American bison - Knowledge

1320: 1556: 1596: 2150: 1613: 1496: 1740: 1725:, was done to define the relationships between different herds of bison in the United States and Canada, and to determine whether the bison at Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada and the Yellowstone Park bison herd were possibly separate subspecies. The Wood Buffalo Park bison were determined to actually be crossbreeds between plains and wood bison, but their predominant genetic makeup was that of the expected "wood buffalo". However, the Yellowstone Park bison herd was pure plains bison, and not any of the other previously suggested subspecies. Another finding was that the bison in the Antelope Island herd in Utah appeared to be more distantly related to other plains bison in general than any other plains bison group that was tested, though this might be due to 2135: 1782: 1400: 1576:

minutes to over nine hours. Bison display five apparent defense strategies in protecting calves from wolves: running to a cow; running to a herd; running to the nearest bull; running in the front or center of a stampeding herd; entering water bodies, such as lakes or rivers. When fleeing wolves in open areas, cows with young calves take the lead, while bulls take to the rear of the herds to guard the cows' escape. Bison typically ignore wolves not displaying hunting behavior. Wolf packs specializing in bison tend to have more males because their larger size than females allows them to wrestle prey to the ground more effectively. Healthy, mature bulls in herds rarely fall prey.

2849: 159: 1816: 1440: 2821: 1132: 2128:, with the Inter Tribal Bison Council being one of the most significant. It was formed in 1990, composed of 56 tribes in 19 states. These tribes represent a collective herd of more than 15,000 bison and focus on reestablishing herds on tribal lands in order to promote culture, revitalize spiritual solidarity, and restore the ecosystem. Some Inter Tribal Bison Council members argue that the bison's economic value is one of the main factors driving its resurgence. Bison serve as a low cost substitute for cattle, and can withstand the winters in the Plains region far easier than cattle. 1924:

alleles per locus of 4.75, the Theodore Roosevelt National Park herd had an average of 4.15 alleles per locus, but the TSBH only had an average of 2.54 alleles per locus, statistically significantly lower than the others. The heterozygosity level of the Yellowstone, Theodore Roosevelt, and TSBH populations were 0.63, 0.57, and 0.38 respectively, with the TSBH again having a statistically significantly lower value. This low genetic diversity found in TSBH is likely due to the critically low starting population, several additional bottlenecks throughout the herd's history–leading to

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individual herds. Small populations of bison are at considerably larger risk due to their decreased gene pool and are susceptible to catastrophic events more so than larger herds. The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative aims to translocate up to three bison every five to ten years between the Department of the Interior's herds. Specific smaller herds will require a more intense management plan. Translocated bison will also be screened for any health defects such as infection of brucellosis bacteria as to not put the larger herd at risk.

1544: 2837: 2799: 2448:, the bison is considered a sacred animal and religious symbol. According to University of Montana anthropology and Native American studies professor S. Neyooxet Greymorning, "The creation stories of where buffalo came from put them in a very spiritual place among many tribes. The buffalo crossed many different areas and functions, and it was utilized in many ways. It was used in ceremonies, as well as to make tipi covers that provided homes for people, utensils, shields, weapons and parts were used for sewing with the sinew." The 1180: 11958: 224: 869: 2763: 928:

that 3/4 of all bison over 1000 kg were wood bison. When raised in captivity and farmed for meat, the bison can grow unnaturally heavy and the largest semidomestic bison weighed 1,724 kg (3,801 lb). The heads and forequarters are massive, and both sexes have short, curved horns that can grow up to 60 cm (2 ft) long with 90 cm (3 ft) to 124 cm (4 ft) width, which they use in fighting for status within the herd and for defense.

1391:, and the number of biting insects. The size of preserve and availability of water may also be a factor. Bison are largely grazers, eating primarily grasses and sedges. On shortgrass pasture, bison predominately consume warm-season grasses. On mixed prairie, cool-season grasses, including some sedges, apparently compose 79–96% of their diet. In montane and northern areas, sedges are selected throughout the year. Bison also drink water or consume snow on a daily basis. 137: 2781: 13242: 1287: 199: 1371: 11529: 1892:

population of the herd unknown from 1930 until the herd was donated to the State of Texas in 1997, with a population of 36 individuals, solely descended from the original five calves. By 2002, the population of the TSBH consisted of 40 individuals and had concerningly low birth rates and high rates of calf mortality. This led to extra attention being given to this herd by conservationists who then performed significant amounts of genetic testing.

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chance of extinction of the TSBH in less than 50 years, with an estimation in 2004 giving the TSBH a 99% chance of extinction in 41 years without the introduction of any outside individuals (Halbert et al. 2004). Importantly for conservation, another simulation predicted that the addition of multiple (3–9) outside male bison into the herd would increase genetic diversity enough to give the herd a 100% chance of surviving for another 100 years.

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from July through September. However, female herds may also contain a few older males. During the breeding season, dominant bulls maintain a small harem of females for mating. Individual bulls "tend" cows until allowed to mate, by following them around and chasing away rival males. The tending bull shields the female's vision with his body so she will not see any other challenging males. A challenging bull may

2433: 13231: 11952: 1653:), they have a lot of genetic compatibility with cattle. American bison can interbreed with cattle, although only the female offspring are fertile in the first generation. These female hybrids can be bred back to either bison or domestic bulls, resulting in either 1/4 or 3/4 bison young. Female offspring from this cross are also fertile, but males are not reliably fertile unless they are either 4227: 1739: 2419:. The most successful systems involve large, 6-metre (20 ft) fences made from welded steel I beams sunk at least 1.8 m (6 ft) into concrete. These fencing systems, while expensive, require very little maintenance. Furthermore, making the fence sections overlap so the grassy areas beyond are not visible prevents the bison from trying to get to new range. 1096:

hair than that of the European bison. The horns of the European bison point forward through the plane of its face, making it more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison, which favors charging. American bison are more easily tamed than the European and breed more readily with domestic cattle.

2089:, providing more than 150 uses for all parts of the animal, including being a major food source, hides for clothing and shelter, bones and horns as tools as well as ceremonial and adornment uses. Bison hunting was later adopted by American professional hunters, as well as by the U.S. government, in an effort to sabotage the central resource of some 943:. Their daily schedule involves two-hour periods of grazing, resting, and cud chewing, then moving to a new location to graze again. Sexually mature young bulls may try to start mating with cows by the age of two or three years, but if more mature bulls are present, they may not be able to compete until they reach five years of age. 1235:. Many of these routes, hammered by countless hoofs instinctively following watersheds and the crests of ridges in avoidance of lower places' summer muck and winter snowdrifts, were followed by the aboriginal North Americans as courses to hunting grounds and as warriors' paths. They were invaluable to explorers and were adopted by 877: 2515:" series, each feature bison. The Kansas state quarter has only the bison and does not feature any writing, while the North Dakota state quarter has two bison. The Montana state quarter prominently features a bison skull over a landscape. The Yellowstone National Park quarter also features a bison standing next to a geyser. 1674:

cattle with bison, and some natural hybridization could be expected in areas where cattle and bison occur in the same range. Since cattle and bison eat similar food and tolerate similar conditions, they have often been in the same range together in the past, and opportunity for crossbreeding may sometimes have been common.

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herds, the Antelope Island bison herd has a small number of genes from domestic cattle. In 2002, the United States government donated some bison calves from South Dakota and Colorado to the Mexican government. Their descendants live in the Mexican nature reserves El Uno Ranch at Janos and Santa Elena Canyon,

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Despite being the closest relatives of domestic cattle native to North America, bison were never domesticated by Native Americans. Later attempts of domestication by Europeans prior to the 20th century met with limited success. Bison were described as having a "wild and ungovernable temper"; they can

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The Yellowstone National Park Bison herd started with only 25 individuals, and there was evidence of two population bottlenecking events from 1896 to 1912, with a population ranging between 25 and 50 individuals during this time. In 1902, 18 female and 3 male bison from outside herds–the Pablo-Allard

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from an estimated 60 million individuals–an estimation based on an observation made by Colonel R.I. Dodge along the Arkansas River in Kansas in 1871–to a founding population of around 100 individuals, split into six herds, five of which were managed by private ranchers and one managed by the New York

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In recent decades, tests were developed to determine the source of mitochondrial DNA in cattle and bison, and most private "buffalo" herds were actually crossbred with cattle, and even most state and federal buffalo herds had some cattle DNA. With the advent of nuclear microsatellite DNA testing, the

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Bison are among the most dangerous animals encountered by visitors to the various North American national parks and will attack humans if provoked. They appear slow because of their lethargic movements but can easily outrun humans; bison have been observed running as fast as 65 to 70 km/h (40 to

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Female bison live in maternal herds which include other females and their offspring. Male offspring leave their maternal herd when around three years old and either live alone or join other males in bachelor herds. Male and female herds usually do not mingle until the breeding season, which can occur

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During the population bottleneck, after the great slaughter of American bison during the 19th century, the number of bison remaining alive in North America declined to as low as 541. During that period, a handful of ranchers gathered remnants of the existing herds to save the species from extinction.

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The Texas State Bison Herd is also a useful example of the deleterious effects of extreme population bottlenecking, with an average natality rate of 0.376 offspring per female and a 1st-year mortality rate of 52.6% from 1997 to 2002, compared to an average natality rate of 0.560 offspring per female

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A landmark study of bison genetics performed by James Derr of Texas A&M University corroborated this. The Derr study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what genetic problems bison might face as they repopulate former areas, and it noted that bison seem to be adapting successfully, despite

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are known to feed on carcass and may steal wolves' kills. While grizzlies can also pose a threat to calves and sometimes old, injured, or sick adult bison, direct killing of non-calves is rare even when targeting lone and injured young individuals; attacking healthy bison is risky for bears, who can

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Bison mate in late spring and summer in more open plain areas. During fall and winter, bison tend to gather in more wooded areas. During this time, bison partake in horning behaviors. They rub their horns against trees, young saplings, and even utility poles. Aromatic trees like cedars and pine seem

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The southern extent of the historic range of the American bison includes northern Mexico and adjoining areas in the United States as documented by archeological records and historical accounts from Mexican archives from 700 CE to the 19th century. The Janos-Hidalgo bison herd has ranged between

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while the number of recorded samples for the former was limited after the rediscovery of a relatively pure herd. Elk Island National Park, which has wild populations of both wood and plains bison, has recorded maximum weights for bull bison of 1186 kg (plains) and 1099 kg (wood), but noted

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down to just 541 animals by 1889 as part of the subjugation of the Native Americans, because the American bison was a major resource for their traditional way of life (food source, hides for clothing and shelter, and horns and bones for tools). Recovery efforts expanded in the mid-20th century, with

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in Utah, consisting of 550 to 700 bison, is also one of the largest and oldest public herds in the United States, but the bison in that herd are considered to be only semifree roaming, since they are confined to the Antelope Island. In addition, recent genetic studies indicate that, like most bison

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that were examined, the TSBH had 8 monomorphic loci (i.e., each loci had only one allele), whereas in both the Yellowstone and Theodore Roosevelt herds there was only one monomorphic locus, indicating a much lower level of genetic diversity in the TSBH. The Yellowstone herd had an average number of

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Between 1980 and 1999, more than three times as many people in Yellowstone National Park were injured by bison than by bears. During this period, bison charged and injured 79 people, with injuries ranging from goring puncture wounds and broken bones to bruises and abrasions. Bears injured 24 people

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Bison mate in August and September; gestation is 285 days. A single reddish-brown calf nurses until the next calf is born. If the cow is not pregnant, a calf will nurse for 18 months. Cows nurse their calves for at least 7 or 8 months, but most calves seem to be weaned before the end of their first

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Bison are migratory and herd migrations can be directional as well as altitudinal in some areas. Bison have usual daily movements between foraging sites during the summer. In the Hayden Valley, Wyoming, bison have been recorded traveling, on average, 3 km (2 mi) per day. The summer ranges

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American bison live in river valleys, and on prairies and plains. Typical habitat is open or semiopen grasslands, as well as sagebrush, semiarid lands, and scrublands. Some lightly wooded areas are also known historically to have supported bison. Bison also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where

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domestic. Moreover, when they do interbreed, crossbreed animals in the first generation tend to look very much like purebred bison, so appearance is completely unreliable as a means of determining what is a purebred bison and what is a crossbred cow. Many ranchers have deliberately crossbred their

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Officially, the "American buffalo" is classified by the United States government as a type of cattle, and the government allows private herds to be managed as such. This is a reflection of the characteristics that bison share with cattle. Though the American bison is a separate species and usually

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A bison has a shaggy, long, dark-brown winter coat, and a lighter-weight, lighter-brown summer coat. Male bison are significantly larger and heavier than females. Plains bison are often in the smaller range of sizes, and wood bison in the larger range. Head-rump lengths at maximum up to 3.5 m

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From the late 19th century onwards, the bison population gradually rose from 325 in 1884 to 500,000 in 2017, as a result of careful preservation and a general population boom. Although they are no longer classified as endangered, there are still conservation efforts in order to prevent population

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The conservation efforts and copious amounts of data taken on American bison populations allow for American bison to serve as a useful study case of population bottlenecking and its effects. This is especially true of the Texas State Bison Herd, which underwent very extreme genetic bottlenecking,

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Bison herds have dominance hierarchies that exist for both males and females. A bison's dominance is related to its birth date. Bison born earlier in the breeding season are more likely to be larger and more dominant as adults. Thus, bison are able to pass on their dominance to their offspring as

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less than their European relatives because their necks are set differently. Compared to the nose of the American bison, that of the European species is set farther forward than the forehead when the neck is in a neutral position. The body of the American bison is hairier, though its tail has less

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in the mid-1880s with five wild-caught calves. In 1887, the herd consisted of 13 individuals; in 1910, the population consisted of 125 individuals; and in the 1920s, the population ranged from 200 to 250 individuals. In 1929, Goodnight died and the herd switched hands multiple times, leaving the

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Gennady G. Boeskorov, Olga R. Potapova, Albert V. Protopopov, Valery V. Plotnikov, Larry D. Agenbroad, Konstantin S. Kirikov, Innokenty S. Pavlov, Marina V. Shchelchkova, Innocenty N. Belolyubskii, Mikhail D. Tomshin, Rafal Kowalczyk, Sergey P. Davydov, Stanislav D. Kolesov, Alexey N. Tikhonov,

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Additionally, if it were not for the intervention of conservationists, the Texas State Bison Herd would have most likely gone extinct, as the population bottleneck would have proven to be too severe. Multiple population models based on the genetics of the TSBH in the early 2000s predicted a 99%

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migrates south and bison are distressed with heavy snows and shortages of food sources, with attacks usually being concentrated on weakened and injured cows and calves. Wolves more actively target herds with calves than those without. The length of a predation episode varies, ranging from a few

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described it: "When the buffalo went away the hearts of my people fell to the ground, and they could not lift them up again. After this nothing happened. There was little singing anywhere." Spiritual loss was rampant; bison were an integral part of traditional tribal societies, and they would

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In the study, cattle genes were also found in small amounts throughout most national, state, and private herds. "The hybridization experiments conducted by some of the owners of the five foundation herds of the late 1800s, have left a legacy of a small amount of cattle genetics in many of our

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Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Henry Mountains bison herd, which was started with bison taken from Yellowstone Park, the Wind Cave bison herd, and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd and

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In order to bolster the genetic diversity of the American bison, the National Park Service alongside the Department of the Interior announced on May 7, 2020, the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative. This initiative focuses on maintaining the genetic diversity of the metapopulation rather than

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analysis—indicate only if the maternal line (back from mother to mother) ever included domesticated bovines, thus say nothing about possible male input in the process. Most hybrids were found to look exactly like purebred bison; therefore, appearance is not a good indicator of genetics.

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jump close to 1.8 m (6 ft) vertically, and run 55–70 km/h (35–45 mph) when agitated. This agility and speed, combined with their great size and weight, makes bison herds difficult to confine, as they can easily escape or destroy most fencing systems, including most

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is a shallow depression in the soil, which bison use either wet or dry. Bison roll in these depressions, covering themselves with dust or mud. Past and current hypotheses to explain the purpose of wallowing include grooming associated with shedding, male-male interaction (typically

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caused by the small size of only 12 individuals in the founder population. A side finding of this was that the Antelope Island bison herd appears to be most closely related to the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd, though the Antelope Island bison are actually plains bison.

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Goodnight was an advocate for the hybridization of bison with cattle, in the hopes of creating a stronger and healthier breed. When the herd was donated to the State of Texas, genetic testing revealed that 6 out of 36 individuals still carried cattle mitochondrial DNA.

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Such a distinction is not a general feature of the language (for example, Arapaho possesses gender-neutral terms for other large mammals such as elk, mule deer, etc.), and so presumably is due to the special significance of the bison in Plains Indian life and culture.

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number of herds known to contain cattle genes has increased. As of 2011, though about 500,000 bison existed on private ranches and in public herds, perhaps only 15,000 to 25,000 of these bison were pure and not actually bison-cattle hybrids. DNA from domestic cattle (

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The size of the Canadian domesticated herd (genetic questions aside) grew dramatically through the 1990s and 2000s. The 2006 Census of Agriculture reported the Canadian herd at 195,728 head, a 34.9% increase since 2001. Of this total, over 95% were located in

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Bison have a life expectancy around 15 years in the wild and up to 25 years in captivity. However, males and females from a hunted population also subject to wolf predation in northern Canada have been reported to live to 22 and 25 years of age, respectively.

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to be preferred. Horning appears to be associated with insect defense, as it occurs most often in the fall when the insect population is at its highest. Cedar and pines emit an aroma after bison horn them and this seems to be used as a deterrent for insects.

