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American Academy in Rome

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29: 166:, it had three fellows, one visiting student, and a library with one volume. In July 1895, the program moved into the larger Villa Aurora. Renting space out to the American School of Classical Studies and the British & American Archeological Society Library, and financial contributions from McKim, allowed for the school to remain open. 581:. Until 1971, the president was an unsalaried position held by the chairmen of the board of trustees. In 1971, the administrative structure was changed in recognition of the need for a professional staff in the U.S., and the position of President and CEO was separated from that of Chair of the Board of Trustees. 885:
fed by the aqueduct are on the grounds of the Academy. From the third to the sixth century CE, the Aqua Traiana carried water to operate a number of water mills used for grinding grain, mostly wheat, into flour to make bread, the most important item in the Roman diet. The ancient city of Rome had to
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were issued. Despite fund-raising efforts and the American School of Classical Studies pulling out of Villa Aurora, the organization struggled financially. McKim made up for the financial loss with his personal funds. These struggles would cause the American School of Architecture to restructure and
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Additionally, the American Academy in Rome has a Director in Rome, who reports to the President, which is usually a tenured academic who is "lent" from their home institution to serve as director for a term of three years. Aliza Wong was named director in 2022, becoming the first woman of color to
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to create the Rome Sustainable Food Project, which brings chefs from the United States to explore Italian sustainable food traditions and to cook for the Academy guests. Mark Robbins (1997 Fellow) became president and CEO of the Academy in January 2014. His tenure has seen the American Academy in
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In her tenure as president from 1988 and 2013, Adele Chatfield-Taylor, helped restore the Academy's McKim, Mead & White building at a cost of $ 8.2 million and oversaw a capital campaign in which the institution's endowment grew to $ 100 million. She also brought on
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to feed its population, estimated at one million people at its peak. The mills on Janiculum Hill and on the site of the Academy were the second largest complex of water mills known in the ancient world. The provision of grain to the residents of Rome was called the
421:, visual art, and literature. The Rome Prize includes terms that range from six months to two years fellowships at the academy; a stipend ($ 16,000 for half-year and $ 30,000 for full-year fellowships); and work and living space at the 11-acre campus. 150:, they decided that Rome, which they considered a veritable museum of masterpieces of painting, sculpture and architecture throughout the ages, would be the best location for the school. The program began with institutions such as 570:, approved March 3, 1905). Its operations are financed privately, through the support of individual donors, foundations, private colleges and universities, and funds from its endowment. It has a 1605: 1385: 851: 142:
in Chicago. The group discussed the idea of forming an American school for artists in Europe as a place for American artists to study and further their skills. Led by
233:, and others. Ever since, the American Academy has always been primarily privately financed. Today, financing comes from private donations as well as grants from the 197:
to make it a "national institution," which was successful. In 1904, the Academy moved into Villa Mirafiore, which was soon purchased and renovated. They formed an
1649: 863: 1417: 858:'s headquarters during the French siege of Rome in 1849. The villa was heavily damaged during the assault, but it was restored. It was then purchased by 158:, who would provide scholarships to artists to fund their travel to Rome. In October 1894 the American School of Architecture opened temporarily at the 389:. Given each year to around 30 (15 artist and 15 scholars) of more than 1,000 applicants, the Rome Prize is awarded for work in the following fields: 1439: 1602: 913: 1192: 127: 1377: 1365: 1224: 822:(their only building in Europe) and opened in 1914. Located under the floor of the basement of the main building lies a segment of the 1659: 447:
The American Academy in Rome also has a prestigious residency program, where international leaders in disciplines represented by the
1465: 252:. Women were a part of the School of Classical Studies, but were not permitted participation in the School of Fine Arts until after 201:, which raised over a million dollars, designating those having donated over $ 100,000 as founders. These founders included McKim, 550:
In addition to Rome Prize Fellows and Resident, visiting scholars and artists live and work at the Academy for varying periods.
