411:
751:
442:
598:
336:
317:
668:
426:
239:
259:
22:
536:
192:
691:
653:
756:
755:
752:
757:
551:
754:
571:, is an ambush predator. Eggs are laid in the earth, often in caves or under a rocky ledge. The juvenile creates a small, crater shaped trap. The antlion hides under a light cover of sand or earth. When an ant, beetle or other prey slides into the trap, the antlion grabs the prey with its powerful jaws.
2162:
Chameleons may also employ a form of movement-based camouflage, ... often rhythmically rock backward and forward as they walk ... imitating a swaying leaf ... moving in the breeze ... The behavior is widespread in highly cryptic, generally slow-moving, ambush predators, notably chameleons and some
211:
becomes a better strategy than ambush predation when the predator is faster than the prey. Ambush predators use many intermediate strategies. For example, when a pursuit predator is faster than its prey over a short distance, but not in a long chase, then either stalking or ambush becomes necessary
292:
Trapdoor spiders excavate a burrow and seal the entrance with a web trapdoor hinged on one side with silk. The best-known is the thick, bevelled "cork" type, which neatly fits the burrow's opening. The other is the "wafer" type; it is a basic sheet of silk and earth. The door's upper side is often
705:(family Chamaeleonidae) are highly adapted as ambush predators. They can change colour to match their surroundings and often climb through trees with a swaying motion, probably to mimic the movement of the leaves and branches they are surrounded by. All chameleons are primarily
753:
609:
Ambush predators must time their strike carefully. They need to detect the prey, assess it as worth attacking, and strike when it is in exactly the right place. They have evolved a variety of adaptations that facilitate this assessment. For example,
614:
prey on small birds, choosing targets of the right size for their mouth gape: larger snakes choose larger prey. They prefer to strike prey that is both warm and moving; their pit organs between the eye and the nostril contain
293:
effectively camouflaged with local materials such as pebbles and sticks. The spider spins silk fishing lines, or trip wires, that radiate out of the burrow entrance. When the spider is using the trap to capture prey, its
1420:
Spindel, E. L.; Dobie, J. L.; Buxton, D. F. (2005). "Functional mechanisms and histologic composition of the lingual appendage in the alligator snapping turtle, Macroclemys temmincki (Troost) (Testudines: Chelydridae)".
1501:
Others rely on the technique adopted by a wolf in sheep's clothing—they mimic a harmless species. ... Other predators even mimic their prey's prey: angler fish (Lophiiformes) and alligator snapping turtles
683:
Ambush predators often have adaptations for seizing their prey rapidly and securely. The capturing movement has to be rapid to trap the prey, given that the attack is not modifiable once launched.
496:, flies among flocks of turkey vultures, then suddenly breaks from the formation and ambushes one of them as its prey. There is however some controversy about whether this is a true case of
687:
capture agile prey such as fish primarily at night while hidden in burrows, striking very hard and fast, with a mean peak speed 2.30 m/s (5.1 mph) and mean duration of 24.98 ms.
2743:
93:
by staying in concealment, waiting patiently for the prey to get near, before launching a sudden overwhelming attack that quickly incapacitates and captures the prey.
1284:
742:
and other whole fishes) into the mouth along with water; the jaws close without reducing the volume of the mouth cavity. The attack can be as fast as 6 milliseconds.
297:(protruding mouthparts) hold the door shut on the end furthest from the hinge. Prey make the silk vibrate, and alert the spider to open the door and ambush the prey.
717:, often twice the length of their bodies, to capture prey. The tongue is projected in as little as 0.07 seconds, and is launched at an acceleration of over 41
727:
with which the tongue is launched, over 3000 W·kg, is more than muscle can produce, indicating that energy is stored in an elastic tissue for sudden release.
132:
helping them to judge the distance to prey in dim light. Different ambush predators use a variety of means to capture their prey, from the long sticky tongues of
1602:
Annandale, Nelson (1900). "Observations on the habits and natural surroundings of insects made during the 'Skeat
Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula, 1899–1900".
379:
typically lies partially buried on the sea floor or on a coral head during the day, covering itself with sand and other debris to further camouflage itself. The
2551:
1039:"Outrun or Outmaneuver: Predator–Prey Interactions as a Model System for Integrating Biomechanical Studies in a Broader Ecological and Evolutionary Context"
203:
Ambush predators usually remain motionless (sometimes hidden) and wait for prey to come within ambush distance before pouncing. Ambush predators are often
2379:
844:
289:
in the sea rely on concealment, constructing and hiding in burrows. These provide effective concealment at the price of a restricted field of vision.