1117:, many ranchers are now using DNA testing to cull the residual cattle genetics from their bison herds. The U.S. National Bison Association has adopted a code of ethics which prohibits its members from deliberately crossbreeding bison with any other species. 912:) in males, and 360 to 640 kg (790 to 1,410 lb) with medians of 450 to 497.6 kg (992 to 1,097 lb) in females, although the lowest weights probably representing typical weight around the age of sexual maturity at 2 to 3 years of age. 1815: 1211:

have been observed to roam mountainous areas, including high ridges and steep drainages, and archaeological finds indicate that some bison historically may have spent their lives within mountains while others may have migrated in and out of mountains.

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exhibit a number of physical and behavioral differences. Adult American bison are slightly heavier on average because of their less rangy build and have shorter legs, which render them slightly shorter at the shoulder. American bison tend to

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It appears that the one state herd that had no cattle genes was the Henry Mountains bison herd; the Henry Mountain herd was started initially with transplanted animals from Yellowstone Park. However, the extension of this herd into the

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The inbreeding depression resulting from the multiple extreme population bottlenecks in the TSBH led to a coefficient of inbreeding of 0.367, equal to the level of inbreeding that results from two generations of full-siblings mating.

3101: 1960:=7.2 individuals. The Yellowstone herd was kept completely isolated from 1902 to around 1920, and these previously mentioned founders contributed between 60 and 70% of the genetics of the current bison population at Yellowstone. 1690:

their apparent genetic bottleneck. One possible explanation for this might be the small amount of domestic cattle genes that are now in most bison populations, though this is not the only possible explanation for bison success.

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Chihuahua, Mexico, and New Mexico, United States, since at least the 1920s. The persistence of this herd suggests that habitat for bison is suitable in northern Mexico. In 2009, genetically pure bison were reintroduced to the

1109:". Accidental crossings were also known to occur. Generally, male domestic bulls were crossed with bison cows, producing offspring of which only the females were fertile. The crossbred animals did not demonstrate any form of 3942:

Froese, Duane; Stiller, Mathias; Heintzman, Peter D.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Zazula, Grant D.; Soares, André E. R.; Meyer, Matthias; Hall, Elizabeth; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Arnold, Lee J.; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (March 28, 2017).

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Wang, K., Lenstra, J. A., Liu, L., Hu, Q., Ma, T., Qiu, Q., & Liu, J. (2018). Incomplete lineage sorting rather than hybridization explains the inconsistent phylogeny of the wisent. Communications biology, 1(1),

2379:(shared between Alberta and British Columbia) being the most important cluster, accounting for 14.4% of the national herd. Canada also exports bison meat, totaling 2,075,253 kilograms (4,575,150 lb) in 2006. 1463:

year. At three years of age, bison cows are mature enough to produce a calf. The birthing period for bison in boreal biomes is protracted compared to that of other northern ungulates, such as moose and caribou.

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Johannes van der Plicht, 2016, The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, Bison priscus from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia, pp.7,

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Rurik List; Gerardo Ceballos; Charles Curtin; Peter J.P. Gogan; Jesus Pacheco; Joe Truett (November 7, 2007). "Historic Distribution and Challenges to Bison Recovery in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert".

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Similar to the Texas State Bison Herd, the introduction of new individuals into the population in 1902 likely was the savior of this herd, which now numbers around 5,900 individuals as of summer 2022.

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respectively. Typically weights can range from 318 to 1,179 kg (701 to 2,599 lb), 460 to 988 kg (1,014 to 2,178 lb) with medians of 730 to 792.5 kg (1,609 to 1,747 lb) (

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Population estimates in 2010 ranged from 400,000 to 500,000, with approximately 20,500 animals in 62 conservation herds and the remainder in approximately 6,400 commercial herds. According to the

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is home to 1,500 bison, one of the largest publicly held herds in the world, but some question the genetic purity of the animals. Wildlife officials believe that free roaming herds with minimal

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products. The majority of American bison in the world are raised for human consumption or fur clothing. Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to beef, but is lower in fat and

1113:, so the practice was abandoned. The proportion of cattle DNA that has been measured in introgressed individuals and bison herds today is typically quite low, ranging from 0.56 to 1.8%. In the 3615:

C. G Van Zyll de Jong, 1986, A systematic study of recent bison, with particular consideration of the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads 1898), p.37, National Museum of Natural Sciences

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to get a female's attention, and the tending bull has to bellow or roar back. The most dominant bulls mate in the first 2–3 weeks of the season. More subordinate bulls mate with any remaining

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of central Utah involved mixing the founders with additional bison from another source, so it is not known if the Book Cliffs extension of the herd is also free of cattle hybridization.

5562:~TEACHABLE TUESDAY~ Did you know...Bison may look big and cumbersome, but they're very agile and quick. Bison can run an impressive 30 to 45 mph and jump as high as six vertical feet. 1956:

herd and Goodnight (TSBH) herds respectively–were introduced to the Yellowstone herd. After the addition of those individuals, the effective population size is estimated to have been N

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McMillan, Brock R.; Cottam, Michael R.; Kaufman, Donald W. (2000). "Wallowing Behavior of American Bison (Bos Bison) in Tallgrass Prairie: An Examination of Alternate Explanations".

892:(11 ft 6 in) for males and 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) for females long and the tail adding 30 to 95 cm (1 ft 0 in to 3 ft 1 in). Heights at 4582: 2134: 1915:, where high heterozygosity is representative of high genetic diversity) for the TSBH were significantly lower than that of the Yellowstone National Park bison population and the 179: 801:

languages in general, male and female bison are distinguished, with each having a different designation rather than there being a single generic word covering both sexes. Thus:

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to have a large effect. Before any addition of new individuals, the rate of loss of genetic diversity was estimated to be between 30 and 40% over the proceeding 50 years.

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Halloran F.A., 1960, American Bison Weights and Measurements from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, pp.212-218, Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science (POAS)

177: 5408: 1153:(TNC) has reintroduced bison to over a dozen nature preserves around the United States. In October 2016, TNC established its easternmost bison herd in the country, at 641:

a resurgence to roughly 31,000 wild bison as of March 2019. For many years, the population was primarily found in a few national parks and reserves. Through multiple

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Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Wild Plains Bison or Each of Four Distinct Population Segments as Threatened

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in the 19th century and introduction of bovine diseases from domestic cattle. With an estimated population of 60 million in the late 18th century, the species was

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Popp, Jewel Kay. (1981). "Range Ecology of Bison on Mixed Grass Prairie at Wind Cave National Park". Unpubl. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 59 p.

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Aune, K., Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. 2017. Bison bison (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T2815A123789863.

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dominant bison breed earlier in the season. In addition to dominance, the older bison of a generation also have a higher fertility rate than the younger ones.

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Those in Yukon, Canada, typically summer in alpine plateaus above treeline. The first thoroughfares of North America, except for the time-obliterated paths of

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descend. While these herds have remained mostly isolated, some more than others, there has been some interbreeding between the herds over the past 150 years.

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45 mph). Bison may approach people for curiosity. Close encounters, including to touch the animals, can be dangerous, and gunshots do not startle them.

5697: 3501: 1263: 178: 13725: 1500: 5440: 2228:, a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle. In 2005, about 35,000 bison were processed for meat in the U.S., with the National Bison Association and 1355:). The bison are adapting well to the cold climate, and Yakutia's Red List officially registered the species in 2019; a second herd was formed in 2020. 4082:, By Dale F. Lott, Harry W. Greene, ebrary, Inc., Contributor Harry W. Greene, Edition: illustrated, Published by University of California Press, 2003 6586: 1165:. In 2014, U.S. Tribes and Canadian First Nations signed a treaty to help with the restoration of bison, the first to be signed in nearly 150 years. 2406:, and continuing significant human population loss over the last 60 years. However, this plan is opposed by some who live in the areas in question. 1871:) of an estimated 5 to 7 individuals, for a total combined effective population size of between 30 and 50 individuals, from which all of the modern 1710:

existing bison herds," said Derr. "All of the state owned bison herds tested (except for possibly one) contain animals with domestic cattle mtDNA."

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Recent genetic studies of privately owned herds of bison show that many of them include animals with genes from domestic cattle. For example, the

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bison meat; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S., and the meat is then distributed nationwide.

13618: 13411: 5868: 5502: 609:) subspecies, bringing the total to three. However, this is generally not supported. The wood bison is one of the largest wild species of extant 13765: 13685: 5188: 4514: 1242:

Bison traces were characteristically north and south, but several key east–west trails were used later as railways. Some of these include the

13740: 13657: 13489: 11437: 6522: 3657: 3340: 1236: 601:), the larger of the two and having a taller, square hump. Furthermore, the plains bison has been suggested to consist of a northern plains ( 6355: 1207:, Utah, as well as in mountain valleys of the Henry Mountains to an altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft). Reintroduced plains bison in 5797:"Genetic and demographic consequences of importing animals into a small population: a simulation model of the Texas State Bison Herd (USA)" 3079:

Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands

2836: 1604:

during the same time. Three people died from the injuries inflicted—one person by bison in 1983, and two people by bears in 1984 and 1986.

4579: 13750: 13735: 13086: 6146:

Ewers, John C. (1988): "The last Bison Drive of the Blackfoot Indians". Indian Life On The Upper Missouri. Norman and London, pp. 157–168

6117: 1567:

While often secure from predation because of their size and strength, in some areas, vulnerable individuals are regularly preyed upon by

4650: 4676: 4124: 1612: 6386: 5603: 3887:

Sorbelli, Leonardo; Alba, David M.; Cherin, Marco; Moullé, Pierre-Élie; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (June 1, 2021).

1947:

Conservation efforts have led the current TSBH population to be at the carrying capacity of their habitat, at around 300 individuals.

5628: 5332: 2484:. The bison is a popular symbol in the Great Plains states: Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming have adopted the animal as their official 13605: 13385: 6591: 4599: 13775: 13705: 13644: 13424: 6566: 6477: 4696: 4306: 4242: 2229: 2113:

frequently take part in ceremonies for each bison they killed to honor its sacrifice. In order to boost morale during this time,

1622: 1495: 4845: 3854:

Grange, Thierry; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Flori, Laurence; Gautier, Mathieu; Uzunidis, Antigone; Geigl, Eva-Maria (September 2018).

2355:

was the province with the largest herd, accounting for 49.7% of the herd and 45.8% of the farms. The next-largest herds were in

6618: 1599:

Tourists approach dangerously close to a wild herd of American bison to take a photograph in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

1471: 4922:

Green W. C. H. R., Aron (1993). "Persistent influences of birth date on dominance, growth and reproductive success in bison".

2488:, and many sports teams have chosen the bison as their mascot. In Canada, the bison is the official animal of the province of 2480:

The American bison is often used in North America in official seals, flags, and logos. In 2016, the American bison became the

919:

ever recorded weighed 1,270 kg (2,800 lb) while there had been bulls estimated to be 1,400 kg (3,000 lb).

13730: 13720: 13700: 13455: 12898: 11284: 11070: 6457: 5667: 5312: 5287: 4415: 4095: 4068: 3798: 3416: 2780: 2744: 2481: 677: 13649: 13429: 6562: 3204:

Wilson, G. A. & C. Strobeck (1999). "Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations".

1821:

Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free-ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003.

13780: 12903: 4540: 4257: 1311:. A private reserve named Jagüey de Ferniza has kept bisons since before the above-mentioned reintroductions in Coahuila. 633: 2104:

Thus, when the U.S. government began to massacre the buffalo, it was particularly harrowing to the Indigenous people. As

6156: 2125: 13785: 13710: 6070: 5722: 5674:. PDF. FY 2006 Challenge Cost Share Program. Final Project Report. September 30, 2007. Retrieved on September 16, 2011. 4158:

Polziehn, R; Strobeck, C; Sheraton, J; Beech, R (1995). "Bovine mtDNA Discovered in North American Bison Populations".

3834:

William Henry Burt, 1976, A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico, p.224, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

5149:"Ecosystem engineering by bison (Bison bison) wallowing increases arthropod community heterogeneity in space and time" 3561:

Champlain, Samuel, Henry P. Biggar. 1929. The Works of Samuel de Champlain, vol 3. Toronto: Champlain Society. p. 105.

2165: 13546: 13328: 11430: 5227:"Gray wolf (Canis lupus) predation and scavenging of reintroduced American bison (Bison bison) in southwestern Yukon" 5049: 4087: 4060: 3318: 3265: 946:

For the first two months of life, calves are lighter in color than mature bison. One extremely rare condition is the

31: 5065:

Coppedge, B. R.; Carter, T.S.; Shaw, J.H.; Hamilton, R.G. (1997). "Agonistic behavior associated with orphan bison (

4619: 2159:

drove bison over cliffs in the autumn to secure the winter supply. The Blackfoot used pishkuns as late as the 1850s.

13745: 1916: 748:, who said they traveled forty days (from east of Lake Huron) to trade with another nation who hunted the animals. 12955: 4566: 3497: 1008:, around 2.6 million years ago. Bison only arrived in North America 195,000 to 135,000 years ago, during the late 13494: 11389: 11089: 2762: 2651: 2528: 2523: 2386:

has been suggested by a handful of academics and policymakers to restore large parts of the drier portion of the

359: 5109: 4793:

Peden, D. G. Van Dyne; R. Rice; R. Hansen (1974). "The trophic ecology of Bison bison L. on shortgrass plains".

11871: 11256: 5451: 2986: 2882: 2572: 2508: 2233: 1399: 1387:

of bison appear to be influenced by seasonal vegetation changes, interspersion and size of foraging sites, the

1126: 985:. While nuclear DNA indicates that the two living bison species are each other's closest living relatives, the 17: 3308: 2177: 13476: 11263: 6970: 5721:"New Bison Conservation Initiative Focuses On Genetic Diversity | THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY". Wildlife.Org, 2020, 4125:"Where the buffalo roam: The role of history and genetics in the conservation of bison on U.S. federal lands" 2690: 2667: 2493: 1515:), social behavior for group cohesion, play, relief from skin irritation due to biting insects, reduction of 4331: 669: 13185: 11423: 7759: 3706: 2735: 2604: 2272: 1637:

the species experienced during its near-extinction event. Another genetic issue is the entry of genes from

1512: 1388: 1275: 621:

land animals in North America, the bison is the heaviest and the longest, and the second tallest after the

1278:'s phrase saluting these sagacious path-makers, the bison paved the way for the railroads to the Pacific. 158: 13770: 13631: 13450: 13048: 12908: 11368: 11361: 11305: 6087: 5574: 5507: 4950: 3777:

Dominance, age and weight in American bison males (Bison bison) during non-rut in semi-natural conditions

3072:"Reintroduction of bison into the Rocky Mountain parks of Canada: historical and archaeological evidence" 2739: 2676: 2599: 2292: 2256: 1196: 559: 13760: 13715: 12614: 11382: 11104: 7039: 6611: 5842:

Park, Mailing Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National; Us, WY 82190-0168 Phone: 307-344-7381 Contact.

5529: 5512: 4407: 2892: 2887: 2485: 2331: 2299: 2284: 2260: 1847:

Because of the mass slaughtering of bison during the 1870s, the plains bison population went through a

1404: 1200: 994: 6290: 6234: 5796: 3888: 744:

in 1616 (published 1619), after seeing skins and a drawing. These were shown to him by members of the

13597: 12950: 11957: 11333: 11298: 11084: 10016: 6961: 6952: 6401:

Flores Dan Louie (1991). "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850".

4874:

Wolff, J. O. (1998). "Breeding strategies, mate choice, and reproductive success in American bison".

2562: 2469: 1864: 1857: 1444: 1184: 693: 6205: 4356: 13091: 13023: 12913: 12456: 11235: 9803: 5192: 3640: 3399:

Hubbard, Tasha (2014). "Buffalo Genocide in Nineteenth Century North America: 'Kill, Skin, Sell'".

3006: 2812: 2671: 2641: 2618: 2457: 2288: 2280: 1382:

Grazing in winter, Yellowstone National Park: Bison use their heads to clear out snow for the grass

1332: 896:

in the species can reach up to 186 to 201 cm (6 ft 1 in to 6 ft 7 in) for

13468: 6277: 6256: 4357:"Dietary overlap and potential competition in a dynamic ungulate community in Northwestern Canada" 3856:"The Evolution and Population Diversity of Bison in Pleistocene and Holocene Eurasia: Sex Matters" 3676: 3102:"Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms" 2941: 223: 13690: 13071: 12872: 11473: 10452: 9845: 7741: 6882: 6519: 6359: 5549: 4483:

Rurik List; Jesus Pacheco; Eduardo Ponce; Rodrigo Sierra-Corona; Gerardo Ceballos (August 2010).

3371: 3014: 2877: 2710: 2557: 2268: 1788: 1617: 1300: 1131: 9965: 7401: 6486:

Rister Carl Coke (1929). "The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest".

5279: 5273: 4136: 3432: 3167: 1147:, roughly 15,000 bison are considered wild, free-range bison not primarily confined by fencing. 13623: 13533: 13416: 13263: 12882: 12857: 12825: 11396: 11340: 11326: 7503: 7209: 7128: 5588: 5561: 3447:"Bison are being introduced to the Russian Arctic to replace extinct woolly mammoths. But why?" 2866: 2725: 2705: 2680: 2628: 1408: 1224: 1195:

the slopes are not steep. Though not particularly known as high-altitude animals, bison in the

1162: 1150: 745: 6125: 5037: 3523: 2232:

providing a "Certified American Buffalo" program with birth-to-consumer tracking of bison via

1439: 13528: 13301: 13158: 13101: 13033: 12935: 12461: 11752: 11528: 11415: 11403: 11249: 10653: 9683: 7908: 7137: 7021: 6604: 5213: 4654: 3471: 3249: 2978: 2699: 2685: 2276: 2156: 1925: 1848: 1634: 1532: 1344: 338: 13520: 6468: 6447: 6438: 4279: 13541: 13359: 13310: 12877: 12867: 11347: 11124: 11114: 10960: 10726: 10717: 10662: 10287: 10251: 10224: 9632: 9623: 9068: 9059: 7425: 7284: 7227: 7173: 6538: 5808: 5160: 4883: 4802: 4441: 4368: 4167: 4027: 3956: 3900: 3008: 2963: 2897: 2721: 2581: 1475: 1255: 1247: 1092: 707:

are considered correct terms for the American bison. However, in British English, the word

567: 13442: 6009: 5409:

Amateur Photographer Captures a Grizzly Bear Chasing a Bison Down a Highway in Yellowstone

3007:

William T. Hornaday, Superintendent of the National Zoological Park (February 10, 2006) .

