225:
767:
1163:
788:
44:
53:
3273:
1333:
1902:
969:
791:
793:
1898:, the coating is porous only on the surface oxide layer while the lower oxide layers are much more compact than with standard DC anodizing procedures and present a higher crystallinity due to the oxide layers being remelted and densified to obtain α-Al2O3 clusters with much higher coating hardness values circa 2000 Vickers hardness.
1847:
Aluminium oxide is a representative of bioinert ceramics. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, high strength, and wear resistance, alumina ceramics are used in medical applications to manufacture artificial bones and joints. It is also used for manufacturing dental implants, joint replacements, and
1893:
and abrasion-resistant characteristics of the coating originate from the high strength of aluminium oxide, yet the porous coating layer produced with conventional direct current anodizing procedures is within a 60–70 Rockwell hardness C range which is comparable only to hardened carbon steel alloys,
1868:
Some body armors utilize alumina ceramic plates, usually in combination with aramid or UHMWPE backing to achieve effectiveness against most rifle threats. Alumina ceramic armor is readily available to most civilians in jurisdictions where it is legal, but is not considered military grade. It is also
1422:
Al-O present. Around 80% of the oxygen atoms are shared among three or more Al-O polyhedra, and the majority of inter-polyhedral connections are corner-sharing, with the remaining 10–20% being edge-sharing. The breakdown of octahedra upon melting is accompanied by a relatively large volume increase
2150:
Insulation for high-temperature furnaces is often manufactured from aluminium oxide. Sometimes the insulation has varying percentages of silica depending on the temperature rating of the material. The insulation can be made in blanket, board, brick and loose fiber forms for various application
1664:, over 90% of which was used in the manufacture of aluminium metal. The major uses of speciality aluminium oxides are in refractories, ceramics, polishing and abrasive applications. Large tonnages of aluminium hydroxide, from which alumina is derived, are used in the manufacture of
1386:
Aluminium oxide also exists in other metastable phases, including the cubic γ and η phases, the monoclinic θ phase, the hexagonal χ phase, the orthorhombic κ phase and the δ phase that can be tetragonal or orthorhombic. Each has a unique crystal structure and properties. Cubic
1592:. The production process can therefore be optimized to produce a tailored product. The type of phases present affects, for example, the solubility and pore structure of the aluminium oxide product which, in turn, affects the cost of aluminium production and pollution control.
1909:
Alumina is used to manufacture tiles which are attached inside pulverized fuel lines and flue gas ducting on coal fired power stations to protect high wear areas. They are not suitable for areas with high impact forces as these tiles are brittle and susceptible to breakage.
1213:
of aluminium oxide (4 nm thickness) forms on any exposed aluminium surface in a matter of hundreds of picoseconds. This layer protects the metal from further oxidation. The thickness and properties of this oxide layer can be enhanced using a process called
1423:(~33%), the density of the liquid close to its melting point is 2.93 g/cm. The structure of molten alumina is temperature dependent and the fraction of 5- and 6-fold aluminium increases during cooling (and supercooling), at the expense of tetrahedral AlO
1628:, leaving behind impurities. Sodium aluminate is then precipitated from the solution and calcined at around 1000 °C to produce alumina. This method is useful for the production of complex shapes and can be used to create porous or dense materials.
4234:
2185:
Aluminium oxide is also used in the coating of stanchions in the motocross and mountain bike industries. This coating is combined with molybdenumdisulfate to provide long term lubrication of the surface.
747:
1154:. Several older textbooks cover the history of the field. A 2019 textbook by Andrew Ruys contains a detailed timeline on the history of aluminium oxide from ancient times to the 21st century.
2900:
Sun, Yue; Pan, Aifang (2023). "Extraction of alumina and silica from high-silica bauxite by sintering with sodium carbonate followed by two-step leaching with water and sulfuric acid".
2873:
Bordboland, Reza; Azizi, Asghar; Khani, Mohammad (2024). "Extracting
Alumina from a Low-grade (Shale) Bauxite Ore using a Sintering Process with Lime-soda followed by Alkali Leaching".
2421:
792:
3695:"Kashima Coat - Products / Services | Next-generation anodize boasting light weight, high lubrication, and superb wear resistance. The answer is Miyaki's Kashima Coat"
3569:
1856:
Aluminium oxide has been used in a few experimental and commercial fiber materials for high-performance applications (e.g., Fiber FP, Nextel 610, Nextel 720). Alumina
794:
1226:, exploit this property by including a proportion of aluminium in the alloy to enhance corrosion resistance. The aluminium oxide generated by anodising is typically
1953:
For its application as an electrical insulator in integrated circuits, where the conformal growth of a thin film is a prerequisite and the preferred growth mode is
4061:
8256:
1142:. Sapphires come in different colours given by various other impurities, such as iron and titanium. An extremely rare δ form occurs as the mineral deltalumite.
7668:
1134:
are gem-quality forms of corundum, which owe their characteristic colours to trace impurities. Rubies are given their characteristic deep red colour and their
2371:
838:
722:
2579:
1825:, both in the machine process available through dermatologists and estheticians, and as a manual dermal abrasive used according to manufacturer directions.
7541:
802:
1719:
Aluminium oxide catalyses a variety of reactions that are useful industrially. In its largest scale application, aluminium oxide is the catalyst in the
7830:
982:
8077:
3540:
3444:
Kim, Jaebum; Chakrabarti, Kuntal; Lee, Jinho; Oh, Ki-Young; Lee, Chongmu (2003). "Effects of ozone as an oxygen source on the properties of the Al
2182:
In its finest powdered (white) form, called
Diamantine, aluminium oxide is used as a superior polishing abrasive in watchmaking and clockmaking.
1436:
816:
2646:
3737:
1242:
378:
142:
135:
7407:
4210:
2827:
2919:
3806:
3057:
1711:
have aluminium oxide as an ingredient. Aluminosilicate glass is a commonly used type of glass that often contains 5% to 10% alumina.
1695:
Being fairly chemically inert and white, aluminium oxide is a favored filler for plastics. Aluminium oxide is a common ingredient in
1687:, is used in a wide variety of applications which take advantage of its inertness, temperature resistance and electrical resistance.
2647:"Determination of the Structure of γ-Alumina using Empirical and First Principles Calculations Combined with Supporting Experiments"
3243:
2562:
3561:
3105:
1660:
communities, aluminium oxide finds wide use. Annual global production of aluminium oxide in 2015 was approximately 115 million
2949:
2268:
1839:
Aluminium oxide flakes are used in paint for reflective decorative effects, such as in the automotive or cosmetic industries.
1588:
The product aluminium oxide tends to be multi-phase, i.e., consisting of several phases of aluminium oxide rather than solely
3197:
3115:
2679:
2514:
2347:
2319:
2294:
690:
2532:"Dynamics of Oxidation of Aluminium Nanoclusters using Variable Charge Molecular-Dynamics Simulations on Parallel Computers"
2394:
977:
2739:
Paradis, P.-F.; et al. (2004). "Non-Contact
Thermophysical Property Measurements of Liquid and Undercooled Alumina".
2996:
1600:
The
Sintering Process is a high-temperature method primarily used when the Bayer Process is not suitable, especially for
1190:) for a ceramic material. Aluminium oxide is insoluble in water. In its most commonly occurring crystalline form, called
2980:
2214:
3082:
Hudson, L. Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Perrotta, Anthony J.; Wefers, Karl and
Williams, F. S. (2002) "Aluminum Oxide" in
3026:
2117:(pH 4.5 when in water) and neutral formulations. Additionally, small pieces of aluminium oxide are often used as
3730:
3650:
3283:
3067:
2857:
2431:
2144:
1947:
343:
4609:
1150:
The field of aluminium oxide ceramics has a long history. Aluminium salts were widely used in ancient and medieval
1059:
989:
3590:
V.B. Mikhailik, H. Kraus (2005). "Low-temperature spectroscopic and scintillation characterisation of Ti-doped Al
2971:
Evans, K. A. (1993). "Properties and uses of aluminium oxides and aluminium hydroxides". In Downs, A. J. (ed.).
2848:
Alton T. Tabereaux, Ray D. Peterson (2014). "Chapter 2.5 - Aluminum
Production". In Seshadri Seetharaman (ed.).
8481:
7400:
3678:
3307:
2205:
1771:
1349:
2782:
Shi, C; Alderman, O L G; Berman, D; Du, J; Neuefeind, J; Tamalonis, A; Weber, R; You, J; Benmore, C J (2019).
8553:
8533:
4520:
4278:
1895:
1886:
1353:
1231:
75:
2530:
Campbell, Timothy; Kalia, Rajiv; Nakano, Aiichiro; Vashishta, Priya; Ogata, Shuji; Rodgers, Stephen (1999).
1821:
and scratch-repair kits. Its polishing qualities are also behind its use in toothpaste. It is also used in
1418:(i.e. 2/3 of the Al are surrounded by 4 oxygen neighbors), and 1/3 5-coordinated, with very little (<5%)
8528:
3723:
2613:
I. Levin; D. Brandon (1999). "Metastable
Alumina Polymorphs: Crystal Structures and Transition Sequences".
2195:
291:
220:
2586:
162:
4499:
3909:
3163:
1035:
951:
312:
1680:
8543:
4819:
4305:
4258:
3536:
2220:
1939:
1723:
for converting hydrogen sulfide waste gases into elemental sulfur in refineries. It is also useful for
866:
849:
766:
3333:
1352:
structure with the aluminium ions filling two-thirds of the octahedral interstices. Each Al center is
1277:, acting as an acid with a base and a base with an acid, neutralising the other and producing a salt.
7393:
4465:
4185:
4041:
232:
4482:
4333:
3358:
Higashi GS, Fleming (1989). "Sequential surface chemical reaction limited growth of high quality Al
2099:
1616:
and soda ash, then heating the mixture at high temperatures (1200 °C to 1500 °C) to form
1372:
1246:
329:
8518:
6049:
4785:
3789:
2158:
2129:
1954:
1919:
1210:
1179:
525:
1234:
result in a significant proportion of crystalline aluminium oxide in the coating, enhancing its
8453:
8439:
6620:
6606:
5794:
5692:
4190:
3844:
3770:
3765:
1834:
1526:, the other components of bauxite do not dissolve in base. Upon filtering the basic mixture, Fe
666:
3642:
8558:
8538:
8467:
8383:
7867:
7221:
6957:
6066:
5845:
5777:
5401:
4853:
4007:
3982:
3873:
3760:
3562:"DailyMed - JUNEL FE 1/20- norethindrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol, and ferrous fumarate"
3409:
dielectric behavior by using ozone as an oxidant for the atomic layer deposition technique".
