4133:
341:
143:
353:
4145:
2337:. The Supreme Court is referred to twice. First, s. 41 lists several amendments to the Constitution of Canada requiring unanimous consent. S. 41(d) includes the "composition of the Supreme Court of Canada" in this list. Second, s. 42(1) lists several amendments to the Constitution of Canada requiring the general amendment procedure. S. 42(1)(d) includes "subject to s. 41(d), the Supreme Court of Canada" in this list. Sections 41 and 42 of the
24:
697:
if, at any time after the expiration of that period, the House of
Commons again adopts the resolution. Any period when Parliament is prorogued or dissolved shall not be counted in computing the 180-day period. Section 47 only applies to amendments made under the Section 38(1) Amendment by General Procedure, the Section 41 Amendment by Unanimous Consent, Section 42 and the Section 43 Amendment by Bilateral Agreement procedures
2299:.) The territory of Yukon also passed legislation once that invoked the notwithstanding clause, but the legislation was never proclaimed in force. In 2018, Ontario's provincial government threatened to invoke the notwithstanding clause after legislation changing the size of Toronto's city council in the middle of a municipal election campaign period was ruled unconstitutional by the
2405:. Two professors of law from the Université Laval, Geneviève Motard and Patrick Taillon, began a lawsuit in the Quebec courts, arguing that the amendment should have been enacted using the unanimous amending formula under section 41. The Superior Court of Quebec and the Quebec Court of Appeal both rejected the claim, holding that, according to the
2543:
itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the
Statute of Westminster in 1931, in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it. All but one Dominion – that would be us, Canada – chose to accept every resolution. Our leaders couldn't decide on how
1945:
allows provinces to amend their own provincial constitutions. However, many parts of provincial constitutions are embedded in documents forming part of the
Constitution of Canada, and could require approval of the Senate and House of Commons under the section 43 amending formula. Various methods have
674:
According to s. 44, constitutional provisions concerning federal institutions (executive government of Canada, Senate, and House of
Commons) can be amended unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada if the provisions are not those explicitly reserved for unanimity or 7/50 formula. For example, in 2022,
601:
Once the procedure for the adoption of the amendment is followed successfully, the amendment is formalized as a proclamation of the
Governor General in Council. Officially, therefore, the constitution is amended by Proclamation, and the issue of the Proclamation requires prior approval by resolutions
2168:
Nevertheless, agreement on details of amendments has been elusive. Further complicating attempts to amend the constitution is the complexity of the procedure for doing so, which in most cases requires approval from both the federal government and two-thirds of the provincial governments representing
1565:
Amending the constitution has been a topic of much debate in contemporary Canada, and the two most comprehensive attempts to revise the document have both been defeated. There have, however, been thirteen amendments to the constitution since it was amended in 1982. Most of these amendments have been
593:
For some constitutional provisions, amendments can be passed only if identical resolutions are adopted by the House of
Commons, the Senate and two-thirds or more of the provincial legislative assemblies (i.e. at least seven) representing at least 50 per cent of the total population of the provinces.
696:
Section 47 allows an amendment to the
Constitution of Canada to be made without a resolution of the Senate authorizing the issue of the proclamation if, within 180 days after the adoption by the House of Commons of a resolution authorizing its issue, the Senate has not adopted such a resolution and
632:
No specific mention is made in the procedure for amendments affecting what falls within the federal/provincial distribution of powers. Therefore, they can be dealt with generally under s. 38, or with respect to specific provinces under s. 43. However, a s. 38 amendment in that regard will not apply
687:
According to s. 45, each province has the exclusive power to modify its own constitution, if the changes do not concern matters outlined in s. 41. This section has been the subject of much confusion and debate, since some provincial constitutions are embedded in the same documents that form the
2152:
Amending the
Canadian constitution is a topic of great debate in Canada. There seems to be general agreement among provincial governments that some parts of the constitution need to be amended to deal with long-standing demands from many provinces. There are demands by western provinces for a
454:, Canada took over the authority to amend its own constitution, achieving full sovereignty. Since then, amendments to the Constitution of Canada are made using one of five amending formulas requiring consent of some combination of the House of Commons, Senate, and provincial legislatures.
1771:
The preamble to the resolution of the Quebec
National Assembly adopting the amendment makes no reference to which amending formula is being used, and includes the following statement: "Whereas such amendment in no way constitutes recognition by the National Assembly of the
633:
to a province that has passed a resolution of dissent from it, and s. 40 states that a s. 38 amendment that transfers provincial jurisdiction over an education or cultural matter to
Parliament must be accompanied by reasonable compensation by Canada to the provinces.
2265:. This section authorizes federal and provincial parliaments to temporarily override the rights and freedoms in sections 2 and 7–15 for up to five years, subject to renewal. The federal parliament has never invoked it, although provincial parliaments have done so.
2353:
is implied as entrenched into s. 52(2) because of sections 41 and 42. S. 52(2) uses the words "includes ..." to introduce the list of thirty instruments, suggesting that the provision does not contain an exhaustive list. The Supreme Court itself has confirmed in
645:
If a constitutional amendment affects only one province, only the assent of the two houses of Parliament and of that province's legislative assembly is required. Seven of the eleven amendments passed so far have been of this nature, four being passed by and for
2172:
There have been several amendments to the constitution since it was patriated in 1982 including amendments dealing with provincial schooling in Newfoundland and Quebec and the changing of the name of Newfoundland to Newfoundland and Labrador (see below).
2030:. Section 128Q.1 exempts members of Quebec's legislative assembly from the oath required by section 128 and section 90S.1 declares, among other things, that Saskatchewan has autonomy with respect to all matters falling under its exclusive jurisdiction.