2460:, their primary cultural prophet and the bringer of their "Seven Sacred Rites". Among the 2121:, which consisted of hundreds of people dancing until 100 persons were lying unconscious. 8: 13168: 12862: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12820: 12812: 11626: 11548: 11498: 11210: 10906: 10608: 10599: 10347: 10215: 10188: 10124: 9785: 9665: 9614: 7293: 7200: 6791: 5355: 4482: 4236: 2854:

First postage stamp with image of bison was issued US in 1898—4¢ "Indian Hunting Buffalo"

2646: 2637: 2609: 2533: 2141: 1702: 1474:, males much more so than females. In the case of males, it is unlikely to be related to 1208: 1088: 737: 188: 11039: 5812: 5164: 4951:"Early and late births in high-latitude populations of free-ranging Bison (Bison bison)" 4887: 4806: 4722:

Van Vuren, D. (1983). "Group dynamics and summer home range of bison in southern Utah".

4445: 4430: 4372: 4179: 4171: 4031: 4014:

from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of

3960: 3904: 2085:

Buffalo hunting, i.e. hunting of the American bison, was an activity fundamental to the

1887:

The Texas State Bison Herd (TSBH), also known as the Goodnight herd, was established by

1105:

These ranchers bred some of the bison with cattle in an effort to produce "cattalo" or "

853: 13755: 13210: 12850: 12740: 12541: 11864: 11722: 10993: 10984: 10356: 10296: 10278: 10260: 10206: 10179: 10170: 9794: 9776: 9710: 9403: 9129: 8606: 8597: 8316: 7750: 7218: 7030: 7012: 6891: 6418: 5992: 5973: 5254: 5129: 5121: 5019: 4935: 4899: 4818: 4739: 4465: 4183: 3987: 3944: 3924: 3668: 3363: 2954:

Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is "Near Threatened".

2715: 2586: 2576: 2504: 2500: 2395: 2376: 1750: 1308: 1271: 1062: 1009: 881: 430: 218: 5883: 5082: 4708: 4010:

Wilson, M.C.; Hills, L.V.; Shapiro, B. (2008). "Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing

2492:

and appears on the Manitoba flag. It is also used in the official coat of arms of the

1040:. The first appearance of bison in North America is considered to define the regional 13582: 13515: 13346: 13136: 13038: 12643: 12494: 12207: 11818: 11666: 11540: 11503: 11458: 11291: 11270: 11179: 11155: 10626: 10617: 10305: 10233: 10161: 9992: 9974: 9827: 8777: 8172: 8163: 8015: 7917: 7696: 7663: 7606: 7476: 7003: 6864: 6453: 6066: 5862: 5824: 5777: 5769: 5308: 5283: 5246: 5113: 5045: 5023: 5011: 4972: 4849: 4670: 4484: 4457: 4453: 4411: 4384: 4091: 4083: 4064: 4056: 3992: 3974: 3945:"Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America" 3928: 3916: 3794: 3412: 3314: 3271: 3261: 3221: 2918: 2749: 2595: 2542: 2512: 2368: 2335: 2308: 2244: 1912: 1888: 1630: 1548: 1543: 1431: 1304: 1291: 1005: 986: 858: 552: 305: 13315: 12760: 12162: 5820: 5723:

https://wildlife.org/new-bison-conservation-initiative-focuses-on-genetic-diversity/

5258: 5133: 4469: 4187: 3912: 3168:

Halbert, Natalie D.; Terje Raudsepp; Bhanu P. Chowdhary & James N. Derr (2004).

2499:

Several American coins feature the bison, most famously on the reverse side of the "

13205: 13106: 13000: 12995: 12504: 12416: 12342: 12327: 12277: 11798: 11757: 11613: 11583: 11463: 11319: 11020: 10774: 10765: 10644: 10485: 10476: 10269: 9941: 9932: 9880: 9871: 9719: 9692: 9605: 9385: 8993: 8419: 8410: 8400: 8373: 8094: 7963: 7164: 7155: 7146: 6928: 6919: 6855: 6782: 6773: 6410: 5816: 5759: 5386: 5347: 5328: 5238: 5168: 5105: 5078: 5064: 5003: 4962: 4931: 4891: 4810: 4731: 4449: 4376: 4175: 4035: 3982: 3964: 3908: 3867: 3817: 3593: 3404: 3355: 3253: 3213: 3181: 3116: 3050: 2936: 2808: 2695: 2623: 2437: 2364: 1904: 1746: 1528: 1359: 1174: 1158: 1136: 1053: 806: 769: 563: 536: 13587: 13351: 11217: 5843: 5664: 13573: 13502: 13141: 13043: 12481: 12436: 12426: 12267: 12044: 11901: 11593: 11483: 11354: 11203: 11197: 10750: 10741: 10689: 10680: 10461: 9318: 9309: 8786: 8382: 7434: 7344: 7182: 6994: 6873: 6846: 6837: 6526: 5671: 4606: 4586: 3751:

Birth synchrony in American bison (Bison bison): response to predation or season?

2871: 2772: 2662: 2632: 2613: 2383: 2303: 1745:

Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the "

1646: 1638: 1204: 1030: 825: 712: 517: 203: 13662: 13481: 6063:

Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations

6035: 5589:"Wildlife-Human Conflicts in Yellowstone: When Animals and People Get Too Close" 4544: 3100:

Bork, A. M.; C. M. Strobeck; F. C. Yeh; R. J. Hudson & R. K. Salmon (1991).

2874:— proposed multistate nature preserve of Great Plains habitat for American bison 1908: 1179: 13695: 13111: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12634: 12466: 12322: 12147: 12112: 12087: 12079: 12024: 11838: 11588: 11488: 11468: 11312: 11277: 11169: 11119: 10950: 10888: 10518: 10509: 10034: 9983: 9904: 9895: 9836: 9674: 9376: 9198: 8744: 8711: 8693: 8181: 7991: 7866: 7705: 6693: 6665: 5955: 5915:

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (January 1965). "The American Buffalo".

5007: 4992:"Longevity in a hunted population of reintroduced American bison (Bison bison)" 4053:

Trophy Bowhunting: Plan the Hunt of a Lifetime and Bag One for the Record Books

2827: 2730: 2590: 2567: 2552: 2537: 2518:

Other institutions which have adopted the bison as a symbol or mascot include:

2445: 2348: 2344: 2090: 2086: 1920: 1507: 1417: 1336: 1324: 1307:

adding to the Mexican bison population. In 2020, the second herd was formed in

1243: 1199:

are frequently found at elevations above 2,400 m (8,000 ft), and the

1188: 1154: 1083: 1036: 673: 658: 642: 575: 548: 525: 6596: 6306:"Genocide by Other Means: U.S. Army Slaughtered Buffalo in Plains Indian Wars" 3408: 3099: 2830:—this style of coin featuring an American bison was produced from 1913 to 1938 876: 13679: 13437: 13246: 13153: 13058: 12973: 12945: 12795: 12695: 12546: 12509: 12396: 12302: 12297: 12272: 12132: 12117: 11951: 11931: 11916: 11857: 11803: 11777: 11676: 11621: 11568: 11508: 11493: 11478: 11375: 11174: 10575: 10557: 10443: 10380: 10371: 9430: 9165: 9138: 8909: 8819: 8810: 8795: 8660: 8624: 8579: 8516: 8507: 8024: 7982: 7875: 7841: 7831: 7732: 7714: 7377: 7326: 7236: 6800: 6578: 6501:

The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State

5828: 5773: 5250: 5147:

Nickell, Zachary; Varriano, Sofia; Plemmons, Eric; Moran, Matthew D. (2018).

5117: 5038:"Going with the herd: same-sex interaction and competition in American bison" 5015: 4991: 4976: 4967: 4388: 3978: 3920: 3725:

Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives

3275: 2927: 2787: 2547: 2453: 2372: 2252: 2184: 1981: 1929: 1726: 1425: 1114: 1041: 998: 947: 798: 716: 676:

have had cultural and spiritual connections to the American bison. It is the

646: 637: 579: 521: 355: 208: 80: 5844:"Yellowstone Bison - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 5764: 5747: 5333:"Descriptions of Wolf Attacks on Bison Calves in Wood Buffalo National Park" 3969: 868: 13636: 13286: 13175: 13163: 13131: 13015: 12700: 12639: 12604: 12564: 12362: 12199: 12187: 12097: 11994: 11906: 11833: 11808: 11793: 11742: 11573: 11553: 11242: 11164: 11109: 10969: 10938: 10828: 10500: 10314: 10242: 10115: 10058: 10049: 9767: 9701: 9463: 9421: 9336: 9147: 8867: 8858: 8720: 8651: 8540: 8531: 8273: 8042: 7723: 7678: 7645: 7416: 7308: 7275: 7191: 5795:

Halbert, Natalie D.; Grant, William E.; Derr, James N. (January 20, 2005).

5781: 4461: 4343: 3996: 3257: 3225: 2387: 2356: 2248: 2109: 1872: 1579: 1560: 1516: 1348: 1267: 1110: 1013: 982: 586: 382: 144: 4055:, by Rick Sapp, Edition: illustrated, published by Stackpole Books, 2006, 3571: 1428:

cow that has not mated yet. Male bison play no part in raising the young.

13507: 13463: 13398: 13338: 13295: 13235: 13146: 13096: 13081: 13066: 12785: 12775: 12745: 12675: 12670: 12609: 12594: 12536: 12531: 12516: 12337: 12317: 12242: 12232: 12217: 12212: 12167: 12137: 12127: 12092: 12069: 11941: 11936: 11813: 11513: 10590: 10338: 9500: 9454: 9445: 9394: 9346: 9207: 9049: 8642: 8633: 8461: 8255: 8246: 8236: 8130: 7973: 7783: 7774: 7687: 7530: 7452: 7335: 7260: 7251: 6628: 4157: 3217: 2656: 2399: 2264: 2221: 2209: 2118: 2105: 1715: 1048:

of the continent. Modern American bison are thought to have evolved from

989:

of European bison is more closely related to that of domestic cattle and

963: 275: 136: 55: 6280:. Museum.state.il.us (September 1, 2011). Retrieved on January 29, 2012. 5351: 3696:. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 316 pp. 3540: 3071: 3055: 3030: 2196: 13610: 13390: 13215: 13190: 12710: 12705: 12624: 12471: 12332: 12039: 12034: 11999: 11701: 11696: 11636: 11598: 11558: 11094: 10197: 10097: 9922: 9514: 8936: 8918: 8669: 8364: 8349: 8340: 8307: 8084: 7890: 7807: 7798: 7573: 7564: 7443: 7368: 6909: 6730: 6573: 6508: 6422: 5548:

Bert Gildart, Jane Gildart, 2021, Hiking the Black Hills Country, p.5,

5125: 4903: 4822: 4743: 3672: 2416: 2394:

grazed by bison. Proponents argue that current agricultural use of the

2324: 2316: 2224:, yet higher in protein than beef, which has led to the development of 2098: 2094: 1698: 1286: 1259: 1025: 1024:. Following their first appearance in North America, the bison rapidly 936: 618: 594: 375: 166: 100: 65: 6010:"Bison Bellows: A day to thank the bison (U.S. National Park Service)" 5914: 5422:"Yellowstone grizzly vs. bison video vaults Wyoming man to prominence" 5173: 5148: 4767: 4355:

Jung, Thomas S.; Stotyn, Shannon A.; Czetwertynski, Sophie M. (2015).

3872: 3855: 3367: 2436:

Big Medicine (1933–1959) was a sacred white buffalo that lived on the

1757:) is an earlier species at the origin of plains bison and wood bison. 1362:, there are also 24 plains bison as wood bison could not be acquired. 13403: 13372: 13028: 12750: 12658: 12648: 12629: 12599: 12451: 12411: 12377: 12347: 12282: 12142: 12107: 12029: 12009: 11966: 11896: 11686: 11681: 11631: 11603: 11099: 10897: 10818: 10671: 10542: 10533: 10007: 9581: 9572: 9557: 9548: 9412: 8984: 8768: 8702: 8588: 8103: 7899: 7588: 7512: 7392: 6943: 6828: 6818: 6712: 6703: 5665:

Remove Threats to Irreplaceable Bison Herd at Wind Cave National Park

5441:"Grizzly bear predation on a bull bison in Yellowstone National Park" 4792: 4380: 4340:

April 30, 2019: This old bone - discovering the bison of Banff's past

2790: 2403: 1853: 1232: 932: 794:

and, per Etymonline, first applied to American buffalo in the 1690s.

688: 540: 235: 105: 49: 13257: 10864: 6500: 6414: 5242: 4895: 4814: 4735: 4039: 3186: 3169: 3120: 1693: 726:

was used to refer to the American mammal as early as 1625. The word

13567: 13377: 13280: 13200: 13195: 13005: 12755: 12735: 12730: 12720: 12715: 12584: 12574: 12526: 12489: 12292: 12247: 12222: 12182: 12152: 12102: 12014: 12004: 11747: 11646: 11518: 10806: 10434: 10106: 9818: 9656: 9596: 9261: 8960: 8492: 8437: 8325: 8154: 7630: 7621: 7597: 7485: 7359: 7109: 6985: 6681: 6659: 6647: 4632: 4122: 3359: 2804: 2489: 2367:(6%). The main producing regions were in the northern parts of the 2360: 2312: 1251: 1216: 1057: 1021: 967: 862: 556: 505: 255: 125: 95: 90: 75: 70: 60: 422: 13076: 12940: 12790: 12770: 12653: 12579: 12446: 12421: 12391: 12383: 12367: 12352: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12237: 12227: 12177: 12122: 11984: 11921: 11888: 11828: 11823: 11772: 11767: 11578: 11563: 11011: 10846: 10707: 10566: 9956: 9743: 9734: 9647: 9533: 9524: 9496: 9252: 9156: 9120: 9035: 9031: 9002: 8927: 8615: 8488: 8449: 8033: 7950: 7856: 7119: 7069: 6764: 6439:

The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920

4258:"Restoring North America's Wild Bison to Their Home on the Range" 3341:"The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo: 1865–1883" 2768: 2511:

series. The Kansas and North Dakota state quarters, part of the "

2507:

coined a nickel with a new depiction of the bison as part of its

2465: 2391: 2352: 2237: 2225: 1940:

and a 1st-year mortality rate of 4.2% for the other bison herds.

1787:

Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889. This map based on

1452: 1448: 1106: 1074: 1045: 990: 940: 893: 787: 571: 529: 509: 295: 285: 110: 85: 6539:"Hunt, Capture, Raise, Increase: The People Who Saved the Bison" 4515:"Cemex aids reintroduction of American bison in Northern Mexico" 4201: 3242:

Conservation of North American Bison: Status and Recommendations

13364: 13323: 12765: 12665: 12619: 12520: 12499: 12441: 12431: 12401: 12287: 12172: 12019: 11974: 11762: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11691: 11651: 10855: 10424: 10329: 10152: 10142: 9758: 9270: 9110: 9092: 9083: 8969: 8891: 8843: 8834: 8292: 8283: 8218: 8209: 8199: 8121: 7654: 7467: 7317: 6653: 6641: 6520:

The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865–1883

6235:"Canadian Agriculture at a Glance: Bison on the comeback trail" 5696:. The Ecological Future of North American Bison. Archived from 2461: 2432: 1900: 1842: 1568: 1340: 1220: 1060:, with likely intermediates between the species referred to as 959: 791: 662: 654: 650: 544: 265: 245: 11445: 6390:(1929, new ed. University of Nebraska Press,), classic history 5748:"Conservation Genetics and North American Bison (Bison bison)" 2916: 645:, the species now freely roams wild in several regions in the 13180: 12780: 12725: 12690: 12685: 12589: 12569: 12357: 12307: 12049: 11926: 11706: 11661: 10879: 10837: 10412: 10082: 10073: 9367: 9294: 9285: 9216: 8945: 8900: 8759: 8684: 8564: 8555: 8066: 8057: 7549: 7540: 6749: 6740: 6337:"It's official: America's first national mammal is the bison" 5884:"The Bison: from 30 million to 325 (1884) to 500,000 (today)" 5302: 3764:

Dominance and its fitness consequences in American bison cows

3433:

https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en

3170:"Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd" 2449: 2320: 2217: 2114: 1856:). Additionally, a wild herd consisting of 25 individuals in 1535:

effects and enhances plant and animal diversity on prairies.

1478:, but rather to social bonding or gaining sexual experience. 622: 610: 513: 315: 13230: 6257:"Table 1 Bison meat exports continue to climb, 2001 to 2006" 5682: 5680: 5146: 4917: 4915: 4913: 12406: 12312: 12157: 12059: 12054: 11979: 11880: 11671: 11129: 10025: 9355: 9243: 9225: 8882: 8735: 8139: 8006: 7822: 7096: 7057: 5110:

10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0159:WBOABB]2.0.CO;2

4949:

Jung, Thomas S.; Larter, Nicholas C.; Powell, Todd (2018).

