961:
253:
488:
20:
73:
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rulers publicly destroy their figures of deities (referred to as idols by the
Spanish) and whitewash temple walls. While destroying idols had represented a transfer of sovereignty and tributes to the conquering power in Mesoamerican politics, with the invasion of the Spanish, Indigenous peoples soon
590:
were forced and tortured were hanged or burned because they did not want to relinquish idolatry, and unwillingly received the gospel and faith." It further stated that "it was the friars' 'good deed', they added, to 'teach us to despise, destroy, and burn the stones and wood that we worshiped as
532:
that the
Spanish were in Mesoamerica to stay, they quickly learned to use conversion as a means of gaining political capital. By 1523, nobles in Tenōchtitlan had requested baptisms and provided them with properties for their monasteries and churches to assure themselves a place within the new
511:
and the
Spanish conquistadors, submission to Christianity was non-negotiable. As described by historian Ryan Dominic Crewe, "the Spanish offered two clear options: accept Christianity and be saved in this world and in the next, or resist it and face damnation in both." Prior to the fall of
591:
gods'." As described by historian Ryan
Dominic Crewe, "Friars proudly reported the destruction using biblical scales: twenty thousand idols smashed by a single friar in a day, thousands of local deities delivered to the flames, or five hundred major temples dismantled in just five years.
516:
wrote that "more often than not hungry
Spanish soldiers would read their protocol and then promptly settle into a meal prepared by those they had just admonished." After the fall of Tenōchtitlan, the balance of power shifted heavily in favor of the Spanish, who forced
569:
in order to erect "a new universe of meaning" for
Indigenous peoples. A coordinated assault was launched by missionaries and conquistadors on Indigenous priests and adherents on January 1, 1525, which resulted in the destruction of the main temples in Tenōchtitlan,
561:
retained their autonomy through
Christianization and local rulers now adopted new Spanish Christian names: "the names of local elite began to echo those of the men who were turning out to be their overlords rather than their liberators."
415:
generally retained their authority over taxation and land distribution while under the indirect rule of an empire in exchange for their submission, participation in military campaigns, and tribute payments. However, starting with
254:
424:
deepened by removing the powers of taxation from local rulers and replacing non-compliant rulers with military governors. These heightened pressures produced unstable conditions in
440:
of the southern Aztec empire, rebelled on three occasions. The Aztecs responded with intense violence, which only fueled more violence in response.
512:
Tenōchtitlan, the
Spanish could not force compliance because of their heavy dependency on those whom they were admonishing. Conquistador
467:
were among the first to ally with the
Spanish, having only recently been brought under Aztec control after many years of resistance. The
1050:
The Nahuas After the
Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries
475:
initially resisted the Spanish but soon joined the conquest effort as a crucial ally against the Aztec Empire. After the fall of
459:
and the Aztecs, inciting dissident city-states to rebel. No "super-altepetl" identity existed to unite against the Spanish. The
1138:
871:
582:
of Texcoco. This wave of violence initiated by the Spanish missionaries emanated outward throughout what would soon become
444:
180:
315:
217:
1173:
1146:
1092:
1061:
1027:
989:
940:
915:
879:
819:
790:
765:
729:
692:
120:
586:. A letter written by Christianized Indigenous nobles to the Spanish crown in 1560 records that "people of many
684:
Creation of a Mexican Landscape: Territorial Organization and Settlement in the Eastern Puebla Basin, 1520–1605
330:
that contained the ancestors, seeds and life-giving forces of the community. The word is a combination of the
611:
976:
García Martínez, Bernardo (2001). "Community Kingdoms: Central Mexico (Nahua)". In Carrasco, David (ed.).
616:
403:
were typically multiethnic and communal cohesion was often maintained through territorial exclusiveness.
513:
1118:
1045:
1007:
851:
239:
722:
Cave, City, and Eagle's Nest: An Interpretive Journey Through the Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2, Volume 2
1203:
1134:
1053:
1019:
867:
1084:
1081:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
981:
978:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
811:
808:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
601:
682:
575:
1198:
933:
The Mexican Mission: Indigenous Reconstruction and Mendicant Enterprise in New Spain, 1521–1600
908:
The Mexican Mission: Indigenous Reconstruction and Mendicant Enterprise in New Spain, 1521–1600
758:
The Mexican Mission: Indigenous Reconstruction and Mendicant Enterprise in New Spain, 1521–1600
651:
210:
175:
500:
484:
realized "that in the Spanish context it implied a far more sweeping, cosmic transformation."
