1037:
1180:
888:
1243:
880:
1372:), have been found in the alpine newt. They also sometimes produce sounds, whose function is unknown. When adult newts are in the presence of a predator, they tend to flee a majority of the time. However, the decision of whether or not to flee can depend on the newt's sex and temperature. In an experiment, female newts fled more often and at a greater speed over a greater range of temperatures than males, who tended to flee at a slower speed and remained immobile while secreting tetrodotoxin when the temperature was outside of the normal range.
896:
1132:
1222:
102:
1025:
151:
126:
1210:) and blocks the female's path so she picks it up with her cloaca. Several rounds of spermatophore deposition may follow. Males frequently interfere with displays of rivals. Experiments suggest that it is mainly male pheromones that trigger mating behaviour in females, while colour and other visual cues are less relevant. In a breeding season, a male can produce more than 48 spermatophores, and offspring from one female usually have several fathers.
3074:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1186:
3060:
1183:
1264:). Paedomorphic adults are paler in colour than metamorphic ones. Only part of a population is usually paedomorphic, and metamorphosis can follow if the pool dries out. Paedomorphic and metamorphic newts sometimes prefer different prey, but they do interbreed. Overall, paedomorphy appears to be a facultative strategy under particular conditions that are not fully understood.
1214:
314:
960:
on each side of the head, which later disappear as the forelegs and then the hindlegs develop. The larvae are light brown to yellow and initially have dark longitudinal stripes, which later dissolve into a dark pigmentation that is stronger towards the tail. The tail is pointed and sometimes ends in
906:
The alpine newt is medium-sized and stocky. It reaches 7–12 cm (2.8–4.7 in) length in total, females measuring roughly 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) longer than males, and a body weight of 1.4–6.4 g. The tail is compressed sideways and is half as long or slightly shorter than the rest of
1354:
larvae, and other newts are the main enemies.Predator pressure can affect the phenotype of developing alpine newts. In an experiment, alpine newt larvae raised in the presence of caged dragonfly larvae took longer to emerge from the larval stage, growing slower and emerging later in the season than
1171:
The aquatic phase starts at snowmelt, from
February in the lowlands to June at higher altitudes, while egg laying follows a few months later and can continue until August. Some southern populations in Greece and Italy appear to stay aquatic most of the year and hibernate underwater. In the Apennine
918:
The characteristic dark grey to bright blue of the back and sides is strongest during breeding season. This base colour may vary to greenish and is more drab and mottled in females. The belly and throat are orange and only occasionally have dark spots. Males have a white band with black spots and a
1147:
also usually takes place in terrestrial hiding places. They have been observed to climb up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) on vertical walls of basement ducts, where they hibernated, on wet nights. Migration to breeding sites occurs on sufficiently warm (above 5 °C) and humid nights and may be
1229:
Females wrap their eggs in leaves of water plants for protection, preferring leaves closer to the surface where temperatures are higher. Where no plants are available, they may also use leaf litter, dead wood or stones for egg deposition. They can lay 70–390 eggs in a season, which are light
587:(see table below) were recognised for the alpine newt by RoÄŤek and colleagues (2003), followed by later authors, while some previously described subspecies were not retained. The four subspecies correspond only in part to the five major lineages identified within the species (see section
1182:
2284:
384:
to Great
Britain and New Zealand. Adults measure 7–12 cm (2.8–4.7 in) and are usually dark grey to blue on the back and sides, with an orange belly and throat. Males are more conspicuously coloured than the drab females, especially during breeding season.
1123:. At lower altitudes this occurs in males after around three years, and in females after four to five years. Lowland alpine newts can reach the age of ten. At higher altitudes, maturity is reached only after 9–11 years, and the newts can live for up to 30 years.
1547:
388:
The alpine newt occurs at high altitude as well as in the lowlands. Living mainly in forested land habitats for most of the year, the adults migrate to puddles, ponds, lakes or similar water bodies for breeding. Males court females with a ritualised
2344:
1355:
newt larvae that did not experience predator presence. They also exhibited traits such as darker coloration, larger body size, a proportionally larger head and tail, and more wary behavior than their predator-free counterparts.
1234:, staying in general close to the bottom of the water body. Metamorphosis occurs after around three months, again depending on temperature, but some larvae overwinter and metamorphose only in the next year.
1230:
grey-brown and 1.5–1.7 mm in diameter (2.5–3 mm including the jelly capsule). Incubation time is longer under cold conditions, but larvae typically hatch after two to four weeks. The larvae are
2993:
2782:
Wakely, J.F.; Fuhrman, G.J.; Fuhrman, F.A.; Fischer, H.G.; Mosher, H.S. (1966). "The occurrence of tetrodotoxin (tarichatoxin) in amphibia and the distribution of the toxin in the organs of newts (
1679:
1155:
to new habitats. A dispersal distance of 4 km (2.5 mi) has been observed, but such large distances are uncommon. Over short distances, the newts use mainly their sense of smell for
1507:, which was found in at least one introduced population in the United Kingdom. In New Zealand, the risk of spreading chytridiomycosis to endemic frogs has led to the introduced subspecies
2375:
1260:
and stay aquatic, is more common in the alpine newt than in other
European newts. It is almost exclusively found in the southern part of the range (but not in the Cantabrian subspecies,
1453:, have not been evaluated separately. Several populations in the Balkans, some of which have been described as subspecies of their own, are highly threatened or have even gone extinct.