2345:. Some scholars, including Peter Hogg, have suggested that the references to the Supreme Court of Canada in sections 41 and 42 are ineffective. They argue that these references are "anticipatory" and will become effective only if Parliament adds the
2341:, thus appear to include the Supreme Court of Canada in the Constitution of Canada. However, this conclusion is questionable because the "Constitution of Canada" is expressly defined in s. 52(2) as a set of 30 instruments that does not include the
2242:, failed in 1990 when it was not ratified by all ten provincial governments. The last attempt at a comprehensive package of constitutional amendments was the Charlottetown Accord, which arose out of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. The
641:
According to s. 43, any amendment applying to one or more, but not all, provinces must be "authorized by resolution of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assembly of each province to which the amendment applies."
2292:
of marriage, respectively. (Alberta's use of the notwithstanding clause was ultimately of no force or effect, since the definition of marriage is solely a federal jurisdiction and same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide with the
1957:
members to change laws regarding expropriation of Metis land. Courts have not yet ruled about whether this kind of language really would bind future legislatures, but it might do so if the higher bar was met when creating the law.
2389:, a federal statute, was a constitutional amendment that should have been passed under the constitutional amending formula requiring unanimous provincial consent. The Canadian Parliament passed the act to give its assent to the
2000:
made by the section 45 amending process. Constitutional scholars are divided on the validity of an amendment to a provincial constitution framed as an addition to part of the Constitution of Canada. An official at the
2319:
is entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada was not created by the constitution, rather the power to create a "Court of General Appeal for Canada" was granted to Parliament by s. 101 of the
3819:
441:, would issue an address to the British government requesting an amendment. The request would include a resolution containing the desired amendments, which in turn were always passed by the British Parliament with
598:, is officially referred to as the "general amendment procedure" and is known colloquially as the "7/50 formula". It is the amendment formula that applies when the amendment does not fall into any other category.
2355:
1838:
of 1993 ought to have been adopted using a more inclusive amendment formula (probably the 7/50 formula), and that the failure to use the appropriate formula could result in future constitutional difficulties.
3483:
713:). In some cases, amendments were made to the constitutional structure of Canada by adding entire extra documents to the constitution. These include orders that added provinces to Canada, such as the
2259:
1978:
Quebec and Saskatchewan both passed amendments to their provincial constitutions framed as amendments to the Constitution of Canada. In 2021, the Quebec parliament passed a bill titled
2026:
Following Quebec's action, legislation passed by the Parliament of Québec in 2022 and by the parliament of Saskatchewan in 2023 purport to add sections 128Q.1 and section 90S.1 to the
569:(b) the right of a province to a number of members in the House of Commons not less than the number of Senators by which the province is entitled to be represented at the time the
3036:"Bill 4, an Act to recognize the oath provided in the Act respecting the National Assembly as the sole oath required in order to sit in the Assembly - National Assembly of Québec"
2019:, would be "reproduced in the codification of the constitutional laws in the next update". Sections 90Q.1, 90Q.2, 90S.1 and 128Q.1 have been effectively added to the text of the
1914:
676:
915:
Order of Her Majesty in Council admitting all British possessions and Territories in North America and islands adjacent thereto into the Union, dated the 31st day of July, 1880.
1967:
that outlines the powers and rules governing the executive and legislative branches of the provincial government. However, the act specifically says that it is subject to the
2474:
1992:, which provide that Quebecers form a nation and that French is the only official language of Quebec. Because the House of Commons did not authorize these additions to the
3697:
1686:
381:
3840:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
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3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
41:
3999:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3478:
3458:
2694:
2229:
271:
3612:
2789:
2866:
Taillon, Patrick; Cauchon, Hubert (2023), "Formal Constitutions of the Federating and Federated States of Canada", in Albert, Richard; Sirota, LĂ©onid (eds.),
2668:
2817:
820:
88:
745:
An Act to amend and continue the Act 32–33 Victoria chapter 3; and to establish and provide for the Government of the Province of Manitoba, 1870
60:
2589:
Pelletier, Benoit (19 October 2017). "Ch.12 Amending the Constitution of Canada". In Oliver, Peter; Macklem, Patrick; Des Rosiers, Nathalie (eds.).
3224:
3119:
1975:, presumably because a section 43 amendment would be needed to change any part of the British Columbia Constitution contained in those documents.
3835:
2931:
2720:
67:
374:
2955:
2169:
at least 50 per cent of the population, and in some cases require the approval of the federal government and all ten provincial governments.
544:
According to this act, the amendment procedure is composed of different categories, depending on the part of the constitution to be amended.
3867:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3440:
3435:
2077:
An Act to recognize the oath provided in the Act respecting the National Assembly as the sole oath required in order to sit in the Assembly
74:
3430:
3310:
2366:
2650:
2556:
2132:, which provide that Saskatchewan has autonomy with respect to all of the matters falling under its exclusive legislative jurisdiction.
809:
Order of Her Majesty in Council admitting Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory into the Union, dated the 23rd day of June, 1870
3084:
617:(c) the number of members by which a province is entitled to be represented in the Senate and the residence qualifications of Senators;
3407:
3402:
3244:
2882:
2746:
367:
259:
56:
611:(a) the principle of proportionate representation of the provinces in the House of Commons prescribed by the Constitution of Canada;
3803:
2375:
2014 SCC 21, a majority of the Supreme Court ruled that clauses concerning the appointment of Justices from Quebec are entrenched.