350:
mode was to imagine the totality of the people of a region or of the world as a collection of
646:
455:. The Spanish recognized and exploited the preexisting political divisions among the various
140:
190:
1014:
The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810
342:
8:
326:
was a polyvalent term rooting the social and political order in the creative powers of a
1012:
966:
641:
571:
534:
376:
formed a vast complex network which predated and outlasted larger empires, such as the
26:
1193:
1169:
1152:
1142:
1123:
1098:
1088:
1067:
1057:
1033:
1023:
995:
985:
936:
911:
885:
875:
856:
825:
815:
786:
761:
725:
688:
357:
331:
280:
203:
336:
518:
247:
105:
487:
100:
1114:
847:
381:
115:
110:
95:
19:
1187:
542:
310:, although examples of shared rule between up to five rulers are known. Each
160:
155:
80:
1156:
1102:
1071:
999:
889:
829:
661:
565:
Spanish missionaries imposed forms of symbolic and physical violence in the
1037:
783:
Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies
636:
621:
476:
448:
377:
272:
185:
170:
165:
130:
125:
54:
34:
631:
626:
557:
imperialism in the face of Spanish rule. Throughout the 1520s and 1530s,
496:
425:
417:
356:
units and to speak of them on those terms. The concept is comparable to
1133:. UCLA Latin American studies, vol. 84; Nahuatl studies series, no. 5.
1110:
866:. UCLA Latin American studies, vol. 84; Nahuatl studies series, no. 5.
843:
468:
392:
276:
553:
used baptisms as a means of reclaiming local authority after years of
583:
433:
314:
had its own jurisdiction, origin story, and served as the center of
150:
606:
472:
464:
306:
295:
287:
42:
579:
492:
460:
301:
283:
90:
318:
identity. Residents referred to themselves by the name of their
656:
554:
550:
546:
366:
347:
72:
64:
806:
Noguez, Xavier (2001). "Altepetl". In Carrasco, David (ed.).
538:
275:-based political entity, usually translated into English as "
1079:
Noguez, Xavier (2001). "Altepetl". In David Carrasco (ed.).
432:
frequently rebelled by withholding tributes and pursuing
351:
232:
48:
40:
32:
24:
391:
were characterized by a central temple dedicated to a
956:
1122:
1109:
1011:
855:
842:
360:
719:
491:An illustration of the destruction of Indigenous
420:in the 1440s, Aztec imperialist efforts over the
1185:
479:in 1521, the Spanish increasingly demanded that
1168:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.
1125:The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's
975:
858:The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's
760:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–70.
724:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 82.
715:
713:
211:
901:
899:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
710:
935:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
910:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
507:From the inception of contact between the
294:was constituted of smaller units known as
218:
204:
16:14th century city-state in central America
924:
896:
799:
674:
322:rather than, for instance, as "Mexicas".
1044:
836:
774:
738:
701:
574:, and Tlaxcala, including the Temple of
486:
406:
18:
346:(meaning "mountain"). A characteristic
1186:
1078:
1006:
805:
785:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 245.
680:
246:
1163:
930:
905:
780:
755:
720:Seiferle-Valencia, Ann Clair (2007).
451:alone consisted of approximately 450
1141:Latin American Center Publications.
874:Latin American Center Publications.
181:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
13:
952:
395:particular to the identity of the
300:and was typically led by a single
14:
1215:
959:
71:
1:
681:Licate, Jack Anthony (1981).
668:
931:Crewe, Ryan Dominic (2019).
906:Crewe, Ryan Dominic (2019).
756:Crewe, Ryan Dominic (2019).
7:
594:
528:As it became clear to each
286:-speaking societies in the
10:
1220:
781:Mundy, Barbara E. (2012).
41:
33:
25:
1135:Stanford University Press
1054:Stanford University Press
1020:Stanford University Press
868:Stanford University Press
687:. University of Chicago.
514:Bernal Diaz del Castillo
248:[aːɬ.ˈté.peːt͡ɬ]
1164:Smith, Michael (1997).
1085:Oxford University Press
982:Oxford University Press
812:Oxford University Press
436:. Cuauhnahuac, a major
418:Moctezuma Ilhuicamina I
361:
352:
341:
335:
243:
233:
49:
504:
399:and a central market.
340:(meaning "water") and
58:
490:
407:Mesoamerican politics
22:
1127:Huei tlamahuiçoltica
984:. pp. 238–239.
860:Huei tlamahuiçoltica
191:Fall of Tenochtitlan
47:, the three primary
23:Glyphs representing
578:, which housed the
501:Diego Muñoz Camargo
1087:. pp. 12–13.
967:Mesoamerica portal
814:. pp. 12–13.
505:
65:Aztec civilization
59:
521:upon the various
497:Franciscan friars
271:) was the local,
240:Classical Nahuatl
228:
227:
1211:
1204:Valley of Mexico
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772:
771:
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736:
735:
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708:
707:Smith 1997 p. 37
705:
699:
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543:Valley of Toluca
533:colonial order.
