American goshawk - Knowledge

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mid-latitudes have approximately 3.6–10.7 pairs/100 km (39 sq mi). A total of 107 nesting territories (1991–1996) were located on a 1,754 km (677 sq mi) study area on the Kaibab Plateau, AZ, resulting in a density of 8.4 pairs/100 km (39 sq mi). The estimated density in Pennsylvania (1.17 pairs/100 km (39 sq mi)) suggests that eastern populations may occur at lower densities than western populations, but densities of eastern populations may increase as these populations recover. Typically, populations at far northern latitudes may occur at lower densities than those of southwestern and western populations in North America. Although median densities was similar, populations are overall much denser in Europe than in North America. Per the

2126:, it was found that even when the nests were left intact, the noisy timber harvest work often caused failure of nesting during the incubation stage, and all nesting attempts that were occurring within 50 to 100 m (160 to 330 ft) of active logging failed, frequently after parents abandoned the nest. Other noisy activity, such as camping, have also caused nests to fail. Wildlife researchers and biologists do not seem to negatively affect goshawk nests, as they know to keep forays to the nest brief and capture of adult goshawks for radio-tagging was found to not harm their success at raising broods. 1907: 1256:

remain unseen and, if made aware of the goshawk, the prey chooses to run rather than fly. If frightened too soon, gamebirds may take flight and may be chased for some time, although the capture rates are reduced considerably when this occurs. Pre-fledgling chicks of gamebirds are particularly vulnerable due to the fact that they can only run when being pursued. There are impressive feats of attacks on other particularly large gamebirds have been reported, in at least one case, successful predation on an estimated 3,900 g (8.6 lb) adult-sized young

880:. This subspecies is slightly smaller than the goshawks found on the mainland and is linearly the smallest race on average in North America. The wing chord of males can range from 312 to 325 mm (12.3 to 12.8 in) and that of females is 332 to 360 mm (13.1 to 14.2 in) and is on average nearly 5% smaller than those sampled goshawks from the nearby mainland. These goshawks are characteristically darker than mainland goshawks with the black of the crown extending to the interscapulars. The underside is a sootier gray overall. 2137:. Both petitions argued for listing primarily on the basis of historic and ongoing nesting habitat loss, specifically the loss of old-growth and mature forest stands throughout the goshawk's known range. In both instances, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service concluded that listing was not warranted, but state and federal natural resource agencies responded during the petition process with standardized and long-term goshawk inventory and monitoring efforts, especially throughout U.S. Forest Service lands in the Western U.S. The 1312: 443: 83: 231: 31: 1809:), the smallest bluebird and lightest North American thrush on average, to some larger thrush. Beyond corvids and thrushes, most passerines encountered by American goshawks are substantially smaller and are often ignored under most circumstances in favor of more sizable prey. Nonetheless, more than a hundred passerines have been recorded their diet beyond these families. Most widespread passerine families from North America and Europe have occasional losses to goshawks, including 2083:, annual mortality for adults is 15–21%, however, feather results indicate that annual mortality for adult Eurasian goshawks is up to 7% higher in Europe than American goshawks in North America. In many parts of the range, historic populations decreased regionally due to human persecution (especially shooting), disturbance and epidemic loss of habitat, especially during the 19th century and early 20th. Some states, like Pennsylvania, paid $ 5 bounties on Goshawks in the 1930s. 519: 1988:. The latter species much more readily nests in semi-open and developed areas of North America than goshawks there and hunts a broad assemblage of medium-sized birds, whereas such prey is more readily available to male goshawks from Europe than to goshawks in North America. Although the Cooper's hawk usually avoids and loses individual contests against the larger goshawk, its adaptability has allowed it to become the most widespread and commonly found North American 1631: 58: 2102:

extensive areas of reduced forest canopy cover, dropping to cover less than 35-40%, may be especially detrimental as cases of this usually cause all goshawks to disappear from the area. However, the mortality rates due to foresting practices are unknown and it is possible that some mature goshawks may simply be able to shift to other regions when a habitat becomes unsuitable but this is presumably unsustainable in the long-term. In harvest forests of