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Rome become more diverse and globally facing, and he launched new public programming in the United States. As of July 1, 2023,
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are invited to come to the Academy to work and serve as informal mentors. Recent residents have included prominent writers
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In 1893, a group of American architects, painters and sculptors met regularly while planning the fine arts section of the
1069: 1644: 1086: 1167: 186:. In June 1897, the institution dissolved itself and formed the American Academy in Rome. Among its incorporators was 1629: 1669: 1664: 206: 1491: 1407: 967: 933: 234: 1049: 1315: 1006: 831: 361: 187: 908: 835: 222: 155: 305: 1654: 1199: 1014: 938: 174: 601: 528: 218: 928: 923: 819: 694: 652: 559: 414: 329: 273: 194: 183: 147: 1340: 308:, among others, have come to the Academy for inspiration. More recent fellows include artists 1639: 1109: 1103: 709: 679: 516: 406: 385:
The Academy serves as a "home" to visiting U.S. scholars and artists having been awarded the
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merged with the Academy, giving the Academy two wings: one that focuses on fine art and one,
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The Academy is housed in several buildings. The main building was designed by the firm of
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that was discovered in 1912–1913. The courtyard has a fountain designed by sculptor
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Smithsonian Archives of American Art — The American Academy in Rome archives.
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Caemmerer, H. Paul. "Charles Moore and the Plan of Washington."
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Van Buren, Albert William; Stevens, Gorham Phillips (1915–16).
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American Academy in Rome records, 1855–, (bulk dates 1894–1946)
970:. Council of American Overseas Research Centers. Archived from 899:. The aqueduct and the watermills were excavated in the 1990s. 891: 1131: 1129: 577:
The American Academy in Rome is led by the President and CEO,
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An Act of Congress to incorporate the American Academy in Rome
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Wilson, Andrew (2000), "The Water-Mills on the Janiculum",
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serve as director in the institution's 128-year history.
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is serving as President of the American Academy in Rome.
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The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
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The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
1135: 1554: 1278:, published by the American Academy in Rome, 1995. 118:is a research and arts institution located on the 1557:"The Aqua Traiana and the Mills on the Janiculum" 1492:"American Academy in Rome Leadership – Fall 2021" 1237: 1621: 562:nonprofit organization that was incorporated by 1464:Rome, American Academy in (February 13, 2020). 1276:American Academy in Rome: Celebrating a Century 914:American School of Classical Studies at Athens 802:Elizabeth Rodini (2021–2022) (acting director) 1650:Landscape design history of the United States 1490:Rome, American Academy in (August 18, 2021). 1166:Rome, American Academy in (October 3, 2022). 1064: 1062: 1060: 128:Council of American Overseas Research Centers 1314:Rome, American Academy in (April 26, 2023). 1151:American Academy in Rome Names New President 1110:Foreword and "About The Author" by Margulies 553: 246:American School of Classical Studies in Rome 1037:Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 733:Reginald Allen (1969–1970 (acting director) 1408:"New director of American Academy in Rome" 1341:"NewsSmith Fall 1998, Volume 13, Number 1" 1270: 1268: 1266: 1057: 27: 1316:"Peter N. Miller Named New AAR President" 1101: 841:designed the rare books library in 1996. 424:The 2023/2024 Rome Prize cycle included: 1579:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 1364:American Academy in Rome press release. 