3604:
301:
3888:
3397:
408:. Unlike most other constitutions, however, the Act had no amending formula; instead, changes were enacted through Acts of the
3070:
Heather Scoffield, "Ottawa rules out invoking notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships," Canadian Press, 13 September 2010
3915:
2997:
2608:
2451:
705:
A majority of the constitutional amendments before 1982 were acts of the United Kingdom or Canadian parliaments to amend the
4029:
3217:
4112:
3136:
1962:
887:
3035:
4176:
2384:
246:
81:
3883:
3425:
2300:
1743:
Allowed the Province of Newfoundland to create a secular school system to replace the church-based education system.
226:
107:
2496:
3269:
3191:
2523:
2394:
2390:
2324:. Parliament proceeded to create the Supreme Court of Canada under the authority of s. 101 in 1875 by passing the
1868:
430:
409:
154:
4171:
4149:
3968:
3290:
3210:
2147:
852:
843:
291:
126:
2810:
2435:
The Constitution of Independence: The Development of Constitutional Theory in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand
2153:
greater share of power at the federal level, and demands from Quebec for greater protection for its status as a
1946:
been used to amend provincial constitutions without invoking section 43, but not all have been tested in court.
876:
Order of Her Majesty in Council admitting Prince Edward Island into the Union, dated the 26th day of June, 1873.
2002:
1984:
45:
973:
3177:
3049:
2397:), which aimed to remove male preference in the line of succession to Britain's throne, consistent with the
4064:
3878:
2406:
1173:
829:
Order of Her Majesty in Council admitting British Columbia into the Union, dated the 16th day of May, 1871.
3163:
2906:
2176:
Although the amending formula has not been formally altered, the Canadian government under Prime Minister
4018:
3540:
3285:
2289:
2097:
2089:
424:
284:
221:
3116:
3575:
3519:
3295:
926:
434:
413:
216:
181:
2068:, which provide that Quebecers form a nation and that French is the only official language of Quebec.
3937:
3920:
3369:
1656:
768:
647:
326:
1746:
s. 43: House of Commons and Newfoundland House of Assembly; Senate approval was bypassed with s. 47
602:
of the House of Commons, the Senate, and the necessary number of provincial legislative assemblies.
3374:
3352:
3150:
2411:, a constitutional amendment is not required to match Canada's rules of succession to those of the
2307:
overturned the lower court decision, ruling that the change was "unfair" but still constitutional.
1903:
1859:
Changed the name of the "Province of Newfoundland" to the "Province of Newfoundland and Labrador".
1609:
433:
to retain the power "temporarily". Between 1931 and 1982, the federal government, on behalf of the
395:
2443:
4102:
4044:
3932:
3357:
3305:
3254:
2631:
2333:
The Supreme Court of Canada was mentioned for the first time in a constitutional document by the
2316:
2304:
552:
There are some parts of the constitution that can be modified only with the unanimous consent of
442:
420:
316:
191:
34:
556:
the provinces plus the two Houses of Parliament. This formula is contained in section 41 of the
4107:
4059:
3893:
3595:
3384:
3341:
3233:
2747:"Quebec's proposed changes to Constitution seem small, but they could prompt historic makeover"
2181:
1997:
1539:
947:
866:
537:
450:
404:
399:
321:
241:
211:
201:
176:
171:
161:
134:
2560:
2330:, which was an ordinary piece of legislation with no constitutional significance at the time.
566:(a) the office of the Monarch, the Governor General and the Lieutenant Governor of a province;
2979:
2884:
Quebec's proposed changes to Constitution seem small, but they could prompt historic makeover
2775:
3079:
2349:
to the list in s. 52(2). Other scholars, including Professor Cheffins, have argued that the
4054:
4049:
3989:
3021:
2269:
2243:
1721:
1717:
655:
231:
3585:
8:
3994:
3392:
2983:, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (U.K.) 1 July 1867, c. Legislative Power, s. 2(71), Part V.
2600:
2402:
2238:, a package of constitutional amendments, intended to address Quebec's objections to the
605:
The following matters are explicitly reserved to the "7/50 formula", by virtue of s. 42:
306:
166:
2695:"Feds look to amend Constitution Act to impose new minimum seat count for each province"
2433:
535:
of the constitution in 1982 an amending formula was adopted in sections 38 to 49 of the
4074:
4069:
4034:
3903:
3525:
3362:
3280:
2294:
2093:
2012:
759:
2843:
2358:, 1 S.C.R. 319 that s. 52(2) is not exhaustive, but has not yet ruled on whether the
2034:
Amendments to provincial constitutions purporting to amend the Constitution of Canada
3984:
3947:
3322:
3102:
2604:
2447:
2326:
2235:
2197:
1766:
to replace the denominational school boards with ones organized on linguistic lines.
560:, and is known as the "unanimity formula". It is reserved for the following matters:
206:
196:
3898:
3580:
3545:
3535:
2669:"Feds would need majority provincial OK to guarantee Quebec share of Commons seats"
2596:
2439:
2193:
2154:
1954:
1895:
1820:
1266:
1053:
438:
2432:
Oliver, Peter C. (April 2005). "Canada I: Confederation and the Imperial Theory".
2177:
717:
and documents that altered the structure of the government of Canada, such as the
3979:
3925:
3126:, prepared by David Johansen, 1989, as revised May 2005. Retrieved 7 August 2006.
3123:
3088:
2398:
2213:
1829:
1521:
1512:
1308:
1144:
988:
780:
236:
2907:"First Reading: Quebec is trying to unilaterally rewrite the Constitution again"
2774:
British North America Act and Amendments . . . 1867–1943. King's Printer. 1943.
2557:"Part V – Procedure for Amending Constitution of Canada, Constitution Act, 1982"
2356:
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)
3910:
2590:
2412:
982:
Enacting clause and sections 2, 4, 25, 42, 43, 51, 81, 88, 89, 127, 145 of the
142:
2811:"Conference on "Federalism and Sub-national Constitutions: Design and Reform""
2721:"'It could be very messy': What happens if we can all amend the Constitution?"
