29:
187:
sees the two as closely related: "the city is purified, the hymns are chanted, the
Amburbium is celebrated, the Ambarvalia is carried out." Both festivals seem to have involved the
297:
thought it might be meant. Most festival activity in
February pertained to the care and propitiation of the dead. The scarcity of evidence may indicate that in the
546:
based on his astronomical observations. It is unclear whether this
Amburbium was a crisis rite actually held in 49 BC, or "a figment of his poetic imagination".
354:
describes a ritual circumambulation of the city that may be the
Amburbium, though the account could also be a fictional composite. In his epic poem about
838:
164:, though the length of 10 kilometers would seem impractical to circumambulate. If it was a distinct festival held annually, the most likely month is
175:
in ancient sources, either because it was a similar set of ritual procedures performed on behalf of the city instead of the fields or rural areas
453:
474:
403:
318:
831:
511:
392:
487:
443:
202:
83:
435:
539:
1231:
188:
824:
409:
1226:
480:
225:("fecundity, blessedness") is led around in a ritual circuit three times; the ceremony, he says, is called an
1236:
301:
the
Amburbium was celebrated irregularly as needed, but it was performed as late as 271 AD. According to the
241:
375:
385:
named Arruns who orders up a sequence of ritual procedures, beginning with the destruction of all "
212:
70:
589:, "Public and Publicity: Long-Term Changes in Religious Festivals during the Roman Republic," in
168:, but no date is recorded and the ritual may have been performed as a "crisis rite" when needed.
767:
Hubert Cancik, "Rome as Sacred
Landscape: Varro and the End of Republican Religion in Rome," in
289:, and instituted a lustration of the city in February, with the sacrifices to be offered to the
339:
1160:
555:
468:
355:
497:
1115:
386:
8:
421:
1205:
1135:
1010:
246:
259:
457:
1025:
990:
905:
816:
615:
543:
531:
303:
184:
323:, resulting in a lustration of the city by means of the Amburbium and Ambarvalia.
1065:
847:
657:
586:
327:
312:
150:
366:
and marched his troops toward the city, a panic broke out and a number of omens
1005:
286:
270:
263:
251:
56:
1220:
1155:
1140:
1080:
640:
461:
359:
294:
194:
44:
36:
1175:
1150:
1105:
1050:
1040:
950:
885:
769:
Visible
Religion: Annual for Religious Iconography. Approaches to Iconology
298:
267:
161:
60:
1200:
1170:
1165:
1110:
1085:
1030:
920:
895:
561:
363:
326:
The ritual has been compared to the lustral sacrifices described in the
1190:
1145:
1130:
1120:
1100:
1090:
1075:
1060:
1045:
1035:
1000:
985:
980:
975:
940:
930:
910:
890:
870:
624:(lustrata urbs cantata carmina amburbium celebratum ambarvalia promiss)
281:
172:
165:
119:
28:
1180:
1125:
1070:
1055:
1015:
995:
935:
704:
369:
275:
255:
221:
123:
677:
5.75, as cited by Harmon, "Religion in the Latin
Elegists," p. 1948.
1185:
970:
955:
925:
915:
900:
865:
506:
427:
374:
were reported. Religious specialists were called in, among them an
308:
1195:
1095:
1020:
965:
945:
626:, as cited by Harmon, "Religion in the Latin Elegists," p. 1949.
538:
Lucan follows the procession with the sacrifice of a bull, whose
465:
447:
342:
in which a sacred topography is marked out through a procession.
180:
154:
960:
527:
523:
493:
401:
are to be burnt using the wood of "unlucky" trees (religiously
335:
95:
Procession around the city; sacrifice of a pig, sheep, and bull
408:
Arruns then sets in motion an amburbium, described in densely
880:
567:
519:
515:
501:
440:
while purifying the city walls by means of festal lustration
380:
351:
290:
229:
when it is the city that is circumambulated. The encircling
851:
784:, pp. 82–83. The following description is that of Scullard.
160:. It took the form of a procession, perhaps along the old
591:
Greek and Roman
Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice
293:. The Amburbium is not named as such in the passage, but
690:
3.77; Harmon, "Religion in the Latin
Elegists," p. 1948.
179:, or because both originated with the priesthood of the
726:
Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Change
334:, a "brotherhood" of priests at Iguvium (present-day
315:, a collection of prophetic utterances from the gods
846:
602:
Daniel P. Harmon, "Religion in the Latin Elegists,"
471:. Then came those who conserve the gods' utterances
464:chorus; for her alone is it right to look upon the
758:Harmon, "Religion in the Latin Elegists," p. 1949.
637:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
504:who observes birds in flight on the left; and the
171:The Amburbium can be hard to distinguish from the
244:, and is thus assumed if annual to be one of the
1218:
728:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), p. 38.