3941: 3788: 2255:

on public lands in North America can be found only in: the

2213: 2205: 2155:

Ulm Pishkun. Buffalo jump, SW of Great Falls, Montana. The

1524: 1520: 1421: 1228: 1144: 629: 614: 570:, and according to some sources, further south to northern 524:. It is one of two extant species of bison, along with the 9493: 6356:"Buffalo T-Shirt Sale – Ralph Nader for President in 2008" 1082:

Although they are superficially similar, the American and

12680: 12064: 11911: 11656: 11134: 11069: 10635: 9234: 9180: 8112: 7494: 5677: 4910: 3775:

Roden, C., Vervaecke, H., & Van Elsacker, L. (2005).

2842:

Series 1901 $ 10 legal tender depicting an American bison

2126:

conservation measures have been taken by Native Americans

1572: 1331:

Since 2006, an outherd of wood bison sent from Alberta's

972: 966:

indicates that the closest living relatives of bison are

3886: 3853: 3694:

North American Bison: Their classification and Evolution

3524:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3203: 632:, the species nearly became extinct by a combination of 11849: 8485: 6509:

How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?

5652:

Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Volume III: Animals

5477:

To Save the Wild Bison: Life on the Edge in Yellowstone

5275:

To save the wild bison: life on the edge in Yellowstone

4921: 4354: 3738:

Variability in size-weight relationships of Bison bison

3081:. Hancock, Michigan: George Wright Soc. pp. 143–51 1950: 30:"American Buffalo" redirects here. For other uses, see 9028: 4336:

August 11, 2018: Bison are exploring Banff in new ways

2243:

Bison are found in publicly and privately held herds.

1721:

A separate study by Wilson and Strobeck, published in

1571:. Wolf predation typically peaks in late winter, when 1231:

in seasonal migration and between feeding grounds and

5586: 5305:

Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone

5095: 5069:) claves released into a mixed resident population". 1682:) has been found in almost all examined bison herds. 5303:

Douglas W. Smith; Gary Ferguson (November 1, 2006).

5214:

Wolf–Bison Interactions in Yellowstone National Park

4633:"Wood bison to be listed in Yakutia's Red Data Book" 3069: 3039:" Rhoads 1897, is not a valid taxon, but an ecotype" 1028:, such as the largest of all bison, the long-horned 923:

is significantly larger and heavier on average than

692:

Adult male (behind) and adult female (in front), in

585:

Two subspecies or ecotypes have been described: the

5649: 5327: 3791:

Bison: mating and conservation in small populations

3779:. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 92(1), 169-177. 3394: 3392: 1863:Each of the privately ranched herds had an initial 1629:A major problem that bison face today is a lack of 1394: 5991: 5972: 4609:, CanWest MediaWorks Publications, October 5, 2006 4123:Halbert, N; Gogan, P; Hiebert, R; Derr, J (2007). 4009: 3498:"What's the Difference Between Bison and Buffalo?" 2444:Among many Native American tribes, especially the 1928:–, and a continuously low population allowing for 1879:with a founding population of only 5 individuals. 1641:into the bison population, through hybridization. 1069: 6482:(Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1973) 6229: 6227: 5524: 5522: 3686: 3535: 3533: 2917:Aune, K.; Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. (2018) . 1347:; wood bison are the most similar to the extinct 657:. The American bison has also been introduced to 593:), smaller and with a more rounded hump; and the 396:IUCN range of the two American bison subspecies. 13677: 6485: 6400: 6118:"Restoration of Bison onto the American Prairie" 5794: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 4948: 4106:Newman, Edward and James Edmund Harting (1859). 3812: 3810: 3389: 2402:, pointing to periodic disasters, including the 993:, which is suggested to be the result of either 6626: 5271: 5060: 5058: 4108:Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History 4003: 3949:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3634: 3632: 3630: 3303: 3194: 760:(an antelope, gazelle, or wild ox), from Greek 6515:, Vol. 17, No. 5 (Oct. 1995), pp. 148–150 6224: 5943:. Toronto Canada: University of Toronto Press. 5519: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4485:"The Janos Biosphere Reserve, Northern Mexico" 4118: 4116: 3651: 3649: 3530: 3199: 3197: 11865: 11431: 11055: 6612: 6111: 6109: 6014:NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service) 5728: 5690:American Bison: The Ultimate Genetic Survivor 5438: 4869: 4867: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4721: 4307:"Tribe Treaty to Restore Wild Bison up North" 3807: 3401:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America 2942:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en 2275:in Montana; Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary in the 2140:Bison being chased off a cliff as painted by 1899:Researchers found that the average number of 1686:subsidiary herds started from it, in Canada. 1547:American bison standing its ground against a 1044:faunal stage, due to its major impact on the 816: 810: 6028: 5055: 4873: 3837: 3643:, Vol.406 (June 25, 2016), Part B, pp.94-110 3627: 3334: 3332: 3330: 2659:(mascot for his 2008 campaign for president) 2472:was the most sacred of societies for women. 2171:Bison hunt under the wolf-skin mask, 1832–33 1843:Population bottlenecking and near extinction 1099: 835: 829: 13726:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) 6334: 5867:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5686: 5544: 5542: 4683: 4113: 3789:Joel Berger; Carol Cunningham (June 1994). 3646: 3070:Kay, Charles E.; Clifford A. White (2001). 2440:(display at the Montana Historical Society) 2319:, and around the grassland state line with 1645:regarded as being in a separate genus from 1314: 970:, with bison being nested within the genus 11872: 11858: 11446:Game animals and shooting in North America 11438: 11424: 11062: 11048: 6701: 6619: 6605: 6536: 6106: 6002: 5577:, The Voice, Summer 2016, Carleton College 5382:"Bigger is better if you're a hungry wolf" 4864: 4768:"Social behavior of the American buffalo ( 4765: 4750: 3793:. Columbia University Press. p. 162. 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 2095:later portions of the American Indian Wars 1919:bison population. Additionally, of the 54 1012:, descending from the widespread Siberian 950:, in which the calf turns entirely white. 613:in the world, surpassed only by the Asian 421: 197: 157: 135: 10936: 8408: 6297: 5994:Complete Field Guide to American Wildlife 5947: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5763: 5172: 5044:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–53 4966: 4694: 4580:"Elk Island wood bison big hit in Russia" 3986: 3968: 3871: 3327: 3307:; Ruvinsky, Anatoly (November 28, 2014). 3185: 3054: 2940: 2332:herd on Santa Catalina Island, California 2315:, located near the southern banks of the 1882: 790:), from a Proto-Germanic word similar to 10817: 8207: 5970: 5953: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5539: 5278:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 4701:National Park Service Science Monographs 4697:"The bison of Yellowstone National Park" 4304: 4151: 3717: 3028: 2431: 2195: 1692: 1611: 1594: 1554: 1542: 1494: 1438: 1430: 1398: 1369: 1318: 1285: 1178: 1130: 1073: 1004:Bison first appeared in Asia during the 875: 867: 852: 756:(water buffalo), which comes from Latin 687: 7108: 6679: 6567:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 6206:"Study: Catalina bison aren't purebred" 5989: 5745: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5609:from the original on December 26, 2011. 4489:The Journal of International Wilderness 4243:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 3740:. Journal of Mammalogy, 69(3), 618-624. 3655: 3600: 3398: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3010:The Extermination of the American Bison 2966:The Extermination of the American Bison 1734:Range history of bison in North America 1623:The Extermination of the American Bison 1365: 1120: 14: 13678: 6826: 6533:25 (1994): 313–38 and 26 (1995) 203–8. 6478:The Bison of Yellowstone National Park 6303: 6085: 5927: 5419: 4675:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4305:Stallard, Brian (September 25, 2014). 3736:Berger, J., & Peacock, M. (1988). 3403:. Duke University Press. p. 294. 3297: 2087:Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains 1966: 782:in the early 17th century, from Latin 13766:National symbols of the United States 13686:IUCN Red List near threatened species 13262: 13261: 11853: 11419: 11071:National symbols of the United States 11043: 10935: 10804: 10803: 10409: 9492: 9027: 8484: 7946: 7092: 6678: 6600: 6472:(University of Nebraska Press, 1972). 6353: 6203: 6163:from the original on January 20, 2011 6115: 6060: 5964: 5901: 5881: 5654:. The MacMillan Company. p. 291. 5626: 5492:, p.213, University of Nebraska Press 5479:, p.201, University of Oklahoma Press 5379: 5089: 5040:. In: Sommer V, Vasey PL, (editors). 4401: 4255: 4249: 3753:Journal of Mammalogy, 65(3), 418-423. 3338: 3031:"Phantom subspecies: the wood bison, 2786:Skin effigy of a Buffalo used in the 2745:Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo 1563:feeding on an American bison carcass. 1490: 1168: 908:) and 943.6 kg (2,080 lb) ( 736:was applied to the American bison by 13741:Cuisine of the Western United States 8244: 6587:Traditional use of Tatanka (buffalo) 6504:(University of Toronto Press, 1951). 6445: 6433:(University of Nebraska Press, 1954) 6204:Chang, Alicia (September 21, 2007). 5882:Heath, Jessica (December 30, 2017). 5613: 5413: 5321: 5224: 4989: 3495: 3444: 3438: 3238: 3142: 2482:national mammal of the United States 1951:Yellowstone National Park Bison Herd 1586: 1403:A herd of American bison grazing at 1227:, were the traces made by bison and 678:national mammal of the United States 7093: 6291:"Species Spotlight: American Bison" 6157:"| National Bison Association" 5938: 5207: 4990:Jung, Thomas S. (October 8, 2020). 4620:"More Alberta bison to roam Russia" 4589:, Hanneke Brooymans, August 5, 2010 4180:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09061638.x 3504:from the original on August 2, 2020 3310:The Genetics of Cattle, 2nd Edition 3093: 2928:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2910: 2427: 2236:ear tags. A market even exists for 489: 27:Species of bovid artiodactyl mammal 24: 13751:Pre-Columbian Great Plains cuisine 13736:Fauna of the Western United States 11527: 11285:America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee) 10410: 7947: 6592:Bison skeletal structure and bones 6452:. University of California Press. 6442:(Cambridge University press, 2000) 6377: 6088:"The Ghost Dance Among the Lakota" 6065:. Smithsonian Books. p. 101. 6040:Bison (U.S. National Park Service) 5979:. New York: The MacMillan Company. 5841: 5560:National Bison Association, 2021, 5189:"What do wolves do in the winter?" 4936:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02680.x 4020:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3707:"American Bison: The Animal Files" 2503:" from 1913 to 1938. In 2005, the 2204:Bison are increasingly raised for 2117:and other tribes took part in the 1203:is found on the plains around the 880:Plains bison galloping, photos by 25: 13797: 6555: 6488:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 6449:American Bison: A Natural History 5575:Field Guide to the American Bison 4080:American Bison: A Natural History 32:American Buffalo (disambiguation) 13241: 13240: 13229: 11956: 11950: 6397:. (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1974) 6347: 6328: 6283: 6271: 6249: 6197: 6175: 6149: 6140: 6079: 6054: 5983: 5875: 5835: 5788: 5715: 5687:Derr, James (October 24, 2006). 5587:Tom Olliff; Jim Caslick (2003). 5071:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 4567:"Alberta bison bound for Russia" 4454:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00810.x 4230: This article incorporates 4225: 3596:. Merriam Webster. May 12, 2023. 3348:The Western Historical Quarterly 2847: 2835: 2819: 2797: 2779: 2761: 2475: 2409: 2267:and Henry Mountains in Utah; at 2176: 2164: 2148: 2133: 1917:Theodore Roosevelt National Park 1814: 1780: 1738: 1531:. Bison wallowing has important 1395:Social behavior and reproduction 634:commercial hunting and slaughter 562:in some areas), as far north as 222: 175: 53: 11390:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 6971:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 6358:. Votenader.org. Archived from 6354:Nader, The (October 18, 2008). 5960:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 5821:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.02.022 5746:Hedrick, P. W. (July 1, 2009). 5658: 5643: 5580: 5567: 5554: 5495: 5482: 5469: 5432: 5420:French, Brett (June 11, 2020). 5401: 5373: 5296: 5265: 5218: 5181: 5140: 5042:Homosexual behaviour in animals 5030: 4983: 4942: 4838: 4829: 4786: 4715: 4643: 4625: 4612: 4592: 4572: 4559: 4533: 4507: 4476: 4424: 4395: 4348: 4324: 4298: 4272: 4219: 4194: 4100: 4073: 4046: 3935: 3913:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106933 3880: 3847: 3828: 3782: 3769: 3756: 3743: 3730: 3699: 3618: 3586: 3564: 3555: 3516: 3489: 3464: 3445:Pare, Sascha (August 9, 2023). 3425: 3239:Boyd, Delaney P. (April 2003). 3232: 3019:Retrieved on February 24, 2013. 2652:Independence Party of Minnesota 2529:Bethany College (West Virginia) 2524:U.S. Department of the Interior 2191: 1499:A bison wallowing on dirt near 1070:Differences from European bison 1026:differentiated into new species 958:Bison are members of the tribe 13776:Provincial symbols of Manitoba 13706:Endemic fauna of North America 11257:Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean 11158:Liberty Enlightening the World 7760:Central American red brocket ( 6304:Jawort, Adrian (May 9, 2011). 6259:. Statcan.gc.ca. April 3, 2009 6237:. Statcan.gc.ca. April 9, 2009 5511:. May 10, 2011. Archived from 5036:Vervaecke H, Roden C. (2006). 4846:"American Bison – Bison bison" 4404:Dictionary of American History 4361:Journal of Wildlife Management 4280:"Bison Come to Kankakee Sands" 3435:. Downloaded on March 6, 2019. 3063: 3022: 3000: 2987:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2971: 2957: 2883:Conservation of American bison 2738:and its athletic program, the 2724:and its athletic program, the 2679:and its athletic program, the 2670:and its athletic program, the 2640:and its athletic program, the 2631:and its athletic program, the 2612:and its athletic program, the 2598:and its athletic program, the 2589:and its athletic program, the 2575:and its athletic program, the 2536:and its athletic program, the 2422: 1791:'s late-19th century research. 1127:Conservation of American bison 1020:), which had migrated through 848: 752:in turn comes from Portuguese 535:9000 BC is referred to as the 13: 1: 12899:Countries by meat consumption 11264:The Stars and Stripes Forever 5998:. New York: Harper & Row. 5954:Hornaday, William T. (1904). 5380:Smith, Doug (March 1, 2009). 5083:10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00035-X 4848:. NatureWorks. Archived from 4402:Adams, James Truslow (1940). 3727:. Princeton University Press. 3574:. Online Etymology Dictionary 3543:. Online Etymology Dictionary 2904: 2736:West Texas A&M University 2691:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2668:North Dakota State University 2494:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 935:, grazing on the grasses and 884:, first published in 1887 in 413:Bison bison subsp. athabascae 13731:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains 13721:Mammals of the United States 13701:Conservation-reliant species 13186:Non-vegetarian food in India 12904:Countries by meat production 8467:Large subfamily listed below 8455:Large subfamily listed below 8443:Large subfamily listed below 6531:Western Historical Quarterly 5971:Cahalane, Victor H. (1947). 5957:The American Natural History 5650:Liberty Hyde Bailey (1908). 5307:. Globe Pequot. p. 68. 3339:Smits, David (Autumn 1994). 2740:West Texas A&M Buffaloes 2698:(the official mascot of the 2605:Seal of the State of Indiana 2311:, and Boquillas del Carmen, 2273:Fort Peck Indian Reservation 2101:was foreign to many tribes. 1538: 1472:display homosexual behaviors 1470:Bison have been observed to 953: 719:and not used for the bison. 683: 7: 13781:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 12909:Food and drink prohibitions 11369:Battle Hymn of the Republic 11306:The Army Goes Rolling Along 6962:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 6953:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 6403:Journal of American History 6384:Branch, E. Douglas. (1997) 6335:Elahe Izadi (May 9, 2016). 6116:Patel, Moneil (June 1997). 5939:Roe, Frank Gilbert (1951). 5627:Staff (November 15, 2011). 5508:National Geographic Society 5098:American Midland Naturalist 4541:"Fraccionamiento Campestre" 4110:Published by J. Van Voorst. 3500:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2964:Project Gutenburg E Book – 2859: 2677:Oklahoma Baptist University 2293:Prince Albert National Park 2257:Yellowstone Park bison herd 2078: 2070: 2062: 2057: 2049: 2041: 2033: 2025: 2017: 2009: 2001: 1607: 1443:A cow suckling calf at the 1405:Tall Grass Prairie Preserve 1266:and ran west, crossing the 1197:Yellowstone Park bison herd 915:The heaviest wild bull for 764:. From the same Greek word 722:In English usage, the term 10: 13802: 11948: 6579:Watch the NFB documentary 6387:The Hunting of the Buffalo 6278:Illinois State Museum page 6183:"Bison from Farm to Table" 5990:Collins, Henry H. (1959). 5941:The North American Buffalo 5629:"Restoring a Prairie Icon" 5008:10.1007/s13364-020-00540-9 4795:Journal of Applied Ecology 4605:November 10, 2012, at the 4585:November 29, 2014, at the 4260:. Environment News Service 4206:National Bison Association 4135:(2): 22–29. Archived from 3893:Quaternary Science Reviews 3766:. Behaviour, 96(1), 62-91. 2893:List of animals with humps 2300:Antelope Island bison herd 2285:Wood Buffalo National Park 2261:Henry Mountains bison herd 2200:Canned bison meat for sale 1979: 1975: 1481: 1327:program in Sakha Republic. 1201:Henry Mountains bison herd 1172: 1135:Bison herd grazing at the 1124: 995:incomplete lineage sorting 730:was applied in the 1690s. 699:In American English, both 29: 13786:Mammals described in 1758 13711:Fauna of the Great Plains 13557: 13270: 13224: 13122: 13057: 13014: 12966: 12951:Psychology of eating meat 12926: 12891: 12811: 12804: 12555: 12495:Black soldier fly maggots 12480: 12376: 12198: 12078: 11965: 11887: 11786: 11715: 11612: 11539: 11525: 11451: 11362:The Washington Post March 11299:Lift Every Voice and Sing 11227: 11190: 11148: 11077: 11010: 10982: 10958: 10949: 10945: 10931: 10898:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 10889:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 10877: 10826: 10813: 10799: 10763: 10739: 10715: 10706: 10588: 10555: 10531: 10498: 10474: 10453:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 10432: 10423: 10419: 10405: 10369: 10327: 10150: 10141: 10095: 10071: 10047: 10005: 9954: 9930: 9921: 9893: 9869: 9862: 9816: 9756: 9732: 9645: 9594: 9570: 9546: 9522: 9513: 9509: 9488: 9443: 9344: 9335: 9307: 9283: 9178: 9118: 9109: 9081: 9057: 9048: 9044: 9023: 8982: 8958: 8880: 8856: 8832: 8808: 8757: 8733: 8682: 8577: 8553: 8529: 8505: 8501: 8480: 8460: 8448: 8436: 8399: 8362: 8338: 8305: 8281: 8272: 8235: 8198: 8152: 8092: 8083: 8055: 8004: 7971: 7962: 7958: 7942: 7888: 7854: 7820: 7796: 7772: 7742:Amazonian brown brocket ( 7676: 7643: 7619: 7586: 7562: 7538: 7529: 7465: 7414: 7390: 7357: 7306: 7273: 7249: 7117: 7104: 7088: 7075:Large family listed below 7068: 7063:Large family listed below 7056: 7040:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 6983: 6941: 6917: 6908: 6817: 6762: 6738: 6729: 6692: 6688: 6674: 6636: 5450:: 375–377. Archived from 4955:Canadian Field-Naturalist 4503:– via ResearchGate. 3476:Animal Facts Encyclopedia 3409:10.1215/9780822376149-014 2563:Buffalo Grove High School 2470:White Buffalo Cow Society 2183:A bison hunt depicted by 2054: 1865:effective population size 1860:survived the bottleneck. 1858:Yellowstone National Park 1852:Zoological Park (now the 1620:, illustrating his book, 1445:Cologne Zoological Garden 1281: 1185:Grand Teton National Park 1100:Crossbreeding with cattle 857:Male plains bison in the 778:was borrowed from French 694:Yellowstone National Park 605:) and a southern plains ( 578:near Buffalo Ford on the 504:(not to be confused with 496:), commonly known as the 436: 429: 420: 395: 391: 372: 367: 344: 337: 219:Scientific classification 217: 195: 186: 165: 156: 143: 134: 41: 13024:Beef hormone controversy 11879: 11236:The Star-Spangled Banner 9139:Domestic water buffalo ( 7504:Central Asian red deer ( 7129:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 6475:Meagher, Margaret Mary. 6092:PBS Archives of the West 5975:Mammals of North America 5725:. Accessed July 5, 2020. 5550:Rowman & Littlefield 5272:Mary Ann Franke (2005). 5225:Jung, Thomas S. (2011). 4968:10.22621/cfn.v132i3.1983 3641:Quaternary International 2672:North Dakota State Bison 2642:Marshall Thundering Herd 2619:Coat of arms of Manitoba 2458:White Buffalo Calf Woman 2452:consider the birth of a 2298:Another population, the 2289:Grasslands National Park 2281:Elk Island National Park 1333:Elk Island National Park 1315:Introductions to Siberia 981:without including bison 962:. Genetic evidence from 872:Skeleton of plains bison 403:Bison bison subsp. bison 13746:Native American cuisine 11383:You're a Grand Old Flag 10017:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 9804:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 7909:Yucatan brown brocket ( 7138:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 7022:Philippine mouse-deer ( 6469:The Time of the Buffalo 5490:The Time of the Buffalo 5475:Mary Ann Franke, 2005, 5231:Northwestern Naturalist 4707:: 1–161. Archived from 4408:Charles Scribner's Sons 4256:staff (March 3, 2010). 4166:(6): 1638–1643 (1642). 3970:10.1073/pnas.1620754114 3818:"Legendary Bison Bulls" 3762:Rutberg, A. T. (1986). 3749:Rutberg, A. T. (1984). 3723:Castelló, J.R. (2016). 3015:Smithsonian Institution 2711:Southwestern Law School 2558:Buffalo Gap High School 2269:Wind Cave National Park 2091:American Indian Nations 1972:crashes down the line. 1921:nuclear microsatellites 1789:William Temple Hornaday 1618:William Temple Hornaday 1301:Janos Biosphere Reserve 1078:An adult European bison 836: 830: 817: 811: 13049:Water holding capacity 11652:Cougar (mountain lion) 11533: 11397:This Land Is Your Land 10727:White-lipped peccary ( 10663:Philippine warty pig ( 10288:Yellow-backed duiker ( 10252:Black-fronted duiker ( 10225:White-bellied duiker ( 9846:Przewalski's gazelle ( 9069:Four-horned antelope ( 7867:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 7426:Visayan spotted deer ( 7285:European fallow deer ( 7228:Northern red muntjac ( 7174:Southern red muntjac ( 6581:The Great Buffalo Saga 6574:Buffalo Field Campaign 6543:Great Plains Quarterly 6431:The Great Buffalo Hunt 6086:Parker, Z. A. (1890). 5670:July 23, 2011, at the 5439:Wyman, Travis (2002). 4284:The Nature Conservancy 4232:public domain material 3711:www.theanimalfiles.com 2888:Great Plains Ecoregion 2867:American Bison Society 2813:Manitoban coat of arms 2726:Utah Tech Trailblazers 2706:Smoky Hill High School 2681:Oklahoma Baptist Bison 2629:University of Manitoba 2573:University of Colorado 2441: 2371:, specifically in the 2347:, and less than 5% in 2201: 1883:Texas State Bison Herd 1808: Range as of 1889 1802: Range as of 1870 1706: 1626: 1600: 1564: 1552: 1503: 1455: 1436: 1412: 1383: 1328: 1295: 1290:Bison herd grazing in 1223:and the routes of the 1191: 1163:Newton County, Indiana 1151:The Nature Conservancy 1140: 1079: 939:of the North American 888: 873: 865: 746:Nipissing First Nation 696: 674:Native American tribes 172:Bison bison athabascae 13529:Paleobiology Database 13034:Feed conversion ratio 12936:Ethics of eating meat 11531: 11404:Battle Cry of Freedom 11355:National Emblem March 11250:America the Beautiful 10907:Wild Bactrian camel ( 10609:Bornean bearded pig ( 10600:Palawan bearded pig ( 10189:White-legged duiker ( 9615:Red-fronted gazelle ( 7294:Persian fallow deer ( 7210:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 6883:Himalayan musk deer ( 6792:Reticulated giraffe ( 6525:July 6, 2020, at the 6446:Lott, Dale F (2002). 6061:Harjo, Suzan (2014). 5765:10.1093/jhered/esp024 5573:Teresa Scalzo, 2016, 5331:; Trottier T (1988). 4330:Banff National Park, 3682:on December 29, 2011. 3285:on September 28, 2007 3250:University of Calgary 2935:: e.T2815A123789863. 