956:
are 7–11 mm long after hatching and grow to 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) just before metamorphosis. They initially have only two small filaments (balancers), between the eyes and
950:, females have a more greenish colour, spots on the belly, sparse dark spots on the lower tail edge, and a narrower snout, but these differences between subspecies are not consistent.
1079:
Aquatic breeding sites close to adequate land habitat are critical. While small, cool water bodies in forested areas are preferred, alpine newts tolerate a wide range of permanent or
1206:
towards her. After leaning in and touching her snout, he creeps away, followed by the female. When she touches the base of his tail with her snout, he releases a sperm packet (
1300:, and terrestrial insects falling on the surface. Amphibian eggs and larvae, including of their own species, are also eaten. Prey on land includes insects, worms, spiders and
2247:
1083:, natural or human-made water bodies. These can range from shallow puddles over small ponds to larger, fish-free lakes or reservoirs and quiet parts of streams. Damming by
1483:
region, populations have declined as ponds created for cattle and human use were abandoned over the last decades. Lack of adequate, undisturbed land habitat (see section
537:
1385:
1433:
in Bosnia that is now probably extinct in the wild. Efts often return to the water after only one year. Captive individuals have reached an age of 15–20 years.
2985:
1016:
in the Alps. It also occurs in the lowlands down to sea level. Towards the south of its range, most populations are found above 1,000 m (3,300 ft).
915:
of males swells during breeding season. The skin is smooth during the breeding season and granular outside it, and is velvety during the animal's land phase.
3015:
van Winkel, D.; Ainley, E.; Brine, O.; et al. (2015). "A new invasive amphibian: informing survey and eradication techniques for exotic alpine newts (
2285:"The Early Pleistocene herpetofauna of Rivoli Veronese (Northern Italy) as evidence for humid and forested glacial phases in the Gelasian of Southern Alps"
1515:", and eradication being recommended. It has proven challenging to detect and remove the newts, but over 2000 individuals have been eradicated until 2015.
3157:
1659:
919:
light blue flash running along the flanks from the cheeks to the tail. During breeding season, their crest is white with regular dark spots. Juvenile
3436:
977:
The alpine newt is native to continental Europe. It is relatively common over a large, more or less continuous range from northwestern France to the
2571:
1119:, spending most of the year (9–10 months) on land and only returning to the water for breeding. The efts are probably terrestrial until they reach
895:
839:
of several distinct species. Higher temperatures during the
Miocene or sea level oscillations may have separated early populations, leading to
3282:
3416:
1853:"A Bayesian approach on molecules and behavior: reconsidering phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of the Salamandridae with emphasis on
827:
Molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that alpine newts split into a western and an eastern group. Each of these again contains two major
1803:"A molecular assessment of phylogenetic relationships and lineage accumulation rates within the family Salamandridae (Amphibia, Caudata)"
1202:. The male first places himself in front of the female remains static for a while, then fans his tail to stimulate the female and wave
1148:
delayed or interrupted for several weeks in unfavourable conditions. The newts can also leave the water in case of a sudden cold snap.
1801:
Weisrock, D.W.; Papenfuss, T.J.; Macey, J.R.; Litvinchuk, S.N.; Polymeni, R.; Ugurtas, I.H.; Zhao, E.; Jowkar, H.; Larson, A. (2006).
2393:
3375:
3204:
3388:
3243:
3064:
2266:
409:, which mature into adults at around three years. In the southern range, the newts sometimes do not metamorphose but keep their
1802:
669:
Northwestern France to northern
Carpathians in Romania, southern Denmark in to Alps and France just north of the Mediterranean
1908:. Fauna Iberica. Vol. 24. Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas.
1760:
1036:
3431:
3033:
2219:
2151:
2111:
3393:
3248:
1727:
1468:, previously widespread in Europe, were probably important in maintaining breeding sites. Introduction of fish, especially
524:
as then defined contained several unrelated lineages, GarcĂa-ParĂs and colleagues in 2004 split off the alpine newt as the
1362:
of their belly by bending backwards or raising their tail and secrete a milky substance. Only trace amounts of the poison
859:
that is distinct from and more ancient than that of all other populations; it may have been inherited from a now extinct "
3020:
1139:
On land, alpine newts are mainly nocturnal, hiding for most of the day and moving and feeding during the night or in the
1704:
Specimen
Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatum cum Experimentis Circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium Austriacorum
3362:
1441:
Because of its overall large range and populations that are not severely fragmented, the alpine newt was classified as
2106:]. Beihefte der Zeitschrift fĂĽr Feldherpetologie (in German). Vol. 13. Bielefeld, Germany: Laurenti-Verlag.
1913:
1417:
1449:
in 2009. The population trend, however, is "Decreasing", and the different geographic lineages, which may represent
3217:
3130:
3078:
3287:
2001:
3152:
1929:
Bolkay, J. (1928). "Die Schädel der
Salamandrinen, mit besonderer RĂĽcksicht auf ihre systematische Bedeutung".