2268:
The notwithstanding clause was invoked routinely between 1982 and 1985 by the
423:
countries had taken over the authority for constitutional amendment after the
4165:
4137:
4039:
3942:
3316:
2933:'Saskatchewan First Act' aims to assert constitutional jurisdiction: province
2763:
2285:
1953:
limits powers of the province's legislative assembly by requiring consent of
1694:
651:
636:
345:
311:
3509:
2845:
The Constitutional Amendments in Quebec's Bill 96: Whose Consent is Needed?
2277:
2205:
2054:
An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Quebec (2022)
3022:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, THE CONSTITUTION ACTS, 1867 to 1982"
2632:"Canada Act 1982 - Part V - Procedure for amending Constitution of Canada"
1566:
limited in scope, dealing only with matters affecting specific provinces.
3530:
3202:
2651:"Unanimous consent required for Senate abolition say top court's lawyers"
2217:
1834:
1697:
equal, with the right to distinct cultural and educational institutions.
1652:
1028:
576:(c) subject to section 43, the use of the English or the French language;
2544:
to amend the constitution, so that power stayed with Britain until 1982.
3564:
3300:
3115:
Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Information and Research Service,
1700:
s. 43: House of Commons, Senate and New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
532:
357:
296:
186:
1908:
s. 43: House of Commons, Senate and Saskatchewan Legislative Assembly
2007:
1927:
Modified the formula for apportioning seats in the House of Commons.
1880:
Modified the formula for apportioning seats in the House of Commons.
1621:
Modified the formula for apportioning seats in the House of Commons.
1548:
Sections 1, 20, 51, 91(1), 92(1), 92A(6), 94A, Sixth Schedule of the
1980:
An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Quebec
352:
23:
2254:
Various provisions of the Canadian Constitution are subject to the
2209:
1862:
s. 43: House of Commons, Senate and Newfoundland House of Assembly
1799:
s. 43: House of Commons, Senate and Newfoundland House of Assembly
1669:
s. 43: House of Commons, Senate and Newfoundland House of Assembly
2310:
2284:
have also previously invoked the notwithstanding clause, to end a
614:(b) the powers of the Senate and the method of selecting Senators;
2794:
2281:
2201:
2189:
2017:
Act respecting French, the official and common language of Quebec
1816:
1505:
Renamed constitutional documents that were, again renamed by the
623:(e) the extension of existing provinces into the territories; and
2788:
Preston Manning, Leader of the Opposition (20 April 1998).
1915:
Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act
2956:"Constitutional scholars say Sask. First Act lacking substance"
2315:
There has been a debate among legal scholars as to whether the
2161:, although this does not affect the legal applicability of the
1796:
Ended denominational quotas for Newfoundland religion classes.
1763:
659:
3268:
2011:
that the additions to the constitution ostensibly made by the
1693:, which made the English and French linguistic communities in
1996:, they would only have effect if they were amendments to the
1853:
every instance of the word "Newfoundland" in the schedule to
1780:
s. 43: House of Commons, Senate and Quebec National Assembly
1727:
s. 43: House of Commons, Senate and PEI Legislative Assembly
669:
1828:
At the time of the Act's adoption, Leader of the Opposition
620:(d) subject to paragraph 41(d), the Supreme Court of Canada;
2185:
1988:. The act purports to add sections 90Q.1 and 90Q.2 to the
637:
Provisions applying to one or more, but not all, provinces
3151:"Supreme Court of Canada - SCC Case Information - Search"
2595:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 253–270.
2157:. Quebec, in particular, has not formally agreed to the
1936:
2230:
Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution
2220:, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island).
1849:
Constitution Amendment, 2001 (Newfoundland and Labrador)
3510:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
3193:
Geneviève Motard, et al. v. Procureur général du Canada
2870:, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, p. 88
579:(d) the composition of the Supreme Court of Canada; and
4092:
4017:
3050:"Gomery Inquiry: Jean Chrétien: a former PM testifies"
2524:"Canada is celebrating 150 years of... what, exactly?"
2415:. The Supreme Court of Canada denied leave to appeal.
675:
the Canadian government used this amendment method to
588:
3594:
3383:
3091:, R.S.A. 2000, c. M-5. Accessed URL on 10 March 2006.
2378:
2276:
but is subject to it nonetheless. The parliaments of
594:
This formula, which is outlined in section 38 of the
3797:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
1600:
Strengthened Aboriginal rights in the constitution.
725:
List of Constitutional amendments from 1867 to 1982
2188:over proposed amendments, held by the provinces of
1706:
Constitution Amendment, 1993 (Prince Edward Island)
677:
modify the House of Commons seat allocation formula
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2648:
1594:ss. 25(b), 35(3)–(4), 35.1, 37.1, 54.1, and 61 of
997:Canadian Speaker (Appointment of Deputy) Act, 1895
662:. This formula is contained in section 43 of the
1902:Removed a historic tax exemption specific to the
4163:
3813:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
3605:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2592:The Oxford Handbook of the Canadian Constitution
2787:
2559:. Department of Justice, Canada. Archived from
2311:Supreme Court of Canada in the amending formula
2246:was defeated in a national referendum in 1992.
2023:, by the federal government on 1 January 2024.
1889:Constitution Amendment, 2022 (Saskatchewan Act)
1786:Constitution Amendment, 1998 (Newfoundland Act)
1733:Constitution Amendment, 1997 (Newfoundland Act)
1663:Constitution Amendment, 1998 (Newfoundland Act)
821:Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order
793:Temporary Government of Rupert's Land Act, 1869
785:Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order
547:
429:, but at the time, Canada decided to allow the
3317:Report on the Affairs of British North America
2865:
3218:
2995:
2438:. Oxford University Press. pp. 111–134.