2537:
410:
734:
capture their prey by suddenly opening their jaws, with a mechanism which enlarges the volume of the mouth cavity up to 12-fold and pulls the prey (
628:
uses tactile and mechanosensory cues to identify food in its low-light environment. The fish faces into the current, waiting for prey to drift by.
730:
All fishes face a basic problem when trying to swallow prey: opening their mouth may pull food in, but closing it will push the food out again.
391:'s brown coloration blends in with the murky waters of the Amazon Rainforest which allows for this species to lie in wait and ambush its prey.
639:
ambush predators as it helps them to estimate the distance to prey in dim light; diurnal and pursuit predators in contrast have round pupils.
1688:
In aggressive mimicry, the predator is 'a wolf in sheep's clothing'. Mimicry is used to appear harmless or even attractive to lure its prey.
2687:
585:) tend to stay with their webs for long periods and so resemble sit-and-wait predators, whereas the orb-weaving spiders (such as the
1757:
1464:
Mullin, S.J. (1999). "Caudal distraction by rat snakes (Colubridae, Elaphe): A novel behaviour used when capturing mammalian prey".
2349:
1186:
475:
and can be wriggled around; fish that try to eat the "worm" are themselves eaten by the turtle. Similarly, some reptiles such as
522:, similarly, are coloured like the flowers they habitually rest on, but again, they can lure their prey even away from flowers.
2452:
2155:
2015:
1681:
1494:
1038:
1303:
1266:
199:
cycle, ambush predators choose variants of the sit-and-wait strategy in place of active pursuit to capture their prey.
2644:
2462:
2435:
2077:
2048:
1982:
859:
2555:
776:. It is found in many vertebrates including fishes such as the frogfishes (anglerfishes) of the sea bottom, and the
710:
367:
so that their prey can come within striking range without detecting their presence. Among insects, coloration in
2175:
Anderson, C. V.; Sheridan, T.; Deban, S. M. (2012). "Scaling of the ballistic tongue apparatus in chameleons".
2147:
1578:
1506:
can wriggle fleshy outgrowths of their fins or tongues and attract small predatory fish close to their mouths.
463:
Many ambush predators actively attract their prey towards them before ambushing them. This strategy is called
2383:
865:
383:
is a shark whose adaptations as an ambush predator include a strongly flattened and camouflaged body with a
1700:
Vieira, Camila; Ramires, Eduardo N.; Vasconcellos-Neto, João; Poppi, Ronei J.; Romero, Gustavo Q. (2017).
563:
Some ambush predators build traps to help capture their prey. Lacewings are a flying insect in the order
497:
597:
2661:
2218:
2069:
1210:
Gosline, William A. (July 1994). "Function and structure in the paired fins of scorpaeniform fishes".
619:(heat) receptors, enabling them to find and perhaps judge the size of their small, warm-blooded prey.
471:
is a well-camouflaged ambush predator. Its tongue bears a conspicuous pink extension that resembles a
468:
441:
2510:
Ryan, P. G. (2007). "Diving in shallow water: the foraging ecology of darters (Aves: Anhingidae)".
1911:"Attack strategy of an ambush predator: which attributes of the prey trigger a pit-viper's strike?"
66:
684:
667:
781:
624:
225:
Ambush often relies on concealment, whether by staying out of sight or by means of camouflage.
2141:
2007:
1671:
1588:
1484:
1382:
335:
2531:
1103:
1012:
376:
326:
894:
2302:
1922:
1860:
1713:
1520:
1353:
1219:
1138:
796:(darter). The strategy is found in several invertebrate phyla including arthropods such as
282:
2719:
316:
8:
2291:"Ballistic tongue projection in chameleons maintains high performance at low temperature"
2040:
1761:
822:
766:
589:) tend to move frequently from one patch to another (and thus resemble active foragers).
447:
388:
380:
322:
2357:
2306:
1926:
1864:
1847:
Banks, M. S.; Sprague, W. W.; Schmoll, J.; Parnell, J. A. Q.; Love, G. D. (2015-08-07).
1717:
1357:
1223:
1142:
2764:
2711:
2629:
2325:
2263:
2238:
2200:
1881:
1848:
1826:
1734:
1701:
1652:
1584:
1537:
1446:
1245:
1164:
925:
801:
616:
464:
425:
400:
372:
349:
105:
50:
2290:
2000:
1809:
Janetos, Anthony C. (1982). "Foraging tactics of two guilds of web-spinning spiders".
605:
have vertical pupils, enabling them to judge distance to prey accurately in dim light.