1450:
1411:
3426:
3269:
2658:"Love is blind: indiscriminate female mating responses to male courtship pheromones in newts (Salamandridae)"
868:
1087:
creates suitable breeding sites. Overall, the alpine newt is tolerant regarding chemical parameters such as
2834:"Should I stay or should I go? The influence of temperature and sex on predator-induced responses in newts"
1761:"A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolutionary radiation of the salamander family Salamandridae"
1151:
Alpine newts tend to stay close to their breeding sites and only a small proportion, mainly juvenile efts,
989:. Isolated areas of distribution in Spain, Italy and Greece correspond to distinct subspecies (see section
3170:
3165:
150:
2745:"Predator-Induced Phenotypic Plasticity in Larval Newts: Trade-Offs, Selection, and Variation in Nature"
2575:
1068:
in the high mountains, where they prefer south-exposed slopes. The newts use logs, stones, leaf litter,
927:, resemble adult terrestrial females, but sometimes have a red or yellow line on the back. Very rarely,
946:
has a slightly rounder and larger skull than the nominate subspecies but is otherwise very similar. In
489:
269:
802:
estimate by
Recuero and colleagues. Known fossil remains are much more recent: they were found in the
631:. Four species were therefore distinguished by Raffaëlli in 2018, but Frost considers this premature.
816:
2252:(Laurenti, 1768) (Urodela, Salamandridae), an iconic species with a complex phylogenetic structure"
883:
Dorsal view of a male (bright blue, left) courting a female (mottled grey, right) in a shallow pond
1552:(Caudata, Salamandridae) inferred from the combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial markers"
1012:
The alpine newt can occur at high elevation and has been found up to 2,370 m (7,780 ft)
2833:
1629:
2462:"Quaternary history, population genetic structure and diversity of the cold-adapted Alpine newt
397:. After fertilisation, females usually fold their eggs into leaves of water plants. The aquatic
3092:
1429:
Several subspecies of the alpine newt have been bred in captivity, including a population from
887:
229:
1100:
864:
840:
548:
455:, alpine newt populations are decreasing and have locally gone extinct. The main threats are
252:
3313:
2872:
1005:. Other introductions have occurred to Great Britain, mainly England but also Scotland, and
961:
a short filament. Alpine newt larvae are more robust and have wider heads than those of the
3261:
3191:
2940:
2669:
2477:
2299:
1152:
1006:
752:
603:
564:
8:
2436:
1457:
828:
596:
572:
456:
115:
2944:
2673:
2481:
2303:
1973:
2961:
2928:
2853:
2764:
2700:
2657:
2635:
2552:
2506:
2461:
2367:
1954:
1390:
1073:
994:
381:
377:
321:
145:
1728:"Die Wurzeln einer bayrischen Herpetofaunistik im 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert"
3349:
3308:
3178:
3029:
2966:
2909:
2901:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2705:
2687:
2627:
2556:
2511:
2493:
2428:
2420:
2325:
2215:
2147:
2107:
1946:
1909:
1886:
1878:
1833:
1825:
1783:
1606:
1582:
1574:
1512:
1488:
1199:
1191:
1156:
856:
844:
795:
436:
390:
2857:
2639:
2371:
1958:
1476:
is a significant threat that can eradicate populations from a breeding site. In the
627:
Several authors argued that the ancient lineages of the alpine newt might represent
3354:
3340:
3222:
3183:
2956:
2948:
2891:
2845:
2795:
2756:
2695:
2677:
2617:
2542:
2501:
2485:
2412:
2359:
2315:
2307:
2207:
2142:] (in German). Vol. 4/IIA, Schwanzlurche (Urodela) IIA. Salamandridae II:
2006:, der neue Gattungsname für den Bergmolch – ein Lehrbeispiel in Sachen Nomenklatur"
1979:
1938:
1868:
1817:
1775:
1708:
1671:
1624:
1566:
1504:
1406:
1160:
1159:, while over long distances, orientation by the night sky, and potentially through
1060:
plantations are avoided), are the main land habitat. Less common are forest edges,
1049:
694:
506:
meaning "alpine" in Latin). He used that name for a female and described the male (
467:
into breeding sites. Where it has been introduced, the alpine newt can potentially
2929:"Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders"
2849:
2622:
2601:
2460:
Chiocchio, A.; Bisconti, R.; Zampiglia, M.; Nascetti, G.; Canestrelli, D. (2017).
1430:
1176:, two rounds of breeding and egg-laying in autumn and spring have been observed .
997:
to parts of continental Europe, including within the boundaries of cities such as
624:. Differences in body shape and colour between the subspecies are not consistent.
3295:
2682:
2363:
2311:
2204:
Salamanders of the Old World: The
Salamanders of Europe, Asia and Northern Africa
1742:
1702:
1465:
1461:
1358:
Threatened adult newts often take on a defensive position, where they expose the
1344:) can prey on newts, while small efts on land may be predated by ground beetles (
1242:
1131:
1120:
1104:
1084:
1061:
1013:
986:
899:
836:
799:
628:
460:
444:
3274:
2416:
1821:
1570:
835:
above). These ancient genetic differences suggest that the alpine newt may be a
3421:
2489:
1500:
1376:
1096:
1092:
821:
468:
1779:
502:
3410:
3256:
3115:
2905:
2807:
2691:
2631:
2497:
2424:
2329:
1950:
1882:
1861:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
1829:
1787:
1615:
1578:
1446:
1442:
1273:
1207:
1198:
Breeding behaviour occurs mainly in the morning and at dawn. Males perform a
985:
and France just north of the Mediterranean in the south, but absent from the
924:
911:, and males a low (up to 2.5 mm), smooth-edged crest on their back. The
860:
848:
791:
452:
448:
418:
402:
394:
212:
135:
130:
59:
3367:
2952:
2134:(Laurenti, 1768) – Bergmolch". In Grossenbacher, K.; Thiesmeier, B. (eds.).