1578:) are the largest contributor of biomass to goshawks foods (making up to 36.6% of the prey by weight), in eastern Oregon at least 60% of hares taken were adults weighing on average 1,500 g (3.3 lb), and in one of three studies from Oregon be the most numerous prey species (second most numerous in the other two). This species was also the second most numerous food species in Alberta throughout the year and the most important prey by weight. 765: 1996:

red-tailed hawk. All in all, individual competitions between red-tailed hawks and goshawks can go either way and neither is strongly likely to deter the other from nesting given their distinct nesting habitats. Other raptors, including most medium to large-sized owls as well as red-tailed hawks and falcons, will use nests built by northern goshawks, even when goshawks are still in the area.

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primary food sources, the American goshawk is less specialized than many other raptors and can alternate their food selection, often taking equal or greater numbers of tree squirrels and woodland birds. Due to this dietary variation, the northern goshawk is less affected than other raptorial birds by prey population cycles and tends to not be depleted by resource competition.

2106:, where overstory trees are frequently removed, goshawks have been found to successfully remain as breeding species as long as some mature stands are left intact. Despite the decline of habitat quality and the frequent disturbances, this region's goshawks breeding success rates somewhat improbably did not reduce. Based on habitat usage studied in 625:

frequently (but not always) in a “teardrop” pattern wherein the streaking appears to taper at the top, as opposed to the more even streaking of the goshawk. The goshawk sometimes seems to have a shorter tail relative to its much broader body. Although there appears to be a size overlap between small male goshawks and large female Cooper's hawks,

597:) juveniles have been mistaken for goshawks and vice versa on occasion, especially when observed distantly perched. However, the bulkier, broader headed yet relatively shorter tailed falcon still has many tell-tale falcon characteristics like pointed, longer wings, a brown malar stripe as well as its more extensive barring both above and below. 725:) of the mainland. While the Henst's goshawk quite resembles the northern goshawks, the black sparrowhawk is superficially described as a “sparrowhawk” due to its relatively much longer and finer legs than those of typical goshawks but overall its size and plumage (especially that of juveniles) is much more goshawk than sparrowhawk-like. 505:, which is usually 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in elevation or less. In winter months, the northernmost or high mountain populations move down to warmer forests with lower elevations, often continuing to avoid detection except while migrating. A majority of goshawks around the world remain sedentary throughout the year. 473:. While the species might show strong regional preferences for certain trees, they seem to have no strong overall preferences nor even a preference between deciduous or coniferous trees despite claims to the contrary. More important than the type of trees are the composition of a given tree stand, which should be tall, 999:, about 36% migrated 100 to 613 km (62 to 381 mi) to the general south, 22% migrated farther than that distance, 8.3% migrated less far, 2.7% went north instead of south and 31% stayed throughout winter on their breeding territory. Irruptive movements seem to occur for northern populations, i.e. those of the 1976:) utilize open habitats and so do not come into conflict with goshawks) shows the red-tailed hawks as being able to take a broader range of prey than goshawks and nest in more varied habitats, the latter species being perhaps the most commonly seen, widespread and adaptable of diurnal American raptors. 994:

Prey availability may primarily dictate the proportion of goshawk populations that migrate and the selection of wintering areas, followed by the presence of snow which may aid prey capture in the short-term but in the long-term is likely to cause higher goshawk mortality. Showing the high variability

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despite exceeding the goshawks from these areas in wing size. The weight of 49 males ranged from 631 to 744 g (1.391 to 1.640 lb), averaging 704 g (1.552 lb), while that of 88 females from two studies ranged from 845 to 1,265 g (1.863 to 2.789 lb), averaging 1,006 g