2759:
2640:
2523:
2458:
2431:
2330:
2268:
2192:
2151:
2119:
2073:
2044:
2011:
1978:
1935:
1910:
1896:
1886:
1739:
1677:
1644:
1490:
1438:
1402:
1168:
1156:
1063:
969:
917:
855:
384:
368:
341:
208:
2204:
1830:
1450:
1249:
929:
2703:
2519:
2320:
2310:
2258:
2250:
2184:
2109:
1955:
1930:
1876:
1868:
1818:
1729:
1721:
1656:
1634:
1529:
1430:
1394:
1361:
1235:
1227:
1146:
1053:
959:
909:
489:
417:
238:
78:
74:
895:"Efficiency evaluation of two competing foraging modes under different conditions"
2636:
2404:
2033:
1270:
724:
278:
244:
120:
and assess the prey, and to time the strike. Nocturnal ambush predators such as
2425:
1518:
Willis, E. O. (1963). "Is the Zone-Tailed Hawk a Mimic of the Turkey
Vulture?".
1328:
The
Ghoulfish/Scorpion/Stonefishes of the Subfamily Choridactylinae (Inimicinae)
510:
convincingly enough to attract prey that come to collect pollen and nectar. The
2485:
2295:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1725:
1081:
987:
813:
493:
432:
266:
248:
117:
31:
1366:
1341:
258:
21:
2753:
1406:
1383:"Field studies on the small Surinam toad, Pipa arrabali, near Manaus, Brazil"
1182:
1160:
695:
658:
535:
511:
503:
482:
371:
closely matches the flower heads where they wait for prey. Among fishes, the
286:
2315:
1783:
1434:
1398:
1327:
1263:
1151:
1126:
2602:
2577:
2334:
2272:
2254:
2196:
2123:
1890:
1872:
1743:
1648:
1442:
1067:
973:
921:
785:
2095:
1959:
892:
1240:
1127:"Plasticity and habitat choice match colour to function in an ambush bug"
1058:
945:
789:
735:
706:
602:
582:
519:
70:
2715:
2624:
2426:
Browne-Cooper, Robert; Brian Bush; Brad Maryan; David
Robinson (2007).
2380:"Nile Crocodile: Photos, Video, E-card, Map – National Geographic Kids"
2188:
2174:
2114:
2097:
1822:
1693:
1621:
O'Hanlon, James C.; Holwell, Gregory I.; Herberstein, Marie E. (2014).
1541:
1231:
964:
947:
809:
805:
762:
702:
575:
564:
515:
456:
364:
345:
306:
294:
204:
172:
152:
109:
101:
26:
2239:"Evidence for an elastic projection mechanism in the chameleon tongue"
2066:
Deep-sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor
2631:
Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
1574:
636:
635:
and snakes have vertically elongated (slit) pupils, advantageous for
611:
586:
156:
133:
86:
54:
2707:
2098:"Strike mechanics of an ambush predator: the spearing mantis shrimp"
1533:
948:"Strike mechanics of an ambush predator: the spearing mantis shrimp"
690:
676:
traps its prey by suddenly opening its jaws and sucking the prey in.
375:
buries itself nearly completely in the sand and waits for prey. The
191:
1699:
1639:
1622:
1195:
913:
817:
777:
739:
731:
673:
196:
148:
137:
2232:
2230:
1842:
1840:
652:
2236:
1950:
Fang, Janet (2010-03-14). "Snake infrared detection unravelled".
793:
718:
632:
568:
541:
353:
96:
The ambush is often opportunistic, and may be set by hiding in a
90:
62:
2227:
1837:
1342:"Sharks that eat sharks: opportunistic predation by wobbegongs"
797:
773:
714:
578:
550:
507:
485:(tail luring) to entice small vertebrates into striking range.
477:
452:
168:
164:
160:
144:
97:
1977:. Fish Physiology. Vol. 16. Academic Press. p. 344.
1972:
1620:
1555:
Clark, William S. (2004). "Is the zone-tailed hawk a mimic?".
147:
kingdom, spanning some members of numerous groups such as the
176:
129:
125:
113:
82:
2430:. University of Western Australia Press. pp. 145, 146.
2284:
2282:
472:
467:, using the false promise of nourishment to lure prey. The
180:
58:
2288:
1846:
661:
captures its prey rapidly with its mantis-like front legs.
2665:
2581:
2279:
1787:
1125:
Boyle, Julia; Start, Denon (2020). Galván, Ismael (ed.).
991:
893:
Scharf, I.; Nulman, E.; Ovadia, O.; Bouskila, A. (2006).
581:
are sit-and-wait ambush predators. The sheetweb spiders (
121:
36:
1333:
2685:
2096:
deVries, M. S.; Murphy, E. A. K.; Patek, S. N. (2012).
850:. In Fox, C. W.; Roff, D. A.; Fairbairn, D. J. (eds.).