3138:
2823:
759:
647:
511:
182:
65:
8425:
8369:
8314:
8302:
8216:
8121:
8089:
7786:
7757:
7733:
7459:
7170:
6940:
6906:
6704:
6421:
6236:
5998:
5981:
5624:
5573:
4734:
4717:
4683:
4602:
4445:
4036:
3999:
3775:
3694:
3607:
3492:
3418:
3375:
2795:
2748:
2711:
2546:
1894:
but considerably inferior to the hardness of natural and synthetic corundum. Instead, with
1743:
1724:
1183:
537:
300:
111:
8:
8411:
8394:
8248:
8228:
8203:
8174:
7966:
7891:
7850:
7806:
7745:
7721:
7700:
7593:
7581:
7427:
7277:
7187:
7033:
6648:
6578:
6522:
6323:
6295:
6219:
6202:
6185:
6151:
6100:
6032:
5964:
5828:
5760:
5726:
5675:
5539:
5381:
5371:
5331:
5134:
5110:
4967:
4887:
4870:
4836:
4700:
4141:
4073:
4028:
4023:
3991:
3974:
3958:
3852:
3746:
2230:
1927:
1923:
1728:
939:
904:
101:
3611:
3496:
3422:
3379:
3251:
2799:
2752:
2715:
2550:
2531:
224:
8523:
8240:
8191:
8129:
8036:
7953:
7941:
7920:
7818:
7569:
7529:
7204:
7103:
6974:
6855:
6816:
6788:
6393:
6253:
6168:
6134:
6083:
5896:
5862:
5641:
5498:
5488:
5281:
5271:
5254:
5224:
5154:
4915:
4802:
4751:
4632:
4549:
4409:
4165:
4153:
4129:
3917:
3901:
3868:
3836:
3780:
3513:
3480:
2764:
2626:
2249:
2225:
2209:
1966:
1779:
1290:
931:
912:
3635:
3465:
8401:
8326:
8290:
8208:
8113:
8101:
8022:
8014:
8002:
7958:
7879:
7842:
7798:
7774:
7709:
7680:
7549:
7483:
7451:
7305:
7249:
7117:
7075:
7047:
7019:
6991:
6923:
6889:
6872:
6830:
6732:
6718:
6634:
6508:
6480:
6438:
6281:
6015:
5913:
5811:
5743:
5709:
5590:
5508:
5391:
5345:
5341:
5214:
5084:
5023:
4954:
4768:
4425:
4376:
4356:
4173:
4113:
4101:
3946:
3941:
3925:
3893:
3885:
3674:
3646:
3518:
3401:
Kim JB; Kwon DR; Chakrabarti K; Lee
Chongmu; Oh KY; Lee JH (2002). "Improvement in Al
3279:
3193:
3111:
3063:
2976:
2853:
2768:
2675:
2510:
2427:
2343:
2315:
2290:
2095:
1931:
1822:
1766:
Aluminium oxide is used for its hardness and strength. Its naturally occurring form,
1747:
1641:
1270:
1009:
908:
592:
3443:
264:
8355:
8273:
8162:
8065:
8053:
8027:
7932:
7862:
7769:
7692:
7660:
7647:
7471:
7416:
7263:
7131:
7061:
6774:
6662:
6592:
6564:
6536:
6407:
6379:
6365:
5607:
5468:
5451:
5421:
5351:
5244:
5234:
5174:
5019:
4980:
4941:
3933:
3615:
3508:
3500:
3461:
3426:
3383:
3087:
2945:
2882:
2803:
2756:
2719:
2622:
2554:
2265:
2200:
2169:
2110:
1739:
1669:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1320:
1274:
1266:
1223:
1021:
733:
626:
548:
490:
406:
28:
2395:"Alumina (Aluminium Oxide) – The Different Types of Commercially Available Grades"
8548:
8494:
8360:
8343:
8186:
8141:
8048:
7984:
7908:
7630:
7617:
7561:
7524:
7495:
7376:
7372:
7291:
7089:
6802:
6746:
6676:
6466:
6351:
6309:
5947:
5930:
5879:
5441:
5431:
5321:
5301:
5204:
5164:
5045:
4993:
4928:
4666:
4595:
3799:
3213:
2886:
2398:
2272:
2165:
2125:
2071:
show 10–100 times lower leakage current density compared with those prepared by H
1935:
1699:
and is often also present in cosmetics such as blush, lipstick, and nail polish.
1427:
units, approaching the local structural arrangements found in amorphous alumina.
1364:
1357:
2558:
2179:
Most ceramic eyes on fishing rods are circular rings made from aluminium oxide.
7903:
7622:
7507:
7145:
6690:
6550:
6452:
6337:
6117:
5658:
5311:
5291:
5058:
4649:
4321:
3619:
3504:
2724:
2699:
2106:
1380:
1062:
960:
927:
602:
3710:
3004:
2367:
8512:
8281:
8153:
7655:
7642:
6760:
5478:
5194:
5184:
5032:
5006:
3091:
2808:
2783:
2461:
2309:
2118:
1787:
1720:
1486:
1478:
1199:
1123:
578:
479:
469:
213:
2700:"Joint diffraction and modeling approach to the structure of liquid alumina"
1348:, which is the thermodynamically stable form. The oxygen ions form a nearly
8334:
8268:
7519:
6961:
6624:
6610:
6494:
6053:
5411:
5405:
5361:
5144:
5097:
5071:
4823:
3522:
3244:"understanding and specifying anodizing: what a manufacturer needs to know"
3034:
2136:
1811:
1791:
1608:
content or when a more controlled product morphology is required. Firstly,
1205:
Aluminium oxide is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminium to
935:
728:
1869:
used to produce bullet-proof alumina glass capable to withstand impact of
1786:
use aluminium oxide crystals. In addition, its low heat retention and low
1209:. Metallic aluminium is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin
1058:
in various forms and applications. It occurs naturally in its crystalline
815:
7993:
7975:
7360:
6327:
5798:
5696:
2760:
2310:
Raymond C. Rowe; Paul J. Sheskey; Marian E. Quinn (2009). "Adipic acid".
1415:
1368:
828:
610:
3059:
Sterile Drug
Products: Formulation, Packaging, Manufacturing and Quality
2447:
2098:. Aluminium oxide is also used in preparation of coating suspensions in
801:
202:
7355:
7225:
7037:
6944:
6708:
6070:
6036:
5849:
5781:
5518:
5385:
2155:
2083:
1857:
1807:
1474:
1419:
1258:
1206:
1108:
808:
653:
501:
428:
233:
173:
3715:
3430:
1624:. After sintering, the material is leached with water to dissolve the
7330:
7281:
7191:
7107:
6834:
6722:
6652:
6582:
6526:
6512:
6442:
6299:
6285:
6240:
6002:
5985:
5951:
5628:
5577:
5560:
5435:
5375:
5335:
5325:
5285:
5168:
5158:
5138:
5049:
4919:
4789:
3400:
3387:
2529:
2140:
2024:) as the active oxidant and the following reaction then takes place:
1882:
1818:
1803:
1783:
1696:
1613:
1454:
1442:
1227:
1215:
1013:
3479:
Belkin, A.; Bezryadin, A.; Hendren, L.; Hubler, A. (20 April 2017).
3192:(3rd ed., ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. Ch.2.1.7.
1162:
959:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
52:
43:
7385:
7350:
7340:
7335:
7174:
7121:
7079:
7051:
7023:
6995:
6978:
6910:
6859:
6820:
6792:
6778:
6666:
6596:
6568:
6540:
6425:
6397:
6383:
6223:
6206:
6189:
6155:
6121:
6104:
5968:
5832:
5764:
5730:
5594:
5543:
5502:
5492:
5395:
5365:
5275:
5258:
5228:
5218:
5114:
5088:
5062:
5036:
4971:
4738:
4704:
4687:
4636:
2847:
2079:
1890:
1775:
1767:
1679:(SGA), is consumed for the production of aluminium, usually by the
1665:
1589:
1561:
1557:
1482:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1414:
Molten aluminium oxide near the melting temperature is roughly 2/3
1361:
1345:
1235:
1195:
1194:
or α-aluminium oxide, its hardness makes it suitable for use as an
1191:
1139:
1131:
1119:
1104:
1100:
1088:
1081:
1077:
774:
598:
193:
2784:"The structure of amorphous and deeply supercooled liquid alumina"
2365:
1332:
141:
134:
7345:
7309:
7253:
7208:
7135:
7065:
6927:
6893:
6876:
6806:
6750:
6736:
6680:
6638:
6484:
6470:
6313:
6257:
6172:
6138:
6087:
5900:
5866:
5679:
5645:
5611:
5512:
5472:
5425:
5198:
5188:
5178:
5010:
4984:
4945:
4891:
4874:
4857:
3481:"Recovery of Alumina Nanocapacitors after High Voltage Breakdown"
2173:
1870:
1795:
1758:
Aluminium oxide is widely used to remove water from gas streams.
1657:
1609:
1446:
1151:
1074:
809:
459:
251:
3190:
Fiber-reinforced composites materials, manufacturing, and design
1344:
The most common form of crystalline aluminium oxide is known as
7267:
7093:
6694:
6554:
6456:
6411:
6369:
6355:
6341:
6019:
5917:
5815:
5747:
5713:
5455:
5445:
5415:
5355:
5305:
5248:
5238:
5208:
5148:
5101:
5075:
4997:
4958:
4932:
4840:
4806:
4721:
4670:
1799:
1732:
1653:
1605:
1337:
1219:
1017:
153:
1901:
7295:
7149:
5662:
4653:
4618:
2017:
1943:
1708:
1661:
1262:
1135:
275:
124:
3478:
2920:"Several Production Methods of Alumina and Their Advantages"
2124:
Health and medical applications include it as a material in
1457:. A mixture of the minerals comprise bauxite ore, including
1245:'s chemicals lists in 1988. Aluminium oxide is on the EPA's
317:
6498:
5934:
5883:
5522:
5315:
5295:
4772:
4755:
4297:
3798:
3657:
Aluminium oxide is also used to make spark plug insulators.
2114:
2105:
In chemistry laboratories, aluminium oxide is a medium for
1601:
1127:
1084:
879:
449:
2143:
for radiation protection and therapy applications for its
2078:
Aluminium oxide, being a dielectric with relatively large
1881:
Aluminium oxide can be grown as a coating on aluminium by
6764:
5482:
4587:
2669:
2580:"EPCRA Section 313 Chemical List For Reporting Year 2006"
2094:
In lighting, translucent aluminium oxide is used in some
1815:
1790:
make it widely used in grinding operations, particularly
1450:
921:
898:
3589:
2507:
Alumina
Ceramics: Biomedical and Industrial Applications
1860:
in particular have become a research field of interest.
1395:
has important technical applications. The so-called β-Al
1965:
films can be prepared by the chemical exchange between
1564:(heated to over 1100 °C) to give aluminium oxide:
2397:. The A to Z of Materials. 3 May 2002. Archived from
2372:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1742:
for many industrial catalysts, such as those used in
1672:
pigments, and as a fire retardant/smoke suppressant.