2272:, which did not support the enactment of the
1570:List of Constitutional amendments after 1982
375:
2475:"Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982"
1675:Constitution Amendment, 1993 (New Brunswick)
1498:Miscellaneous Statute Law Revision Act, 1977
736:Amendments to other constitutional documents
582:(e) changing the amendment procedure itself.
3311:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
2362:is included in the Constitution of Canada.
1951:Constitution of Alberta Amendment Act, 1990
682:
465:Demographic weight of each province (2021)
3270:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
3232:
3225:
3211:
2764:https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/
1776:, which was adopted without its consent."
670:Provisions concerning federal institutions
382:
368:
57:"Amendments to the Constitution of Canada"
3967:
3117:The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter
3100:McKnight, Peter. "Notwithstanding what?"
2880:
2744:
2588:
2444:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268956.003.0005
2249:
1590:Constitution Amendment Proclamation, 1983
1554:In the constitution under the same name.
1533:In the constitution under the same name.
1301:Removed the redundant section 118 of the
1185:In the constitution under the same name.
967:In the constitution under the same name.
909:In the constitution under the same name.
700:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2868:Does Quebec Need a Written Constitution?
2649:The Canadian Press (19 September 2013).
1899:repealed retroactive to August 29, 1966
1560:
1451:Northwest Territories Representation Act
1090:Sections 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 51A of the
3586:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
3479:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
2998:"David Lametti c. Simon Jolin-Barrette"
2929:
2841:
2521:
2262:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1691:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1610:Constitution Act, 1985 (Representation)
1475:British North America Act (No. 2), 1975
1447:British North America Act (No. 1), 1975
1275:British North America (No. 2) Act, 1949
691:
626:(f) the establishment of new provinces.
519: Newfoundland and Labrador (1.38%)
4164:
2904:
2431:
2064:Added Sections 90Q.1 and 90Q.2 to the
1982:, which was largely amendments to the
1937:Amendments to provincial constitutions
412:(or "Imperial Parliament") called the
217:British North America Acts (1867–1975)
4091:
4016:
3966:
3916:Individual ministerial responsibility
3865:
3562:
3508:
3339:
3267:
3206:
2996:BĂ©lair-Cirino, Marco (18 June 2022),
2953:
1752:Constitution Amendment, 1997 (Quebec)
1465:Repealed in 1999 after being renamed
457:
3484:Matters of a local or private nature
3179:Motard v. Attorney General of Canada
2930:Bamford, Allison (1 November 2022),
2842:England, Elizabeth (3 August 2021),
2823:from the original on 7 November 2019
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
4113:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
3165:Motard c Canada (Procureur général)
2905:Hopper, Tristan (9 December 2022),
2881:Montpetit, Jonathan (19 May 2021),
2848:, Centre for Constitutional Studies
2522:Couture, Christa (1 January 2017).
2383:There was debate about whether the
2303:. The threat was dropped after the
1961:British Columbia has an Act titled
1712:Prince Edward Island Terms of Union
1488:In the constitution under the name
1437:In the constitution under the name
1414:In the constitution under the name
1391:In the constitution under the name
1368:In the constitution under the name
1265:In the Constitution under the name
1204:In the constitution under the name
1163:In the constitution under the name
1096:In the constitution under the name
1073:In the constitution under the name
1051:In the constitution under the name
1026:In the constitution under the name
957:Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889
945:In the constitution under the name
925:In the constitution under the name
888:Prince Edward Island Terms of Union
886:In the Constitution under the name
864:In the constitution under the name
842:In the constitution under the name
819:In the constitution under the name
758:In the Constitution under the name
227:Succession to the Throne Act (1937)
13:
4093:Provincial constitutions of Canada
4019:Interpretation of the Constitution
2601:10.1093/law/9780190664817.001.0001
2477:. Government of Canada. 5 May 2014
2386:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
2379:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
2223:
2135:s. 45: Parliament of Saskatchewan
1832:argued that both this Act and the
525: Prince Edward Island (0.42%)
247:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
141:
14:
4188:
3884:Cabinet collective responsibility
3426:Peace, order, and good government
3340:
2954:Simes, Jeremy (3 November 2022),
2617:
2575:
2301:Ontario Superior Court of Justice
1651:Extended education rights to the
4144:
4143:
4131:
3245:List of constitutional documents
2790:"Government Orders: Nunavut Act"
2745:Montpetit, Jonathan (May 2021).