2662:"Monster colossal squid is slow not fearsome predator"
2428:
Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern
Australia
2063:
1486:
The
Behavior of Communicating: an ethological approach
946:
deVries, M. S.; Murphy, E. A. K.; Patek S. N. (2012).
1849:"Why do animal eyes have pupils of different shapes?"
2168:
1702:"Crab Spider Lures Prey In Flowerless Neighborhoods"
1339:
2382:. Kids.nationalgeographic.com. 2002. Archived from
2135:
2133:
1340:Ceccarelli, D. M.; Williamson, D. H. (2012-02-04).
1032:
1030:
567:. In some species, their larval form, known as the
16:
Predator that sits and waits for prey to come to it
2628:
2457:. Mankato, Minnesota: Capstone Press. p. 25.
2032:
1999:
1973:Hoar, W. S.; Randall, D. J.; Conte, F. P. (1997).
1419:
792:; mammals such as the cats; and birds such as the
772:Ambush predation is widely distributed across the
387:that breaks up its outline. Among amphibians, the
215:
2751:
2130:
1027:
1604:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
852:Evolutionary Ecology: Concepts and Case Studies
2484:Etnyre, Erica; Lande, Jenna; Mckenna, Alison.
2483:
780:of freshwater; reptiles including crocodiles,
143:Ambush predation is widely distributed in the
2536:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1037:Moore, Talia Y.; Biewener, Andrew A. (2015).
1036:
854:. Oxford University Press. pp. 232–238.
2243:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
2237:de Groot, J. H.; van Leeuwen, J. L. (2004).
2140:Tolley, Krystal A.; Herrel, Anthony (2013).
2139:
1902:
1463:
112:). The predator then uses a combination of
2659:
2509:
1802:
1623:"Pollinator deception in the orchid mantis"
592:
518:insects, more effectively than flowers do.
35:) ambushing the female of a pair of mating
2450:
2341:
2030:
1663:
1124:
601:Many nocturnal ambush predators like this
77:utilizing an element of surprise. Unlike
2623:
2617:
2324:
2314:
2262:
2113:
2091:
2089:
1934:
1880:
1758:"Video of antlion larva ambushing an ant"
1733:
1638:
1601:
1489:. Harvard University Press. p. 381.
1476:
1380:
1365:
1239:
1150:
1057:
963:
941:
939:
836:
2419:
2350:"Eastern Frogfish, Batrachomoeus dubius"
1997:
1943:
1908:
888:
886:
749:
689:
596:
440:
190:
81:, who chase to capture prey using sheer
20:
2679:
2552:"Praying mantis ambushes a grasshopper"
2006:. Crabtree Publishing Company. p.
1808:
1285:"Speak of the devil: fish in the genus
1282:
1276:
1209:
1203:
1181:
2752:
2444:
2397:
2086:
1669:
1517:
1457:
1381:Buchacher, Christian O. (1993-01-01).
1320:
936:
842:
2554:. National Geographic. Archived from
2289:Anderson, C.V.; Deban, S. M. (2010).
1760:. National Geographic. Archived from
1554:
1482:
1330:, by Bob Fenner. Accessed 03-27-2010.
883:
642:
394:
2688:"The biology of a brooding seastar,
1966:
1949:
1573:
1567:
1256:
1106:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. 2014
1015:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. 2014
455:of southeast Asia to lure its prey,
1811:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1046:Integrative and Comparative Biology
13:
2686:Hendler, G.; Franz, D. R. (1982).
1676:. Sage Publications. p. 675.
1262:World Database of Marine Species:
745:
506:are aggressive mimics, resembling
363:Many ambush predators make use of
352:in the form of a fishing rod-like
108:, or by the use of a trap (e.g. a
14:
2776:
2737:
2578:"Nature wildlife: Praying mantis"
2407:. Canadian Museum of Nature. 2013
2064:Gage, J. D.; Tyler, P.A. (1992).
329:to ambush fish and invertebrates.
2524:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.04070.x
2347:
2217:Anderson, Christopher V. (2009)
2039:. Lerner Publications. pp.
1936:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00738.x
666:
651:
549:
534:
424:
409:
334:
315:
257:
237:
2653:
2595:
2570:
2544:
2503:
2477:
2372:
2211:
2102:Journal of Experimental Biology
2057:
2024:
1991:
1776:
1750:
1614:
1595:
1548:
1511:
1413:
1374:
1212:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1175:
952:Journal of Experimental Biology
2603:"How the praying mantis hides"
2148:University of California Press
1909:Shine, R.; Sun, L.-X. (2003).
1897:List of species by pupil shape
1580:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
1283:Michael, Scott (Winter 2001).