1230:, but discharge-assisted oxidation processes such as
3275:
Dictionary of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
3271:
2872:
1778:, including as a much less expensive substitute for
3357:
3110:. Vol. 9. Elsevier Science. pp. 169–214.
2781:
2663:
1534:
is removed. When the Bayer liquor is cooled, Al(OH)
3634:
2612:
2337:
2266:Material Properties Data: Alumina (Aluminum Oxide)
3452:thin films prepared by atomic layer deposition".
2494:. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 344.
2492:Alumina, Processing, Properties, and Applications
1538:precipitates, leaving the silicates in solution.
8510:
2824:"Bauxite and Alumina Statistics and Information"
2172:, it is coated onto the braking surface of some
1942:, superconducting quantum interference devices (
263:
3103:
1437:List of countries by aluminium oxide production
1383:contains two formula units of aluminium oxide.
1034:. It is the most commonly occurring of several
790:
110:
3084:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2973:The Chemistry of Aluminium, Indium and Gallium
2738:
2693:
2691:
2176:rims to provide abrasion and wear resistance.
1774:(just below diamond). It is widely used as an
1379:(number 167 in the International Tables). The
19:This article is about aluminium(III) oxide, Al
7401:
4603:
3731:
3272:Butterfield, Andrew; Szymanski, John (2018).
2697:
1243:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3711:CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
2261:
2259:
484:2,977 °C (5,391 °F; 3,250 K)
474:2,072 °C (3,762 °F; 2,345 K)
3027:"Alumina (Ingredient Explained + Products)"
2688:
2489:
2284:
2016:O in the above reaction can be replaced by
7408:
7394:
4610:
4596:
3738:
3724:
3331:
2644:
2275:. Makeitfrom.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-17.
1842:
1485:. Bauxite is typically purified using the
1261:substance, meaning it can react with both
1111:material owing to its high melting point.
1099:is used to produce aluminium metal, as an
223:
181:
3512:
3164:"Metals and Minerals in Medical Implants"
2807:
2723:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2256:
1810:. Aluminium oxide powder is used in some
299:
3668:
2652:. Curtin University of Technology, Perth
2608:
2606:
2366:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
2314:. Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 11–12.
1913:
1900:
1331:
1161:
3745:
3632:
3187:
3181:
2938:
2615:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
2361:
2359:
1889:(see the "Properties" above). Both the
1794:tools. As the powdery abrasive mineral
1122:is the most common naturally occurring
1080:, varieties of which form the precious
328:
201:
8511:
3472:
3334:"Materials for superconducting qubits"
3332:Jeewandara, Thamarasee (Sep 2, 2021).
3308:"Why Aluminum Oxide is Used in Tools?"
3241:
2899:
2633:
2509:. Duxford, UK: Elsevier. p. 558.
2474:
2423:Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 6
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2242:
2082:, is used as an insulating barrier in
1876:
1798:, it is a major component, along with
1473:(α-AlO(OH)), along with impurities of
214:
7389:
4591:
3719:
3543:from the original on 16 February 2009
3055:
2970:
2603:
2490:Dorre, Erhard; Hubner, Heinz (1984).
2312:Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients
1114:
355:Key: PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
161:
7415:
3305:
3214:"Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor"
2670:Wiberg, E.; Holleman, A. F. (2001).
2504:
2419:
2356:
2333:
2331:
1675:Over 90% of aluminium oxide, termed
1595:
1252:
1166:Aluminium oxide in its powdered form
732:
16:Chemical compound with formula Al2O3
2698:Skinner, L.B.; et al. (2013).
2572:
2378:
1753:
1445:minerals are the main component of
365:Key: PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYAC
254:
13:
3537:"GE Innovation Timeline 1957–1970"
3107:Comprehensive Structural Integrity
3104:Ishikawa, K.; Matsuya, S. (2003).
2627:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02581.x
2215:Charged Aerosol Release Experiment
1851:
1241:Aluminium oxide was taken off the
786:
14:
8570:
3704:
3673:. N.A.G. Press Ltd. p. 164.
3139:"Alumina (Al2O3), Aluminum Oxide"
2952:from the original on 25 June 2007
2875:Journal of Mining and Environment
2328:
2145:optically stimulated luminescence
1918:Aluminium oxide is an electrical
1038:, and specifically identified as
858:OSHA 5 mg/m (respirable fraction)
412:
3056:Akers, Michael J. (2016-04-19).
2568:from the original on 2010-07-01.
967:
765:
51:
42:
3687:
3662:
3626:
3583:
3572:from the original on 2017-03-13
3554:
3529:
3437:
3394:
3351:
3325:
3299:
3265:
3235:
3206:
3156:
3131:
3097:
3076:
3049:
3019:
2989:
2964:
2912:
2893:
2866:
2841:
2830:from the original on 6 May 2009
2816:
2775:
2732:
2523:
2498:
2483:
2468:
2454:
2426:. The Electrochemical Society.
2287:Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals
1631:
963:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
4350:Organoaluminium(III) compounds
3641:. Marshall Cavendish. p.
2852:. Elsevier. pp. 839–917.
2850:Treatise on Process Metallurgy
2440:
2413:
2303:
2278:
2206:Beta-alumina solid electrolyte
1905:Aluminium oxide output in 2005
1772:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
1249:list if it is a fibrous form.
418:
1:
3466:10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00375-9
2948:. ChemIndustry.com database.
2477:Alumina as a Ceramic Material
2236:
1896:plasma electrolytic oxidation
1887:plasma electrolytic oxidation
1612:is mixed with additives like
1430:
1232:plasma electrolytic oxidation
1157:
843:(US health exposure limits):
2887:10.22044/jme.2024.13905.2588
2420:Elam, J. W. (October 2010).
2342:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
2196:Aluminium oxide nanoparticle
1738:Aluminium oxide serves as a
1714:
1327:
7:
3306:Ross, Lisa (Jan 31, 2024).
3278:. Oxford University Press.
2559:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4866
2338:Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009).
2189:
1940:single-electron transistors
1761:
1477:and hydroxides, quartz and
952:Aluminium oxide (data page)
10:
8575:
4820:Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide
4617:
3620:10.1016/j.nima.2005.02.033
3505:10.1038/s41598-017-01007-9
3312:Advanced Ceramic Materials
3242:Osborn, Joseph H. (2014).
2725:10.1103/PhysRevB.87.024201
2340:Chemical Principles 6th Ed
2221:List of alumina refineries
1832:
1690:
1434:
1182:but has a relatively high
1145:
506:insoluble in all solvents
352:InChI=1S/2Al.3O/q2*+3;3*-2
18:
7423:
7369:
7323:
7242:
7163:
7012:
6848:
6274:
5532:
5127:
4908:
4625:
4349:
4296:
3861:
3829:
3753:
3669:de Carle, Donald (1969).
3600:Nucl. Instr. Phys. Res. A
2100:compact fluorescent lamps
1340:, size about 2×3 cm.
1126:form of aluminium oxide.
957:
950:
945:
890:
856:OSHA 15 mg/m (total dust)
837:
746:
741:
715:
659:
585:
576: = 1.760–1.763
568: = 1.768–1.772
399:
374:
362:InChI=1/2Al.3O/q2*+3;3*-2
339:
94:
86:
74:
64:
59:
50:
41:
3221:US Department of Justice
3092:10.1002/14356007.a01_557
2809:10.3389/fmats.2019.00038
2585:. US EPA. Archived from
2505:Ruys, Andrew J. (2019).
2154:It is also used to make
2089:
1863:
1828:
1702:
1683:. The remainder, termed
1481:. Bauxites are found in
1247:Toxics Release Inventory
1042:. It is commonly called
946:Supplementary data page
6050:Praseodymium(III) oxide
4786:Manganese(II,III) oxide
3086:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
2539:Physical Review Letters
2475:Gitzen, Walter (1970).
2168:process and mixed with
1955:atomic layer deposition
1934:for the fabrication of
1848:other medical devices.
1843:Biomedical Applications
1138:qualities by traces of
1046:and may also be called
636: = 478.5 pm,
526:Magnetic susceptibility
6621:Protactinium(IV) oxide
6607:Praseodymium(IV) oxide
5795:Einsteinium(III) oxide
5693:Californium(III) oxide
5111:Water (hydrogen oxide)
4626:Mixed oxidation states
3671:Practical Watch Repair
3633:Farndon, John (2001).
3188:Mallick, P.K. (2008).
2788:Frontiers in Materials
2067:films prepared using O
1948:superconducting qubits
1906:
1835:Alumina effect pigment
1350:hexagonal close-packed
1341:
1257:Aluminium oxide is an
1198:and as a component in
1167:
797:
640: = 1299.1 pm
27:. For other uses, see
7371:Oxides are sorted by
7222:Technetium(VII) oxide
6958:Protactinium(V) oxide
6067:Promethium(III) oxide
5846:Gadolinium(III) oxide
5778:Dysprosium(III) oxide
5402:Protactinium monoxide
4854:Terbium(III,IV) oxide
2250:"Aluminum oxide_msds"
1922:used as a substrate (
1914:Electrical insulation
1904:
1707:Many formulations of
1677:smelter grade alumina
1335:
1165:
796:
648:Coordination geometry
76:Systematic IUPAC name
8554:Refractory materials
8534:Amphoteric compounds
7171:Dichlorine heptoxide
6941:Phosphorus pentoxide
6907:Dinitrogen pentoxide
6705:Technetium(IV) oxide
6422:Dinitrogen tetroxide
6237:Ytterbium(III) oxide
5999:Neodymium(III) oxide
5982:Manganese(III) oxide
5625:Berkelium(III) oxide
5574:Americium(III) oxide
4735:Dichlorine pentoxide
4718:Cobalt(II,III) oxide
4684:Chlorine perchlorate
3566:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
2975:. Blackie Academic.
2761:10.1143/JJAP.43.1496
2285:Patnaik, P. (2002).
1744:hydrodesulfurization
1681:Hall–Héroult process
1360:, corundum adopts a
1184:thermal conductivity
1180:electrical insulator
1006:aluminium(III) oxide
779:(fire diamond)
711:−1675.7 kJ/mol
538:Thermal conductivity
89:Dialuminium trioxide
80:Aluminium(III) oxide
35:Aluminium(III) oxide
8529:Aluminium compounds
7278:Ruthenium tetroxide
7188:Manganese heptoxide
7034:Molybdenum trioxide
6649:Ruthenium(IV) oxide
6579:Plutonium(IV) oxide
6523:Neptunium(IV) oxide
6324:Californium dioxide
6296:Berkelium(IV) oxide
6220:Vanadium(III) oxide
6203:Tungsten(III) oxide
6186:Titanium(III) oxide
6152:Thallium(III) oxide
6101:Samarium(III) oxide
6033:Phosphorus trioxide
5965:Lutetium(III) oxide
5829:Europium(III) oxide
5761:Dinitrogen trioxide
5727:Chromium(III) oxide
5676:Caesium sesquioxide
5540:Actinium(III) oxide
5382:Phosphorus monoxide
5372:Palladium(II) oxide
5332:Manganese(II) oxide
5135:Aluminium(II) oxide
4968:Dichlorine monoxide
4888:Triuranium octoxide
4871:Tribromine octoxide
4837:Silver(I,III) oxide
4701:Chloryl perchlorate
3747:Aluminium compounds
3612:2005NIMPA.546..523M
3497:2017NatSR...7..932B
3423:2002JAP....92.6739K
3380:1989ApPhL..55.1963H
2800:2019FrMat...6...38S
2753:2004JaJAP..43.1496P
2716:2013PhRvB..87b4201S
2672:Inorganic Chemistry
2645:Paglia, G. (2004).