1070:In Rome, Renovation Worthy of the Medici 126:, Italy. The academy is a member of the 1561:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 1543:The American Academy in Rome: 1894–1969 1263: 1258:The American Academy in Rome: 1894–1969 1087:American Academy Gives 1991 Rome Prizes 171:American School of Architecture in Rome 1622: 1581:Vol. 45, pp. 219–246. Downloaded from 1567:. University of Michigan Press: 59–61. 1223:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 934:Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom 1039:Vol. 46/47 (1944/1945): 237–258, 254. 1001: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 919:American Schools of Oriental Research 778:Carmela Vircillo Franklin (2005–2010) 588: 239:National Endowment for the Humanities 16:Overseas research institution in Rome 1489: 1463: 1313: 1238:Maximiliano Duron (April 24, 2023). 1165: 968:"American Overseas Research Centers" 672: 193:The Academy introduced bills to the 1149:Rachel Donadio (October 30, 2013), 1095: 886:import large amounts of grain from 685:Gorham Phillips Stevens (1917–1932) 177:in New York state and 10 shares of 13: 1420:from the original on June 24, 2018 1388:from the original on June 24, 2018 1054:(Washington DC, 1931), pp. 425–28) 986: 724:Richard Arthur Kimball (1960–1965) 558:The American Academy in Rome is a 14: 1681: 1660:McKim, Mead & White buildings 1591: 1541:Valentine, L. and Valentine, A. 1256:Valentine, L. and Valentine, A. 854:in 1650. The building served as 736:Bartlett H. Hayes Jr. (1970–1973) 140:1893 World's Columbian Exposition 33:American Academy in Rome in 1995 1571: 1548: 1535: 1509: 1483: 1457: 1432: 1400: 1370: 1358: 1333: 1307: 1281: 1250: 1231: 1185: 1159: 1105:Our Town – A Play in Three Acts 721:Laurance P. Roberts (1946–1960) 405:studies, architecture, design, 235:National Endowment for the Arts 1080: 1042: 1029: 960: 869: 754:Sophie C. Consagra (1980–1984) 646:Sophie C. Consagra (1984–1988) 1: 954: 850:, a country estate built for 742:(1973–1974) (acting director) 718:(1945–1946) (acting director) 598:(1894–1909) – First President 1635:1894 establishments in Italy 1136:The American Academy in Rome 1068:Jean Nathan (June 9, 1994), 775:Lester K. Little (1997–2005) 682:(1913–1917) – First Director 634:Harold C. Martin (1974–1977) 7: 902: 745:Henry A. Millon (1974–1977) 631:Henry T. Rowell (1971–1974) 625:Michael Rapuano (1958–1959) 380: 362:Garrett Bradley (filmmaker) 10: 1686: 1102:Margulies, Donald (1998). 909:American Academy in Berlin 844:The Academy also owns the 787:Kimberly Bowes (2014–2017) 643:Calvin G. Rand (1980–1984) 628:Rensselaer Lee (1969–1971) 223:The Rockefeller Foundation 182:base their program on the 156:University of Pennsylvania 146:of architectural practice 133: 1645:Foreign academies in Rome 1444:www.architectmagazine.com 929:Académie de France à Rome 852:Cardinal Girolamo Farnese 805:Aliza Wong (2022–present) 554:Governance and leadership 96: 86: 78: 66: 50: 42: 38: 26: 1630:American Academy in Rome 1598:American Academy in Rome 1496:American Academy in Rome 1470:American Academy in Rome 1320:American Academy in Rome 1172:American Academy in Rome 1015:Archives of American Art 939:Romanian Academy in Rome 658:Mark Robbins (2014–2023) 116:American Academy in Rome 22:American Academy in Rome 1670:Rome R. XIII Trastevere 1665:Beaux-Arts architecture 836:New Classical architect 813: 602:William Rutherford Mead 529:Mary Beard (classicist) 219:John D. Rockefeller Jr. 207:The Carnegie Foundation 148:McKim, Mead & White 1608:July 15, 2007, at the 1274:Max, J. and Linker, W. 924:British School at Rome 820:McKim, Mead, and White 695:Chester Holmes Aldrich 653:Adele Chatfield-Taylor 649:John T. Sargent (1988) 415:landscape architecture 330:Daniel Joseph Martinez 1384:. December 13, 2009. 881:and the ruins of the 710:William Bell Dinsmoor 680:Jesse Benedict Carter 517:David Lang (composer) 407:historic preservation 227:William K. Vanderbilt 890:, North Africa, and 864:Clara Jessup Heyland 689:James Monroe Hewlett 596:Charles Follen McKim 519:(also a Fellow) and 342:Kirstin Valdez Quade 1108:. HarperPerennial. 1051:1860–1930: Memories 782:Christopher Celenza 716:Charles Rufus Morey 701:No director during 419:musical composition 346:Christopher Cerrone 152:Columbia University 23: 1154:The New York Times 1090:The New York Times 1074:The New York Times 856:Giuseppe Garibaldi 770:Caroline Bruzelius 740:Frank Edward Brown 728:Frank Edward Brown 620:James Kellum Smith 589:List of presidents 501:Annabelle Selldorf 481:Teresita Fernández 465:Anna Deavere Smith 318:Rochelle Feinstein 298:Robert Penn Warren 21: 1416:. March 4, 2014. 