1118:
1096:
1074:
1005:
980:
788:, and many snakes such as the
694:A chameleon's tongue striking
220:
216:Bringing the prey within range
29:female goldenrod crab spider (
1:
829:
544:larva with grasping mandibles
300:
1483:Smith, William John (2009).
514:actually attracts its prey,
356:on its head to attract prey.
7:
1670:Levine, Timothy R. (2014).
186:
136:to the expanding mouths of
10:
2781:
2451:Richardson, Adele (2004).
2070:Cambridge University Press
1726:10.1038/s41598-017-09456-y
843:Kramer, Donald L. (2001).
398:
304:
228:
2143:The Biology of Chameleons
1673:Encyclopedia of Deception
1367:10.1007/s00338-012-0878-z
469:alligator snapping turtle
431:Prey and possible model:
277:Ambush predators such as
212:as part of the strategy.
89:, ambush predators avoid
2746:University of Washington
2692:, in Block Island Sound"
2512:Journal of Avian Biology
2405:"Common Snapping Turtle"
1185:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
711:ballistically projecting
622:The deep-sea tripodfish
593:Detection and assessment
525:
498:wolf in sheep's clothing
2316:10.1073/pnas.0910778107
1627:The American Naturalist
1435:10.1002/jmor.1051940308
1399:10.1163/156853893X00192
1152:10.1111/1365-2435.13528
902:The American Naturalist
283:Australian crab spiders
207:, and may be solitary.
2526:(inactive 2024-04-29).
2255:10.1098/rspb.2003.2637
1873:10.1126/sciadv.1500391
1466:Great Basin Naturalist
1273:. Accessed 03-22-2010.
769:
699:
625:Bathypterois grallator
606:
556:Antlion's sandpit trap
492:, which resembles the
460:
451:, mimics a rainforest
200:
47:sit-and-wait predators
39:
2177:Journal of Morphology
1960:10.1038/news.2010.122
1504:Macroclemys temmincki
1423:Journal of Morphology
1199:. April 2013 version.
812:molluscs such as the
760:
693:
600:
444:
327:disruptive camouflage
305:Further information:
194:
24:
2660:Bourton, J. (2010).
2490:Animal Diversity Web
2360:on 14 September 2014
2224:. chamaeleonidae.com
2220:Rhampholeon spinosus
958:(Pt 24): 4374–4384.
264:The trapdoor spider
2696:Biological Bulletin
2690:Leptasterias tenera
2354:Fishes of Australia
2307:2010PNAS..107.5495A
2031:Winner, C. (2006).
1927:2003FuEco..17..340S
1865:2015SciA....1E0391B
1718:2017NatSR...7.9188V
1358:2012CorRe..31..471C
1224:1994EnvBF..40..219G
1143:2020FuEco..34..822B
845:"Foraging behavior"
823:Leptasterias tenera
685:Zebra mantis shrimp
631:Several species of
448:Hymenopus coronatus
445:The orchid mantis,
381:tasselled wobbegong
323:Tasselled wobbegong
128:have vertical slit
51:carnivorous animals
2189:10.1002/jmor.20053
2163:snakes and mantids
2115:10.1242/jeb.075317
1915:Functional Ecology
1823:10.1007/bf00296392
1706:Scientific Reports
1269:2012-03-04 at the
1232:10.1007/BF00002508
1189:Gillellus uranidea
1131:Functional Ecology
1082:"Trapdoor spiders"
1059:10.1093/icb/icv074
988:"Trapdoor spiders"
965:10.1242/jeb.075317
770:
765:nymph attacking a
700:
643:Capturing the prey
607:
481:rat snakes employ
465:aggressive mimicry
461:
401:Aggressive mimicry
395:Aggressive mimicry
377:devil scorpionfish
350:aggressive mimicry
201:
106:aggressive mimicry
40:
2744:Predation lecture
2558:on April 14, 2014
2301:(12): 5495–5499.
2249:(1540): 761–770.
2183:(11): 1214–1226.
2157:978-0-520-95738-1
2108:(24): 4374–4384.
2017:978-0-7787-4501-3
2002:Deep Sea Extremes
1998:Hyde, N. (2009).