2551:1999PhRvL..82.4866C
2231:Transparent alumina
2130:birth control pills
1928:integrated circuits
1924:silicon on sapphire
1877:Abrasion protection
1648:(in fused form) or
1505:O + NaOH → NaAl(OH)
940:thallium(III) oxide
905:aluminium hydroxide
684:50.92 J·mol·K
491:Solubility in water
436: g·mol
38:
7243:+8 oxidation state
7205:Rhenium(VII) oxide
7164:+7 oxidation state
7104:Tellurium trioxide
7013:+6 oxidation state
6975:Tantalum pentoxide
6856:Antimony pentoxide
6849:+5 oxidation state
6817:Vanadium(IV) oxide
6789:Tungsten(IV) oxide
6394:Chromium(IV) oxide
6275:+4 oxidation state
6254:Yttrium(III) oxide
6169:Thulium(III) oxide
6135:Terbium(III) oxide
6084:Rhodium(III) oxide
5897:Holmium(III) oxide
5863:Gallium(III) oxide
5642:Bismuth(III) oxide
5533:+3 oxidation state
5499:Vanadium(II) oxide
5489:Titanium(II) oxide
5282:Germanium monoxide
5272:Europium(II) oxide
5255:Dinitrogen dioxide
5225:Chromium(II) oxide
5155:Berkelium monoxide
5128:+2 oxidation state
4916:Aluminium(I) oxide
4909:+1 oxidation state
4803:Mellitic anhydride
4752:Iron(II,III) oxide
4633:Antimony tetroxide
3485:Scientific Reports
3037:on 15 October 2023
3007:on 5 February 2023
2741:Jpn. J. Appl. Phys
2462:"List of Minerals"
2401:on 10 October 2007
2271:2010-04-01 at the
2226:Micro-pulling-down
2210:fast ion conductor
2096:sodium vapor lamps
1967:trimethylaluminium
1907:
1780:industrial diamond
1356:. In terms of its
1342:
1168:
1115:Natural occurrence
990:Infobox references
932:gallium(III) oxide
913:aluminium selenide
891:Related compounds
882:(Immediate danger)
860:ACGIH/TLV 10 mg/m
798:
37:(Aluminium oxide)
34:
8544:Ceramic materials
8503:
8502:
7383:
7382:
7306:Hassium tetroxide
7250:Iridium tetroxide
7118:Tungsten trioxide
7076:Selenium trioxide
7048:Polonium trioxide
7020:Chromium trioxide
6992:Vanadium(V) oxide
6924:Niobium pentoxide
6890:Bismuth pentoxide
6873:Arsenic pentoxide
6831:Zirconium dioxide
6733:Terbium(IV) oxide
6719:Tellurium dioxide
6635:Rhodium(IV) oxide
6509:Manganese dioxide
6481:Hafnium(IV) oxide
6439:Germanium dioxide
6282:Americium dioxide
6016:Nickel(III) oxide
5914:Indium(III) oxide
5812:Erbium(III) oxide
5744:Cobalt(III) oxide
5710:Cerium(III) oxide
5591:Antimony trioxide
5509:Yttrium(II) oxide
5392:Polonium monoxide
5342:Mercury(II) oxide
5215:Chlorine monoxide
5085:Thallium(I) oxide
4955:Dicarbon monoxide
4769:Lead(II,IV) oxide
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
3825:
3824:
3431:10.1063/1.1515951
3199:978-0-8493-4205-9
3117:978-0-08-043749-1
2681:978-0-12-352651-9
2516:978-0-08-102442-3
2349:978-0-618-94690-7
2321:978-0-85369-792-3
2296:978-0-07-049439-8
1823:microdermabrasion
1750:polymerizations.
1685:specialty alumina
1642:materials science
1596:Sintering Process
1553:The solid Al(OH)
1515:+ NaOH → NaAl(OH)
1469:(γ-AlO(OH)), and
1403:proved to be NaAl
1271:hydrofluoric acid
1253:Amphoteric nature
1224:aluminium bronzes
1211:passivation layer
1010:chemical compound
998:Chemical compound
996:
995:
909:aluminium sulfide
593:Crystal structure
313:CompTox Dashboard
143:Interactive image
136:Interactive image
8566:
8491:
8477:
8463:
8449:
8435:
8421:
8407:
8397:
8390:
8379:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7603:
7602:
7417:Oxygen compounds
7410:
7403:
7396:
7387:
7386:
7264:Osmium tetroxide
7132:Uranium trioxide
7062:Rhenium trioxide
6775:Titanium dioxide
6663:Selenium dioxide
6593:Polonium dioxide
6565:Platinum dioxide
6537:Nitrogen dioxide
6408:Curium(IV) oxide
6380:Chlorine dioxide
6366:Cerium(IV) oxide
5608:Arsenic trioxide
5469:Thorium monoxide
5452:Disulfur dioxide
5422:Silicon monoxide
5352:Nickel(II) oxide
5245:Copper(II) oxide
5235:Cobalt(II) oxide
5175:Bromine monoxide
5020:Mercury(I) oxide
4981:Gallium(I) oxide
4942:Caesium monoxide
4612:
4605:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4394:
4386:
4385:
4294:
4293:
4288:
3796:
3795:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3640:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3388:10.1063/1.102337
3368:Appl. Phys. Lett
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3250:. Archived from
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3101:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3033:. Archived from
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3003:. Archived from
2993:
2987:
2986:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2924:Precise Ceramics
2916:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2881:(3): 1131–1148.
2870:
2864:
2863:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2747:(4): 1496–1500.
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2621:(8): 1995–2012.
2610:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2464:. 21 March 2011.
2458:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2391:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2282:
2276:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2201:Bauxite tailings
2135:It is used as a
2126:hip replacements
1938:devices such as
1930:, but also as a
1873:calibre rounds.
1806:"chalk" used in
1782:. Many types of
1770:, is a 9 on the
1754:Gas purification
1740:catalyst support
1626:sodium aluminate
1622:calcium silicate
1618:sodium aluminate
1449:, the principal
1376:
1321:sodium aluminate
1275:sodium hydroxide
1189:
1036:aluminium oxides
1033:
1022:chemical formula
980:
974:
971:
970:
818:
811:
804:
789:
769:
736:
707:
680:
660:Thermochemistry
627:Lattice constant
619:
549:Refractive index
532:−37.0×10 cm/mol
435:
420:
414:
407:Chemical formula
332:
321:
319:
303:
267:
256:
235:
227:
216:
205:
185:
165:
145:
138:
114:
55:
46:
39:
33:
29:Aluminium oxides
8574:
8573:
8569:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8563:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8499:
8489:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8393:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8373:
8368:
8364:
8351:
8347:
8338:
8330:
8322:
8318:
8310:
8306:
8298:
8294:
8285:
8277:
8264:
8260:
8252:
8244:
8236:
8232:
8224:
8220:
8212:
8199:
8195:
8182:
8178:
8170:
8166:
8157:
8149:
8145:
8137:
8133:
8125:
8117:
8109:
8105:
8097:
8093:
8085:
8081:
8073:
8069:
8061:
8057:
8044:
8040:
8031:
8018:
8010:
8006:
7997:
7988:
7979:
7970:
7962:
7949:
7945:
7936:
7928:
7924:
7916:
7912:
7899:
7895:
7887:
7883:
7875:
7871:
7858:
7854:
7846:
7838:
7834:
7826:
7822:
7814:
7810:
7802:
7794:
7790:
7782:
7778:
7765:
7761:
7753:
7749:
7741:
7737:
7729:
7725:
7717:
7713:
7704:
7696:
7688:
7684:
7676:
7672:
7664:
7651:
7638:
7634:
7626:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7589:
7585:
7577:
7573:
7565:
7557:
7553:
7545:
7537:
7533:
7515:
7511:
7503:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7455:
7447:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7419:
7414:
7384:
7379:
7377:Category:Oxides
7373:oxidation state
7365:
7319:
7315:
7301:
7292:Xenon tetroxide
7287:
7273:
7259:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7217:
7213:
7200:
7196:
7183:
7179:
7159:
7155:
7141:
7127:
7113:
7099:
7090:Sulfur trioxide
7085:
7071:
7057:
7043:
7029:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6987:
6983:
6970:
6966:
6953:
6949:
6936:
6932:
6919:
6915:
6902:
6898:
6885:
6881:
6868:
6864:
6844:
6840:
6826:
6812:
6803:Uranium dioxide
6798:
6784:
6770:
6756:
6747:Thorium dioxide
6742:
6728:
6714:
6700:
6686:
6677:Silicon dioxide
6672:
6658:
6644:
6630:
6616:
6602:
6588:
6574:
6560:
6546:
6532:
6518:
6504:
6490:
6476:
6467:Iridium dioxide
6462:
6448:
6434:
6430:
6417:
6403:
6389:
6375:
6361:
6352:Carbon trioxide
6347:
6333:
6319:
6310:Bromine dioxide
6305:
6291:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6249:
6245:
6232:
6228:
6215:
6211:
6198:
6194:
6181:
6177:
6164:
6160:
6147:
6143:
6130:
6126:
6113:
6109:
6096:
6092:
6079:
6075:
6062:
6058:
6045:
6041:
6028:
6024:
6011:
6007:
5994:
5990:
5977:
5973:
5960:
5956:
5948:Lanthanum oxide
5943:
5939:
5931:Iron(III) oxide
5926:
5922:
5909:
5905:
5892:
5888:
5880:Gold(III) oxide
5875:
5871:
5858:
5854:
5841:
5837:
5824:
5820:
5807:
5803:
5790:
5786:
5773:
5769:
5756:
5752:
5739:
5735:
5722:
5718:
5705:
5701:
5688:
5684:
5671:
5667:
5654:
5650:
5637:
5633:
5620:
5616:
5603:
5599:
5586:
5582:
5569:
5565:
5557:Aluminium oxide
5552:
5548:
5528:
5464:
5460:
5442:Sulfur monoxide
5432:Strontium oxide
5322:Magnesium oxide
5302:Iodine monoxide
5267:
5263:
5205:Carbon monoxide
5165:Beryllium oxide
5123:
5119:
5106:
5093:
5080:
5067:
5054:
5046:Potassium oxide
5041:
5028:
5015:
5002:
4994:Iodine(I) oxide
4989:
4976:
4963:
4950:
4937:
4929:Copper(I) oxide
4924:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4883:
4879:
4866:
4862:
4849:
4845:
4832:
4828:
4815:
4811:
4798:
4794:
4781:
4777:
4764:
4760:
4747:
4743:
4730:
4726:
4713:
4709:
4696:
4692:
4679:
4675:
4667:Carbon suboxide
4662:
4658:
4645:
4641:
4621:
4616:
4586:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4032:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3857:
3848:
3840:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3800:Organoaluminium
3794:
3784:
3749:
3744:
3707:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3631:
3627:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3477:
3473:
3454:Mater Chem Phys
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3417:(11): 6739–42.