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goshawk have been found to weigh from 655 to 1,200 g (1.444 to 2.646 lb) and females from 758 to 1,562 g (1.671 to 3.444 lb). The lightest reported mean weights were from goshawks in northern and central Arizona, weighing a mean of 680 g (1.50 lb) in males and 935 g

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of any kind is not uncommon in goshawk home ranges but seems to not be a requirement. Narrow tree-lined riparian zones in otherwise relatively open habitats can provide suitable wintering habitat in the absence of more extensive woodlands. The American goshawk can be found at almost any altitude, but

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Sonerud, G. A.; Steen, R.; Selås, V.; Aanonsen, O. M.; Aasen, G. H.; Fagerland, K. L.; Fossa, A.; Kristiansen, L.; Low, L. M.; Ronning, M. E.; Skouen, S. K.; Asakskogen, E.; Johansen, H. M.; Johnsen, J. T.; Karlsen, L. T.; Nyhus, G. C.; Roed, L. T.; Skar, K.; Sveen, B.-A.; Tvelten, R.; Slagsvold, T.

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do grouse typically take a dominant position. Elsewhere in the range, gamebirds are often secondary in number but often remain one of the most important contributors of prey biomass to nests. With their general ground-dwelling habits, gamebirds tend to be fairly easy for goshawks to overtake if they

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as well. This race is typically a blue-gray color above with a boldly contrasting black head and broad white supercilia. American goshawks are often grayish below with fine gray waving barring and, compared to most Eurasian goshawks, rather apparent black shaft streaks which in combination create a

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American goshawks are slightly smaller on average than their European counterparts and can be up to 10% smaller in mass than red-tailed hawks. However, studies have indicated that the goshawk has, beyond its superior speed and agility, has stronger feet and a more forceful attack than that of the

1161:(where the Steller's made up 37% by number) as the main prey species by number. The conspicuously loud vocalizations, somewhat sluggish flight (when hunting adult or post-fledging individuals) and moderate size of these jays make them ideal for prey-gathering male goshawks. In the following areas 1127:

Birds constitute 47.8% in 33 studies and mammals account for a nearly equal portion of the diet and in some areas rather dominate the food spectrum. There is some difference in size and type between the prey caught by males and larger females. Prey selection between sexes is more disparate in the

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Overall, one prey family that is known to be taken in nearly every part of the goshawk's range is the corvids, although they do not necessarily dominate the diet in all areas. Some 24 species have been reported in the diet of Eurasian and American goshawks. The second most commonly reported prey

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Seemingly the remaining persistent conservation threat to goshawks, given their seeming overall resilience (at the species level) to both persecution and pesticides, is deforestation. Timber harvests are known to destroy many nests and adversely regional populations. Harvest methods that create

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Despite their propensity to pursue relatively large prey and capability to pursue alternate prey, American goshawks can be locally outcompeted for resources by species that are more adaptable and flexible, especially in terms of habitat and prey. Most northern buteonine hawks largely take small

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alongside goshawks in the American boreal forest regions where these became primary staple foods. Like those cohabitant predators, the goshawk suffers declines during the low portion of the lagomorph's breeding cycles, which rise and fall cyclically every 10 years. However, even where these are

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have been reported from northern goshawk food studies around the world. With their relatively slow, undulating flight adult and fledged woodpeckers can easily be overtaken by hunting goshawks, not to mention their habitat preferences frequently put them within active goshawk ranges. Most of the

557:(all four of which are smaller than goshawks to a certain degree) may be confused with them on occasion despite the differing proportions of these hawks, which all have longer wings and shorter tails relative to their size. A species so similar it is sometimes nicknamed the "Mexican goshawk", 1881:

and, in some widespread studies, somewhat substantial numbers of finches of many species may actually be taken. Finches tend to fly more conspicuously as they cover longer distances, often bounding or undulating as they do, over the canopy than most forest songbirds, which may make them more