519:Christianization
445:Spanish invasion
411:Local rulers of
364:
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258:
257:
256:
250:
236:
220:
213:
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91:Nahuatl language
75:
61:
60:
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38:
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30:
29:
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1214:
1213:
1212:
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1184:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1149:
1121:, eds. (1998).
1119:Lockhart, James
1115:Poole, Stafford
1095:
1083:. Vol. 1.
1064:
1046:Lockhart, James
1030:
1008:Gibson, Charles
992:
980:. Vol. 1.
965:
960:
958:
955:
953:Further reading
950:
943:
929:
925:
918:
904:
897:
882:
854:, eds. (1998).
852:Lockhart, James
848:Poole, Stafford
841:
837:
822:
810:. Vol. 1.
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576:Huītzilōpōchtli
541:peoples in the
443:At the time of
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328:sacred mountain
252:
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121:Human sacrifice
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382:Tarascan state
302:dynastic ruler
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1175:0-631-23015-7
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881:0-8047-3482-8
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447:in 1519, the
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141:Aztec history
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81:Aztec society
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36:
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21:
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637:Tenōchtitlan
622:Coixtlahuaca
602:Azcapotzalco
587:
566:
564:
558:
529:
527:
522:
508:
506:
480:
477:Tenōchtitlan
456:
452:
449:Aztec Empire
442:
437:
429:
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387:Established
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267:
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260:
231:
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186:Moctezuma II
171:Aztec Empire
166:Aztec script
131:Templo Mayor
126:Tenochtitlan
55:Aztec Empire
35:Tenochtitlan
1111:Sousa, Lisa
844:Sousa, Lisa
632:Huexotzingo
627:Cuauhnahuac
545:as well as
535:Matlatzinca
426:Mesoamerica
304:known as a
1188:Categories
1166:The Aztecs
669:References
662:Yanhuitlán
647:Tlatelolco
469:Tlaxcaltec
393:patron god
324:"Altepetl"
316:Indigenous
277:city-state
273:ethnically
176:Tlaxcallan
106:Philosophy
1048:(1996) .
1010:(1983) .
584:New Spain
434:secession
428:in which
268:altepemeh
259:, plural
101:Mythology
1194:Altepetl
1157:39455844
1103:44019111
1072:24283718
1000:44019111
890:39455844
830:44019111
652:Tlaxcala
607:Cempoala
595:Examples
588:altepetl
580:archives
567:altepetl
559:altepeme
530:altepetl
523:altepeme
509:altepetl
481:altepetl
473:Tlaxcala
465:Cempoala
461:Totonacs
457:altepeme
453:altepeme
438:altepetl
430:altepetl
422:altepetl
413:altepeme
401:Altepeme
397:altepetl
389:altepeme
374:Altepeme
353:altepetl
320:altepetl
312:altepetl
307:tlatoani
297:calpolli
292:altepetl
288:Americas
262:altepeme
244:āltepētl
234:altepetl
116:Medicine
111:Calendar
96:Religion
50:altepetl
43:Tlacopan
1129:of 1649
1038:9359010
862:of 1649
642:Texcoco
617:Cholula
572:Texcoco
547:Mixtecs
493:codices
332:Nahuatl
284:Nahuatl
161:Codices
156:Warfare
53:of the
27:Texcoco
1172:
1155:
1145:
1101:
1091:
1070:
1060:
1036:
1026:
998:
988:
939:
914:
888:
878:
828:
818:
789:
764:
728:
691:
657:Toluca
612:Chalco
555:Mexica
551:Oaxaca
503:(1585)
367:Mixtec
343:tepētl
334:words
290:. The
279:", of
151:Aztlán
39:, and
539:Otomi
378:Aztec
348:Nahua
1170:ISBN
1153:OCLC
1143:ISBN
1139:UCLA
1099:OCLC
1089:ISBN
1068:OCLC
1058:ISBN
1034:OCLC
1024:ISBN
996:OCLC
986:ISBN
937:ISBN
912:ISBN
886:OCLC
876:ISBN
872:UCLA
826:OCLC
816:ISBN
787:ISBN
762:ISBN
726:ISBN
689:ISBN
537:and
380:and
365:and
358:Maya
230:The
549:in
499:by
495:by
471:of
463:of
370:ñuu
362:cah
337:ātl
265:or
1190::
1151:.
1137:,
1117:;
1113:;
1097:.
1066:.
1056:.
1052:.
1032:.
1022:.
1018:.
994:.
898:^
884:.
870:,
850:;
846:;
824:.
740:^
712:^
525:.
384:.
372:.
242::
31:,
1178:.
1159:.
1105:.
1074:.
1040:.
1002:.
945:.
920:.
892:.
832:.
795:.
770:.
734:.
697:.
238:(
219:e
212:t
205:v
57:.
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