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3374:(19): 1963–65.
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3270:
3266:
3257:
3255:
3248:OMW Corporation
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3143:Precise Ceramic
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2780:
2776:
2737:
2733:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2650:(free download)
2649:
2643:
2634:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2503:
2499:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2379:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2289:. McGraw-Hill.
2283:
2279:
2273:Wayback Machine
2264:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2192:
2113:(pH 9.5),
2109:, available in
2092:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1936:superconducting
1916:
1879:
1866:
1854:
1852:Composite fiber
1845:
1837:
1831:
1764:
1756:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1634:
1598:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1556:
1549:
1546:→ NaOH + Al(OH)
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1464:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1374:
1365:Bravais lattice
1358:crystallography
1330:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1255:
1187:
1177:
1173:
1160:
1148:
1117:
1098:
1094:
1072:
1068:
1040:aluminium oxide
1032:
1028:
1024:
1002:Aluminium oxide
999:
992:
987:
986:
985: ?)
976:
972:
968:
964:
938:
934:
930:
924:
911:
907:
901:
883:
870:
859:
857:
853:
823:
822:
821:
820:
813:
806:
799:
795:
787:
762:
725:
708:
705:
699:
695:
692:
691:Std enthalpy of
681:
678:
671:
668:
650:
641:
629:
617:
613:
595:
577:
575:
569:
567:
559:
557:
529:
493:
433:
423:
417:
409:
395:
392:
387:
382:
381:
370:
367:
366:
363:
357:
356:
353:
347:
346:
335:
322:
315:
306:
286:
270:
257:
245:
208:
188:
168:
148:
128:
117:
104:
90:
82:
81:
70:
69:Aluminium oxide
36:
32:
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8572:
8562:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8519:Acid catalysts
8501:
8500:
8498:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8391:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8371:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8029:
8025:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7995:
7991:
7986:
7982:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7615:
7608:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7413:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7390:
7381:
7380:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7303:
7299:
7289:
7285:
7275:
7271:
7261:
7257:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7146:Xenon trioxide
7143:
7139:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7097:
7087:
7083:
7073:
7069:
7059:
7055:
7045:
7041:
7031:
7027:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6828:
6824:
6814:
6810:
6800:
6796:
6786:
6782:
6772:
6768:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6740:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6712:
6702:
6698:
6691:Sulfur dioxide
6688:
6684:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6656:
6646:
6642:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6614:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6558:
6551:Osmium dioxide
6548:
6544:
6534:
6530:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6502:
6492:
6488:
6478:
6474:
6464:
6460:
6453:Iodine dioxide
6450:
6446:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6419:
6415:
6405:
6401:
6391:
6387:
6377:
6373:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6345:
6338:Carbon dioxide
6335:
6331:
6321:
6317:
6307:
6303:
6293:
6289:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6118:Scandium oxide
6115:
6111:
6107:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6013:
6009:
6005:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5659:Boron trioxide
5656:
5652:
5648:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5516:
5506:
5496:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5349:
5339:
5329:
5319:
5312:Lead(II) oxide
5309:
5299:
5292:Iron(II) oxide
5289:
5279:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5252:
5242:
5232:
5222:
5212:
5202:
5192:
5182:
5172:
5162:
5152:
5142:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5091:
5082:
5078:
5069:
5065:
5059:Rubidium oxide
5056:
5052:
5043:
5039:
5030:
5026:
5017:
5013:
5004:
5000:
4991:
4987:
4978:
4974:
4965:
4961:
4952:
4948:
4939:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4650:Boron suboxide
4647:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3705:External links
3703:
3701:
3700:
3686:
3679:
3661:
3651:
3625:
3606:(3): 523–534.
3595:
3591:
3582:
3553:
3528:
3471:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3406:
3402:
3393:
3366:dielectrics".
3363:
3359:
3350:
3324:
3298:
3284:
3264:
3234:
3205:
3198:
3180:
3155:
3130:
3116:
3096:
3075:
3068:
3048:
3018:
2988:
2982:978-0751401035
2981:
2963:
2937:
2911:
2908:: 23254–23266.
2892:
2865:
2858:
2840:
2815:
2774:
2731:
2687:
2680:
2662:
2632:
2602:
2571:
2522:
2515:
2497:
2482:
2467:
2453:
2439:
2432:
2412:
2377:
2355:
2348:
2327:
2320:
2302:
2295:
2277:
2255:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2151:requirements.
2107:chromatography
2091:
2088:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1932:tunnel barrier
1915:
1912:
1878:
1875:
1865:
1862:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1833:Main article:
1830:
1827:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1716:
1713:
1704:
1701:
1692:
1689:
1633:
1630:
1597:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:2 Al(OH)
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Except for SiO
1520:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1462:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:primitive cell
1336:Corundum from
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:O → 2 NaAl(OH)
1312:
1311:+ 2 NaOH + 3 H
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1254:
1251:
1218:. A number of
1175:
1171:
1159:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1116:
1113:
1096:
1092:
1070:
1066:
1030:
1026:
997:
994:
993:
988:
966:
965:
961:standard state
958:
955:
954:
948:
947:
943:
942:
928:boron trioxide
925:
919:
916:
915:
902:
896:
893:
892:
888:
887:
884:
878:
875:
874:
871:
865:
862:
861:
854:
848:
845:
844:
835:
834:
833:Non-flammable
831:
825:
824:
814:
807:
800:
785:
784:
783:
782:
780:
771:
770:
763:
758:
755:
754:
744:
743:
739:
738:
726:
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:
703:
697:
689:
686:
685:
682:
676:
665:
662:
661:
657:
656:
651:
646:
643:
642:
632:
630:
625:
622:
621:
614:
609:
606:
605:
596:
591:
588:
587:
583:
582:
573:
565:
560:
555:
547:
544:
543:
542:30 W·m·K
540:
534:
533:
530:
524:
521:
520:
517:
508:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
489:
486:
485:
482:
476:
475:
472:
466:
465:
462:
456:
455:
452:
446:
445:
442:
438:
437:
431:
425:
424:
421:
415:
410:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
394:
393:
390:
388:
385:
377:
376:
375:
372:
371:
369:
368:
364:
361:
360:
358:
354:
351:
350:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
334:
333:
325:
323:
311:
308:
307:
305:
304:
296:
294:
288:
287:
285:
284:
280:
278:
272:
271:
269:
268:
260:
258:
250:
247:
246:
244:
243:
239:
237:
229:
228:
218:
210:
209:
207:
206:
198:
196:
190:
189:
187:
186:
178:
176:
170:
169:
167:
166:
158:
156:
150:
149:
147:
146:
139:
131:
129:
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
107:
105:
100:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
79:
78:
72:
71:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
24:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8571:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8507:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8479:
8476:
8465:
8462:
8451:
8448:
8437:
8434:
8423:
8420:
8409:
8406:
8399:
8396:
8392:
8389:
8381:
8378:
8367:
8365:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8342:
8340:
8333:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8313:
8311:
8301:
8299:
8289:
8287:
8280:
8278:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8255:
8253:
8247:
8245:
8239:
8237:
8227:
8225:
8215:
8213:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8173:
8171:
8161:
8159:
8152:
8150:
8140:
8138:
8128:
8126:
8120:
8118:
8112:
8110:
8100:
8098:
8088:
8086:
8076:
8074:
8064:
8062:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8035:
8033:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8013:
8011:
8001:
7999:
7992:
7990:
7983:
7981:
7974:
7972:
7965:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7940:
7938:
7931:
7929:
7919:
7917:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7890:
7888:
7878:
7876:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7849:
7847:
7841:
7839:
7829:
7827:
7817:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7797:
7795:
7785:
7783:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7756:
7754:
7744:
7742:
7732:
7730:
7720:
7718:
7708:
7706:
7699:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7679:
7677:
7667:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7629:
7627:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7592:
7590:
7580:
7578:
7568:
7566:
7560:
7558:
7548:
7546:
7540:
7538:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7506:
7504:
7494:
7492:
7482:
7480:
7470:
7468:
7458:
7456:
7450:
7448:
7438:
7436:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7418:
7411:
7406:
7404:
7399:
7397:
7392:
7391:
7388:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7193:
7189:
7186:
7176:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7053:
7049:
7046:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6878:
6874:
6871:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5479:Tin(II) oxide
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5195:Calcium oxide
5193:
5190:
5186:
5185:Cadmium oxide
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5033:Nitrous oxide
5031:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5007:Lithium oxide
5005:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4574:
4548:
4546:
4519:
4517:
4498:
4496:
4481:
4479:
4464:
4462:
4444:
4442:
4424:
4422:
4408:
4406:
4375:
4373:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4277:
4275:
4257:
4255:
4233:
4231:
4209:
4207:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4112:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4072:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3957:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3804:
3802:(I) compounds
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3696:
3690:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3654:
3652:9780761409472
3648:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3586:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3460:(3): 733–38.
3459:
3455:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:J. Appl. Phys
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3354:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3287:
3285:9780198725725
3281:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3254:on 2016-11-20
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3071:
3069:9781420020564
3065:
3062:. CRC Press.
3061:
3060:
3052:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2926:. Apr 3, 2024
2925:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2859:9780080969886
2855:
2851:
2844:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:(2): 024201.