2395:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2393:(then still under debate in the
1805:Constitution Act, 1999 (Nunavut)
1645:and term 17 of schedule to that
431:Parliament of the United Kingdom
410:Parliament of the United Kingdom
351:
339:
22:
3866:
3185:
3171:
3157:
3143:
3129:
3109:
3094:
3073:
3064:
3042:
3028:
3014:
2989:
2972:
2947:
2923:
2898:
2874:
2859:
2835:
2803:
2795:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2781:
2768:
2757:
2738:
2713:
2687:
2322:British North America Act, 1867
2148:Constitutional debate in Canada
1973:British Columbia Terms of Union
1424:British North America Act, 1974
1401:British North America Act, 1965
1378:British North America Act, 1964
1355:British North America Act, 1960
1336:British North America Act, 1952
1317:British North America Act, 1951
1252:British North America Act, 1949
1233:British North America Act, 1946
1214:British North America Act, 1943
1191:British North America Act, 1940
1153:British North America Act, 1930
1139:British North America Act, 1916
1135:British North America Act, 1915
1106:British North America Act, 1916
1083:British North America Act, 1915
1063:British North America Act, 1907
935:British North America Act, 1886
853:British North America Act, 1871
844:British Columbia Terms of Union
715:British Columbia Terms of Union
707:British North America Act, 1867
483: British Columbia (13.56%)
405:British North America Act, 1867
33:needs additional citations for
3563:
3353:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
3250:Amendments to the Constitution
2661:
2642:
2549:
2515:
2489:
2467:
2425:
2288:and to protect an exclusively
1985:Charter of the French Language
1490:Constitution Act (No. 2), 1975
1467:Constitution Act (No. 1), 1975
1294:Statute Law Revision Act, 1950
1133:Removed section 1(2) from the
1126:Statute Law Revision Act, 1927
1118:Statute Law Revision Act, 1927
974:Statute Law Revision Act, 1893
896:Parliament of Canada Act, 1875
719:Parliament of Canada Act, 1875
302:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1:
4000:Other unsuccessful amendments
2418:
1869:Fair Representation Act, 2011
1809:ss. 21, 23, 28, and 51(2) of
1720:to replace ferry services to
402:primarily meant amending the
222:Statute of Westminster (1931)
4065:Interjurisdictional immunity
3889:Disallowance and reservation
3541:Statute of Westminster, 1931
2408:Statute of Westminster, 1931
2391:Succession to the Crown Bill
2260:Section Thirty-three of the
2103:s. 45: Parliament of Quebec
2071:s. 45: Parliament of Quebec
1930:s. 44: Parliament of Canada
1883:s. 44: Parliament of Canada
1843:s. 44: Parliament of Canada
1637:Constitution Amendment, 1987
1631:s. 44: Parliament of Canada
1174:Statute of Westminster, 1931
548:Unanimous consent amendments
7:
3441:Matters excepted from s. 92
3137:"The Charter under assault"
3106:, 21 January 2006, pg. C.4.
3052:. CBC News. 8 February 2005
2798:. Canada: House of Commons.
2497:"A statute worth 75 cheers"
2124:Added Section 90S.1 to the
2096:from the Oath of Office in
2032:
1568:
1482:Sections 21, 22, 28 of the
723:
513: New Brunswick (2.10%)
426:Statute of Westminster 1931
10:
4193:
4030:Indigenous self-government
3520:British North America Acts
3306:Constitutional Act of 1791
3296:Royal Proclamation of 1763
3291:Constitution of New France
3195:, 2020 CanLII 29392 (SCC).
3181:, 2019 QCCA 1826 (CanLII).
2227:
2145:
2109:The Saskatchewan First Act
2106:
2098:Quebec's National Assembly
2074:
2051:
2005:, in June 2022, stated to
1911:
1886:
1865:
1846:
1802:
1783:
1749:
1730:
1703:
1672:
1634:
1623:Amendment was replaced by
1606:
1587:
1038:The Saskatchewan Act, 1905
927:Adjacent Territories Order
803:Expired on 14 April 1871.
501: Saskatchewan (3.07%)
435:House of Commons of Canada
414:British North America Acts
4177:Constitutional amendments
4125:
4098:
4087:
4025:
4012:
3975:
3962:
3938:Parliamentary sovereignty
3879:At His Majesty's pleasure
3874:
3861:
3828:
3812:
3796:
3603:
3571:
3558:
3515:
3504:
3474:Administration of justice
3469:Property and civil rights
3449:
3416:
3348:
3335:
3276:
3263:
3240:
3167:, 2016 QCCS 588 (CanLII).
2196:, and by the regions the
2141:
2128:, and Section 3.1 to the
648:Newfoundland and Labrador
589:"7/50 formula" amendments
507: Nova Scotia (2.63%)
327:Canadian Human Rights Act
192:Constitutional Act (1791)
182:Royal Proclamation (1763)
3375:Fathers of Confederation
3255:Quasi-constitutional law
3122:15 November 2006 at the
2503:. Toronto. 17 March 2009
1904:Canadian Pacific Railway
688:Constitution of Canada.