1790:. 26 January 2012
1683:978-1-4833-8898-4
1496:978-0-674-04379-4
1387:Amphibia-Reptilia
1326:WetWebMedia.com:
1104:"Trapdoor spider"
1013:"Trapdoor spider"
758:
574:Some but not all
373:warteye stargazer
342:Striated frogfish
209:Pursuit predation
79:pursuit predators
69:or by (typically
2772:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2718:. Archived from
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2634:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2486:"Felidae | Cats"
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2356:. Archived from
2345:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2318:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2234:
2225:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2038:
2035:Life on the Edge
2028:
2022:
2021:
2005:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1853:Science Advances
1844:
1835:
1834:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1784:"Antlion ambush"
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1764:on June 17, 2014
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1302:. Archived from
1293:
1280:
1274:
1264:Spiny devil fish
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1154:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
984:
978:
977:
967:
943:
934:
933:
899:
890:
881:
880:
878:
876:
870:
864:. Archived from
849:
840:
802:purseweb spiders
782:snapping turtles
759:
670:
655:
553:
538:
490:zone-tailed hawk
428:
418:zone-tailed hawk
413:
338:
319:
279:trapdoor spiders
261:
241:
43:Ambush predators
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2708:10.2307/1540983
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2637:Greenwood Press
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2529:
2528:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2346:
2342:
2287:
2280:
2235:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2150:. p. 128.
2138:
2131:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2029:
2025:
2018:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1975:Deep-Sea Fishes
1971:
1967:
1948:
1944:
1907:
1903:
1859:(7): e1500391.
1845:
1838:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1668:
1664:
1619:
1615:
1600:
1596:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1549:
1534:10.2307/1365357
1516:
1512:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1418:
1414:
1379:
1375:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1271:Wayback Machine
1261:
1257:
1208:
1204:
1180:
1176:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
986:
985:
981:
944:
937:
897:
891:
884:
874:
872:
871:on 12 July 2018
868:
862:
847:
841:
837:
832:
750:
748:
746:Taxonomic range
681:
680:
679:
678:
677:
671:
663:
662:
656:
645:
595:
561:
560:
559:
558:
557:
554:
546:
545:
539:
528:
504:Flower mantises
439:
438:
437:
436:
435:
429:
421:
420:
416:Claimed mimic:
414:
403:
397:
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
339:
331:
330:
320:
309:
303:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
262:
254:
253:
245:Trapdoor spider
242:
231:
223:
218:
189:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2738:External links
2736:
2733:
2732:
2702:(1): 273–289.
2678:
2652:
2645:
2616:
2594:
2569:
2543:
2518:(4): 507–514.
2502:
2476:
2463:
2443:
2436:
2418:
2396:
2371:
2348:Bray, Dianne.
2340:
2278:
2226:
2210:
2167:
2156:
2129:
2085:
2078:
2072:. p. 86.
2056:
2049:
2023:
2016:
1990:
1983:
1965:
1942:
1921:(3): 340–348.
1901:
1836:
1801:
1775:
1749:
1692:
1682:
1662:
1640:10.1086/673858
1633:(1): 126–132.
1613:
1594:
1566:
1547:
1528:(4): 313–317.
1510:
1495:
1475:
1456:
1429:(3): 287–301.
1412:
1373:
1332:
1319:
1275:
1255:
1218:(3): 219–226.
1202:
1183:Froese, Rainer
1174:
1137:(4): 822–829.
1117:
1095:
1073:
1052:(6): 1188–97.
1026:
1004:
979:
935:
914:10.1086/506921
908:(3): 350–357.
882:
860:
834:
833:
831:
828:
814:colossal squid
774:animal kingdom
747:
744:
672:
665:
664:
657:
650:
649:
648:
647:
646:
644:
641:
633:Felidae (cats)
594:
591:
555:
548:
547:
540:
533:
532:
531:
530:
529:
527:
524:
494:turkey vulture
433:Turkey vulture
430:
423:
422:
415:
408:
407:
406:
405:
404:
399:Main article:
396:
393:
340:
333:
332:
325:relies on its
321:
314:
313:
312:
311:
310:
302:
299:
287:mantis shrimps
267:Sason robustum
263:
256:
255:
249:Misgolas rapax
243:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
230:
227:
222:
219:
217:
214:
188:
185:
32:Misumena vatia
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2777:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2722:on 2015-09-23
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2646:9780313339226
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2604:
2598:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2466:
2464:9780736821377
2460:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2437:9781920694746
2433:
2429:
2422:
2406:
2400:
2386:on 2009-01-16
2385:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:feeding video
2221:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2079:0-521-33665-1
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2050:0-8225-2499-6
2046:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1986:
1984:0-12-350440-6
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1563:(5): 495–498.