2811:, as seen inside the 2700:Oklahoma City Thunder 2686:Point Park University 2435: 2277:Northwest Territories 2199: 1926:inbreeding depression 1911:levels (a measure of 1849:population bottleneck 1696: 1635:population bottleneck 1615: 1598: 1558: 1546: 1533:ecosystem engineering 1498: 1442: 1434: 1402: 1381: 1345:pleistocene rewilding 1322: 1289: 1182: 1134: 1125:Further information: 1077: 879: 871: 856: 691: 628:Once roaming in vast 468:Krumbiegel, 1980 13087:Environmental impact 11504:Snipe (common snipe) 11484:Ring-necked pheasant 11125:Pledge of Allegiance 11115:General Grant (tree) 10994:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 10654:Oliver's warty pig ( 10279:Red-flanked duiker ( 9684:Erlanger's gazelle ( 9404:Harnessed bushbuck ( 9130:Wild water buffalo ( 8607:East Caucasian tur ( 8598:West Caucasian tur ( 7751:Little red brocket ( 7219:Truong Son muntjac ( 7031:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 7013:Greater mouse-deer ( 6892:Siberian musk deer ( 6498:Roe, Frank Gilbert. 6436:Isenberg, Andrew C. 6310:Indian Country Today 6159:. Bisoncentral.com. 5801:Ecological Modelling 5407:David Maccar, 2010, 4852:on February 17, 2014 4724:Journal of Mammalogy 4622:, September 23, 2013 4434:Conservation Biology 4160:Conservation Biology 3692:McDonald, J., 1981. 3656:Meagher, M. (1986). 3258:10.11575/PRISM/22701 3218:10.1139/gen-42-3-483 3174:Journal of Mammalogy 2898:Plains hide painting 2878:Buffalo Hunters' War 2722:Utah Tech University 2582:Gallaudet University 2456:to be the return of 2382:A proposal known as 2253:cattle introgression 1796: Original range 1762: Holocene bison 1366:Behavior and ecology 1248:Blue Ridge Mountains 1121:Range and population 1063:Bison "occidentalis" 711:is reserved for the 574:, with sightings in 465:Bison bison montanae 401: Plains bison ( 11499:Sharp-tailed grouse 11469:Hungarian partridge 11211:Novus ordo seclorum 11156:Statue of Liberty ( 10627:Celebes warty pig ( 10618:Visayan warty pig ( 10234:Red forest duiker ( 9966:Günther's dik-dik ( 9828:Mongolian gazelle ( 9633:Heuglin's gazelle ( 9624:Thomson's gazelle ( 8778:Long-tailed goral ( 8173:Mountain reedbuck ( 8164:Southern reedbuck ( 8016:East African oryx ( 7918:White-tailed deer ( 7697:Small red brocket ( 7664:South Andean deer ( 7607:Siberian roe deer ( 7598:European roe deer ( 7435:Philippine sambar ( 7402:Père David's deer ( 7004:Lesser mouse-deer ( 6865:Kashmir musk deer ( 6537:Zontek Ken (1995). 6362:on October 21, 2010 5813:2005EcMod.181..263H 5752:Journal of Heredity 5596:Yellowstone Science 5515:on October 9, 2016. 5457:on October 11, 2017 5352:10.14430/arctic1736 5165:2018Ecosp...9E2436N 4888:1998Oikos..83..529W 4807:1974JApEc..11..489P 4766:McHugh, T. (1958). 4569:, February 14, 2011 4446:2007ConBi..21.1487L 4373:2015JWMan..79.1277J 4172:1995ConBi...9.1638P 4032:2008CaJES..45..827W 3961:2017PNAS..114.3457F 3905:2021QSRv..26106933S 3056:10.14430/arctic1552 2979:"American Buffalo ( 2809:its provincial flag 2647:Milligan University 2638:Marshall University 2610:Lipscomb University 2534:Bucknell University 2142:Alfred Jacob Miller 1967:Population recovery 1583:be killed instead. 1335:was established in 1209:Banff National Park 1157:nature preserve in 1056:- beginning of the 740:as the French word 738:Samuel de Champlain 460:(Gmelin, 1788) 452:Linnaeus, 1758 189:Conservation status 13771:Symbols of Wyoming 13211:Warmed-over flavor 12979:Semi-vegetarianism 11723:American alligator 11534: 11334:The Air Force Song 10775:Collared peccary ( 10645:Flores warty pig ( 10486:Giant forest hog ( 10348:Maxwell's duiker ( 10270:Ruwenzori duiker ( 10216:Jentink's duiker ( 10125:Sharpe's grysbok ( 9881:Tibetan antelope ( 9786:Bright's gazelle ( 9720:Goitered gazelle ( 9693:Mountain gazelle ( 9666:Cuvier's gazelle ( 9606:Mongalla gazelle ( 8994:Pyrenean chamois ( 8420:Tibetan antelope ( 8374:Black wildebeest ( 7201:Reeves's muntjac ( 7165:Sumatran muntjac ( 7156:Gongshan muntjac ( 6929:Water chevrotain ( 6856:Alpine musk deer ( 6783:Southern giraffe ( 6774:Northern giraffe ( 6212:. Associated Press 6042:. November 1, 2018 6036:"People and Bison" 6016:. November 6, 2017 5530:"Bison Fact Sheet" 5488:Tom McHugh, 1979, 4924:Journal of Zoology 4695:Meagher M (1973). 4598:Edmonton Journal, 4578:Edmonton Journal, 4016:Bison occidentalis 2716:Tooele High School 2587:Harding University 2577:Colorado Buffaloes 2509:"Westward Journey" 2505:United States Mint 2442: 2396:shortgrass prairie 2377:Peace River region 2295:in Saskatchewan. 2202: 1832: Plains bison 1774: Plains bison 1755:Bison occidentalis 1707: 1627: 1601: 1565: 1553: 1504: 1501:Lamar River Canyon 1491:Wallowing behavior 1456: 1437: 1413: 1384: 1329: 1309:Maderas del Carmen 1296: 1276:Thomas Hart Benton 1272:Vincennes, Indiana 1192: 1183:Bison fighting in 1169:Habitat and trails 1141: 1080: 1052:at the end of the 1010:Middle Pleistocene 889: 882:Eadweard Muybridge 874: 866: 697: 551:, and east to the 539:, a tract of rich 411: Wood bison ( 13761:American frontier 13716:Mammals of Canada 13673: 13672: 13516:Open Tree of Life 13264:Taxon identifiers 13255: 13254: 12922: 12921: 11847: 11846: 11819:Waterfowl hunting 11667:White-tailed deer 11532:Waterfowl hunters 11413: 11412: 11292:God Bless America 11271:Hail to the Chief 11180:West Potomac Park 11037: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11006: 11005: 10927: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10795: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10751:Chacoan peccary ( 10702: 10701: 10690:Javan warty pig ( 10681:Timor warty pig ( 10488:H. meinertzhageni 10462:Togian babirusa ( 10401: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10357:Walter's duiker ( 10297:Abbott's duiker ( 10261:Ogilby's duiker ( 10207:Harvey's duiker ( 10171:Brooke's duiker ( 10137: 10136: 9917: 9916: 9858: 9857: 9795:Peter's gazelle ( 9777:Grant's gazelle ( 9711:Speke's gazelle ( 9484: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9361: 9331: 9330: 9319:African buffalo ( 9150:B. depressicornis 9105: 9104: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9014: 8787:Himalayan goral ( 8609:C. cylindricornis 8476: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8432: 8431: 8395: 8394: 8383:Blue wildebeest ( 8317:Common tsessebe ( 8268: 8267: 8231: 8230: 8194: 8193: 8106:K. ellipsiprymnus 8079: 8078: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7878:P. mephistophiles 7834:P. mephistophiles 7525: 7524: 7221:M. truongsonensis 7183:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7052: 7051: 6995:Java mouse-deer ( 6904: 6903: 6874:Black musk deer ( 6847:Dwarf musk deer ( 6838:Anhui musk deer ( 6813: 6812: 6776:G. camelopardalis 6725: 6724: 6518:Smits, David D. " 6459:978-0-520-24062-9 6128:on April 15, 2015 5917:Conservation Note 5633:National Wildlife 5314:978-1-59228-886-1 5289:978-0-8061-3683-7 5174:10.1002/ecs2.2436 4770:Bison bison bison 4711:on June 29, 2011. 4657:on March 21, 2020 4417:978-0-8226-0349-8 4311:Nature World News 4286:. August 29, 2017 4096:978-0-520-24062-9 4069:978-0-8117-3315-1 3955:(13): 3457–3462. 3873:10.3390/d10030065 3822:allaboutbison.com 3800:978-0-231-08456-7 3665:Mammalian Species 3418:978-0-8223-5779-7 3029:Geist V. (1991). 2750:Bloomington Bison 2596:Howard University 2543:Buffalo, New York 2369:Canadian prairies 2336:mitochondrial DNA 2271:in South Dakota; 2245:Custer State Park 2083: 2082: 1913:genetic diversity 1889:Charles Goodnight 1631:genetic diversity 1616:Map from 1889 by 1587:Dangers to humans 1379: 1343:as a practice of 1264:Falls of the Ohio 1254:. A heavily used 1006:Early Pleistocene 987:mitochondrial DNA 886:Animal Locomotion 859:Wichita Mountains 582:as late as 1750. 553:Atlantic Seaboard 476: 475: 444:Gmelin, 1788 212: 180: 150:Bison bison bison 129: 16:(Redirected from 13793: 13666: 13665: 13653: 13652: 13640: 13639: 13627: 13626: 13614: 13613: 13601: 13600: 13591: 13590: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13550: 13549: 13537: 13536: 13524: 13523: 13511: 13510: 13498: 13497: 13485: 13484: 13482:NHMSYS0020975270 13472: 13471: 13459: 13458: 13446: 13445: 13433: 13432: 13420: 13419: 13407: 13406: 13394: 13393: 13381: 13380: 13368: 13367: 13355: 13354: 13342: 13341: 13332: 13331: 13319: 13318: 13306: 13305: 13304: 13291: 13290: 13289: 13259: 13258: 13244: 13243: 13234: 13233: 13206:Roadkill cuisine 13001:Meat alternative 12996:Plant-based diet 12914:Meat substitutes 12809: 12808: 11960: 11954: 11874: 11867: 11860: 11851: 11850: 11799:Big-game hunting 11584:Northern pintail 11440: 11433: 11426: 11417: 11416: 11064: 11057: 11050: 11041: 11040: 10956: 10955: 10947: 10946: 10933: 10932: 10824: 10823: 10815: 10814: 10801: 10800: 10713: 10712: 10519:Common warthog ( 10510:Desert warthog ( 10430: 10429: 10421: 10420: 10407: 10406: 10306:Weyns's duiker ( 10180:Peters' duiker ( 10162:Aders's duiker ( 10148: 10147: 10035:Royal antelope ( 9993:Salt's dik-dik ( 9984:Silver dik-dik ( 9975:Kirk's dik-dik ( 9928: 9927: 9905:Saiga antelope ( 9867: 9866: 9806:N. soemmerringii 9675:Dorcas gazelle ( 9520: 9519: 9511: 9510: 9504: 9490: 9489: 9377:Mountain nyala ( 9360: 9359: 9351: 9342: 9341: 9297:P. nghetinhensis 9199:European bison ( 9190:American bison ( 9116: 9115: 9055: 9054: 9046: 9045: 9039: 9025: 9024: 8901:Domestic sheep ( 8745:Himalayan tahr ( 8712:Mainland serow ( 8694:Japanese serow ( 8503: 8502: 8496: 8482: 8481: 8406: 8405: 8279: 8278: 8242: 8241: 8205: 8204: 8182:Bohor reedbuck ( 8090: 8089: 8069:A. nasomaculatus 7992:Sable antelope ( 7969: 7968: 7960: 7959: 7953: 7944: 7943: 7706:Merida brocket ( 7536: 7535: 7477:Thorold's deer ( 7329:A. calamianensis 7212:M. rooseveltorum 7158:M. gongshanensis 7115: 7114: 7106: 7105: 7099: 7090: 7089: 6915: 6914: 6824: 6823: 6803:G. tippelskirchi 6736: 6735: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6689: 6676: 6675: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6570: 6550: 6507:Shaw, James H. " 6495: 6463: 6426: 6395:The Buffalo Book 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6312:. Archived from 6301: 6295: 6294: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6124:. Archived from 6113: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5936: 5925: 5924: 5912: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5767: 5743: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5703:on July 25, 2011 5702: 5695: 5684: 5675: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5624: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5593: 5584: 5578: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5503:"American Bison" 5499: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5445: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5426:Billings Gazette 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5387:Billings Gazette 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5361:on June 26, 2012 5360: 5354:. Archived from 5337: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5222: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5195:on June 17, 2020 5191:. Archived from 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5062: 5053: 5034: 5028: 5027: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4919: 4908: 4907: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4763: 4748: 4747: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4692: 4681: 4680: 4674: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4653:. Archived from 4647: 4641: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4600:"Bison troubles" 4596: 4590: 4576: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4543:. Archived from 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4440:(6): 1487–1494. 4428: 4422: 4421: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4381:10.1002/jwmg.946 4367:(8): 1277–1285. 4352: 4346: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4139:on March 3, 2013 4120: 4111: 4104: 4098: 4077: 4071: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3972: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3786: 3780: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3675:. Archived from 3662: 3653: 3644: 3636: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3537: 3528: 3527:, Fifth Edition: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3442: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3370:. Archived from 3345: 3336: 3325: 3324: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3278:. Archived from 3247: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3165: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3129: 3123:. Archived from 3106: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3076: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2914: 2851: 2839: 2823: 2807:uses a bison in 2801: 2783: 2771:uses a bison in 2765: 2696:Rumble the Bison 2624:Flag of Manitoba 2513:50 State Quarter 2438:CSKT Bison Range 2428:Native Americans 2365:British Columbia 2180: 2168: 2152: 2137: 2063:15,000 (Canada) 1986: 1985: 1831: 1826: Wood bison 1825: 1818: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1784: 1773: 1768: Wood bison 1767: 1761: 1747:great bison belt 1742: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1529:thermoregulation 1380: 1360:Pleistocene Park 1175:Great bison belt 1137:CSKT Bison Range 1054:Late Pleistocene 902:B. b. athabascae 839: 833: 820: 814: 770:Bubal hartebeest 768:we also get the 599:B. b. athabascae 537:great bison belt 530:historical range 520:(or native) to 498:American buffalo 491: 469: 461: 457:Bison americanus 453: 445: 425: 410: 400: 376:B. b. athabascae 350: 227: 226: 206: 201: 200: 182: 181: 161: 139: 123: 122: 52: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 13801: 13800: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13676: 13675: 13674: 13669: 13661: 13656: 13648: 13643: 13635: 13630: 13622: 13617: 13609: 13604: 13596: 13594: 13586: 13581: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13553: 13545: 13540: 13532: 13527: 13519: 13514: 13506: 13503:Observation.org 13501: 13493: 13488: 13480: 13475: 13467: 13462: 13454: 13449: 13441: 13436: 13428: 13423: 13415: 13410: 13402: 13397: 13389: 13384: 13376: 13371: 13363: 13358: 13350: 13345: 13337: 13335: 13327: 13322: 13314: 13309: 13300: 13299: 13294: 13285: 13284: 13279: 13266: 13256: 13251: 13236:Food portal 13228: 13220: 13142:Case-ready meat 13124: 13118: 13092:Factory farming 13053: 13010: 12962: 12928: 12918: 12887: 12800: 12557: 12551: 12476: 12381: 12372: 12194: 12074: 12045:Lamb and mutton 11961: 11955: 11946: 11883: 11878: 11848: 11843: 11782: 11711: 11642:Bison (buffalo) 11608: 11535: 11523: 11474:Prairie chicken 11447: 11444: 11414: 11409: 11223: 11204:E pluribus unum 11198:In God We Trust 11186: 11144: 11073: 11068: 11038: 11025: 11002: 10978: 10941: 10915: 10873: 10809: 10783: 10759: 10735: 10698: 10665:S. philippensis 10602:S. ahoenobarbus 10584: 10576:Red river hog ( 10551: 10527: 10494: 10470: 10444:Buru babirusa ( 10415: 10389: 10381:Common duiker ( 10365: 10323: 10133: 10091: 10067: 10043: 10001: 9950: 9913: 9889: 9854: 9839:P. picticaudata 9812: 9752: 9728: 9722:G. subgutturosa 9641: 9590: 9566: 9542: 9505: 9494: 9472: 9439: 9431:Cape bushbuck ( 9424:T. strepsiceros 9353: 9352: 9350: 9327: 9303: 9279: 9174: 9166:Mountain anoa ( 9101: 9095:B. tragocamelus 9077: 9071:T. quadricornis 9040: 9029: 9011: 8978: 8954: 8910:Bighorn sheep ( 8876: 8852: 8828: 8820:Mountain goat ( 8804: 8796:Chinese goral ( 8753: 8729: 8714:C. sumatraensis 8678: 8661:Siberian ibex ( 8625:Domestic goat ( 8573: 8549: 8525: 8517:Barbary sheep ( 8497: 8486: 8468: 8456: 8444: 8428: 8391: 8358: 8334: 8301: 8264: 8227: 8190: 8148: 8075: 8051: 8025:Scimitar oryx ( 8000: 7983:Roan antelope ( 7954: 7948: 7926: 7884: 7876:Northern pudu ( 7850: 7842:Southern pudu ( 7832:Northern pudu ( 7816: 7792: 7768: 7733:Pygmy brocket ( 7715:Dwarf brocket ( 7672: 7639: 7615: 7582: 7558: 7521: 7461: 7410: 7386: 7353: 7327:Calamian deer ( 7302: 7296:D. mesopotamica 7269: 7245: 7239:M. vuquangensis 7237:Giant muntjac ( 7147:Fea's muntjac ( 7100: 7094: 7076: 7064: 7048: 6979: 6937: 6900: 6858:M. chrysogaster 6809: 6801:Masai giraffe ( 6758: 6721: 6684: 6670: 6632: 6625: 6561: 6558: 6553: 6527:Wayback Machine 6460: 6415:10.2307/2079530 6380: 6378:Further reading 6375: 6365: 6363: 6352: 6348: 6341:Washington Post 6333: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6316:on July 2, 2016 6302: 6298: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6114: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5988: 5984: 5969: 5965: 5952: 5948: 5937: 5928: 5913: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5880: 5876: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5850: 5840: 5836: 5793: 5789: 5744: 5729: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5678: 5672:Wayback Machine 5663: 5659: 5648: 5644: 5625: 5614: 5606: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5572: 5568: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5520: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5487: 5483: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5335: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5270: 5266: 5243:10.1898/10-07.1 5223: 5219: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5145: 5141: 5094: 5090: 5063: 5056: 5035: 5031: 4996:Mammal Research 4988: 4984: 4947: 4943: 4920: 4911: 4896:10.2307/3546680 4872: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4815:10.2307/2402203 4791: 4787: 4764: 4751: 4736:10.2307/1380570 4720: 4716: 4693: 4684: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4658: 4651:"Archived copy" 4649: 4648: 4644: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4607:Wayback Machine 4597: 4593: 4587:Wayback Machine 4577: 4573: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4547:on May 13, 2021 4539: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4521:. March 4, 2020 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4481: 4477: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4400: 4396: 4353: 4349: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4235: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4121: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4078: 4074: 4051: 4047: 4040:10.1139/E08-027 4008: 4004: 3940: 3936: 3885: 3881: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3787: 3783: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3757: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3637: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3496:Tikkanen, Amy. 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3472:"Buffalo Facts" 3470: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3451:livescience.com 3443: 3439: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3397: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3377:on July 6, 2020 3374: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3321: 3305:Garrick, Dorian 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3268: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3202: 3195: 3187:10.1644/BER-029 3166: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3130:on May 10, 2017 3127: 3121:10.1139/z91-007 3104: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3027: 3023: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2983:) species page" 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2958: 2947: 2945: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2872:Buffalo Commons 2862: 2855: 2852: 2843: 2840: 2831: 2824: 2815: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2663:Nichols College 2633:Manitoba Bisons 2614:Lipscomb Bisons 2478: 2430: 2425: 2412: 2384:Buffalo Commons 2304:Antelope Island 2194: 2187: 2181: 2172: 2169: 2160: 2153: 2144: 2138: 1993: 1984: 1978: 1969: 1959: 1953: 1885: 1870: 1845: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1743: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1647:domestic cattle 1639:domestic cattle 1610: 1589: 1541: 1493: 1484: 1397: 1370: 1368: 1317: 1284: 1205:Henry Mountains 1177: 1171: 1129: 1123: 1102: 1072: 1031:Bison latifrons 956: 851: 713:African buffalo 686: 643:reintroductions 555:(nearly to the 472: 467: 459: 451: 443: 416: 408: 406: 398: 386:(plains bison) 380: 363: 352: 346: 333: 221: 213: 204:Near Threatened 202: 198: 191: 176: 169: 147: 130: 121: 120: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13799: 13789: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13691:American bison 13688: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13654: 13641: 13628: 13615: 13602: 13592: 13579: 13563: 13561: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13551: 13538: 13525: 13512: 13499: 13486: 13473: 13460: 13447: 13434: 13421: 13408: 13395: 13382: 13369: 13356: 13343: 13333: 13320: 13307: 13292: 13276: 13274: 13268: 13267: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13249: 13247:Category: Meat 13238: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13150: 13149: 13139: 13134: 13128: 13126: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13112:Slaughterhouse 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13063: 13061: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13020: 13018: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12989:Pollotarianism 12986: 12984:Pescetarianism 12976: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12932: 12930: 12924: 12923: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12895: 12893: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12854: 12853: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12806: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12662: 12661: 12656: 12646: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12561: 12559: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12486: 12484: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12388: 12386: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12204: 12202: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12190: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12084: 12082: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11971: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11893: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11877: 11876: 11869: 11862: 11854: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11839:Upland hunting 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11719: 11717: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11618: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11545: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11459:Bobwhite quail 11455: 11453: 11449: 11448: 11443: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11420: 11411: 11410: 11408: 11407: 11400: 11393: 11386: 11379: 11372: 11365: 11358: 11351: 11344: 11341:Semper Paratus 11337: 11330: 11327:Semper Fidelis 11323: 11316: 