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2592:on 2008-05-22
2588:
2581:
2575:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2448:"Deltalumite"
2443:
2435:
2433:9781566778213
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2119:boiling chips
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2019:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1968:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:specific heat
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1748:Ziegler–Natta
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Claus process
1712:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:alpha alumina
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1510:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:Bayer process
1484:
1480:
1479:clay minerals
1476:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1322:
1302:
1295:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1200:cutting tools
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1103:owing to its
1102:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
991:
984:
979:
962:
956:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:
923:
918:
917:
914:
910:
906:
903:
900:
895:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:
872:
869:(Recommended)
868:
864:
863:
855:
852:(Permissible)
851:
847:
846:
842:
841:
836:
832:
830:
827:
826:
819:
812:
805:
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
768:
764:
761:
757:
756:
752:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
716:Pharmacology
714:
710:
702:
694:
688:
687:
683:
675:
670:
664:
663:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:c (No. 167)
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
600:
597:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
579:Birefringence
572:
564:
561:
554:
550:
546:
545:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
518:
516:
515:
510:
509:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:Boiling point
478:
477:
473:
471:
470:Melting point
468:
467:
463:
461:
458:
457:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
432:
430:
427:
426:
411:
408:
404:
403:
398:
389:
384:
383:
380:
373:
359:
349:
348:
345:
338:
331:
330:DTXSID1052791
327:
326:
324:
314:
310:
309:
302:
298:
297:
295:
293:
290:
289:
282:
281:
279:
277:
274:
273:
266:
262:
261:
259:
253:
249:
248:
241:
240:
238:
236:
231:
230:
226:
222:
219:
217:
215:ECHA InfoCard
212:
211:
204:
200:
199:
197:
195:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:
177:
175:
172:
171:
164:
163:ChEMBL3707210
160:
159:
157:
155:
152:
151:
144:
140:
137:
133:
132:
130:
126:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
85:
77:
73:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
30:
8559:Sesquioxides
8539:Biomaterials
8505:
7439:
6495:Lead dioxide
5556:
5412:Radium oxide
5362:Nitric oxide
5145:Barium oxide
5098:Sodium oxide
5072:Silver oxide
4089:
3689:
3670:
3664:
3656:
3636:
3628:
3603:
3599:
3585:
3574:. Retrieved
3565:
3556:
3545:. Retrieved
3531:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3457:
3453:
3439:
3414:
3410:
3396:
3371:
3367:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3311:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3274:
3267:
3256:. Retrieved
3252:the original
3247:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3220:
3208:
3189:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3167:
3158:
3146:. Retrieved
3142:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3106:
3099:
3083:
3078:
3058:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3035:the original
3030:
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
3005:the original
3001:INCI Decoder
3000:
2991:
2972:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2923:
2914:
2905:
2902:RSC Advances
2901:
2895:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2832:. Retrieved
2818:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2707:
2704:Phys. Rev. B
2703:
2674:. Elsevier.
2671:
2665:
2654:. Retrieved
2618:
2614:
2594:. Retrieved
2587:the original
2574:
2545:(24): 4866.
2542:
2538:
2525:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2456:
2442:
2422:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:the original
2339:
2311:
2305:
2286:
2280:
2244:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2166:plasma spray
2163:
2153:
2149:
2147:properties.
2137:scintillator
2134:
2123:
2104:
2093:
2077:
2058:
2011:
1952:
1917:
1908:
1880:
1867:
1855:
1846:
1838:
1765:
1757:
1737:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1632:Applications
1599:
1587:
1552:
1521:
1440:
1413:
1385:
1343:
1256:
1240:
1204:
1169:
1149:
1118:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1005:
1001:
1000:
936:indium oxide
839:
775:
748:
700:
673:
637:
633:
570:
562:
552:
513:
444:white solid
276:RTECS number
95:Identifiers
87:Other names
7361:Oxypnictide
6761:Tin dioxide
3992:Al(OH)(OAc)
2956:24 February
1725:dehydration
1580:+ 3 H
1475:iron oxides
1416:tetrahedral
1369:space group
1289:+ 6 HF → 2
1124:crystalline
1107:, and as a
1060:polymorphic
829:Flash point
611:Space group
464:3.987 g/cm
441:Appearance
400:Properties
221:100.014.265
8513:Categories
7356:Superoxide
5519:Zinc oxide
3680:0719800307
3576:2017-03-13
3547:2009-01-12
3491:(1): 932.
3258:2018-06-02
3041:15 October
2834:2009-05-05
2794:(38): 38.
2656:2009-05-05
2596:2008-09-30
2405:27 October
2237:References
2159:insulators
2156:spark plug
2084:capacitors
1858:nanofibers
1668:, coating
1604:with high
1441:Aluminium
1435:See also:
1431:Production
1420:octahedral
1354:octahedral
1269:, such as
1259:amphoteric
1222:, such as
1207:weathering
1158:Properties
1109:refractory
760:Pictograms
654:octahedral
586:Structure
502:Solubility
496:insoluble
429:Molar mass
301:LMI26O6933
174:ChemSpider
123:3D model (
102:CAS Number
66:IUPAC name
8524:Abrasives
7331:Oxocarbon
3637:Aluminium
3227:31 August
2997:"Alumina"
2946:"Aloxite"
2769:250779901
2141:dosimeter
1920:insulator
1883:anodizing
1819:polishing
1808:billiards
1802:, of the
1784:sandpaper
1746:and some
1715:Catalysis
1697:sunscreen
1644:, and as
1636:Known as
1614:limestone
1483:laterites
1455:aluminium
1443:hydroxide
1328:Structure
1228:amorphous
1216:anodising
1132:sapphires
1082:gemstones
1020:with the
1014:aluminium
751:labelling
693:formation
667:Std molar
454:odorless
242:215-691-6
234:EC Number
112:1344-28-1
7351:Peroxide
7341:Oxyanion
7336:Suboxide
3570:Archived
3541:Archived
3523:28428625
3031:SkinSort
2950:Archived
2828:Archived
2826:. USGS.
2563:Archived
2479:. Wiley.
2374:(NIOSH).
2269:Archived
2190:See also
2164:Using a
2080:band gap
1891:hardness
1776:abrasive
1768:corundum
1762:Abrasion
1729:alcohols
1666:zeolites
1590:corundum
1562:calcined
1560:is then
1558:Gibbsite
1542:NaAl(OH)
1471:diaspore
1467:boehmite
1459:gibbsite
1362:trigonal
1346:corundum
1236:hardness
1196:abrasive
1192:corundum
1140:chromium
1120:Corundum
1105:hardness
1101:abrasive
1089:sapphire
1078:corundum
776:NFPA 704
742:Hazards
737:)
723:ATC code
599:Trigonal
528:(χ)
519:0.31860
283:BD120000
194:DrugBank
8495:more...
7346:Ozonide
7324:Related
4566:ClAl(CH
4334:NaAl(SO
4000:Al(OAc)
3862:Al(III)
3608:Bibcode
3514:5430567
3493:Bibcode
3419:Bibcode
3376:Bibcode
3173:May 27,
3148:May 27,
3123:May 27,
3011:20 June
2930:Aug 19,
2796:Bibcode
2749:Bibcode
2712:Bibcode
2547:Bibcode
2368:"#0021"
2174:bicycle
2170:titania
2028:2 Al(CH
1985:2 Al(CH
1977:) and H
1871:.50 BMG
1804:cue tip
1796:aloxite
1733:alkenes
1691:Fillers
1670:titania
1658:ceramic
1650:aloxite
1646:alundum
1610:Bauxite
1461:(Al(OH)
1447:bauxite
1367:with a
1152:alchemy
1146:History
1075:mineral
1073:as the
1056:alundum
1052:aloxite
1048:aloxide
1044:alumina
1008:) is a
983:what is
981: (
922:cations
731: (
729:D10AX04
669:entropy
460:Density
434:101.960
265:9989226
252:PubChem
203:DB11342
183:8164808
8549:Oxides
4619:Oxides
4410:(Al(CH
4322:KAl(SO
4310:)Al(SO
4191:Al(OH)
4062:Al(MnO
3983:Al(OH)
3975:Al(OH)
3910:NaAlCl
3894:Al(CN)
3830:Al(II)
3677:
3649:
3521:
3511:
3343:Sep 7,
3317:Sep 7,
3291:Sep 7,
3282:
3196:
3114:
3066:
2979:
2856:
2767:
2678:
2513:
2430:
2346:
2318:
2293:
2217:(CARE)
2115:acidic
2059:The Al
2005:+ 6 CH
1997:O → Al
1969:(Al(CH
1946:) and
1944:SQUIDs
1926:) for
1885:or by
1800:silica
1792:cutoff
1662:tonnes
1654:mining
1606:silica
1511:Al(OH)
1338:Brazil
1220:alloys
1188:30 WmK
1178:is an
1128:Rubies
1018:oxygen
978:verify
975:
920:Other
899:anions
897:Other
581:0.008
379:SMILES
154:ChEMBL
60:Names
4504:CH(CH
4500:Al(CH
4450:CH(CH
4446:Al(CH
4426:(Al(C
4298:Alums
4235:LiAlH
4211:NaAlH
4186:AlOHO
4166:AlAsO
4016:(OAc)
3947:Al(NO
3874:Al(BH
3754:Al(I)
3223:. NIJ
3217:(PDF)
2765:S2CID
2590:(PDF)
2583:(PDF)
2566:(PDF)
2535:(PDF)
2111:basic
2090:Other
2048:+ 3 C
2018:ozone
1993:+ 3 H
1864:Armor
1829:Paint
1709:glass
1703:Glass
1296:+ 3 H
1267:bases
1263:acids
1136:laser
1091:. Al
1063:phase
1054:, or
886:N.D.
873:none
840:NIOSH
344:InChI
125:JSmol
4550:Ti(C
4521:Al(C
4483:Al(C
4466:Al(C
4357:Al(C
4078:(MoO
4042:Al(C
4037:AlSb
4029:AlPO
3902:AlCl
3886:AlBr
3869:AlAs
3807:Al(C
3790:AlOH
3766:AlCl
3761:AlBr
3675:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3519:PMID
3345:2024
3338:Phys
3319:2024
3293:2024
3280:ISBN
3229:2018
3194:ISBN
3175:2024
3168:USGS
3150:2024
3125:2024
3112:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3043:2023
3013:2023
2977:ISBN
2958:2007
2932:2024
2854:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2407:2007
2344:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2291:ISBN
2208:, a
2139:and
2128:and
2040:→ Al
1957:, Al
1656:and
1620:and
1602:ores
1572:→ Al
1387:γ-Al
1273:and
1265:and
1130:and
1087:and
1085:ruby
1065:α-Al
1016:and
1004:(or
880:IDLH
603:hR30
512:log
450:Odor
391:....
386:....
292:UNII
8486:PtF
8361:NbO
8356:NbO
8327:NaO
8249:MoO
8241:MoO
8209:MnO
8204:MnO
8187:MgO
8114:IrO
8023:HgO
8015:HfO
7959:GeO
7954:GeO
7904:FeO
7863:CuO
7843:CsO
7799:CrO
7770:CoO
7693:ClO
7661:CeO
7656:CdO
7648:CaO
7643:CaO
7562:BrO
7542:BiO
7525:BeO
7520:BaO
7452:AmO
4396:AlO
4306:(NH
4284:AlF
4247:OCH
4239:(OC
4223:OCH
4215:(OC
4158:SiO
4118:(SO
4024:AlP
3987:OAc
3963:(CO
3942:AlN
3934:AlI
3926:AlH
3918:AlF
3853:AlO
3845:AlB
3837:AlB
3811:(CH
3776:AlI
3771:AlF
3616:doi
3604:546
3598:".
3509:PMC
3501:doi
3462:doi
3427:doi
3384:doi
3088:doi
2883:doi
2804:doi
2757:doi
2720:doi
2623:doi
2555:doi
2075:O.