749:(University of California Press, 1987), p. 123.
808:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
782:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
739:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
722:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
701:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
645:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
452:. A throng of lesser rank follow, wearing the
424:to encircle the length of the sacred boundary
397:. The "unspeakable fetuses of a sterile womb"
832:
593:(Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 308–309.
542:reveal dire omens, and a prophetic speech by
839:
825:
604:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
27:
639:(Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 101;
307:, on January 11 of that year the emperor
771:(Brill, 1985–86), vol. 4–5, pp. 255–256.
660:; Rüpke, "Public and Publicity," p. 308.
647:(Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 82.
240:Amburbium does not appear on any of the
797:(Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 18.
478:, that is, the priestly college of the
416:He bids the city to be circumambulated
345:
1219:
510:who presents festal banquets, and the
399:(sterilique nefandos / ex utero fetus)
338:). It is one of several ceremonies of
266:, says that the semi-legendary second
199:. The Amburbium's sacrificial victims
820:
233:is identical with the purification
153:for purifying the city; that is, a
13:
793:As translated by Susan H. Braund,
14:
1248:
420:by the fearful citizens, and the
526:gladly on his shoulder, and the
800:
787:
774:
761:
752:
731:
714:
693:
680:
663:
650:
635:Entry on "Roman Religion," in
629:
609:
606:II.16.3 (1986), pp. 1949–1951.
596:
580:
330:, which were conducted by the
311:ordered a consultation of the
191:of a pig, a sheep, and a bull
1:
743:Apex Omnium: Religion in the
573:
219:with the capacity to produce
285:to the end of the ten-month
183:, "Brothers of the Fields".
7:
1232:Processions in ancient Rome
549:
10:
1253:
534:with the well-born point.
432:along the outer perimeter
861:
498:bathed in the little Almo
115:
107:
99:
91:
76:
66:
52:
26:
21:
484:) and the arcane chants
71:Classical Roman religion
1227:Ancient Roman festivals
456:. The female priest in
358:, Lucan says that when
215:, for the Ambarvalia a
536:
340:ancient Roman religion
151:ancient Roman festival
135:("City Circuit", from
16:Ancient Roman festival
724:, p. 82; Jörg Rüpke,
414:
45:head ritually covered
1237:February observances
1116:Quinquennial Neronia
741:, p. 83; R.L. Rike,
346:Description by Lucan
496:after she has been
287:calendar of Romulus
139:, "to go around" +
669:Servius, notes to
500:; and the learned
492:and who call back
356:Caesar's civil war
350:The Neronian poet
260:antiquarian writer
247:feriae conceptivae
34:Procession of the
1214:
1213:
686:Servius, note to
469:brought from Troy
454:Gabinian cincture
242:ancient calendars
158:(lustratio urbis)
143:, "city"; plural
129:
128:
80:Singing of hymns
47:
41:led by the priest
1244:
1026:Ludi Apollinares
991:Ieiunium Cereris
906:Capitoline Games
841:
834:
827:
818:
817:
811:
804:
798:
795:Lucan: Civil War
791:
785:
778:
772:
765:
759:
756:
750:
735:
729:
718:
712:
703:, p. 82, citing
697:
691:
684:
678:
667:
661:
654:
648:
633:
627:
620:Life of Aurelian
613:
607:
600:
594:
584:
544:Nigidius Figulus
530:towering in his
387:freaks of nature
376:Etruscan prophet
304:Historia Augusta
53:Observed by
33:
31:
19:
18:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1066:Navigium Isidis
857:
848:Roman festivals
845:
815:
814:
805:
801:
792:
788:
779:
775:
766:
762:
757:
753:
736:
732:
719:
715:
698:
694:
685:
681:
668:
664:
658:Paul the Deacon
655:
651:
634:
630:
614:
610:
601:
597:
585:
581:
576:
552:
410:religious terms
348:
332:Fratres Atiedii
328:Iguvine Tablets
313:Sibylline books
299:Imperial period
116:Related to
48:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Plebeian Games
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:Latin Festival
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
862:
859:
858:
844:
843:
836:
829:
821:
813:
812:
799:
786:
773:
760:
751:
730:
713:
692:
679:
662:
649:
628:
608:
595:
578:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
565:
558:
551:
548:
418:(urbem ambiri)
362:returned from
347:
344:
264:late antiquity
252:moveable feast
127:
126:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
57:Roman Republic
54:
50:
49:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1249:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:Taurian Games
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Secular Games
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:October Horse
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
860:
856:
855:
849:
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
823:
822:
819:
809:
803:
796:
790:
783:
777:
770:
764:
755:
748:
744:
740:
734:
727:
723:
717:
710:
706:
702:
696:
689:
683:
676:
672:
666:
659:
656:According to
653:
646:
642:
641:H.H. Scullard
638:
632:
625:
621:
617:
612:
605:
599:
592:
588:
583:
579:
569:
566:
564:
563:
559:
557:
554:
553:
547:
545:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
524:sacred shield
521:
520:Salian priest
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
489:
483:
482:
481:quindecimviri
477:
476:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
445:
439:
437:
431:
429:
423:
419:
413:
411:
407:
405:
400:
396:
394:
388:
384:
382:
377:
373:
371:
365:
361:
360:Julius Caesar
357:
353:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
320:
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
295:H.H. Scullard
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
211:According to
210:
206:
204:
198:
196:
195:suovetaurilia
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
134:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
85:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
46:
40:
38:
37:suovetaurilia
30:
25:
20:
1176:Tubilustrium
1151:Septimontium
1051:Meditrinalia
1041:Lusus Troiae
951:Epulum Jovis
886:Armilustrium
875:
853:
807:
802:
794:
789:
781:
776:
768:
763:
754:
746:
742:
738:
733:
725:
721:
716:
708:
700:
695:
687:
682:
674:
670:
665:
652:
644:
636:
631:
623:
619:
611:
603:
598:
590:
582:
560:
537:
522:bearing the
505:
485:
479:
472:
441:
433:
425:
417:
415:
402:
398:
390:
378:
367:
349:
331:
325:
316:
302:
280:
274:
268:king of Rome
245:
239:
234:
230:
226:
220:
216:
209:amburbiales.