1562:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1309:on 2011-07-13
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:2027.42/42637
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1099:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1014:
1008:
993:
989:
983:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
940:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
889:
887:
867:
863:
861:9780198030133
857:
853:
846:
839:
835:
827:
825:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
764:
743:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
696:ballistically
692:
688:
686:
675:
669:
660:
659:Mantis shrimp
654:
640:
638:
634:
629:
627:
626:
620:
618:
613:
604:
599:
590:
588:
584:
580:
577:
572:
570:
566:
552:
543:
537:
523:
521:
517:
513:
512:orchid mantis
509:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
483:caudal luring
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
458:
454:
450:
449:
443:
434:
427:
419:
412:
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
355:
351:
347:
343:
337:
328:
324:
318:
308:
298:
296:
290:
288:
284:
280:
269:
268:
260:
252:in its burrow
251:
250:
246:
240:
226:
213:
210:
206:
198:
193:
184:
182:
178:
175:such as many
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
34:
33:
28:
23:
19:
2724:. Retrieved
2720:the original
2699:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2655:
2630:
2619:
2609:November 30,
2607:. Retrieved
2597:
2587:November 30,
2585:. Retrieved
2572:
2562:November 30,
2560:. Retrieved
2556:the original
2546:
2532:cite journal
2515:
2511:
2505:
2495:28 September
2493:. Retrieved
2489:
2479:
2468:. Retrieved
2453:
2446:
2427:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2399:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:the original
2374:
2364:14 September
2362:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2353:
2343:
2298:
2294:
2246:
2242:
2219:
2213:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2142:
2105:
2101:
2065:
2059:
2034:
2026:
2001:
1993:
1974:
1968:
1951:
1945:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1895:Supplement:
1856:
1852:
1817:(1): 19–27.
1814:
1810:
1804:
1794:November 30,
1792:. Retrieved
1778:
1768:November 30,
1766:. Retrieved
1762:the original
1752:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1687:
1672:
1665:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1579:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1503:
1500:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1393:(1): 59–69.
1390:
1386:
1376:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1299:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1258:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1194:
1188:
1177:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1110:December 12,
1108:. Retrieved
1098:
1088:December 12,
1086:. Retrieved
1076:
1049:
1045:
1017:. Retrieved
1007:
995:. Retrieved
982:
955:
951:
905:
901:
875:20 September
873:. Retrieved
866:the original
851:
838:
821:
786:mulga dragon
771:
729:
719:
709:and feed by
707:insectivores
701:
682:
630:
623:
621:
608:
576:web-spinning
573:
562:
520:Crab spiders
502:
487:
476:
462:
446:
362:
291:
285:on land and
276:
270:and its nest
265:
247:
224:
202:
142:
95:
46:
42:
41:
30:
18:
2671:December 1,
2605:. Pawnation
2411:December 2,
1712:(1): 9188.
1587:. pp.
1346:Coral Reefs
1019:12 December
997:12 December
806:crustaceans
804:, and some
790:black mamba
761:Video of a
736:crustaceans
603:leopard cat
583:Linyphiidae
369:ambush bugs
354:esca (lure)
221:Concealment
205:camouflaged
173:vertebrates
157:crustaceans
153:cephalopods
71:instinctive
27:camouflaged
2754:Categories
2726:2014-12-01
2470:2010-05-19
2390:2010-03-16
1610:: 862–865.
1575:Cott, Hugh
1521:The Condor
1472:: 361–367.
1352:(2): 471.
1313:2010-03-27
830:References
810:cephalopod
732:Frogfishes
703:Chameleons
612:pit vipers
565:Neuroptera
516:pollinator
457:pollinator
365:camouflage
346:camouflage
307:Camouflage
301:Camouflage
295:chelicerae
138:frogfishes
134:chameleons
102:camouflage
75:strategies
2765:Predation
2625:Piper, R.
1407:1568-5381
1169:214302722
1161:0269-8463
763:water bug
637:nocturnal
587:Araneidae
500:mimicry.
389:Pipa pipa
87:endurance
2760:Ethology
2627:(2007).
2335:20212130
2273:15209111
2205:21033176
2197:22730103
2124:23175528
1891:26601232
1831:19631772
1744:28835630
1649:24334741
1577:(1940).
1451:49305881
1443:29914228
1296:SeaScope
1287:Inimicus
1267:Archived
1250:30229791
1196:FishBase
1068:26117833
974:23175528
930:13809116
922:16947110
820:such as
818:starfish
798:mantises
740:molluscs
674:Frogfish
617:infrared
459:insects.