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The breeding range of the American goshawk extends over one-third of North America, a total area of over 30,000,000 km (12,000,000 sq mi) for Eurasian and American goshawk. There are a broadly estimated 150,000–300,000 individuals in North America. most western populations at

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with sparrowhawks, Cooper's hawks can have a largish appearance and juveniles may be regularly mistaken for the usually less locally numerous goshawk. However, the juvenile goshawk displays a heavier, vertical streaking pattern on chest and abdomen, with the juvenile Cooper's hawk streaking

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crash. Male young goshawks tend to disperse farther than females, which is unusual in birds, including raptors. It has been speculated that larger female juveniles displace male juveniles, forcing them to disperse farther, to the incidental benefit of the species’ genetic diversity. In

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within this race. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism in size is notably less pronounced in American goshawks than in most Eurasian races. Overall, the wing chord is 308 to 337 mm (12.1 to 13.3 in) in males and 324 to 359 mm (12.8 to 14.1 in) in females. Size within

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contains nine living species. This group of agile, smallish, forest-dwelling hawks has been in existence for possibly tens of millions of years, probably as an adaptation to the explosive numbers of small birds that began to occupy the world's forest in the last few eras. The

1526:) have been preyed upon when lighter and weaker in spring, collectively weighing on average about 3,500 g (7.7 lb) or about three times as much as a female goshawk although are basically half of what these marmots can weigh by fall. About a dozen species of 1502:) were brought to nests in southeast Alaska but averaged only 1,894 g (4.176 lb), so were young animals about half of the average adult (spring) weight (albeit still considerably heavier than the goshawks who took them). In some cases, adult marmots such as 1040:, few adult males and no adult females have been recorded in fall migration apart from irruptive years, indicating that migration is more important to juveniles. More juveniles were recorded migrating than adults in several years of study from Sweden. In northern 1264:) hen by an immature female goshawk weighing approximately 1,050 g (2.31 lb)), although taking adults of much larger-bodied prey like this is considered generally rare, the young chicks and poults of such prey species are likely much more often taken. 902:

ranges from 344 to 354 mm (13.5 to 13.9 in) while in females it ranges from 365 to 390 mm (14.4 to 15.4 in). However, in terms of body mass, it is only slightly heavier than the goshawks found discontinuously somewhat to the north in the

1191:), the largest widespread corvid (about the same size as a goshawk at 1,040 g (2.29 lb)) and a formidable opponent even one-on-one, they are even known to prey on ravens seldom. Corvids taken have ranged in size from the 72 g (2.5 oz) 1979:

American goshawks are less prone to nesting outside of mature forests and take larger numbers of mammals as opposed to abundant birds than in Europe. This may be in part due to heavier competition from a greater diversity of raptors in North America. In

2114:, this adaptability is not seen everywhere, as here nests were further from human habitation than expected on the basis of available habitat, an observation suggesting that disturbance regionally can reduce habitat quality. Similarly, studies from the 709:) that have extant isolated tropical island populations and were probably part of the same southwest Pacific radiation that led to the Meyer's goshawk. A presumably older radiation of this group may have occurred in Africa, where it led to both the 1934:

In many of the ecosystems that they inhabit, American goshawks compete with resources with other predators, particularly where they take sizeable numbers of lagomorphs. About a dozen mammalian and avian predators in each area primarily consume

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in North America is between about 10 and 30% of their own mass, whereas the mean prey of American goshawks is between about 25 and 50% of their mass and therefore are the goshawks takes prey that is on average relatively much larger.