2036:+ O
1981:O:
1816:DVD
1731:to
1727:of
1652:in
1640:in
1501:+ H
1465:),
1453:of
1451:ore
1371:of
1291:AlF
1012:of
867:REL
850:PEL
749:GHS
734:WHO
704:298
677:298
318:EPA
255:CID
8515::
8402:OF
8395:OF
8370:Nd
8344:Na
8335:Na
8274:NO
8269:NO
8257:Mo
8229:Mn
8217:Mn
8192:Mg
8175:Lu
8163:Li
8154:Li
8142:La
8122:KO
8102:In
8049:IO
8037:Ho
8028:Hg
7942:Ga
7933:Ga
7921:Fe
7909:Fe
7892:Eu
7880:Er
7868:Dy
7851:Cs
7837:12
7831:Cr
7819:Cr
7807:Cr
7787:Co
7775:Co
7758:Cl
7746:Cl
7734:Cl
7722:Cl
7710:Cl
7701:Cl
7681:Ce
7669:Ce
7623:CO
7618:CO
7595:Br
7582:Br
7570:Br
7550:Bi
7530:Bi
7496:Au
7484:As
7472:As
7460:Am
7440:Al
7428:Ag
7375:.
7310:Hs
7296:Xe
7282:Ru
7268:Os
7254:Ir
7226:Tc
7209:Re
7192:Mn
7175:Cl
7150:Xe
7108:Te
7080:Se
7066:Re
7052:Po
7038:Mo
7024:Cr
6979:Ta
6962:Pa
6928:Nb
6894:Bi
6877:As
6860:Sb
6835:Zr
6779:Ti
6765:Sn
6751:Th
6737:Tb
6723:Te
6709:Tc
6681:Si
6667:Se
6653:Ru
6639:Rh
6625:Pa
6611:Pr
6597:Po
6583:Pu
6569:Pt
6555:Os
6527:Np
6513:Mn
6499:Pb
6485:Hf
6471:Ir
6443:Ge
6412:Cm
6398:Cr
6384:Cl
6370:Ce
6328:Cf
6314:Br
6300:Bk
6286:Am
6241:Yb
6190:Ti
6173:Tm
6156:Tl
6139:Tb
6122:Sc
6105:Sm
6088:Rh
6071:Pm
6054:Pr
6020:Ni
6003:Nd
5986:Mn
5969:Lu
5952:La
5935:Fe
5918:In
5901:Ho
5884:Au
5867:Ga
5850:Gd
5833:Eu
5816:Er
5799:Es
5782:Dy
5748:Co
5731:Cr
5714:Ce
5697:Cf
5680:Cs
5646:Bi
5629:Bk
5612:As
5595:Sb
5578:Am
5561:Al
5544:Ac
5525:O)
5523:Zn
5515:O)
5505:O)
5495:O)
5493:Ti
5485:O)
5483:Sn
5475:O)
5473:Th
5448:O)
5438:O)
5436:Sr
5428:O)
5426:Si
5418:O)
5416:Ra
5408:O)
5406:Pa
5398:O)
5396:Po
5388:O)
5378:O)
5376:Pd
5368:O)
5358:O)
5356:Ni
5348:O)
5346:Hg
5338:O)
5336:Mn
5328:O)
5326:Mg
5318:O)
5316:Pb
5308:O)
5298:O)
5296:Fe
5288:O)
5286:Ge
5278:O)
5276:Eu
5251:O)
5249:Cu
5241:O)
5239:Co
5231:O)
5229:Cr
5221:O)
5219:Cl
5211:O)
5201:O)
5199:Ca
5191:O)
5189:Cd
5181:O)
5179:Br
5171:O)
5169:Be
5161:O)
5159:Bk
5151:O)
5149:Ba
5141:O)
5139:Al
5120:O)
5107:O)
5102:Na
5094:O)
5089:Tl
5081:O)
5076:Ag
5068:O)
5063:Rb
5055:O)
5042:O)
5029:O)
5024:Hg
5016:O)
5011:Li
5003:O)
4990:O)
4985:Ga
4977:O)
4972:Cl
4964:O)
4951:O)
4946:Cs
4938:O)
4933:Cu
4925:O)
4920:Al
4875:Br
4858:Tb
4841:Ag
4831:11
4824:Pr
4810:12
4790:Mn
4773:Pb
4756:Fe
4739:Cl
4722:Co
4705:Cl
4688:Cl
4657:12
4637:Sb
4562:CH
4545:Cl
4533:Cl
4495:CN
4478:Cl
4392:69
4383:36
4263:Al
4201:17
4195:CO
4174:Al
4154:Al
4146:Te
4142:Al
4134:Se
4130:Al
4114:Al
4102:Al
4090:Al
4074:Al
4012:SO
4008:Al
3959:Al
3847:12
3781:Al
3655:.
3645:.
3643:19
3614:.
3602:.
3568:.
3564:.
3539:.
3517:.
3507:.
3499:.
3487:.
3483:.
3458:78
3456:.
3425:.
3415:92
3413:.
3382:.
3372:55
3370:.
3336:.
3310:.
3246:.
3219:.
3166:.
3141:.
3029:.
2999:.
2922:.
2906:13
2904:.
2879:15
2877:.
2802:.
2790:.
2786:.
2763:.
2755:.
2745:43
2743:.
2718:.
2708:87
2706:.
2702:.
2690:^
2635:^
2619:81
2617:.
2605:^
2561:.
2553:.
2543:82
2541:.
2537:.
2380:^
2370:.
2358:^
2330:^
2258:^
2161:.
2132:.
2121:.
2102:.
2086:.
2020:(O
1950:.
1812:CD
1735:.
1493:Al
1489::
1411:.
1409:17
1405:11
1303:Al
1281:Al
1238:.
1202:.
1170:Al
1050:,
1025:Al
753::
696:(Δ
601:,
413:Al
8488:6
8484:2
8482:O
8474:2
8472:F
8470:6
8468:O
8460:2
8458:F
8456:5
8454:O
8446:2
8444:F
8442:4
8440:O
8432:2
8430:F
8428:3
8426:O
8418:2
8416:F
8414:2
8412:O
8404:2
8388:F
8386:2
8384:O
8376:3
8374:O
8372:2
8363:2
8350:2
8348:O
8346:2
8339:O
8337:2
8329:2
8321:5
8319:O
8317:2
8315:N
8309:4
8307:O
8305:2
8303:N
8297:3
8295:O
8293:2
8291:N
8286:O
8284:2
8282:N
8276:2
8263:3
8261:O
8259:2
8251:3
8243:2
8235:7
8233:O
8231:2
8223:3
8221:O
8219:2
8211:2
8198:3
8196:O
8194:2
8181:3
8179:O
8177:2
8169:2
8167:O
8165:2
8158:O
8156:2
8148:3
8146:O
8144:2
8136:2
8134:O
8132:2
8130:K
8124:2
8116:2
8108:3
8106:O
8104:2
8096:9
8094:O
8092:4
8090:I
8084:6
8082:O
8080:2
8078:I
8072:5
8070:O
8068:2
8066:I
8060:4
8058:O
8056:2
8054:I
8043:3
8041:O
8039:2
8032:O
8030:2
8017:2
8009:2
8007:O
8005:2
8003:H
7998:O
7996:2
7994:H
7989:O
7987:2
7985:H
7980:O
7978:2
7976:H
7971:O
7969:2
7967:H
7961:2
7948:3
7946:O
7944:2
7937:O
7935:2
7927:4
7925:O
7923:3
7915:3
7913:O
7911:2
7898:3
7896:O
7894:2
7886:3
7884:O
7882:2
7874:3
7872:O
7870:2
7857:3
7855:O
7853:2
7845:2
7835:O
7833:5
7825:5
7823:O
7821:2
7813:3
7811:O
7809:2
7801:3
7793:4
7791:O
7789:3
7781:3
7779:O
7777:2
7764:7
7762:O
7760:2
7752:6
7750:O
7748:2
7740:4
7738:O
7736:2
7728:3
7726:O
7724:2
7716:2
7714:O
7712:2
7705:O
7703:2
7695:2
7687:3
7685:O
7683:2
7675:4
7673:O
7671:3
7663:2
7650:2
7637:2
7635:O
7633:3
7631:C
7625:2
7609:8
7604:O
7600:3
7588:5
7586:O
7584:2
7576:3
7574:O
7572:2
7564:2
7556:5
7554:O
7552:2
7544:2
7536:3
7534:O
7532:2
7514:3
7512:O
7510:2
7508:B
7502:3
7500:O
7498:2
7490:5
7488:O
7486:2
7478:3
7476:O
7474:2
7466:3
7464:O
7462:2
7454:2
7446:3
7444:O
7442:2
7434:4
7432:O
7430:4
7409:e
7402:t
7395:v
7316:)
7314:4
7312:O
7308:(
7302:)
7300:4
7298:O
7294:(
7288:)
7286:4
7284:O
7280:(
7274:)
7272:4
7270:O
7266:(
7260:)
7258:4
7256:O
7252:(
7235:)
7233:7
7231:O
7229:2
7224:(
7218:)
7216:7
7214:O
7212:2
7207:(
7201:)
7199:7
7197:O
7195:2
7190:(
7184:)
7182:7
7180:O
7178:2
7173:(
7156:)
7154:3
7152:O
7148:(
7142:)
7140:3
7138:O
7136:U
7134:(
7128:)
7126:3
7124:O
7122:W
7120:(
7114:)
7112:3
7110:O
7106:(
7100:)
7098:3
7096:O
7094:S
7092:(
7086:)
7084:3
7082:O
7078:(
7072:)
7070:3
7068:O
7064:(
7058:)
7056:3
7054:O
7050:(
7044:)
7042:3
7040:O
7036:(
7030:)
7028:3
7026:O
7022:(
7005:)
7003:5
7001:O
6999:2
6996:V
6994:(
6988:)
6986:5
6984:O
6982:2
6977:(
6971:)
6969:5
6967:O
6965:2
6960:(
6954:)
6952:5
6950:O
6948:2
6945:P
6943:(
6937:)
6935:5
6933:O
6931:2
6926:(
6920:)
6918:5
6916:O
6914:2
6911:N
6909:(
6903:)
6901:5
6899:O
6897:2
6892:(
6886:)
6884:5
6882:O
6880:2
6875:(
6869:)
6867:5
6865:O
6863:2
6858:(
6841:)
6839:2
6837:O
6833:(
6827:)
6825:2
6823:O
6821:V
6819:(
6813:)
6811:2
6809:O
6807:U
6805:(
6799:)
6797:2
6795:O
6793:W
6791:(
6785:)
6783:2
6781:O
6777:(
6771:)
6769:2
6767:O
6763:(
6757:)
6755:2
6753:O
6749:(
6743:)
6741:2
6739:O
6735:(
6729:)
6727:2
6725:O
6721:(
6715:)
6713:2
6711:O
6707:(
6701:)
6699:2
6697:O
6695:S
6693:(
6687:)
6685:2
6683:O
6679:(
6673:)
6671:2
6669:O
6665:(
6659:)
6657:2
6655:O
6651:(
6645:)
6643:2
6641:O
6637:(
6631:)
6629:2
6627:O
6623:(
6617:)
6615:2
6613:O
