242:
176:
39:
190:
to create a mural that was supposed to be about happy men, parrots, and palms with fruit falling into the mouths of people. Siqueiros completely ignored the institutional project request in pursuit of his own unique artistic idea by creating a mural, which turned out to be one of the most
201:
The mural became the center of controversy, as the painting depicted a Maya-like pyramid with surrounding twisted trees, and in the center was an indigenous person crucified, dead on a double edged cross. There are sculptures lying at the bottom of the mural, destroyed, which signify
206:
architecture and ancient indigenous civilization. On the left side of the pyramid there are two snipers overlooking the imperial
American eagle which is on top of the crucified indigenous person and the two Mexican revolutionary snipers look ready to shoot at any time.
266:
Work has been completed on: documentation, cleaning, reattachment, stabilization, and treatment of the mural; constructing a shelter and viewing platform on an adjacent roof with elevator access; and the América
Tropical Interpretive Center.
257:, spent 3.95 million dollars on a restoration project, while the city of Los Angeles contributed 5 million dollars for the conservation of the mural. The project's scope is to conserve, interpret, and provide public access to the mural.
263:
and Jaime Mejía were brought in to restore the mural in 1971, but opted to preserve the mural instead of restoring it at that time. At the time, Siqueiros declined the preservation of his mural.
105:
914:
714:
690:
260:
155:, on a second-level exterior wall of the Italian Hall. It was painted over soon after its completion on an external wall of the Italian Hall on
160:
626:
602:
521:
924:
543:
532:
405:
197:
América
Tropical: Oprimida y Destrozada por los Imperialismos, or Tropical America: Oppressed and Destroyed by Imperialism).
496:
798:
221:
in the United States for
Mexican-Americans. Siqueiros also belonged to one of the most elite groups of artists from the
666:
506:
476:
919:
595:
843:
634:
233:. The three of them went around all over the Americas painting murals that depicted the struggles of people.
558:
326:
Goldman, Shifra M. "Siqueiros and Three Early Murals in Los
Angeles." Art Journal 33, no. 4 (1974): 321–327
302:
254:
97:
241:
314:
706:
793:
853:
588:
167:. It was restored and revealed to the public in 2012, 80 years to the day after its first unveiling.
828:
768:
732:
698:
337:
909:
863:
818:
658:
433:
778:
763:
230:
783:
758:
179:
144:
49:
468:
904:
868:
737:
674:
276:
218:
164:
8:
642:
175:
498:
Dimensions of the
Americas: Art and Social Change in Latin America and the United States
813:
773:
682:
222:
803:
186:
Siqueiros came to Los
Angeles as a political refugee in 1932 and was sponsored by the
838:
502:
472:
461:
410:
203:
380:
848:
808:
611:
250:
214:
878:
833:
883:
898:
873:
858:
788:
156:
120:
107:
823:
753:
226:
148:
38:
152:
382:
The Long Arm of the Wall: Mural, Myth, and Memory in América
Tropical
245:
A photo of the América
Tropical mural within the Interpretive Center
580:
217:
movement that happened from the 1920s–1970s and later inspired the
571:
24:
América
Tropical: Oprimida y Destrozada por los Imperialismos
651:
América Tropical: Oprimida y Destrozada por los Imperialismos
463:
Eyewitness: A Filmmaker's Memoir of the Chicano Movement
31:
Tropical America: Oppressed and Destroyed by Imperialism
338:"Revolutionary Mural To Return To L.A. After 80 Years"
691:Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central
460:
143:is a 98-foot wide fresco mural created in 1932 by
191:controversial art pieces in Los Angeles history,
896:
544:Getty.edu: América Tropical Interpretive Center
467:. Houston, Texas: Arte Publico Press. pp.
372:
367:Siqueiros and Three Early Murals in Los Angeles
596:
303:Getty.edu: Conservation of "América Tropical"
249:For the restoration of Siqueiros' mural, the
915:El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument
361:
359:
161:El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historical Monument
627:History of Morelos, Conquest and Revolution
501:. University of Chicago Press. p. 99.
317:www.kcet.org. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
603:
589:
378:
37:
356:
431:
240:
174:
533:Getty.edu: Shelter and Viewing Platform
494:
458:
298:
296:
294:
292:
897:
406:"L.A.'s long-running Siqueiros affair"
584:
379:Montgomery, Sara Janelle (May 2017).
335:
225:known as "the big three", along with
610:
559:Getty.edu: official Conservation of
522:Getty.edu: Conservation of the mural
432:Davidson, Terry (November 7, 1982).
289:
16:1932 mural by David Alfaro Siqueiros
403:
13:
434:"Spartans of Legend CV High Mural"
14:
936:
667:The Epic of American Civilization
552:
315:Welcome Back, 'América Tropical.'
799:Desiderio Hernández Xochitiotzin
459:Treviño, Jesús Salvador (2001).
925:Works by David Alfaro Siqueiros
537:
526:
515:
488:
313:Fuentes, Ed (October 9, 2012).
452:
425:
397:
329:
320:
307:
236:
1:
565:— homepage with project links
282:
213:is an emblematic part of the
255:Getty Conservation Institute
7:
495:Goldman, Shifra M. (1994).
448:– via Newspapers.com.
270:
10:
941:
170:
854:Vlady Kibalchich Russakov
746:
725:
715:La Marcha de la Humanidad
618:
95:
87:
79:
71:
63:
55:
45:
36:
28:
23:
733:Museo Mural Diego Rivera
864:Manuel Rodriguez Lozano
794:Jorge González Camarena
659:Detroit Industry Murals
483:josefina quezada mural.