1975:
Histoire naturelle des reptiles : avec figures dessinées d'apres nature
1221:
1107:
often use the same breeding sites, but are less common at higher elevation.
2970:
2913:
2709:
2515:
2432:
1983:
1890:
1837:
1712:
1586:
1398:
1363:
966:
852:
414:
222:
2815:
2211:
1213:
3230:
3139:
3124:
1359:
1311:
1285:
1253:
1144:
1116:
1080:
1057:
978:
962:
807:
777:
472:
432:
313:
34:
2547:
2530:
2320:
1873:
1852:
1024:
520:
along with most other European newts. When genetic evidence showed that
101:
3380:
3300:
3209:
3144:
2726:
1942:
1675:
1499:
Introduced alpine newts may pose a threat to native amphibians if they
1477:
1289:
1203:
1053:
592:
584:
514:) as different species. Later, the alpine newt was placed in the genus
440:
202:
79:
44:
3235:
2768:
2655:
1851:
Steinfartz, S.; Vicario, S.; Arntzen, J.W.; Caccone, Adalgisa (2007).
1456:
Threats are similar to those affecting other newts and include mainly
497:
2896:
2870:
2744:
2391:
1469:
1394:
1351:
1327:
1297:
1293:
1065:
928:
879:
610:
552:
525:
422:
192:
162:
84:
3086:
2871:
Zampiglia, M.; Canestrelli, D.; Chiocchio, A.; Nascetti, G. (2013).
2656:
Wicker-Thomas, C.; Treer, D.; Van Bocxlaer, I.; et al. (2013).
2392:
Sotiropoulos, K.; Eleftherakos, K.; Džukić, G.; et al. (2007).
3334:
3109:
3073:
2760:
1473:
1402:
1340:
1307:
1301:
1277:
1140:
803:
731:
533:
516:
182:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2459:
488:
The alpine newt was first described in 1768 by Austrian zoologist
1545:
1380:
1368:
1346:
1281:
1231:
811:
567:
genus name. "Ichthyosaura", Greek for "fish lizard", refers to a
426:
401:
grow up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in around three months before
89:
64:
1800:
1668:
Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1
1546:
Recuero, E.; Buckley, D.; GarcĂa-ParĂs, M.; et al. (2014).
934:
While these traits apply to the widespread nominate subspecies,
907:
the body. During their life in water, both sexes develop a tail
831:, which in part correspond to described subspecies (see section
697:
north of Greece to Bulgaria and southern Carpathians in Romania
559:", the larva of the alpine newt. It therefore has priority over
3196:
3059:
2104:
The alpine newt: at home in the lowlands and the high mountains
1850:
1331:
1276:
as prey. Larvae and adults living in the water eat for example
1069:
1029:
1002:
998:
953:
942:
often has dark spots on the throat and sometimes on the belly.
912:
172:
2926:
443:
are distinguished, and some argue there are several distinct,
1480:
1335:
1319:
1315:
957:
727:
568:
464:
410:
398:
3014:
2385:
1707:(in Latin). Vienna, Austria: Joan. Thom. nob. de Trattnern.
1604:
1256:, where adults do not metamorphose and instead retain their
2927:
Martel, A.; Blooi, M.; Adriaensen, C.; et al. (2014).
2781:
1605:
Arntzen, J.W.; Denoël, M.; Kuzmin, S.; et al. (2009).
1323:
1272:
Alpine newts are diet generalists, taking mainly different
1257:
982:
373:
2345:"A new salamandrid from the Miocene Randeck Maar, Germany"
1903:
981:
in Romania, and from southern Denmark in the north to the
2743:
Buskirk, Josh Van; Schmidt, Benedikt R. (November 2000).
2651:
2649:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1978:(in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Imprimerie de Crapelet.
1041:
920:
908:
406:
3022:
Recent developments in New Zealand herpetofauna research
2864:
2574:. Natural History Society of Northumbria. Archived from
2398:(Salamandridae, Caudata), inferred from mtDNA sequences"
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2100:
Der Bergmolch: im Flachland wie im Hochgebirge zu Hause
1491:
around and between breeding sites, is another problem.
1421:
was lethal for alpine newts in laboratory experiments.
1088:
1032:, France) are typical breeding sites for alpine newts.
851:
between lineages probably took place. Populations from
3028:. New Zealand Department of Conservation. p. 23.
2877:
among mountain amphibians along the Italian peninsula"
2646:
2129:
2529:
Allain, Steven J. R; Lynn, Vanessa J. (Winter 2021).
2453:
2024:
1670:. New York, USA: American Museum of Natural History.
1415:
has been found in wild populations, and the emerging
447:. Although still relatively common and classified as
1965:
1844:
1794:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
471:
to native amphibians, and it is being eradicated in
1931:
Zeitschrift fĂĽr Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte
1904:GarcĂa-ParĂs, M.; Montori, A.; Herrero, P. (2004).
2721:
2719:
2283:Villa, A.; Blain, H.-A.; Delfino, Massimo (2018).
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
891:Throat and belly are orange and usually unspotted.