573:) (rarely in same range in Mexico) is noticeably smaller with paddle-shaped wings, barred lower breast and a buff “U” on undertail coverts in young birds. Somewhat less likely to confuse despite their broader extent of overlap are the 846:(2.061 lb) while the highest were from a small sample of Alaskan goshawks which weighed some 905 g (1.995 lb) in males and 1,190 g (2.62 lb) in females. Almost identical mean weights for goshawks as in 565:) juveniles (overlapping with true goshawks in the southwest United States into Mexico) have contrasting face pattern with bold dusky eye-stripes, dark eyes, barred thighs and a bold white "U" on the uppertail coverts. The 924:

type birds. Due to its shortage of distinct features beyond proportions, this is considered one of the more weakly separated among current separate subspecies, with some authors considering it merely a clinal variation of

538:, the adult American and Eurasian goshawk never has a rusty color to its underside barring. Wing beats of American goshawks are deeper, more deliberate, and on average slower than those of the two other North American 1586:), also averaging some 1,500 g (3.3 lb) in mass per the study (and thus mostly consisting of adult cottontails in their prime), were the most significant prey both by weight (42.3%) and number (13.3%) in 2098:, migratory goshawks during the winter of 1972-1973 invasion year contained less organochlorine and PCB residues than did other raptors, however, these birds were probably from nonagricultural, northern forests. 1061:, goshawks are generally rather more likely than those from Eurasia to hunt within the confines of mature forest, excluding areas where prey numbers are larger outside of the forest, such as where scrub-dwelling 2141:(US Dept of Agriculture) has listed the goshawk as a "sensitive species", while it also benefits from various protections at the state level. In North America, the goshawk is federally protected under the 898:. This subspecies has the longest median wing size of any race, running contrary to Bergmann's rule that northern birds should outsize southern ones in widely distributed temperate species. In males the 1999:

To many other raptorial birds, the northern goshawk is more significant as a predatory threat than as competition. American goshawk raily predate other accipiters such as the 136 g (4.8 oz)

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measurements (wing and tail length) of both species demonstrate no such overlap, although weight overlap can rarely occur due to variation in seasonal condition and food intake at time of weighing.

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are also important prey species, mostly in North America, 25 of 44 of squirrel species found in the diet are ground squirrels. Particularly widely reported as a secondary food staple from

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can easily appear solidly all-gray from the front. Due to this, the adult goshawk in America is sometimes called the “gray ghost”, a name also somewhat more commonly used for adult male

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Smithers, B. L.; Boal, C. W.; Andersen, D. E. (2005). "Northern Goshawk diet in Minnesota: An analysis using video recording systems" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 39 (3): 264–273.

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Keane, J. J.; Morrison, M. L.; Fry, D. M. (2006). "Prey and weather factors associated with temporal variation in northern goshawk reproduction in the Sierra Nevada, California".

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Penteriani, V (1997). "Long-term study of a Goshawk breeding population on a Mediterranean mountain (Abruzzi Apennines, Central, Italy): density, breeding performance and diet".

1275:) is one of the most important prey species in North America (fourth most reported prey species in 22 studies), having been the leading prey species for goshawks in studies from 1922:

Eurasian goshawks are often near the top of the avian food chain in forested biomes but face competition for food resources from various other predators. The mean prey mass for

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Becker, T. E.; Smith, D. G.; Bosakowski, T. (2006). "Habitat, food habits, and productivity of northern goshawks nesting in Connecticut". Studies in Avian Biology. 31: 119–125.

841:). Conspicuously, wing size did not correspond to variations in body mass and more southerly goshawks were frequently longer winged than the more massive northerly ones. Male 689:, has been posited as the most likely to be the closest related living cousin to the northern goshawk, the somewhat puzzling gap in their respective ranges explained by other 1375:), the American distribution of goshawks is largely concurrent with that of American red squirrels, indicating the particular significance of it as a dietary staple. In the 1948:(which are usually ignored by goshawks) but can adapt to nearly any other type of prey when the staple local rodent prey populations go down. Comparisons with goshawks and 5644:

Doyle, F. I. (2006). "Goshawks in Canada: population responses to harvesting and the appropriateness of using standard bird monitoring techniques to assess their status".