683:Provincial constitutions
207:Supreme Court Act (1875)
172:Act of Settlement (1701)
4103:Constitution of Alberta
4045:Equal authenticity rule
3933:Parliamentary privilege
3370:London Conference, 1866
3358:Quebec Conference, 1864
3087:13 January 2007 at the
2317:Supreme Court of Canada
2305:Ontario Court of Appeal
2290:heterosexual definition
2058:ss. 90Q.1 and 90Q.2 of
1790:term 17 of schedule to
1737:term 17 of schedule to
1625:Fair Representation Act
317:Canadian Bill of Rights
272:Unsuccessful amendments
212:Constitution Act (1886)
202:Constitution Act (1867)
4172:Constitution of Canada
4108:Constitution of Quebec
4060:Implied Bill of Rights
3894:Responsible government
3596:Constitution Act, 1982
3576:Fulton–Favreau formula
3546:Newfoundland Act, 1949
3536:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
3464:Works and undertakings
3385:Constitution Act, 1867
3234:Constitution of Canada
2980:Constitution Act, 1867
2339:Constitution Act, 1982
2335:Constitution Act, 1982
2256:notwithstanding clause
2250:Notwithstanding clause
2240:Constitution Act, 1982
2182:1995 Quebec referendum
2159:Constitution Act, 1982
2126:Constitution Act, 1867
2116:Constitution Act, 1867
2084:Constitution Act, 1867
2066:Constitution Act, 1867
2060:Constitution Act, 1867
2028:Constitution Act, 1867
2021:Constitution Act, 1867
1998:constitution of Quebec
1994:Constitution Act, 1867
1990:Constitution Act, 1867
1969:Constitution Act, 1867
1943:Constitution Act, 1982
1923:Constitution Act, 1867
1876:Constitution Act, 1867
1819:representation in the
1811:Constitution Act, 1867
1774:Constitution Act, 1982
1758:Constitution Act, 1867
1681:Constitution Act, 1982
1617:Constitution Act, 1867
1596:Constitution Act, 1982
1550:Constitution Act, 1867
1540:Constitution Act, 1982
1507:Constitution Act, 1982
1484:Constitution Act, 1867
1461:Constitution Act, 1867
1439:Constitution Act, 1974
1433:Constitution Act, 1867
1416:Constitution Act, 1965
1410:Constitution Act, 1867
1393:Constitution Act, 1964
1387:Constitution Act, 1867
1370:Constitution Act, 1960
1364:Constitution Act, 1867
1345:Constitution Act, 1867
1326:Constitution Act, 1867
1303:Constitution Act, 1867
1284:Constitution Act, 1867
1261:Constitution Act, 1867
1259:Section 21, 22 of the
1242:Constitution Act, 1867
1223:Constitution Act, 1867
1206:Constitution Act, 1940
1200:Constitution Act, 1867
1198:Section 91(2A) of the
1165:Constitution Act, 1930
1098:Constitution Act, 1915
1092:Constitution Act, 1867
1075:Constitution Act, 1907
1047:Constitution Act, 1867
1022:Constitution Act, 1867
984:Constitution Act, 1867
948:Constitution Act, 1886
905:Constitution Act, 1867
867:Constitution Act, 1871
838:Constitution Act, 1867
769:Rupert's Land Act 1868
754:Constitution Act, 1867
711:Constitution Act, 1867
701:Amendments before 1982
664:Constitution Act, 1982
630:
596:Constitution Act, 1982
586:
571:Constitution Act, 1982
558:Constitution Act, 1982
538:Constitution Act, 1982
495: Manitoba (3.64%)
489: Alberta (11.56%)
471: Ontario (38.58%)
451:Constitution Act, 1982
400:Constitution of Canada
322:Implied bill of rights
242:Constitution Act, 1982
177:Treaty of Paris (1763)
162:Implied bill of rights
155:Constitutional history
146:
135:Constitution of Canada
3969:Constitutional debate
3281:Iroquois constitution
2003:Department of Justice
1561:Amendments after 1982
1459:Section 51(2) of the
1431:Section 51(1) of the
1385:Section 94(A) of the
1013:The Alberta Act, 1905
607:
562:
477: Quebec (23.06%)
292:Constitutional debate
232:Letters Patent (1947)
167:Bill of Rights (1689)
145:
3990:Charlottetown Accord
3286:Mi'kmaq constitution
2778:(see further p. 76).
2270:Parliament of Quebec
2244:Charlottetown Accord
2184:recognized regional
1817:Territory of Nunavut
1722:Prince Edward Island
739:Status (as of 2022)
692:Bypassing the Senate
656:Prince Edward Island
42:improve this article
3995:Calgary Declaration
3393:Canadian federalism
2403:Commonwealth realms
2048:Amending procedure
2042:Section(s) amended
2035:
1584:Amending procedure
1578:Section(s) amended
1571:
1324:Section 94A of the
726:
443:little or no debate
307:Canadian federalism
197:Act of Union (1840)
4075:Dialogue principle
4035:Pith and substance
3904:King-in-Parliament
3829:Part VII – General
3526:Manitoba Act, 1870
3431:Trade and commerce
3363:Quebec Resolutions
3301:Quebec Act of 1774
2960:Regina Leader-Post
2636:legislation.gov.uk
2501:The Globe and Mail
2296:Civil Marriage Act
2118:and s. 3.1 of the
2090:Oath of Allegiance
2045:Purpose and notes
2033:
2013:Quebec Legislature
1941:Section 45 of the
1874:s. 51(1),(1.1) of
1764:Province of Quebec
1581:Purpose and notes
1569:
1449:(previously named
1408:Section 29 of the
1362:Section 99 of the
1349:Repealed in 1982.
1343:Section 51 of the
1330:Repealed in 1982.
1288:Repealed in 1982.
1282:Section 91 of the
1246:Repealed in 1982.
1240:Section 51 of the
1227:Repealed in 1982.
1221:Section 51 of the
1045:Section 21 of the
1020:Section 21 of the
1007:Repealed in 1982.
903:Section 18 of the
836:Section 21 of the
787:came into effect.
760:Manitoba Act, 1870
752:Section 21 of the
724:
573:, came into force;
458:Amendment formulas
285:Constitutional law
147:
4159:
4158:
4138:Canada portal
4121:
4120:
4083:
4082:
4008:
4007:
3985:Meech Lake Accord
3958:
3957:
3948:Royal prerogative
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3554:
3553:
3531:Alberta Act, 1905
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3331:
3330:
3323:Act of Union 1840
3103:The Vancouver Sun
3024:. 1 January 2024.