2873:"Geographic distribution of the chytrid pathogen
2775:
2292:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2282:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2140:Handbook of the amphibians and reptiles of Europe
2097:
1995:
1993:
1524:
790:Alpine newt populations have separated since the
616:form one group, while the eastern populations of
417:adults. Larvae and adults feed mainly on diverse
3408:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2130:RoÄŤek, Z.; Joly, P.; Grossenbacher, K. (2003). "
1971:
1494:
1366:, abundant in the North American Pacific newts (
1267:
435:of the alpine newt started to diverge around 20
2920:
2716:
2394:"Phylogeny and biogeography of the alpine newt
2146:1. Wiesbaden, Germany: Aula. pp. 607–656.
1897:
2742:
2522:
2276:
2160:
1990:
1752:
1350:). For eggs and larvae, diving beetles, fish,
1028:Shady ponds surrounded by forest (here in the
3008:
2977:
2832:Polčák, Daniel; GvoĹľdĂk, LumĂr (March 2014).
2831:
2248:"Proposal for a new taxonomic arrangement of
2228:
1719:
1310:of adult alpine newts are snakes such as the
1166:
1064:, or gardens. Populations can be found above
2535:in Great Britain updated using social media"
2342:
2136:Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas
2125:
2123:
1630:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T59472A11946568.en
993:above). Alpine newts have been deliberately
2610:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2595:
2593:
2206:. Zeist, The Netherlands: KNNV Publishing.
1758:
1694:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1436:
2528:
2336:
2201:
1999:
1922:
1725:
1110:
730:in central Italy, isolated populations in
726:Extreme southeastern France, Apennines to
353:(GarcĂa-ParĂs, Montori, and Herrero, 2004)
312:
124:
100:
2960:
2895:
2699:
2681:
2621:
2606:) impacts on native frogs in New Zealand"
2546:
2505:
2319:
2245:
2120:
1872:
1628:
3437:Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti
2983:
2590:
2563:
1700:
1644:
1241:
1220:
1212:
1178:
1130:
1076:or similar structures as hiding places.
1035:
1023:
938:, the other subspecies differ slightly.
894:
886:
878:
1972:Sonnini, C.S.; Latreille, P.A. (1802).
1225:Larva with fore- and hindlegs developed
1135:Defensive position, with tail curled up
867:probably led to cycles of retreat into
3409:
2727:"AmphibiaWeb - Ichthyosaura alpestris"
1928:
1600:
1598:
1596:
3091:
3090:
2827:
2825:
2738:
2736:
2405:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1810:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1657:
1559:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1338:. Under water, large diving beetles (
463:and the introduction of fish such as
2602:"A review of potential alpine newt (
2599:
2569:
2098:Thiesmeier, B.; Schulte, U. (2010).
1126:
620:are genetically closer to the Greek
3417:IUCN Red List least concern species
2343:Schoch, R.R.; Rasser, M.W. (2013).
1616:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1593:
1217:Egg with larva just before hatching
1099:. Other European newts such as the
13:
2996:from the original on 15 April 2019
2822:
2733:
2352:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1682:from the original on 21 March 2020
429:, fish, snakes, birds or mammals.
14:
3448:
3052:
2531:"Distribution of the alpine newt
1397:transmitted to alpine newts from
1246:Paedomorphic adult of subspecies
109:Two males during breeding season
3072:
3058:
2013:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Feldherpetologie
1759:Titus, T.A.; Larson, A. (1995).
1735:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Feldherpetologie
931:individuals have been observed.
751:Spain: Cantabrian mountains and
149:
32:
1472:such as trout, and potentially
972:
642:Raffaëlli (2018) classification
547:had been introduced in 1801 by
500:mountain in the Austrian Alps (
483:
2875:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1451:evolutionary significant units
1412:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1237:
874:
871:, expansion and range shifts.
776:Greece: mainland and northern
532:, which had been erected as a
1:
2884:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
2850:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.12.024
2623:10.1080/03036758.2016.1216455
1518:
1495:Effects as introduced species
1401:in Spain caused bleeding and
1268:Diet, predators and parasites
810:of Northern Italy. An older,
578:
3432:Amphibians described in 1768
2800:10.1016/0041-0101(66)90021-3
2683:10.1371/journal.pone.0056538
2364:10.1080/02724634.2012.716113
2312:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.016
1424:
1284:, larvae of insects such as
785:
742:(Mertens & Muller, 1940)
421:and themselves fall prey to
7:
2417:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.012
1822:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.008
1571:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.014
1019:
833:Distribution and subspecies
715:(species), with subspecies
680:(species), with subspecies
478:
10:
3453:
2490:10.1038/s41598-017-03116-x
1503:. A particular concern is
1167:Aquatic phase and breeding
638:
405:into terrestrial juvenile
3324:
3099:
2265:: 178–193. Archived from
2000:Schmidtler, J.F. (2009).
1726:Schmidtler, J.F. (2007).
1548:"Evolutionary history of
1115:Alpine newts are usually
817:Ichthyosaura randeckensis
759:
737:
701:
649:
327:
320:
311:
282:
277:
258:
251:
146:Scientific classification
144:
122:
113:
108:
99:
23:
2246:Raffaëlli, J.R. (2018).
1741:: 93–119. Archived from
1437:Threats and conservation
1048:Forests, including both
1044:hibernating in dead wood
745:– Cantabrian alpine newt
2953:10.1126/science.1258268
2539:Herpetological Bulletin
2202:Sparreboom, M. (2014).
2021:(with English abstract)
1780:10.1093/sysbio/44.2.125
1701:Laurenti, J.N. (1768).