1119:978-0-06-051263-7 1092:, April 11, 1991. 974:on March 14, 2012 949:John Russell Pope 874:A portion of the 673:List of directors 614:John Russell Pope 572:board of trustees 391:classical studies 338:Alexandra Kleeman 250:classical studies 112: 111: 1677: 1586: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1552: 1546: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1285: 1279: 1272: 1261: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1205:on June 19, 2015 1204: 1198:. Archived from 1197: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1163: 1157: 1147: 1138: 1133: 1124: 1123: 1099: 1093: 1084: 1078: 1066: 1055: 1046: 1040: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1003: 984: 983: 981: 979: 964: 608:Charles A. Platt 545:David McCullough 411:art conservation 399:medieval studies 360:, and filmmaker 306:Elizabeth Murray 160:Palazzo Torlonia 144:Charles F. McKim 108: 105: 103: 74:Arts institution 31: 24: 20: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1655:Andrew Carnegie 1620: 1619: 1610:Wayback Machine 1594: 1589: 1576: 1572: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1523:. April 1, 2022 1515: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1462: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1312: 1308: 1298: 1296: 1295:. April 1, 2022 1287: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1236: 1232: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1193:"Archived copy" 1191: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1164: 1160: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1100: 1096: 1085: 1081: 1067: 1058: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1005: 1004: 987: 977: 975: 966: 965: 961: 957: 905: 872: 816: 808: 791:John Ochsendorf 675: 667: 662:Peter N. Miller 591: 579:Peter N. Miller 556: 541:David Nirenberg 523:, and scholars 485:Laurie Anderson 395:ancient studies 383: 375:Peter N. Miller 322:Sanford Biggers 270:Thornton Wilder 266:Nadine Gordimer 215:J.P. Morgan Jr. 203:Harvard College 136: 100: 91:Peter N. Miller 73: 71:Research center 58: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1683: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1600: 1593: 1592:External links 1590: 1588: 1587: 1570: 1547: 1534: 1508: 1482: 1456: 1431: 1413:Wanted in Rome 1399: 1369: 1357: 1332: 1306: 1280: 1262: 1249: 1230: 1184: 1158: 1139: 1125: 1118: 1094: 1079: 1056: 1041: 1028: 985: 958: 956: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 904: 901: 871: 868: 839:Michael Graves 832:Driehaus Prize 815: 812: 807: 806: 803: 800: 797:Avinoam Shalem 794: 788: 785: 779: 776: 773: 767: 764:Joseph Connors 761: 755: 752: 746: 743: 737: 734: 731: 725: 722: 719: 713: 707: 698: 692: 686: 683: 676: 674: 671: 666: 665: 664:(2023–present) 659: 656: 650: 647: 644: 641: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 617: 611: 605: 599: 592: 590: 587: 555: 552: 497:Michael Bierut 493:Theaster Gates 438:Jeanine Oleson 430:Nao Bustamante 382: 379: 358:Germane Barnes 302:Oscar Hijuelos 294:Robert Venturi 290:Michael Graves 286:William Styron 258:Joseph Brodsky 256:. Since 1914, 184:French Academy 164:Austin W. Lord 162:; directed by 135: 132: 110: 109: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 68: 64: 63: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 36: 35: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1682: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1616: 1615:Villa Aurelia 1613: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1544: 1538: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1366: 1361: 1346: 1345:www.smith.edu 1342: 1336: 1321: 1317: 1310: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1259: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1226: 1220: 1201: 1194: 1188: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1121: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1032: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:"Finding Aid" 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 973: 969: 963: 959: 950: 947: 945: 944:Villa Massimo 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 900: 898: 893: 889: 884: 880: 877: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848: 847:Villa Aurelia 842: 840: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 811: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 706: 