2675:. 5 November 2021
2610:978-0-19-066481-7
2453:978-0-19-826895-6
2370:Supreme Court Act
2360:Supreme Court Act
2351:Supreme Court Act
2347:Supreme Court Act
2343:Supreme Court Act
2327:Supreme Court Act
2236:Meech Lake Accord
2139:
2138:
1934:
1933:
1718:fixed link bridge
1603:s. 38: 7/50 rule
1558:
1557:
392:
391:
346:Canada portal
237:Canada Act (1982)
187:Quebec Act (1774)
118:
117:
110:
92:
4184:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4089:
4088:
4070:Purposive theory
4014:
4013:
3964:
3963:
3899:Fusion of powers
3863:
3862:
3601:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3581:Victoria Charter
3560:
3559:
3506:
3505:
3414:
3413:
3381:
3380:
3337:
3336:
3265:
3264:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3113:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2586:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2541:Constitution Act
2536:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2429:
2216:(New Brunswick,
2194:British Columbia
2155:distinct society
2130:Saskatchewan Act
2120:Saskatchewan Act
2094:Canadian monarch
2036:
1964:Constitution Act
1955:Metis settlement
1949:In Alberta, the
1896:Saskatchewan Act
1855:Newfoundland Act
1821:Senate of Canada
1792:Newfoundland Act
1739:Newfoundland Act
1643:Newfoundland Act
1572:
1267:Newfoundland Act
1054:Saskatchewan Act
727:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
384:
377:
370:
356:
355:
344:
343:
342:
122:
121:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4132:
4130:
4117:
4094:
4079:
4021:
4004:
3980:Triple-E Senate
3971:
3954:
3926:Question Period
3870:
3845:
3824:
3808:
3792:
3590:
3567:
3550:
3511:
3488:
3451:
3445:
3418:
3412:
3379:
3344:
3327:
3272:
3259:
3236:
3231:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3158:
3153:. January 2001.
3149:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3124:Wayback Machine
3114:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3089:Wayback Machine
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2990:
2985:12 August 2023.
2984:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2701:. 24 March 2022
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2611:
2587:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2563:on 29 June 2013
2555:
2554:
2550:
2532:
2530:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2399:Perth Agreement
2381:
2313:
2252:
2232:
2226:
2224:Failed attempts
2150:
2144:
1939:
1830:Preston Manning
1563:
1522:Canada Act 1982
703:
694:
685:
672:
639:
629:
591:
585:
550:
531:As part of the
529:
528:
527:
526:
522:
520:
516:
514:
510:
508:
504:
502:
498:
496:
492:
490:
486:
484:
480:
478:
474:
472:
468:
460:
388:
350:
348:
340:
338:
332:
331:
287:
277:
276:
262:
252:
251:
157:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4141:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3921:Interpellation
3918:
3913:
3911:Implied repeal
3908:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3513:
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3498:
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3489:
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3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
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3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3184:
3170:
3156:
3142:
3128:
3108:
3093:
3072:
3063:
3041:
3027:
3013:
2988:
2971:
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2922:
2897:
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2609:
2574:
2548:
2514:
2488:
2466:
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2423:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:United Kingdom
2380:
2377:
2312:
2309:
2251:
2248:
2228:Main article:
2225:
2222:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2122:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2015:, through its
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
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1872:
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1851:
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1844:
1841:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1762:Permitted the
1760:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1716:Allowed for a
1714:
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1683:
1677:
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1649:
1639:
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1128:
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1005:
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993:
992:
986:
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977:
969:
968:
965:
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943:
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937:
931:
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923:
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891:
884:
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862:
859:
856:
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811:
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778:
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772:
764:
763:
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747:
741:
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737:
734:
731:
702:
699:
693:
690:
684:
681:
671:
668:
658:, and one for
638:
635:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
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587:
584:
583:
580:
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567:
563:
549:
546:
521:
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509:
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497:
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485:
479:
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467:
463:
462:
461:
459:
456:
390:
389:
387:
386:
379:
372:
364:
361:
360:
358:Law portal
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
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288:
283:
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279:
278:
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258:
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138:
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116:
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30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4189:
4178:
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4169:
4167:
4152:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4128:
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4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Double aspect
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:Reserve power
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
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3873:
3869:
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3860:
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3834:
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3818:
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3811:
3805:
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3801:
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3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
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3629:
3626:
3624:
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3616:
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3611:
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3608:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
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3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3566:
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3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
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3529:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3507:
3503:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:Powers under
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:Confederation
3338:
3334:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3067:
3051:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2912:
2911:National Post
2908:
2901:
2886:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2862:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2539:... the
2529:
2525:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2476:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2372:, ss. 5 and 6
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:, Quebec and
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Jean Chrétien
2174:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2082:s. 128Q.1 of
2081:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:s. 24 of the
1892:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1695:New Brunswick
1692:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:and repealed
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
985:
981:
978:
976:
975:
971:
970:
966:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:
944:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
924:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
908:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
863:
860:
857:
855:
854:
850:
849:
845:
841:
839:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
818:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
771:
770:
766:
765:
761:
757:
755:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
732:
729:
728:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
698:
689:
680:
678:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:New Brunswick
649:
643:
634:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
606:
603:
599:
597:
581:
578:
575:
572:
568:
565:
564:
561:
559:
555:
545:
542:
540:
539:
534:
466:
455:
453:
452:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:
401:
397:
394:Before 1982,
385:
380:
378:
373:
371:
366:
365:
363:
362:
359:
354:
349:
347:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:Law of Canada
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
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295:
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290:
289:
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281:
280:
273:
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260:Document list
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98:February 2022
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
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4055:Living tree
4050:Paramountcy
3868:Conventions
3522:, 1867–1982
3408:Section 125
3403:Section 121
2827:16 December
2800:at 3:15 pm.
2533:10 February
2507:10 February
2481:10 February
2258:, which is
2218:Nova Scotia
1835:Nunavut Act
1679:s. 16.1 of
1653:Pentecostal
1029:Alberta Act
4166:Categories
3565:Patriation
3452:Section 92
3419:Section 91
2936:, CTV News
2916:22 January
2887:, CBC News
2567:8 February
2459:6 December
2419:References
2212:) and the
2180:after the
2146:See also:
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654:, one for
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2234:The 1987
2008:Le Devoir
1627:in 2011.
709:(now the
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