1111:Lifecycle and behaviour
3158:Ichthyosaura-alpestris
3131:Ichthyosaura alpestris
3101:Ichthyosaura alpestris
3080:Ichthyosaura alpestris
3066:Ichthyosaura alpestris
3017:Ichthyosaura alpestris
2988:Ichthyosaura alpestris
2604:Ichthyosaura alpestris
2533:Ichthyosaura alpestris
2464:Ichthyosaura alpestris
2250:Ichthyosaura alpestris
1984:10.5962/bhl.title.4688
1906:Amphibia: Lissamphibia
1713:10.5962/bhl.title.5108
1662:Ichthyosaura alpestris
1609:Ichthyosaura alpestris
1550:Ichthyosaura alpestris
1326:, and mammals such as
1288:, crustaceans such as
1250:
1226:
1218:
1195:
1136:
1045:
1033:
903:
892:
884:
709:– Apennine alpine newt
665:I. alpestris alpestris
369:Ichthyosaura alpestris
329:Around 80, including:
262:Ichthyosaura alpestris
2984:Rafaëlli, J. (2014).
2212:10.1163/9789004285620
1623:: e.T59472A11946568.
1464:of aquatic habitats.
1386:Balantidium elongatum
1245:
1224:
1216:
1194:, filmed in captivity
1189:
1134:
1103:, smooth, palmate or
1039:
1027:
898:
890:
882:
865:Quaternary glaciation
841:allopatric speciation
814:fossil from Germany,
549:Sonnini de Manoncourt
508:Triton salamandroides
3427:Amphibians of Europe
3069:at Wikimedia Commons
2578:on 22 September 2019
2466:in peninsular Italy"
2396:Mesotriton alpestris
1748:on 25 February 2019.
1658:Frost, D.R. (2020).
1163:are more important.
1007:Coromandel Peninsula
991:Taxonomy: Subspecies
824:of the alpine newt.
806:of Slovakia and the
764:(Wolterstorff, 1935)
753:Sierra de Guadarrama
602:, together with the
591:below): The western
413:and stay aquatic as
350:Mesotriton alpestris
306:(debated, see text)
16:Species of amphibian
3019:) in New Zealand".
2990:, Rafaëlli Account"
2945:2014Sci...346..630M
2674:2013PLoSO...856538T
2600:Bell, B.D. (2016).
2548:10.33256/hb158.2831
2482:2017NatSR...7.2955C
2304:2018PPP...490..393V
1874:10.1002/jez.b.21119
1511:being declared an "
1489:dispersal corridors
1418:B. salamandrivorans
767:– Greek alpine newt
674:eastern populations
660:western populations
635:
597:nominate subspecies
573:classical mythology
457:habitat destruction
116:Conservation status
2470:Scientific Reports
2132:Triturus alpestris
1943:10.1007/BF02117989
1768:Systematic Biology
1676:10.5531/db.vz.0001
1389:, and potentially
1375:Parasites include
1251:
1227:
1219:
1196:
1137:
1074:construction waste
1046:
1034:
948:I. a. veluchiensis
904:
893:
885:
863:" population. The
761:I. a. veluchiensis
634:
622:I. a. veluchiensis
571:-like creature in
543:However, the name
378:continental Europe
372:) is a species of
342:Triturus alpestris
301:I. a. veluchiensis
3404:
3403:
3309:Open Tree of Life
3093:Taxon identifiers
3063:Media related to
3035:978-0-478-15053-7
2939:(6209): 630–631.
2570:Bond, I. (2020).
2381:on 8 August 2013.
2272:on 21 March 2020.
2221:978-90-04-28562-0
2153:978-3-89104-005-8
2113:978-3-933066-42-8
1664:(Laurenti, 1768)"
1513:unwanted organism
1200:courtship display
1192:courtship display
1187:
1127:Terrestrial phase
902:in an alpine newt
857:mitochondrial DNA
798:, according to a
796:million years ago
783:
782:
706:(Bonaparte, 1839)
557:Proteus tritonius
512:Proteus tritonius
510:) and the larva (
469:transmit diseases
437:million years ago
360:
359:
244:I. alpestris
233:
139:
3444:
3397:
3396:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3326:Triton alpestris
3317:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3275:NHMSYS0020740241
3265:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3225:
3213:
3212:
3200:
3199:
3187:
3186:
3174:
3173:
3161:
3160:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3088:
3087:
3077:Data related to
3076:
3062:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3027:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2899:
2897:10.3354/dao02655
2881:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2838:Animal Behaviour
2829:
2820:
2819:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2685:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2616:(3–4): 214–231.
2597:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2435:. Archived from
2402:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2374:. Archived from
2349:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2289:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2256:
2243:
2226:
2225:
2199:
2158:
2157:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2095:
2022:
2020:
2010:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1937:(3–4): 259–319.
1926:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1876:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1556:
1543:
1505:chytridiomycosis
1409:-causing fungus
1407:chytridiomycosis
1318:, birds such as
1188:
1161:magnetoreception
1009:in New Zealand.
