:
186:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:Notable work
77:(1978-02-24)
18:
5018:1978 deaths
5013:1891 births
4928:Alma Thomas
4883:Lee Krasner
4873:Lila Katzen
4848:Suzi Ferrer
4797:Where We At
4750:(1972–1977)
4742:(1977–1992)
4689:(1974–1978)
4426:Alma Thomas
4356:. Prestel.
4354:Alma Thomas
4155:January 29,
4107:whitney.org
3964:www.nga.gov
3930:January 10,
3666:Exhibitions
3585:Alma Thomas
3521:December 6,
3496:October 21,
3416:CultureGrrl
3395:December 6,
3365:ARTnews.com
3288:Past Issues
3111:Finding Aid
2981:January 10,
2951:January 11,
2926:December 6,
2901:December 6,
2850:December 6,
2732:. Prestel.
2730:Alma Thomas
2344:December 8,
2319:December 7,
2294:December 7,
2266:December 7,
2237:December 7,
2208:December 7,
2136:December 7,
2110:December 7,
2077:December 8,
1284:Alma Thomas
1148:in London.
1037:Alma Thomas
977:during the
975:White House
944:Visual Arts
894:Sam Gilliam
831:pointillist
635:White House
492:Art History
309:Smithsonian
222:segregation
156:The Eclipse
25:Alma Thomas
5007:Categories
4933:June Wayne
4670:Womanhouse
4536:Precursors
4385:1769027434
3370:August 11,
3267:August 30,
3228:October 7,
3197:October 8,
2804:0313303746
2682:August 30,
2570:August 31,
2542:2219285438
2534:1176465658
2520:(Thesis).
1590:References
1493:, New York
1474:, New York
1451:, New York
1073:Christie's
1030:art critic
933:Minimalist
898:Gene Davis
857:watercolor
474:Ruth Brown
383:marionette
56:1891-09-22
4868:Eva Hesse
4414:927776976
3701:March 11,
3642:cite book
3546:April 24,
3447:April 21,
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