121:34.057917°N 118.23778°W
829:Ramón Alva de la Canal
769:Alfredo Ramos Martínez
759:David Alfaro Siqueiros
246:
183:
180:David Alfaro Siqueiros
145:David Alfaro Siqueiros
50:David Alfaro Siqueiros
920:Murals in Los Angeles
869:Jorge Figueroa Acosta
738:San Ildefonso College
675:Man at the Crossroads
635:The History of Mexico
438:Chula Vista Star-News
344:. NPR Hourly Newscast
336:Del Barco, Mandalit.
277:Murals of Los Angeles
244:
178:
147:and other artists in
126:34.057917; -118.23778
764:José Clemente Orozco
231:José Clemente Orozco
219:Chicano art movement
165:Downtown Los Angeles
575:Interpretive Center
385:(Thesis). p. 3
117: /
819:José Chávez Morado
774:Roberto Montenegro
683:Pan American Unity
577:— official website
404:Muchnic, Suzanne.
247:
223:Mexican Revolution
184:
892:
891:
839:Amado de la Cueva
411:Los Angeles Times
261:Josephina Quezada
136:
135:
932:
849:Benito Messeguer
844:Fermín Revueltas
612:Mexican muralism
605:
598:
591:
582:
581:
573:América Tropical
561:América Tropical
546:
541:
535:
530:
524:
519:
513:
512:
492:
486:
485:
466:
456:
450:
449:
447:
445:
429:
423:
422:
420:
418:
401:
395:
394:
392:
390:
376:
370:
363:
354:
353:
351:
349:
333:
327:
324:
318:
311:
305:
300:
251:Getty Foundation
215:Mexican muralism
211:América Tropical
193:Tropical America
188:Plaza Art Center
140:América Tropical
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
100:
83:Restored in 2012
41:
21:
20:
940:
939:
935:
934:
933:
931:
930:
929:
895:
894:
893:
888:
884:Leopoldo Flores
814:Pablo O'Higgins
804:Pedro Nel Gómez
742:
721:
614:
609:
555:
550:
549:
542:
538:
531:
527:
520:
516:
509:
493:
489:
479:
457:
453:
443:
441:
430:
426:
416:
414:
402:
398:
388:
386:
377:
373:
364:
357:
347:
345:
334:
330:
325:
321:
312:
308:
301:
290:
285:
273:
239:
173:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
96:
17:
12:
11:
5:
938:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
910:1932 paintings
907:
890:
889:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
779:Federico Cantú
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
750:
748:
744:
743:
741:
740:
735:
729:
727:
723:
722:
720:
719:
711:
703:
695:
687:
679:
671:
663:
655:
647:
639:
631:
622:
620:
616:
615:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
579:
578:
569:
554:
553:External links
551:
548:
547:
536:
525:
514:
507:
487:
477:
451:
424:
396:
371:
355:
328:
319:
306:
287:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
272:
269:
238:
235:
172:
169:
134:
133:
101:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
937:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
885:
882:
880:
879:Carlos Mérida
877:
875:
874:Arnold Belkin
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
859:Alfredo Zalce
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
834:Raúl Anguiano
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
809:Juan O'Gorman
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:Rufino Tamayo
787:
785:
784:Fernando Leal
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
745:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
724:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
700:
699:Day and Night
696:
693:
692:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
652:
648:
645:
644:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
621:
617:
613:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
586:
583:
576:
574:
570:
568:
564:
562:
557:
556:
545:
540:
534:
529:
523:
518:
510:
508:9780226301242
504:
500:
499:
491:
484:
480:
478:9781611921434
474:
470:
465:
464:
455:
444:September 25,
439:
435:
428:
413:
412:
407:
400:
384:
383:
375:
368:
362:
360:
343:
339:
332:
323:
316:
310:
304:
299:
297:
295:
293:
288:
278:
275:
274:
268:
264:
262:
258:
256:
252:
243:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
204:pre-Columbian
199:
198:
194:
189:
181:
177:
168:
166:
162:
158:
157:Olvera Street
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
130:
102:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:18 ft x 82 ft
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
905:1930s murals
824:Jean Charlot
754:Diego Rivera
713:
705:
697:
689:
681:
673:
665:
657:
650:
649:
641:
633:
625:
572:
566:
560:
539:
528:
517:
497:
490:
482:
462:
454:
442:. Retrieved
440:. p. 12
437:
427:
417:February 25,
415:. Retrieved
409:
399:
389:September 2,
387:. Retrieved
381:
374:
366:
348:February 25,
346:. Retrieved
342:www.npr.org/
341:
331:
322:
309:
265:
259:
248:
227:Diego Rivera
210:
209:
200:
196:
195:(full name:
192:
187:
185:
139:
138:
137:
109:34°03′28.5″N
30:
18:
694:(1946-1947)
670:(1932-1934)
662:(1932-1933)
638:(1929-1935)
630:(1929-1930)
237:Restoration
149:Los Angeles
124: /
112:118°14′16″W
98:Coordinates
91:Los Angeles
899:Categories
707:Still Life
643:Prometheus
283:References
253:, via the
153:California
72:Dimensions
365:Goldman,
80:Condition
29:English:
271:See also
88:Location
747:Artists
726:Museums
718:(1960s)
563:website
171:History
710:(1954)
702:(1954)
686:(1940)
678:(1934)
654:(1932)
646:(1930)
619:Murals
505:
475:
369:, 324.
182:, 1960
46:Artist
159:, in
67:Mural
503:ISBN
473:ISBN
446:2017
419:2016
391:2020
350:2016
229:and
64:Type
59:1932
56:Year
469:214
163:of
901::
481:.
471:.
436:.
408:.
358:^
340:.
291:^
151:,
604:e
597:t
590:v
567:.
511:.
421:.
393:.
352:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