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Møller, A. P.; Solonen, T.; Byholm, P.; Huhta, E.; Tøttrup Nielsen, J. and Tornberg, R. 2012. "Spatial consistency in susceptibility of prey species to predation by two

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La Sorte, F. A.; Mannan, R. W.; Reynolds, R. T.; Grubb, T. G. (2004). "Habitat associations of sympatric red-tailed hawks and northern goshawks on the Kaibab Plateau".

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Zawadzka, D.; Zawadzki, J. (1998). "The Goshawk Accipiter gentilis in Wigry National Park (NE Poland)-numbers, breeding results, diet composition and prey selection".

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are somewhat frequently recorded as well, especially since their tree-nesting habits may frequently put them in the hunting range of nesting goshawks. Similarly, the

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coverage (often more than 40%) and minimal density undergrowth, both of which are favorable for hunting conditions. Also, goshawks typically require proximity to

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Lorenzini, A.; Tresini, M.; Austad, S. N.; Cristofalo, V. J. (2005). "Cellular replicative capacity correlates primarily with species body mass not longevity".

281:, but was assigned to a separate species in 2023 based on differences in morphology, vocalizations, and genetic divergence. It was formerly placed in the genus 2090:. However, in early 1970s pesticide levels in the United States for goshawks were low. Eggshell thinning has not been a problem for most populations, although 501:

due to a paucity of extensive forests remaining in lowlands across much of its range. Altitudinally, goshawks may live anywhere up to a given mountain range's

792:. American goshawks are generally slightly smaller on average than most Eurasian ones, although there are regional differences in size that confirm mildly to 920:

reportedly averages larger in foot size than most other American goshawks. Birds of this race tend to be darker than other American goshawks aside from the

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of North America is also fairly closely related to the northern goshawk, having been present in North America before either of the other two North American

1287:(from 12 to 25% of prey selected) and reported as taken in high numbers elsewhere in several parts of their mutual range. The 1,056 g (2.328 lb) 1882:

susceptible to goshawk attacks than other small songbirds. Non-passerine upland birds taken by goshawks in small numbers include but are not limited to

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Snyder, N. F. R.; Snyder, H. A.; Lincer, J. A.; Reynolds, R. T. (1973). "Organochlorines, heavy metals, and the biology of North American accipiters".

1712:), the largest northern duck at 2,066 g (4.555 lb), have also been captured by goshawks. Various other water birds reported as taken include 1984:, the goshawk only co-exists with the much smaller sparrowhawk within its own genus, while in North America, it lives with the intermediately-sized 4539:

Møller, A. P.; Erritzøe, J.; Tøttrup Nielsen, J. (2010). "Predators and microorganisms of prey: goshawks prefer prey with small uropygial glands".

1355:(in each comprising more than 30% of the diet and present in more than half of known pellets) but also reported everywhere in their foods from the 4183:

Rogers, A. S.; DeStefano, S.; Ingraldi, M. F. (2006). "Diet, prey delivery rates, and prey biomass of northern goshawks in east-central Arizona".

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is estimated to consist of 1 million to nearly 2.5 million birds, making this one of the most numerous species complex in its diverse family (the

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widespread species from North America have been observed as prey, most commonly relatively large woodpeckers such as the 134 g (4.7 oz)

1486:) fully dominated the food spectrum, comprising up to 74.3% of the prey by number and 84.2% by biomass. Even much bigger ground squirrels such as 5580:

Woodbridge, B.; Detrich, P. J. (1994). "Territory occupancy and habitat patch size of northern goshawks in the southern Cascades of California".

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Woodbridge, B.; Detrich, P. J. (1994). "Territory occupancy and habitat patch size of northern goshawks in the southern Cascades of California".

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including the goshawk, there seems to be multiple peaks in numbers of migrants, an observation that suggests partial segregation by age and sex.

748:, appears to have occupied North America the latest of the three North American species, despite having the broadest current distribution of any 5126:

Goshawk Adaptation to Deforestation: Does Europe Differ From North. Raptors in Human Landscapes: Adaptation to Built and Cultivated Environments

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Marti, C. D., Korpimäki, E., & Jaksić, F. M. (1993). "Trophic structure of raptor communities: a three-continent comparison and synthesis".