704: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 677: 670: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 593: 586: 582: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 564:U.S. Congress 561: 551: 548: 546: 542: 538: 537:David Kertzer 534: 533:Shadi Bartsch 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 499:, architects 498: 494: 490: 489:Julie Mehretu 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469:Jhumpa Lahiri 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 435: 434:Zachary Fabri 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 378: 376: 371: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 334:Anthony Doerr 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 278:Philip Guston 275: 274:Mary McCarthy 271: 267: 263: 262:Aaron Copland 259: 255: 251: 247: 244:In 1912, the 242: 240: 236: 232: 231:Henry Walters 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:U.S. Congress 191: 189: 188:Charles Moore 185: 180: 179:capital stock 176: 172: 169:In 1895, the 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 107: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 69: 65: 61: 60:New York City 56: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 30: 25: 19: 1640:American art 1578: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1542: 1537: 1525:. 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Lacy 583: 576: 567: 557: 549: 525:Lynn Meskell 511:, composers 509:David Adjaye 461:André Aciman 446: 426:Kamrooz Aram 423: 384: 370:Alice Waters 366: 356:, architect 344:, composers 326:Roberto Lugo 310:Firelei Báez 282:Frank Stella 254:World War II 245: 243: 192: 175:incorporated 170: 168: 137: 115: 113: 18: 870:Archaeology 834:winner and 830:. The 2011 799:(2020–2021) 793:(2017–2020] 784:(2010–2014) 772:(1994–1997) 766:(1988–1992) 760:(1984–1988) 751:(1977–1980) 749:John D'Arms 730:(1965–1969) 705:(1940–1945) 697:(1935–1940) 691:(1932–1934) 655:(1988–2013) 640:(1977–1980) 622:(1938–1958) 616:(1934–1937) 610:(1928–1933) 604:(1910–1928) 505:Jeanne Gang 495:, designer 477:Yto Barrada 473:Kara Walker 457:Ayad Akhtar 453:Don Delillo 442:Dread Scott 211:J.P. Morgan 43:Established 1624:Categories 1501:January 4, 1475:January 4, 1424:January 4, 1392:January 4, 1325:August 22, 1177:January 4, 955:References 883:watermills 521:Tania León 513:Nico Muhly 471:, artists 449:Rome Prize 387:Rome Prize 354:Andy Akiho 332:, writers 82:Aliza Wong 978:March 28, 566:in 1905 ( 560:501(c)(3) 401:, modern 314:Nari Ward 199:endowment 120:Gianicolo 87:President 1606:Archived 1418:Archived 1386:Archived 1244:ART News 1219:cite web 1209:June 18, 1021:June 17, 903:See also 876:aqueduct 862:heiress 810:Source: 669:Source: 381:Programs 350:Pamela Z 237:and the 79:Director 51:Location 1527:May 11, 1449:May 11, 1350:May 11, 1299:May 11, 403:Italian 134:History 104:.aarome 97:Website 57:, Italy 1116:  1017:. 2011 892:Sicily 440:, and 62:, U.S. 1583:JSTOR 1203:(PDF) 1196:(PDF) 888:Egypt 1529:2022 1503:2023 1477:2023 1451:2022 1426:2023 1394:2023 1352:2022 1327:2023 1301:2022 1225:link 1211:2015 1179:2023 1114:ISBN 1023:2011 980:2012 814:Site 543:and 507:and 491:and 467:and 352:and 340:and 328:and 304:and 173:was 154:and 124:Rome 114:The 106:.org 67:Type 55:Rome 46:1894 122:in 102:www 1626:: 1563:. 1559:. 1519:. 1494:. 1468:. 1442:. 1410:. 1380:. 1343:. 1318:. 1291:. 1265:^ 1242:. 1221:}} 1217:{{ 1170:. 1142:^ 1128:^ 1112:. 1059:^ 1013:. 1009:. 988:^ 574:. 547:. 539:, 535:, 531:, 527:, 515:, 503:, 487:, 483:, 479:, 475:, 463:, 459:, 455:, 444:. 436:, 432:, 428:, 417:, 413:, 409:, 397:, 393:, 364:. 348:, 336:, 324:, 320:, 316:, 312:, 300:, 296:, 292:, 288:, 284:, 280:, 276:, 272:, 268:, 264:, 260:, 241:. 229:, 225:, 221:, 217:, 213:, 209:, 205:, 190:. 130:. 1585:. 1565:1 1531:. 1505:. 1479:. 1453:. 1428:. 1396:. 1367:. 1354:. 1329:. 1303:. 1246:. 1227:) 1213:. 1181:. 1156:. 1122:. 1077:. 1025:. 982:.

Index


Rome
New York City
Research center
Peter N. Miller
www.aarome.org
Gianicolo
Rome
Council of American Overseas Research Centers
1893 World's Columbian Exposition
Charles F. McKim
McKim, Mead & White
Columbia University
University of Pennsylvania
Palazzo Torlonia
Austin W. Lord
incorporated
capital stock
French Academy
Charles Moore
U.S. Congress
endowment
Harvard College
The Carnegie Foundation
J.P. Morgan
J.P. Morgan Jr.
John D. Rockefeller Jr.
The Rockefeller Foundation
William K. Vanderbilt
Henry Walters

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