6609:(
6603:)
6601:2
6599:O
6595:(
6589:)
6587:2
6585:O
6581:(
6575:)
6573:2
6571:O
6567:(
6561:)
6559:2
6557:O
6553:(
6547:)
6545:2
6543:O
6541:N
6539:(
6533:)
6531:2
6529:O
6525:(
6519:)
6517:2
6515:O
6511:(
6505:)
6503:2
6501:O
6497:(
6491:)
6489:2
6487:O
6483:(
6477:)
6475:2
6473:O
6469:(
6463:)
6461:2
6459:O
6457:I
6455:(
6449:)
6447:2
6445:O
6441:(
6435:)
6433:4
6431:O
6429:2
6426:N
6424:(
6418:)
6416:2
6414:O
6410:(
6404:)
6402:2
6400:O
6396:(
6390:)
6388:2
6386:O
6382:(
6376:)
6374:2
6372:O
6368:(
6362:)
6360:3
6358:O
6356:C
6354:(
6348:)
6346:2
6344:O
6342:C
6340:(
6334:)
6332:2
6330:O
6326:(
6320:)
6318:2
6316:O
6312:(
6306:)
6304:2
6302:O
6298:(
6292:)
6290:2
6288:O
6284:(
6267:)
6265:3
6263:O
6261:2
6258:Y
6256:(
6250:)
6248:3
6246:O
6244:2
6239:(
6233:)
6231:3
6229:O
6227:2
6224:V
6222:(
6216:)
6214:3
6212:O
6210:2
6207:W
6205:(
6199:)
6197:3
6195:O
6193:2
6188:(
6182:)
6180:3
6178:O
6176:2
6171:(
6165:)
6163:3
6161:O
6159:2
6154:(
6148:)
6146:3
6144:O
6142:2
6137:(
6131:)
6129:3
6127:O
6125:2
6120:(
6114:)
6112:3
6110:O
6108:2
6103:(
6097:)
6095:3
6093:O
6091:2
6086:(
6080:)
6078:3
6076:O
6074:2
6069:(
6063:)
6061:3
6059:O
6057:2
6052:(
6046:)
6044:6
6042:O
6040:4
6037:P
6035:(
6029:)
6027:3
6025:O
6023:2
6018:(
6012:)
6010:3
6008:O
6006:2
6001:(
5995:)
5993:3
5991:O
5989:2
5984:(
5978:)
5976:3
5974:O
5972:2
5967:(
5961:)
5959:3
5957:O
5955:2
5950:(
5944:)
5942:3
5940:O
5938:2
5933:(
5927:)
5925:3
5923:O
5921:2
5916:(
5910:)
5908:3
5906:O
5904:2
5899:(
5893:)
5891:3
5889:O
5887:2
5882:(
5876:)
5874:3
5872:O
5870:2
5865:(
5859:)
5857:3
5855:O
5853:2
5848:(
5842:)
5840:3
5838:O
5836:2
5831:(
5825:)
5823:3
5821:O
5819:2
5814:(
5808:)
5806:3
5804:O
5802:2
5797:(
5791:)
5789:3
5787:O
5785:2
5780:(
5774:)
5772:3
5770:O
5768:2
5765:N
5763:(
5757:)
5755:3
5753:O
5751:2
5746:(
5740:)
5738:3
5736:O
5734:2
5729:(
5723:)
5721:3
5719:O
5717:2
5712:(
5706:)
5704:3
5702:O
5700:2
5695:(
5689:)
5687:3
5685:O
5683:2
5678:(
5672:)
5670:3
5668:O
5666:2
5663:B
5661:(
5655:)
5653:3
5651:O
5649:2
5644:(
5638:)
5636:3
5634:O
5632:2
5627:(
5621:)
5619:3
5617:O
5615:2
5610:(
5604:)
5602:3
5600:O
5598:2
5593:(
5587:)
5585:3
5583:O
5581:2
5576:(
5570:)
5568:3
5566:O
5564:2
5559:(
5553:)
5551:3
5549:O
5547:2
5542:(
5521:(
5513:Y
5511:(
5503:V
5501:(
5491:(
5481:(
5471:(
5465:)
5463:2
5461:O
5459:2
5456:S
5454:(
5446:S
5444:(
5434:(
5424:(
5414:(
5404:(
5394:(
5386:P
5384:(
5374:(
5366:N
5364:(
5354:(
5344:(
5334:(
5324:(
5314:(
5306:I
5304:(
5294:(
5284:(
5274:(
5268:)
5266:2
5264:O
5262:2
5259:N
5257:(
5247:(
5237:(
5227:(
5217:(
5209:C
5207:(
5197:(
5187:(
5177:(
5167:(
5157:(
5147:(
5137:(
5118:2
5115:H
5113:(
5105:2
5100:(
5092:2
5087:(
5079:2
5074:(
5066:2
5061:(
5053:2
5050:K
5048:(
5040:2
5037:N
5035:(
5027:2
5022:(
5014:2
5009:(
5001:2
4998:I
4996:(
4988:2
4983:(
4975:2
4970:(
4962:2
4959:C
4957:(
4949:2
4944:(
4936:2
4931:(
4923:2
4918:(
4901:)
4899:8
4897:O
4895:3
4892:U
4890:(
4884:)
4882:8
4880:O
4878:3
4873:(
4867:)
4865:7
4863:O
4861:4
4856:(
4850:)
4848:2
4846:O
4844:2
4839:(
4833:)
4829:O
4827:6
4822:(
4816:)
4814:9
4812:O
4807:C
4805:(
4799:)
4797:4
4795:O
4793:3
4788:(
4782:)
4780:4
4778:O
4776:3
4771:(
4765:)
4763:4
4761:O
4759:3
4754:(
4748:)
4746:5
4744:O
4742:2
4737:(
4731:)
4729:4
4727:O
4725:3
4720:(
4714:)
4712:6
4710:O
4708:2
4703:(
4697:)
4695:4
4693:O
4691:2
4686:(
4680:)
4678:2
4676:O
4674:3
4671:C
4669:(
4663:)
4661:2
4659:O
4654:B
4652:(
4646:)
4644:4
4642:O
4640:2
4635:(
4611:e
4604:t
4597:v
4572:2
4570:)
4568:3
4564:2
4560:2
4558:)
4556:5
4554:H
4552:5
4543:5
4541:H
4539:2
4537:C
4535:2
4531:2
4529:)
4527:5
4525:H
4523:2
4516:H
4514:2
4512:)
4510:2
4508:)
4506:3
4502:2
4493:2
4491:)
4489:5
4487:H
4485:2
4476:2
4474:)
4472:5
4470:H
4468:2
4460:3
4458:)
4456:2
4454:)
4452:3
4448:2
4440:2
4438:)
4436:3
4434:)
4432:5
4430:H
4428:2
4420:2
4418:)
4416:3
4414:)
4412:3
4401:6
4387:H
4378:C
4371:3
4369:)
4367:3
4365:O
4363:5
4361:H
4359:3
4340:2
4338:)
4336:4
4328:2
4326:)
4324:4
4316:2
4314:)
4312:4
4308:4
4286:6
4282:3
4280:K
4273:7
4271:O
4269:2
4267:B
4265:2
4261:2
4259:K
4253:2
4251:)
4249:3
4245:4
4243:H
4241:2
4237:2
4229:2
4227:)
4225:3
4221:4
4219:H
4217:2
4213:2
4205:5
4203:H
4199:C
4197:2
4193:2
4180:3
4178:C
4176:4
4168:4
4160:5
4156:2
4148:3
4144:2
4136:3
4132:2
4124:3
4122:)
4120:4
4116:2
4108:3
4106:S
4104:2
4096:3
4094:O
4092:2
4084:3
4082:)
4080:4
4076:2
4068:3
4066:)
4064:4
4056:3
4054:)
4052:2
4050:O
4048:7
4046:H
4044:5
4031:4
4018:4
4014:4
4010:2
4002:3
3994:2
3985:2
3977:3
3969:3
3967:)
3965:3
3961:2
3953:3
3951:)
3949:3
3936:3
3928:3
3920:3
3912:4
3904:3
3896:3
3888:3
3880:3
3878:)
3876:4
3839:2
3819:)
3817:5
3815:)
3813:3
3809:5
3785:O
3783:2
3739:e
3732:t
3725:v
3697:.
3683:.
3622:.
3618::
3610::
3596:3
3594:O
3592:2
3579:.
3550:.
3525:.
3503::
3495::
3489:7
3468:.
3464::
3450:3
3448:O
3446:2
3433:.
3429::
3421::
3407:3
3405:O
3403:2
3390:.
3386::
3378::
3364:3
3362:O
3360:2
3347:.
3321:.
3295:.
3261:.
3231:.
3202:.
3177:.
3152:.
3127:.
3094:.
3090::
3072:.
3045:.
3015:.
2985:.
2960:.
2934:.
2889:.
2885::
2862:.
2837:.
2812:.
2806::
2798::
2792:6
2771:.
2759::
2751::
2728:.
2722::
2714::
2684:.
2659:.
2629:.
2625::
2599:.
2557::
2549::
2519:.
2450:.
2436:.
2409:.
2352:.
2324:.
2299:.
2252:.
2073:2
2069:3
2065:3
2063:O
2061:2
2054:6
2052:H
2050:2
2046:3
2044:O
2042:2
2038:3
2034:3
2032:)
2030:3
2022:3
2014:2
2012:H
2007:4
2003:3
2001:O
1999:2
1995:2
1991:3
1989:)
1987:3
1979:2
1975:3
1973:)
1971:3
1963:3
1961:O
1959:2
1814:/
1584:O
1582:2
1578:3
1576:O
1574:2
1570:3
1555:3
1548:3
1544:4
1536:3
1532:3
1530:O
1528:2
1524:2
1517:4
1513:3
1507:4
1503:2
1499:3
1497:O
1495:2
1463:3
1425:4
1407:O
1401:3
1399:O
1397:2
1393:3
1391:O
1389:2
1377:c
1375:3
1373:R
1323:)
1319:(
1317:4
1313:2
1309:3
1307:O
1305:2
1300:O
1298:2
1293:3
1287:3
1285:O
1283:2
1186:(
1176:3
1174:O
1172:2
1097:3
1095:O
1093:2
1071:3
1069:O
1067:2
1031:3
1029:O
1027:2
973:Y
817:0
810:0
803:0
706:)
701:H
698:f
679:)
674:S
672:(
638:c
634:a
618:3
616:R
574:ε
571:n
566:ω
563:n
558:)
556:D
553:n
551:(
514:P
422:3
419:O
416:2
320:)
316:(
127:)
31:.
25:3
23:O
21:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