208:
200:
192:
176:
170:
162:Servian Wall
157:
145:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:
103:February (?)
81:
77:Celebrations
61:Roman Empire
35:
1201:Volturnalia
1171:Tricennalia
1166:Tiberinalia
1111:Quinquatria
1086:Opiconsivia
1031:Ludi Romani
921:Carmentalia
896:Bacchanalia
747:of Ammianus
562:Supplicatio
532:conical hat
475:fata deorum
319:fata deorum
92:Observances
1221:Categories
1206:Vulcanalia
1191:Vicennalia
1161:Terminalia
1146:Sementivae
1131:Saturnalia
1121:Regifugium
1101:Poplifugia
1091:Parentalia
1076:Neptunalia
1061:Mercuralia
1046:Matronalia
1036:Lupercalia
1001:Larentalia
986:Furrinalia
981:Fornacalia
976:Fordicidia
941:Decennalia
931:Compitalia
911:Caprotinia
891:Augustalia
871:Ambarvalia
806:Scullard,
780:Scullard,
745:Res Gestae
737:Scullard,
720:Scullard,
709:Saturnalia
699:Scullard,
673:1.345 and
587:Jörg Rüpke
574:References
556:Terminalia
518:, and the
460:leads the
282:Februarius
235:(lustrare)
231:(circuire)
173:Ambarvalia
155:lustration
124:lustration
120:Ambarvalia
1181:Veneralia
1126:Robigalia
1071:Nemoralia
1056:Megalesia
1016:Liberalia
996:Junonalia
936:Consualia
876:Amburbium
705:Macrobius
507:septemvir
276:Ianuarius
256:Macrobius
227:amburbium
222:felicitas
189:sacrifice
149:) was an
133:Amburbium
108:Frequency
43:with his
22:Amburbium
1186:Vestalia
971:Floralia
956:Equirria
926:Cerealia
916:Caristia
901:Brumalia
866:Agonalia
810:, p. 83.
675:Eclogues
671:Georgics
616:Vopiscus
550:See also
540:entrails
512:sodality
428:pomerium
422:pontiffs
370:prodigia
309:Aurelian
291:Di Manes
185:Vopiscus
166:February
146:amburbia
1196:Vinalia
1136:Rosalia
1096:Parilia
1021:Lucaria
1011:Lemuria
966:Feralia
946:Divalia
711:1.13.3.
688:Eclogue
514:of the
488:carmina
466:Minerva
458:fillets
404:infelix
393:monstra
213:Servius
203:hostiae
181:Arvales
84:carmina
961:Februa
854:(ludi)
852:games
528:flamen
494:Cybele
462:Vestal
448:lustro
336:Gubbio
273:added
217:hostia
177:(arva)
137:ambire
111:annual
881:Argei
622:20.3
568:Argei
516:Titii
502:augur
444:festo
436:fines
381:vates
352:Lucan
258:, an
207:were
850:and
364:Gaul
279:and
271:Numa
250:, a
141:urb-
131:The
122:and
100:Date
67:Type
262:of
1223::
707:,
643:,
618:,
446:…
412::
406:).
389:"
254:.
237:.
59:,
840:e
833:t
826:v
490:)
486:(
473:(
450:)
442:(
438:)
434:(
430:)
426:(
395:)
391:(
383:)
379:(
372:)
368:(
321:)
317:(
205:)
201:(
197:)
193:(
86:)
82:(
39:,
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