765:
743:
707:
695:Balkan peninsula
655:
654:(Laurenti, 1768)
636:
633:
494:Triton alpestris
439:. At least four
354:
346:
338:
337:(Laurenti, 1768)
334:Triton alpestris
316:
264:
228:
154:
153:
133:
128:
127:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3296:Observation.org
3294:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3095:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3025:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2986:"AmphibiaWeb –
2982:
2978:
2925:
2921:
2879:
2869:
2865:
2830:
2823:
2780:
2776:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2654:
2647:
2598:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2568:
2564:
2527:
2523:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2400:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2254:
2244:
2229:
2222:
2200:
2161:
2154:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2096:
2025:
2008:
1998:
1991:
1970:
1966:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1902:
1898:
1849:
1845:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1656:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1603:
1594:
1554:
1544:
1525:
1521:
1497:
1439:
1427:
1377:parasitic worms
1314:, fish such as
1270:
1240:
1179:
1169:
1129:
1121:sexual maturity
1113:
1105:Carpathian newt
1062:brownfield land
1022:
1014:above sea level
987:Pannonian basin
975:
936:I. a. alpestris
900:Biofluorescence
877:
855:in Serbia have
800:molecular clock
788:
771:I. veluchiensis
766:
763:
744:
741:
708:
705:
656:
653:
651:I. a. alpestris
629:cryptic species
618:I. a. alpestris
600:I. a. alpestris
581:
563:and is now the
486:
481:
445:cryptic species
352:
344:
336:
286:I. a. alpestris
273:
266:
260:
247:
227:
148:
140:
129:
125:
118:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:Miocene–present
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3385:
3372:
3359:
3346:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3305:
3292:
3279:
3266:
3253:
3240:
3227:
3214:
3201:
3188:
3175:
3162:
3149:
3136:
3121:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3083:at Wikispecies
3070:
3054:
3053:External links
3051:
3049:
3048:
3034:
3007:
2976:
2919:
2863:
2821:
2794:(3): 195–203.
2774:
2761:10.2307/177397
2732:
2715:
2645:
2589:
2562:
2541:(158): 28–31.
2521:
2452:
2411:(1): 211–226.
2384:
2335:
2275:
2227:
2220:
2159:
2152:
2119:
2112:
2023:
1989:
1964:
1921:
1914:
1896:
1867:(2): 139–162.
1843:
1816:(2): 368–383.
1793:
1774:(2): 125–151.
1751:
1718:
1693:
1643:
1611:(Alpine Newt)"
1592:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1496:
1493:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1383:, the ciliate
1360:warning colour
1269:
1266:
1239:
1236:
1168:
1165:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1109:
1097:eutrophication
1093:water hardness
1056:forests (pure
1021:
1018:
974:
971:
876:
873:
822:sister species
787:
784:
781:
780:
774:
768:
757:
756:
749:
746:
735:
734:
724:
710:
699:
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671:
670:
667:
661:
658:
647:
646:
643:
640:
580:
577:
485:
482:
480:
477:
425:larvae, large
403:metamorphosing
393:and deposit a
358:
357:
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355:
347:
339:
325:
324:
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317:
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2:
3449:
3438:
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3057:
3056:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:(2): e56538.
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2577:
2573:
2572:"Alpine Newt"
2566:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2442:on 2020-12-02
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2377:
2373:
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2015:(in German).
2014:
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1467:
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1454:
1452:
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1447:IUCN Red List
1444:
1443:Least Concern
1434:
1432:
1431:Prokoško Lake
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1408:
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1399:midwife toads
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1265:
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925:metamorphosis
923:, just after
922:
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870:
866:
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846:
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834:
830:
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819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Early Miocene
779:
775:
772:
769:
762:
758:
755:(introduced)
754:
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747:
740:
736:
733:
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691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
662:
659:
657:– Alpine newt
652:
648:
645:Distribution
644:
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623:
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453:IUCN Red List
450:
449:Least Concern
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:
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420:
419:invertebrates
416:
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253:Binomial name
250:
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231:
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213:Salamandridae
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131:Least Concern
121:
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3065:
3039:. Retrieved
3021:
3016:
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2987:
2979:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2890:(1): 61–68.
2887:
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2783:
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2752:
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2665:
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2576:the original
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2444:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2408:
2404:
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2376:the original
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2321:2318/1652046
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2267:the original
2262:
2258:
2249:
2203:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2103:
2099:
2016:
2012:
2004:Ichthyosaura
2003:
1974:
1967:
1934:
1930:
1924:
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1899:
1864:
1860:
1854:
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1738:
1734:
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1703:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1667:
1661:
1634:. Retrieved
1620:
1614:
1608:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1509:I. a. apuana
1508:
1498:
1484:
1455:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1410:
1384:
1374:
1367:
1364:tetrodotoxin
1357:
1345:
1339:
1306:
1271:
1262:I. a. cyreni
1261:
1252:
1248:I. a. apuana
1247:
1228:
1197:
1174:I. a. apuana
1173:
1172:subspecies,
1170:
1150:
1138:
1114:
1078:
1047:
1011:
990:
976:
973:Distribution
967:palmate newt
952:
947:
944:I. a. cyreni
943:
940:I. a. apuana
939:
935:
933:
917:
905:
853:Vlasina Lake
832:
826:
815:
794:, around 20
789:
770:
760:
739:I. a. cyreni
738:
720:
716:
712:
703:I. a. apuana
702:
690:montenegrina
689:
685:
681:
677:
664:
663:retained as
650:
626:
621:
617:
614:I. a. apuana
613:
607:I. a. cyreni
606:
599:
588:
582:
560:
556:
545:Ichthyosaura
544:
542:
529:
521:
515:
511:
507:
501:
493:
487:
484:Nomenclature
431:
415:paedomorphic
387:
368:
367:
363:
361:
349:
345:(Dunn, 1918)
341:
333:
328:
305:
300:
296:I. a. cyreni
295:
291:I. a. apuana
290:
285:
261:
259:
243:
242:
224:Ichthyosaura
223:
18:
3231:iNaturalist
3140:AmphibiaWeb
3125:Wikispecies
2476:(1): 2955.