11313:Anchors Aweigh 11309: 11302: 11295: 11288: 11281: 11278:Hail, Columbia 11274: 11267: 11260: 11253: 11246: 11239: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11221: 11214: 11207: 11200: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11172: 11170:Mount Rushmore 11167: 11162: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11120:American Creed 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11067: 11066: 11059: 11052: 11044: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11016: 11014: 11008: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11001: 11000: 10996:C. liberiensis 10990: 10988: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10976: 10970:Hippopotamus ( 10966: 10964: 10953: 10951:Hippopotamidae 10943: 10942: 10929: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10904: 10900:C. dromedarius 10895: 10885: 10883: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10862: 10853: 10844: 10834: 10832: 10821: 10811: 10810: 10797: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10781: 10771: 10769: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10757: 10747: 10745: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10723: 10721: 10710: 10704: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10696: 10687: 10683:S. timoriensis 10678: 10669: 10660: 10651: 10642: 10636:Domestic pig ( 10633: 10624: 10615: 10606: 10596: 10594: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10539: 10537: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10516: 10512:P. aethiopicus 10506: 10504: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10482: 10480: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10464:B. togeanensis 10459: 10450: 10440: 10438: 10427: 10417: 10416: 10403: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10377: 10375: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10354: 10345: 10335: 10333: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10315:Zebra duiker ( 10312: 10303: 10294: 10290:C. silvicultor 10285: 10276: 10267: 10258: 10249: 10243:Black duiker ( 10240: 10231: 10227:C. leucogaster 10222: 10213: 10204: 10195: 10186: 10177: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10131: 10122: 10116:Cape grysbok ( 10113: 10103: 10101: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10079: 10077: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10065: 10059:Klipspringer ( 10055: 10053: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10041: 10032: 10023: 10013: 10011: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9990: 9986:M. piacentinii 9981: 9972: 9962: 9960: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9938: 9936: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9901: 9899: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9877: 9875: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9848:P. przewalskii 9843: 9834: 9824: 9822: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9810: 9801: 9792: 9783: 9774: 9768:Dama gazelle ( 9764: 9762: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9740: 9738: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9717: 9708: 9702:Rhim gazelle ( 9699: 9690: 9681: 9672: 9663: 9653: 9651: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9630: 9621: 9612: 9602: 9600: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9560:A. marsupialis 9554: 9552: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9530: 9528: 9517: 9507: 9506: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9464:Common eland ( 9461: 9451: 9449: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9428: 9422:Greater kudu ( 9419: 9410: 9401: 9392: 9383: 9374: 9364: 9362: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9291: 9289: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9268: 9259: 9250: 9241: 9235:Domestic yak ( 9232: 9223: 9214: 9205: 9196: 9186: 9184: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9163: 9159:B. mindorensis 9154: 9148:Lowland anoa ( 9145: 9136: 9126: 9124: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9075: 9065: 9063: 9052: 9042: 9041: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9009: 9000: 8990: 8988: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8966: 8964: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8943: 8934: 8925: 8916: 8907: 8898: 8888: 8886: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8868:Nilgiri tahr ( 8864: 8862: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8840: 8838: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8793: 8784: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8741: 8739: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8721:Taiwan serow ( 8718: 8709: 8700: 8690: 8688: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8667: 8658: 8652:Iberian ibex ( 8649: 8640: 8631: 8622: 8613: 8604: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8561: 8559: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8541:Arabian tahr ( 8537: 8535: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8513: 8511: 8499: 8498: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8323: 8313: 8311: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8252: 8250: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8179: 8175:R. fulvorufula 8170: 8160: 8158: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8146: 8137: 8128: 8119: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8043:Arabian oryx ( 8040: 8031: 8022: 8012: 8010: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7966: 7956: 7955: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7920:O. virginianus 7915: 7906: 7896: 7894: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7839: 7828: 7826: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7802: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7786:O. bezoarticus 7780: 7778: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7757: 7748: 7739: 7730: 7726:M. gouazoubira 7724:Gray brocket ( 7721: 7712: 7703: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7604: 7594: 7592: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7510: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7479:C. albirostris 7473: 7471: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7432: 7422: 7420: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7375: 7365: 7363: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7263:E. cephalophus 7257: 7255: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7234: 7225: 7216: 7207: 7198: 7192:Leaf muntjac ( 7189: 7185:M. puhoatensis 7180: 7171: 7162: 7153: 7144: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7112: 7102: 7101: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7042:T. williamsoni 7037: 7028: 7019: 7010: 7001: 6991: 6989: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6968: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6894:M. moschiferus 6889: 6885:M. leucogaster 6880: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6849:M. berezovskii 6844: 6834: 6832: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6798: 6789: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6696: 6694:Antilocapridae 6686: 6685: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6666:Laurasiatheria 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6576: 6571: 6557: 6556:External links 6554: 6552: 6551: 6534: 6516: 6505: 6496: 6483: 6473: 6464: 6458: 6443: 6434: 6427: 6398: 6393:Dary David A. 6391: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6346: 6327: 6296: 6282: 6270: 6248: 6223: 6196: 6174: 6148: 6139: 6105: 6078: 6072:978-1588344786 6071: 6053: 6027: 6001: 5982: 5963: 5946: 5926: 5900: 5888:Flat Creek Inn 5874: 5834: 5807:(2): 263–276. 5787: 5758:(4): 411–420. 5727: 5714: 5676: 5657: 5642: 5612: 5579: 5566: 5553: 5538: 5518: 5494: 5481: 5468: 5431: 5412: 5400: 5372: 5346:(4): 297–302. 5320: 5313: 5295: 5288: 5264: 5237:(2): 126–130. 5217: 5206: 5180: 5139: 5088: 5054: 5029: 4982: 4961:(3): 219–222. 4941: 4930:(2): 177–185. 4909: 4882:(2): 529–544. 4863: 4837: 4828: 4801:(2): 489–497. 4785: 4749: 4730:(2): 329–332. 4714: 4682: 4642: 4624: 4611: 4591: 4571: 4558: 4532: 4506: 4475: 4423: 4416: 4394: 4347: 4323: 4297: 4271: 4248: 4218: 4193: 4150: 4112: 4099: 4072: 4045: 4012:Bison antiquus 4002: 3934: 3879: 3846: 3836: 3827: 3806: 3799: 3781: 3768: 3755: 3742: 3729: 3716: 3698: 3685: 3645: 3626: 3617: 3599: 3585: 3572:"buffalo (n.)" 3563: 3554: 3529: 3515: 3488: 3463: 3437: 3424: 3417: 3388: 3360:10.2307/971110 3354:(3): 312–338. 3326: 3319: 3296: 3266: 3231: 3193: 3180:(5): 924–931. 3141: 3092: 3062: 3049:(4): 283–300. 3021: 2999: 2970: 2956: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2828:Buffalo nickel 2825: 2818: 2816: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2773:its state flag 2767: 2760: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2733: 2731:CFB Wainwright 2728: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2607: 2602: 2593: 2591:Harding Bisons 2584: 2579: 2570: 2568:Buffalo Sabres 2565: 2560: 2555: 2553:Buffalo Bisons 2550: 2545: 2540: 2538:Bucknell Bison 2531: 2526: 2520: 2501:buffalo nickel 2477: 2474: 2446:Plains Indians 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2411: 2408: 2349:Eastern Canada 2345:Western Canada 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2163: 2161: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1980:Main article: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1909:heterozygosity 1884: 1881: 1868: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1751:Holocene bison 1744: 1737: 1735: 1609: 1606: 1588: 1585: 1540: 1537: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1396: 1393: 1367: 1364: 1325:reintroduction 1316: 1313: 1283: 1280: 1244:Cumberland Gap 1225:mound builders 1189:Moose, Wyoming 1170: 1167: 1155:Kankakee Sands 1122: 1119: 1101: 1098: 1084:European bison 1071: 1068: 1037:Bison antiquus 955: 952: 921:B.b.athabascae 910:B.b.athabascae 850: 847: 842: 841: 822: 685: 682: 668:Spanning back 603:B. b. montanae 576:North Carolina 549:Gulf of Mexico 543:spanning from 526:European bison 480:American bison 474: 473: 471: 470: 462: 454: 446: 441:Bos americanus 437: 434: 433: 427: 426: 418: 417: 407: 397: 393: 392: 389: 388: 370: 369: 365: 364: 353: 342: 341: 335: 334: 327: 325: 321: 320: 313: 309: 308: 303: 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 215: 214: 196: 193: 192: 187: 184: 183: 163: 162: 154: 153: 141: 140: 132: 131: 116: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 44: 42:American bison 26: 18:American Bison 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13798: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13664: 13659: 13655: 13651: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13593: 13589: 13584: 13580: 13575: 13569: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13560: 13556: 13548: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13517: 13513: 13509: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13426: 13422: 13418: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13374: 13370: 13366: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13334: 13330: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13312: 13308: 13303: 13297: 13293: 13288: 13282: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13260: 13248: 13239: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13226: 13223: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13154:Cultured meat 13152: 13148: 13145: 13144: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13121: 13113: 13110: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13059:Meat industry 13056: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13019: 13017: 13013: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12974:Vegetarianism 12972: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12946:Animal rights 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12925: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12890: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12852: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12805:List articles 12803: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12706:Luncheon meat 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12554: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12522: 12518: 12515: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12379: 12375: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12303:Pacific saury 12301: 12299: 12298:Orange roughy 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12189: 12186: 12185: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12077: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11964: 11959: 11953: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11875: 11870: 11868: 11863: 11861: 11856: 11855: 11852: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11804:Bison hunting 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11778:Snowshoe hare 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11753:Gray squirrel 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11714: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11677:Mountain goat 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11622:Bighorn sheep 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11569:Greater scaup 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11538: 11530: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11509:Spruce grouse 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11494:Ruffed grouse 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11479:Mourning dove 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11450: 11441: 11436: 11434: 11429: 11427: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11405: 11401: 11398: 11394: 11391: 11387: 11384: 11380: 11377: 11376:Yankee Doodle 11373: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11352: 11349: 11345: 11342: 11338: 11335: 11331: 11328: 11324: 11321: 11320:Marines' Hymn 11317: 11314: 11310: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11296: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11218:Annuit cœptis 11215: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11175:National Mall 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11065: 11060: 11058: 11053: 11051: 11046: 11045: 11042: 11022: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10986: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10962: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10930: 10912: 10910: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10891:C. bactrianus 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10870: 10868: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10802: 10798: 10780: 10778: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10756: 10754: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10743: 10738: 10732: 10730: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10695: 10693: 10692:S. verrucosus 10688: 10686: 10684: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10638:S. domesticus 10634: 10632: 10630: 10629:S. celebensis 10625: 10623: 10621: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10592: 10587: 10581: 10579: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10559: 10558:Potamochoerus 10554: 10548: 10546: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10524: 10522: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10491: 10489: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10467: 10465: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10455:B. celebensis 10451: 10449: 10447: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10408: 10404: 10386: 10384: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10373: 10368: 10362: 10360: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10339:Blue duiker ( 10337: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10320: 10318: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10254:C. nigrifrons 10250: 10248: 10246: 10241: 10239: 10237: 10236:C. natalensis 10232: 10230: 10228: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10182:C. callipygus 10178: 10176: 10174: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10130: 10128: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10109:R. campestris 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10088: 10086: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10064: 10062: 10061:O. oreotragus 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10040: 10038: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9998: 9996: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9886: 9884: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9865: 9861: 9851: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9809: 9807: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9755: 9749: 9747: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9725: 9723: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9704:G. leptoceros 9700: 9698: 9696: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9638: 9636: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9608:E. albonotata 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9587: 9585: 9584:A. cervicapra 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9569: 9563: 9561: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9539: 9537: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9498: 9491: 9487: 9469: 9467: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9455:Giant eland ( 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9436: 9434: 9433:T. sylvaticus 9429: 9427: 9425: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9395:Lesser kudu ( 9393: 9391: 9389: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9357: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9324: 9322: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9300: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9276: 9274: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9210:B. domesticus 9208:Bali cattle ( 9206: 9204: 9202: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9177: 9171: 9169: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9074: 9072: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9022: 9008: 9006: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8975: 8973: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8951: 8949: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8912:O. canadensis 8908: 8906: 8904: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8873: 8871: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8859:Nilgiritragus 8855: 8849: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8825: 8823: 8822:O. americanus 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8747:H. jemlahicus 8743: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8675: 8673: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8643:Nubian ibex ( 8641: 8639: 8637: 8634:Alpine ibex ( 8632: 8630: 8628: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8546: 8544: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8479: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8401:Pantholopinae 8398: 8388: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8352:A. buselaphus 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8298: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8261: 8259: 8256:Grey rhebok ( 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8200:Aepycerotinae 8197: 8187: 8185: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8145: 8143: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8131:Nile lechwe ( 8129: 8127: 8125: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964:Hippotraginae 7961: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7941: 7923: 7921: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7810:B. dichotomus 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7784:Pampas deer ( 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7765: 7763: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7744:M. nemorivaga 7740: 7738: 7736: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7688:Red brocket ( 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7669: 7667: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7657:H. antisensis 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7636: 7634: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7610: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7577: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7497:C. canadensis 7493: 7491: 7489: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7446:R. timorensis 7442: 7440: 7438: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7407: 7405: 7404:E. davidianus 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7371:R. duvaucelii 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7336:Bawean deer ( 7334: 7332: 7330: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7266: 7264: 7261:Tufted deer ( 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7194:M. putaoensis 7190: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7140:M. crinifrons 7136: 7134: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7087: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7033:T. versicolor 7029: 7027: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6840:M. anhuiensis 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6794:G. reticulata 6790: 6788: 6786: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6630: 6622: 6617: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563:"Bison bison" 6560: 6559: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6466:McHugh, Tom. 6465: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6432: 6429:Gard, Wayne. 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6409:(2): 465–85. 6408: 6404: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6292: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6258: 6252: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6184: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6110: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6015: 6011: 6005: 5996: 5995: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5967: 5959: 5958: 5950: 5942: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5718: 5699: 5692: 5691: 5683: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5215: 5210: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5159:(9): e02436. 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104:(1): 159–67. 5103: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5077:(1–2): 1–10. 