197:foraging
187:Strategy
169:mantises
167:such as
149:starfish
2716:1540983
2326:2851764
2303:Bibcode
2264:1691657
1923:Bibcode
1882:4643806
1861:Bibcode
1735:5569008
1714:Bibcode
1657:2228423
1589:392–393
1585:Methuen
1557:Birding
1542:1365357
1354:Bibcode
1220:Bibcode
1139:Bibcode
794:anhinga
715:tongues
698:at food
579:spiders
569:antlion
542:Antlion
508:flowers
229:Burrows
195:In the
165:insects
161:spiders
91:fatigue
63:stealth
55:capture
2714:
2643:
2461:
2454:Mambas
2434:
2333:
2323:
2271:
2261:
2203:
2195:
2154:
2122:
2076:
2047:
2014:
1981:
1952:Nature
1889:
1879:
1829:
1742:
1732:
1680:
1655:
1647:
1540:
1493:
1449:
1441:
1405:
1248:
1167:
1159:
1066:
972:
928:
920:
858:
816:; and
784:, the
723:. The
713:their
478:Elaphe
453:orchid
385:fringe
181:fishes
177:snakes
171:, and
145:animal
130:pupils
126:snakes
118:detect
114:senses
98:burrow
67:luring
57:their
2712:JSTOR
2201:S2CID
1827:S2CID
1653:S2CID
1538:JSTOR
1447:S2CID
1307:(PDF)
1292:(PDF)
1246:S2CID
1165:S2CID
1084:. BBC
1042:(PDF)
926:S2CID
898:(PDF)
869:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
778:pikes
725:power
526:Traps
344:uses
104:, by
100:, by
83:speed
53:that
37:flies
2673:2014
2641:ISBN
2611:2014
2589:2014
2564:2014
2538:link
2497:2018
2459:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2413:2014
2366:2014
2331:PMID
2269:PMID
2193:PMID
2152:ISBN
2120:PMID
2074:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1887:PMID
1796:2014
1770:2014
1740:PMID
1678:ISBN
1645:PMID
1491:ISBN
1439:PMID
1403:ISSN
1157:ISSN
1112:2014
1090:2014
1064:PMID
1021:2014
999:2014
970:PMID
918:PMID
877:2018
856:ISBN
767:fish
488:The
473:worm
348:and
281:and
179:and
124:and
122:cats
61:via
59:prey
49:are
2704:doi
2700:162
2666:BBC
2582:BBC
2520:doi
2321:PMC
2311:doi
2299:107
2259:PMC
2251:doi
2247:271
2185:doi
2181:273
2110:doi
2106:215
1956:doi
1931:doi
1877:PMC
1869:doi
1819:doi
1788:BBC
1730:PMC
1722:doi
1635:doi
1631:183
1530:doi
1431:doi
1427:194
1395:doi
1362:doi
1236:hdl
1228:doi
1147:doi
1054:doi
992:BBC
960:doi
956:215
910:doi
906:168
116:to
110:web
85:or
45:or
2756::
2710:.
2698:.
2694:.
2664:.
2639:.
2635:.
2580:.
2534:}}
2530:{{
2516:38
2514:.
2488:.
2352:.
2329:.
2319:.
2309:.
2297:.
2293:.
2281:^
2267:.
2257:.
2245:.
2241:.
2229:^
2199:.
2191:.
2179:.
2160:.
2146:.
2132:^
2118:.
2104:.
2100:.
2088:^
2068:.
2043:.
2041:18
2010:.
2008:16
1954:.
1929:.
1919:17
1917:.
1913:.
1885:.
1875:.
1867:.
1855:.
1851:.
1839:^
1825:.
1815:10
1813:.
1786:.
1738:.
1728:.
1720:.
1708:.
1704:.
1686:.
1651:.
1643:.
1629:.
1625:.
1608:69
1606:.
1583:.
1561:36
1559:.
1536:.
1526:65
1524:.
1499:.
1470:59
1468:.
1445:.
1437:.
1425:.
1401:.
1391:14
1389:.
1385:.
1360:.
1350:31
1348:.
1344:.
1300:18
1298:.
1294:.
1244:.
1234:.
1226:.
1216:40
1214:.
1193:.
1163:.
1155:.
1145:.
1135:34
1133:.
1129:.
1062:.
1050:55
1048:.
1044:.
1029:^
990:.
968:.
954:.
950:.
938:^
924:.
916:.
904:.
900:.
885:^
826:.
808:;
800:,
738:,
183:.
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
140:.
73:)
65:,
25:A
2729:.
2706::
2675:.
2649:.
2613:.
2591:.
2566:.
2540:)
2522::
2499:.
2473:.
2440:.
2415:.
2393:.
2368:.
2337:.
2313::
2305::
2275:.
2253::
2207:.
2187::
2126:.
2112::
2082:.
2053:.
2020:.
1987:.
1962:.
1958::
1939:.
1933::
1925::
1899:.
1893:.
1871::
1863::
1857:1
1833:.
1821::
1798:.
1772:.
1746:.
1724::
1716::
1710:7
1659:.
1637::
1591:.
1544:.
1532::
1453:.
1433::
1409:.
1397::
1370:.
1364::
1356::
1316:.
1289:"
1252:.
1238::
1230::
1222::
1191:"
1187:"
1171:.
1149::
1141::
1114:.
1092:.
1070:.
1056::
1023:.
1001:.
976:.
962::
932:.
912::
879:.
720:g
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