2298:: 393–403.
1565:: 207–220.
1487:above) and
1478:Montenegrin
1458:destruction
1312:grass snake
1290:water fleas
1286:chironomids
1254:Paedomorphy
1238:Paedomorphy
1145:Hibernation
1117:semiaquatic
979:Carpathians
963:smooth newt
875:Description
843:, although
808:Pleistocene
778:Peloponnese
721:inexpectata
593:populations
496:, from the
473:New Zealand
433:Populations
364:alpine newt
278:Subspecies
24:Alpine newt
3411:Categories
3341:Q109500815
3041:5 December
2446:2020-12-02
2019:: 245–250.
1519:References
1204:pheromones
1190:Stages of
1157:navigation
1054:coniferous
995:introduced
723:(Calabria)
686:carpathica
678:I. reiseri
639:Subspecies
604:Cantabrian
585:subspecies
579:Subspecies
561:Mesotriton
530:Mesotriton
441:subspecies
382:introduced
376:native to
2906:0177-5103
2844:: 79–84.
2808:0041-0101
2692:1932-6203
2632:0303-6758
2557:245602443
2498:2045-2322
2425:1055-7903
2358:: 58–66.
2330:0031-0182
1951:0340-2061
1883:1552-5007
1830:1055-7903
1788:1063-5157
1579:1055-7903
1470:salmonids
1462:pollution
1425:Captivity
1395:ranavirus
1391:toadflies
1352:dragonfly
1328:hedgehogs
1308:Predators
1298:amphipods
1294:ostracods
1066:tree line
1050:deciduous
1040:Juvenile
929:leucistic
845:admixture
786:Evolution
773:(species)
713:I. apuana
589:Evolution
553:Latreille
540:in 1928.
526:monotypic
503:alpestris
461:pollution
423:dragonfly
238:Species:
230:Latreille
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
3335:Wikidata
3110:Wikidata
3000:12 April
2994:Archived
2971:25359973
2914:24270024
2858:53146240
2710:23457580
2662:PLOS ONE
2640:88602702
2516:28592856
2433:17467298
2372:73644476
2144:Triturus
1959:10108367
1891:16969762
1855:Triturus
1838:16815049
1686:21 March
1680:Archived
1636:28 March
1587:25263421
1485:Habitats
1474:crayfish
1403:necrosis
1341:Dytiscus
1302:woodlice
1282:molluscs
1278:plankton
1153:disperse
1141:twilight
1020:Habitats
829:lineages
804:Pliocene
748:retained
732:Calabria
611:Apennine
609:and the
534:subgenus
522:Triturus
517:Triturus
490:Laurenti
479:Taxonomy
322:Synonyms
270:Laurenti
209:Family:
193:Amphibia
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
136:IUCN 3.1
3381:2431784
3210:2431783
3116:Q282715
2962:5769814
2941:Bibcode
2933:Science
2816:5938783
2788:Toxicon
2784:Taricha
2749:Ecology
2701:3574087
2670:Bibcode
2582:5 April
2507:5462806
2478:Bibcode
2300:Bibcode
1466:Beavers
1445:on the
1381:leeches
1369:Taricha
1347:Carabus
1332:martens
1232:benthic
1101:crested
1085:beavers
1070:burrows
869:refugia
837:complex
812:Miocene
682:reiseri
595:of the
498:Ă–tscher
451:on the
427:beetles
391:display
272:, 1768)
219:Genus:
203:Urodela
199:Order:
189:Class:
134: (
3394:776592
3314:159060
3249:775917
3236:135104
3197:330758
3171:350682
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2259:Alytes
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1957:
1949:
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1857:newts"
1836:
1828:
1786:
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1405:. The
1336:shrews
1320:herons
1058:spruce
1030:Vosges
1003:Berlin
999:Bremen
954:Larvae
913:cloaca
717:apuana
538:Bolkay
528:genus
399:larvae
232:, 1801
3422:Newts
3368:10834
3363:EUNIS
3355:594QT
3288:54263
3262:59472
3184:6N65G
3026:(PDF)
2880:(PDF)
2854:S2CID
2765:JSTOR
2636:S2CID
2553:S2CID
2440:(PDF)
2401:(PDF)
2379:(PDF)
2368:S2CID
2348:(PDF)
2270:(PDF)
2255:(PDF)
2138:[
2102:[
2009:(PDF)
1955:S2CID
1806:(PDF)
1764:(PDF)
1746:(PDF)
1731:(PDF)
1555:(PDF)
1481:karst
1324:ducks
1316:trout
1296:, or
1258:gills
958:gills
861:ghost
728:Lazio
583:Four
569:nymph
565:valid
555:for "
492:, as
465:trout
411:gills
3389:ITIS
3376:GBIF
3283:NCBI
3257:IUCN
3244:ITIS
3223:1991
3218:GISD
3205:GBIF
3166:BOLD
3145:4292
3043:2020
3030:ISBN
3002:2019
2967:PMID
2910:PMID
2902:ISSN
2812:PMID
2804:ISSN
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1621:2009
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1460:and
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1095:and
1052:and
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983:Alps
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688:and
551:and
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3192:EoL
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3153:ASW
2957:PMC
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2316:hdl
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