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5050:0-521-86446-1 5047: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4868: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4595: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4520: 4519:Global Cement 4516: 4510: 4499:September 20, 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4290:September 20, 4285: 4281: 4275: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4233: 4222: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088:0-520-24062-6 4085: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061:0-8117-3315-7 4058: 4054: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4026:(7): 827–59. 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3840: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3739: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3658:"Bison bison" 3652: 3650: 3642: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3589: 3573: 3567: 3558: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3393: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3320:9781780642215 3316: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3267:9780494004128 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3212:(3): 483–96. 3211: 3207: 3200: 3198: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2548:Buffalo Bills 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2476:North America 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:white buffalo 2451: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2420: 2418: 2410:Domestication 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2373:parkland belt 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2186: 2185:George Catlin 2179: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2058:5,000 (U.S.) 2053: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2013: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1982:Bison hunting 1973: 1964: 1961: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1930:genetic drift 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1840: 1817: 1812: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1727:genetic drift 1724: 1719: 1717: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1675: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1584: 1581: 1580:Grizzly bears 1577: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1392: 1390: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1353:Bison priscus 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1288: 1279: 1277: 1274:. In Senator 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1115:United States 1112: 1108: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:Rancholabrean 1039: 1038: 1034:, along with 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:Bison priscus 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 999:introgression 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 974: 969: 965: 961: 951: 949: 948:white buffalo 944: 942: 938: 934: 929: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 887: 883: 878: 870: 864: 860: 855: 846: 838: 834:(bison cow), 832: 827: 823: 819: 815:(bison cow), 813: 808: 804: 803: 802: 800: 799:Plains Indian 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 729: 725: 720: 718: 717:water buffalo 714: 710: 706: 702: 695: 690: 681: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 647:United States 644: 639: 635: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 580:Catawba River 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 558: 554: 550: 547:south to the 546: 542: 538: 534: 531: 527: 523: 522:North America 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 487: 486: 481: 466: 463: 458: 455: 450: 447: 442: 439: 438: 435: 432: 428: 424: 419: 414: 404: 394: 390: 387: 385: 384: 378: 377: 371: 366: 361: 357: 351: 349: 343: 340: 339:Binomial name 336: 332: 331: 330:B. bison 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 314: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 300: 297: 294: 291: 290: 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 251: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 234: 231: 230: 225: 220: 216: 210: 205: 194: 190: 185: 173: 168: 164: 160: 155: 151: 146: 142: 138: 133: 127: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 40: 37: 33: 19: 13558: 13271: 13176:Mystery meat 13132:Arachnophagy 13072:Branch house 13039:Preservation 13016:Meat science 12967:Alternatives 12956:Meat paradox 12878:Smoked foods 12517:Grasshoppers 12462:Sea cucumber 12457:Shrimp/prawn 11989: 11834:Wolf hunting 11809:Deer hunting 11794:Bear hunting 11743:Fox squirrel 11716:Other quarry 11641: 11594:Ross's goose 11574:Lesser scaup 11554:Canada goose 11348:Semper Supra 11216: 11209: 11202: 11165:Liberty Bell 11157: 11139: 11110:Phrygian cap 10995: 10983: 10972:H. amphibius 10971: 10961:Hippopotamus 10959: 10939:Whippomorpha 10908: 10899: 10890: 10878: 10866: 10857: 10848: 10839: 10827: 10776: 10764: 10752: 10740: 10728: 10716: 10691: 10682: 10673: 10664: 10655: 10646: 10637: 10628: 10620:S. cebifrons 10619: 10610: 10601: 10589: 10577: 10568: 10556: 10544: 10532: 10521:P. africanus 10520: 10511: 10501:Phacochoerus 10499: 10487: 10475: 10463: 10454: 10446:B. babyrussa 10445: 10433: 10382: 10370: 10358: 10350:P. maxwellii 10349: 10341:P. monticola 10340: 10328: 10316: 10307: 10298: 10289: 10281:C. rufilatus 10280: 10271: 10262: 10253: 10244: 10235: 10226: 10217: 10208: 10199: 10198:Bay duiker ( 10191:C. crusalbum 10190: 10181: 10172: 10163: 10151: 10143:Cephalophini 10126: 10118:R. melanotis 10117: 10108: 10096: 10084: 10072: 10060: 10048: 10036: 10028:N. moschatus 10027: 10018: 10006: 9994: 9985: 9976: 9968:M. guentheri 9967: 9955: 9944:D. megalotis 9943: 9931: 9906: 9894: 9883:P. hodgsonii 9882: 9870: 9847: 9838: 9830:P. gutturosa 9829: 9817: 9805: 9796: 9787: 9778: 9769: 9757: 9745: 9733: 9721: 9712: 9703: 9694: 9686:G. erlangeri 9685: 9676: 9667: 9659:G. bennettii 9658: 9646: 9634: 9626:E. thomsonii 9625: 9617:E. rufifrons 9616: 9607: 9595: 9583: 9571: 9559: 9547: 9535: 9523: 9465: 9457:T. derbianus 9456: 9444: 9432: 9423: 9414: 9405: 9396: 9388:T. eurycerus 9387: 9378: 9369: 9345: 9337:Tragelaphini 9320: 9308: 9296: 9284: 9272: 9263: 9255:B. javanicus 9254: 9245: 9237:B. grunniens 9236: 9227: 9219:B. frontalis 9218: 9209: 9200: 9191: 9189: 9179: 9167: 9158: 9149: 9140: 9131: 9119: 9094: 9082: 9070: 9058: 9005:R. rupicapra 9004: 8996:R. pyrenaica 8995: 8983: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8938: 8937:Snow sheep ( 8929: 8920: 8919:Dall sheep ( 8911: 8902: 8893: 8881: 8870:N. hylocrius 8869: 8857: 8846:O. moschatus 8845: 8833: 8821: 8809: 8797: 8788: 8779: 8770: 8758: 8746: 8734: 8722: 8713: 8704: 8695: 8683: 8671: 8670:Walia ibex ( 8662: 8654:C. pyrenaica 8653: 8644: 8635: 8626: 8618:C. falconeri 8617: 8608: 8599: 8590: 8578: 8567:B. taxicolor 8566: 8554: 8542: 8530: 8518: 8506: 8422:P. hodgsonii 8421: 8409: 8384: 8375: 8365:Connochaetes 8363: 8351: 8350:Hartebeest ( 8339: 8327: 8318: 8306: 8294: 8282: 8274:Alcelaphinae 8258:P. capreolus 8257: 8245: 8220: 8208: 8183: 8174: 8166:R. arundinum 8165: 8153: 8141: 8133:K. megaceros 8132: 8123: 8114: 8105: 8093: 8068: 8056: 8044: 8035: 8026: 8017: 8005: 7993: 7984: 7972: 7919: 7910: 7901: 7889: 7877: 7868: 7855: 7843: 7833: 7821: 7809: 7808:Marsh deer ( 7797: 7785: 7773: 7761: 7752: 7743: 7734: 7725: 7716: 7707: 7698: 7690:M. americana 7689: 7677: 7665: 7656: 7646:Hippocamelus 7644: 7632: 7620: 7608: 7600:C. capreolus 7599: 7587: 7575: 7574:Water deer ( 7563: 7551: 7539: 7514: 7505: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7466: 7454: 7445: 7437:R. mariannus 7436: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7378:Eld's deer ( 7370: 7369:Barasingha ( 7358: 7346: 7337: 7328: 7319: 7307: 7295: 7286: 7274: 7262: 7250: 7238: 7230:M. vaginalis 7229: 7220: 7211: 7202: 7193: 7184: 7175: 7166: 7157: 7148: 7139: 7131:M. atherodes 7130: 7118: 7041: 7032: 7024:T. nigricans 7023: 7014: 7005: 6997:T. javanicus 6996: 6984: 6972: 6963: 6954: 6942: 6931:H. aquaticus 6930: 6918: 6893: 6884: 6875: 6866: 6857: 6848: 6839: 6827: 6802: 6793: 6784: 6775: 6763: 6752:O. johnstoni 6751: 6739: 6715:A. americana 6714: 6702: 6664:Superorder: 6658:Infraclass: 6629:Artiodactyla 6580: 6546: 6542: 6530: 6512: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6476: 6467: 6448: 6437: 6430: 6406: 6402: 6394: 6385: 6366:February 19, 6364:. 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Retrieved 4137:the original 4132: 4129:Park Science 4128: 4107: 4102: 4079: 4075: 4052: 4048: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3952: 3948: 3937: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3790: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3763: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3737: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3693: 3688: 3677:the original 3667:(266): 1–8. 3664: 3620: 3594:"bison noun" 3588: 3576:. Retrieved 3566: 3557: 3545:. Retrieved 3541:"bison (n.)" 3522: 3518: 3506:. Retrieved 3491: 3479:. Retrieved 3475: 3466: 3454:. Retrieved 3450: 3440: 3427: 3400: 3379:. Retrieved 3372:the original 3351: 3347: 3309: 3299: 3289:February 23, 3287:. Retrieved 3280:the original 3241: 3234: 3209: 3205: 3177: 3173: 3132:. Retrieved 3125:the original 3115:(1): 43–48. 3112: 3108: 3095: 3083:. Retrieved 3078: 3065: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3009: 3002: 2992:February 24, 2990:. Retrieved 2980: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2948:February 17, 2946:. Retrieved 2932: 2926: 2920: 2912: 2755: 2600:Howard Bison 2517: 2498: 2486:state mammal 2479: 2443: 2413: 2388:Great Plains 2381: 2357:Saskatchewan 2341: 2329: 2297: 2287:in Alberta; 2249:South Dakota 2242: 2203: 2192:As livestock 2124:Today, many 2123: 2110:Plenty Coups 2103: 2084: 1994:bison (est) 1970: 1962: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1877: 1873:plains bison 1862: 1846: 1837: 1754: 1722: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1650: 1643: 1628: 1621: 1602: 1590: 1578: 1566: 1561:grizzly bear 1527:) load, and 1517:ectoparasite 1508:bison wallow 1505: 1485: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1414: 1409:Osage County 1385: 1357: 1352: 1349:steppe bison 1330: 1303:in northern 1297: 1268:Wabash River 1258:crossed the 1246:through the 1241: 1214: 1193: 1149: 1142: 1111:hybrid vigor 1103: 1081: 1061: 1049: 1035: 1029: 1017: 1014:steppe bison 1003: 983:paraphyletic 978: 971: 957: 945: 930: 924: 920: 916: 914: 909: 905: 901: 897: 890: 885: 843: 840:(bison bull) 821:(bison bull) 796: 783: 779: 775: 774: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 741: 733: 732: 727: 723: 721: 708: 704: 700: 698: 667: 627: 606: 602: 598: 590: 587:plains bison 584: 532: 506:true buffalo 501: 500:, or simply 497: 493: 484: 483: 479: 477: 464: 456: 448: 440: 412: 402: 381: 379:(wood bison) 374: 373: 347: 345: 329: 328: 316: 276:Artiodactyla 171: 149: 145:Plains bison 48:0.01–0 36: 13464:NatureServe 13399:iNaturalist 13329:bison-bison 13316:Bison_bison 13302:Bison bison 13296:Wikispecies 13272:Bison bison 13159:Entomophagy 13147:Meat diaper 13137:Cannibalism 12813:Meat dishes 12595:Charcuterie 12558:preparation 12542:Mopane worm 12532:Mezcal worm 11814:Fox hunting 10849:L. guanicoe 10708:Tayassuidae 10672:Wild boar ( 10611:S. barbatus 10569:P. larvatus 10545:P. salvania 10543:Pygmy hog ( 10477:Hylochoerus 10330:Philantomba 10218:C. jentinki 10200:C. dorsalis 10153:Cephalophus 10037:N. pygmaeus 9995:M. saltiana 9933:Dorcatragus 9907:S. tatarica 9797:N. petersii 9735:Litocranius 9635:E. tilonura 9582:Blackbuck ( 9558:Springbok ( 9501:Antilopinae 9499:(subfamily 9446:Taurotragus 9413:Sitatunga ( 9406:T. scriptus 9397:T. imberbis 9354:(including 9347:Tragelaphus 9168:B. quarlesi 9050:Boselaphini 9034:(subfamily 8939:O. nivicola 8780:N. caudatus 8769:Red goral ( 8760:Naemorhedus 8723:C. swinhoei 8703:Red serow ( 8685:Capricornis 8663:C. sibirica 8600:C. caucasia 8591:C. aegagrus 8589:Wild goat ( 8543:A. jayakari 8532:Arabitragus 8491:(subfamily 8462:Antilopinae 8385:C. taurinus 8328:D. pygargus 8221:A. melampus 8142:K. vardonii 8104:Waterbuck ( 8045:O. leucoryx 7974:Hippotragus 7902:O. hemionus 7900:Mule deer ( 7799:Blastocerus 7708:M. bricenii 7666:H. bisulcus 7633:R. tarandus 7609:C. pygargus 7531:Capreolinae 7513:Sika deer ( 7455:R. unicolor 7444:Rusa deer ( 7347:A. porcinus 7167:M. montanus 6964:M. kathygre 6713:Pronghorn ( 6704:Antilocapra 5893:October 11, 5848:www.nps.gov 5639:(1): 20–25. 5067:Bison bison 5002:: 237–243. 4856:February 5, 4143:November 4, 3508:January 14, 3283:(MS thesis) 3134:December 2, 3085:December 2, 3033:Bison bison 2981:Bison bison 2921:Bison bison 2657:Ralph Nader 2423:As a symbol 2400:sustainable 2375:, with the 2363:(10%), and 2265:Book Cliffs 2222:cholesterol 2119:Ghost Dance 2093:during the 2050:300 (U.S.) 2042:541 (U.S.) 2018:35,650,000 2010:40,000,000 2002:60,000,000 1716:Book Cliffs 1633:due to the 1323:Wood bison 1050:B. antiquus 997:or ancient 964:nuclear DNA 898:B. b. bison 849:Description 607:B. b. bison 591:B. b. bison 566:, south to 485:Bison bison 383:B. b. bison 368:Subspecies 348:Bison bison 292:Subfamily: 13680:Categories 13216:White meat 13191:Pink slime 13169:Artificial 13044:Tenderness 12929:psychology 12927:Ethics and 12761:Salt-cured 12467:Sea urchin 12035:Guinea pig 11702:Polar bear 11697:Dall sheep 11637:Brown bear 11627:Black bear 11599:Snow goose 11559:Canvasback 11549:Black duck 11452:Game birds 11095:Bald eagle 11090:Great Seal 10985:Choeropsis 10867:L. vicugna 10753:C. wagneri 10656:S. oliveri 10647:S. heureni 10383:S. grimmia 10372:Sylvicapra 10359:P. walteri 10272:C. rubidis 10263:C. ogilbyi 10209:C. harveyi 10173:C. brookei 10127:R. sharpei 10107:Steenbok ( 10098:Raphicerus 10050:Oreotragus 9923:Neotragini 9872:Pantholops 9788:N. notatus 9746:L. walleri 9695:G. gazella 9668:G. cuvieri 9657:Chinkara ( 9549:Antidorcas 9536:A. clarkei 9525:Ammodorcas 9515:Antilopini 9415:T. spekeii 9379:T. buxtoni 9370:T. angasii 9262:Wild yak ( 9246:B. indicus 9201:B. bonasus 9141:B. bubalis 9084:Boselaphus 9060:Tetracerus 8930:O. gmelini 8798:N. griseus 8771:N. baileyi 8736:Hemitragus 8705:C. rubidus 8696:C. crispus 8645:C. nubiana 8508:Ammotragus 8411:Pantholops 8341:Alcelaphus 8326:Bontebok ( 8319:D. lunatus 8308:Damaliscus 8295:B. hunteri 8184:R. redunca 8085:Reduncinae 8036:O. gazella 7985:H. equinus 7911:O. pandora 7891:Odocoileus 7775:Ozotoceros 7631:Reindeer ( 7576:H. inermis 7565:Hydropotes 7488:C. elaphus 7486:Red deer ( 7428:R. alfredi 7345:Hog deer ( 7203:M. reevesi 7176:M. muntjak 7006:T. kanchil 6973:M. meminna 6920:Hyemoschus 6910:Tragulidae 6867:M. cupreus 6785:G. giraffa 6731:Giraffidae 6682:Ruminantia 6513:Rangelands 6189:January 6, 5564:on Twitter 5365:August 16, 4618:CBC News, 4565:CBC News, 4525:August 11, 4332:Bison blog 3899:: 106933. 3481:August 11, 3109:Can J Zool 3037:athabascae 2905:References 2417:razor wire 2390:to native 2325:New Mexico 2317:Rio Grande 2099:extinction 2026:5,500,000 1703:Coal River 1699:wood bison 1680:Bos taurus 1651:Bos taurus 1411:, Oklahoma 1260:Ohio River 1233:salt licks 1173:See also: 1139:in Montana 977:rendering 933:herbivores 931:Bison are 906:B.b. bison 595:wood bison 302:Subtribe: 167:Wood bison 13756:Livestock 13574:Q52175200 13559:Bos bison 13107:Slaughter 13029:Drip loss 12751:Rillettes 12711:Marinated 12649:Forcemeat 12635:Fermented 12575:Barbecued 12547:Palm grub 12378:Shellfish 12348:Swordfish 12283:Mahi Mahi 12113:Crocodile 12088:Alligator 11967:Livestock 11897:Cassowary 11687:Pronghorn 11682:Mule deer 11632:Razorback 11604:Wood duck 11541:Waterfowl 11489:Ptarmigan 11149:Landmarks 11100:Uncle Sam 10937:Suborder 10847:Guanaco ( 10819:Camelidae 10805:Suborder 10777:D. tajacu 10766:Dicotyles 10742:Catagonus 10729:T. pecari 10674:S. scrofa 10578:P. porcus 10567:Bushpig ( 10435:Babyrousa 10411:Suborder 10308:C. weynsi 10299:C. spadix 10164:C. adersi 10085:O. ourebi 10019:N. batesi 10008:Neotragus 9977:M. kirkii 9779:N. granti 9744:Gerenuk ( 9713:G. spekei 9677:G. dorcas 9534:Dibatag ( 9321:S. caffer 9286:Pseudoryx 9273:B. taurus 9253:Banteng ( 9228:B. gaurus 9157:Tamaraw ( 9003:Chamois ( 8985:Rupicapra 8972:P. nayaur 8948:O. vignei 8928:Mouflon ( 8627:C. hircus 8616:Markhor ( 8519:A. lervia 8284:Beatragus 8210:Aepyceros 8034:Gemsbok ( 8027:O. dammah 7869:P. carlae 7762:M. temama 7753:M. rufina 7717:M. chunyi 7699:M. bororo 7589:Capreolus 7515:C. nippon 7506:C. hanglu 7393:Elaphurus 7338:A. kuhlii 7252:Elaphodus 7120:Muntiacus 6955:M. indica 6944:Moschiola 6876:M. fuscus 6819:Moschidae 6680:Suborder 6640:Kingdom: 6549:: 133–49. 6216:March 14, 6210:USA Today 6122:UC Irving 6098:March 30, 5853:April 24, 5829:0304-3800 5774:0022-1503 5329:Carbyn LN 5251:1051-1733 5153:Ecosphere 5118:0003-0031 5024:225126531 5016:2199-241X 4977:0008-3550 4776:Zoologica 4661:March 21, 4389:1937-2817 4316:August 6, 4211:March 18, 3979:0027-8424 3929:235527116 3921:0277-3791 3866:(3): 65. 3860:Diversity 3381:March 30, 3276:232117310 2826:The 1935 2791:Sun Dance 2404:Dust Bowl 2359:(23.9%), 2309:Chihuahua 2157:Blackfoot 1999:Pre-1800 1854:Bronx Zoo 1705:in Canada 1663:bison or 1539:Predation 1476:dominance 1351:species ( 1305:Chihuahua 1292:Chihuahua 1250:to upper 1091:more and 954:Evolution 925:B.b.bison 917:B.b.bison 837:tȟatȟáŋka 684:Etymology 670:millennia 560:tidewater 541:grassland 449:Bos bison 324:Species: 242:Kingdom: 236:Eukaryota 128:– present 13624:10586647 13568:Wikidata 13469:2.101908 13456:14200669 13417:11059079 13336:BioLib: 13281:Wikidata 13201:Red meat 13196:Raw meat 13125:subjects 13006:Veganism 12873:Meatball 12736:Pemmican 12721:Meatloaf 12716:Meatball 12556:Cuts and 12537:Silkworm 12527:Mealworm 12505:Crickets 12417:Crayfish 12397:Calamari 12293:Milkfish 12278:Mackerel 12273:Kingfish 12248:Flounder 12148:Pangolin 12133:Kangaroo 12118:Elephant 12103:Bushmeat 11787:See also 11748:Gray fox 11614:Big game 11519:Woodcock 11105:Columbia 10909:C. ferus 10865:Vicuña ( 10858:L. pacos 10856:Alpaca ( 10840:L. glama 10807:Tylopoda 10317:C. zebra 10245:C. niger 9819:Procapra 9597:Eudorcas 9573:Antilope 9310:Syncerus 9271:Cattle ( 9264:B. mutus 9192:B. bison 9132:B. arnee 9093:Nilgai ( 8970:Bharal ( 8961:Pseudois 8921:O. dalli 8903:O. aries 8894:O. ammon 8892:Argali ( 8844:Muskox ( 8811:Oreamnos 8789:N. goral 8672:C. walie 8556:Budorcas 8493:Caprinae 8438:Caprinae 8293:Hirola ( 8237:Peleinae 8219:Impala ( 8124:K. leche 8122:Lechwe ( 8018:O. beisa 7994:H. niger 7655:Taruca ( 7622:Rangifer 7552:A. alces 7453:Sambar ( 7380:R. eldii 7360:Rucervus 7318:Chital ( 7110:Cervinae 7097:Cervidae 7058:Cervidae 6986:Tragulus 6660:Eutheria 6654:Mammalia 6648:Chordata 6646:Phylum: 6642:Animalia 6523:Archived 6494:: 34–49. 6320:April 3, 6161:Archived 6132:April 7, 6046:June 16, 6020:June 16, 5863:cite web 5782:19414501 5707:July 27, 5668:Archived 5604:Archived 5461:June 16, 5259:86100204 5199:June 17, 5134:86223655 4671:cite web 4603:Archived 4583:Archived 4470:30828514 4462:18173472 4188:85575841 3997:28289222 3578:April 3, 3547:April 3, 3502:Archived 3456:July 19, 3226:10382295 2860:See also 2805:Manitoba 2490:Manitoba 2361:Manitoba 2313:Coahuila 2079:360,000 2055:1944–47 2034:395,000 1992:American 1907:and the 1608:Genetics 1294:, Mexico 1252:Kentucky 1237:pioneers 1217:mastodon 1058:Holocene 1022:Beringia 941:prairies 863:Oklahoma 818:henéécee 766:boubalos 762:boubalos 617:. Among 564:New York 557:Atlantic 516:that is 508:), is a 431:Synonyms 356:Linnaeus 282:Family: 266:Mammalia 256:Chordata 252:Phylum: 246:Animalia 232:Domain: 209:IUCN 3.1 126:Holocene 13663:1006256 13611:2441178 13391:2441176 13164:Marbled 13123:Related 13102:Packing 13077:Butcher 12941:Carnism 12883:Sausage 12858:Seafood 12826:Chicken 12796:Tartare 12791:Tandoor 12771:Sausage 12756:Roasted 12741:Poached 12731:Pickled 12654:Cretons 12644:supreme 12585:Braised 12580:Biltong 12482:Insects 12447:Scallop 12437:Octopus 12427:Lobster 12422:Dolphin 12392:Abalone 12384:seafood 12368:Walleye 12353:Tilapia 12328:Sardine 12318:Pollock 12268:Herring 12263:Halibut 12258:Haddock 12253:Grouper 12238:Crappie 12228:Catfish 12208:Anchovy 12178:Venison 11995:Buffalo 11985:Beefalo 11922:Ostrich 11902:Chicken 11889:Poultry 11829:Fishing 11824:Whaling 11773:Red fox 11768:Raccoon 11758:Opossum 11647:Caribou 11589:Redhead 11579:Mallard 11564:Gadwall 11078:Symbols 11021:Cetacea 11012:Cetacea 10880:Camelus 10838:Llama ( 10718:Tayassu 10534:Porcula 10083:Oribi ( 10074:Ourebia 9957:Madoqua 9942:Beira ( 9863:Saigini 9770:N. dama 9648:Gazella 9497:Bovidae 9495:Family 9466:T. oryx 9386:Bongo ( 9368:Nyala ( 9295:Saola ( 9217:Gayal ( 9121:Bubalus 9036:Bovinae 9032:Bovidae 9030:Family 8946:Urial ( 8636:C. ibex 8565:Takin ( 8489:Bovidae 8487:Family 8450:Bovinae 8376:C. gnou 8155:Redunca 8067:Addax ( 7951:Bovidae 7949:Family 7857:Pudella 7844:P. pudu 7735:M. nana 7550:Moose ( 7320:A. axis 7287:D. dama 7149:M. feae 7095:Family 7070:Bovidae 7015:T. napu 6829:Moschus 6765:Giraffa 6750:Okapi ( 6652:Class: 6631:species 6627:Extant 6423:2079530 6263:May 29, 6241:May 29, 5809:Bibcode 5161:Bibcode 5126:3083019 4904:3546680 4884:Bibcode 4823:2402203 4803:Bibcode 4782:: 1–40. 4744:1380570 4551:May 13, 4442:Bibcode 4369:Bibcode 4168:Bibcode 4028:Bibcode 3988:5380047 3957:Bibcode 3901:Bibcode 3673:3504019 2769:Wyoming 2466:Hidatsa 2398:is not 2392:prairie 2353:Alberta 2263:at the 2226:beefalo 2071:23,340 1976:Hunting 1901:alleles 1701:around 1668:⁄ 1658:⁄ 1513:rutting 1482:Horning 1453:Germany 1449:Cologne 1426:estrous 1337:Yakutia 1262:at the 1159:Morocco 1107:beefalo 1046:ecology 991:aurochs 894:withers 807:Arapaho 788:aurochs 758:bufalus 742:buffles 734:Buffalo 724:buffalo 709:buffalo 701:buffalo 659:Yakutia 572:Florida 568:Georgia 518:endemic 510:species 502:buffalo 312:Genus: 296:Bovinae 286:Bovidae 272:Order: 262:Class: 207: ( 117:↓ 13650:203618 13595:FEIS: 13521:907693 13430:180706 13378:BISOBI 13365:328109 13324:ARKive 13287:Q82728 13245: 13097:Jobber 13082:Cutter 13067:Broker 12868:Steaks 12786:Stewed 12776:Smoked 12766:Salumi 12746:Potted 12696:Kidney 12676:Ground 12671:Frozen 12640:Fillet 12620:Cutlet 12610:Corned 12605:Confit 12590:Burger 12521:locust 12500:Cicada 12442:Oyster 12432:Mussel 12402:Chiton 12382:other 12323:Salmon 12288:Marlin 12173:Turtle 12163:Rabbit 12138:Monkey 12128:Iguana 12070:Żubroń 12025:Snails 12020:Donkey 11975:Alpaca 11942:Turkey 11927:Pigeon 11763:Rabbit 11738:Coyote 11733:Bobcat 11728:Badger 11707:Whales 11692:Muskox 11514:Turkey 11464:Chukar 11191:Mottos 10425:Suidae 10026:Suni ( 9759:Nanger 9244:Zebu ( 9226:Gaur ( 9111:Bovini 8835:Ovibos 8140:Puku ( 8115:K. kob 7679:Mazama 7468:Cervus 6741:Okapia 6456: 6421: 6185:. 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