929:. Even the greater wing size in southern birds follows a trend for the wing chord to increase in size in the south on the contrary to body mass. 5213:

Reynolds, R. T., Joy, S. M. & Leslie, D. G. (1994). "Nest productivity, fidelity, and spacing of northern goshawks in northern Arizona".

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Gatto, A. E.; Grubb, T. G.; Chambers, C. L. (2006). "Red-tailed hawk dietary overlap with northern goshawks on the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona".

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by an amendment incorporating native birds of prey into the Act in 1972. The American goshawk (as subspecies of northern goshawk, currently

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Iverson, G. C., Hayward, G. D., Titus, K. DeGayner, E., Lowell, R. E., Crocker-Bedford, D. C., Schempf, P. F. & Lindell, J. F. (1996).

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Becker, T. E.; Smith, D. G.; Bosakowski, T. (2006). "Habitat, food habits, and productivity of northern goshawks nesting in Connecticut".

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Doyle, F. I. & Smith, J. M. N. (1994). "Population responses of northern goshawks to the 10-year cycle in numbers of snowshoe hares".

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of several varieties, although they rarely form a large portion of the diet. Perhaps the most often recorded water birds in the diet are

3144:

Sonsthagen, S. A.; Rodriguez, R.; White, C. M. (2006). "Satellite telemetry of Northern Goshawks breeding in Utah-I. Annual movements".

1239:' diet, including most of the species either native to or introduced in North America and Europe. Numerically, only in the well-studied 600: 5598:

Speiser, R., & Bosakowski, T. (1987). "Nest site selection by northern goshawks in northern New Jersey and southeastern New York".

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The nesting ecology of Cooper's hawks and northern goshawks in the Jemez Mountains, NM: a summary of results, 1984-1988 (Final Report)

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Golet, G. H.; Golet, H. T.; Colton, A. M. (2003). "Immature Northern Goshawk captures, kills, and feeds on adult-sized wild turkey".

1219:), the smallest known pigeon or dove the goshawk has hunted at 119 g (4.2 oz), was the second most numerous prey species. 2658:

Handbook of the birds of Europe and the Middle East and North Africa: the birds of the western Palearctic, Vol. 2. Hawks to bustards

5793: 2130: 5836: 5722: 3784:. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-339. Fort Collins, CO: US, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 4225: 2449: 4948:

Krebs, C. J.; Boutin, S.; Boonstra, R.; Sinclair, A. R. E. (1995). "Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle".

4226:"Effects of prey abundance on breeding season diet of Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) within an unusual prey landscape" 3083:

Keane, J. J. & Morrison, M.L. (1994). "Northern Goshawk ecology: effects of scale and levels of biological organization".

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The northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) in the western Great Lakes Region: a technical conservation assessment

2914: 2559: 2307: 5137:

Reynolds, R. T. & Wight, H. M. (1978). "Distribution, density, and productivity of accipiter hawks breeding in Oregon".

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Underwood, J.; White, C. M.; Rodriguez, R. (2006). "Winter movement and habitat use of northern goshawks breeding in Utah".

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Hargis, C. D.; McCarthy, C.; Perloff, R. D. (1994). "Home ranges and habitats of northern goshawks in eastern California".

1666:(here making up 26.4% of prey by number). All sizes of woodpeckers available are taken from the 25.6 g (0.90 oz) 581:) which have a narrow white-barred, dark-looking tail, bold white crescents on their primaries and dark wing edges and the 4865:

Bezzel, E.; Rust, R.; Kechele, W. (1997). "Nahrungswahl südbayerischer Habichte Accipiter gentilis während der Brutzeit".

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Reynolds, R. T.; Graham, R. T.; Boyce, D. A. (2006). "An ecosystem-based conservation strategy for the northern goshawk".

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Perrone, A.; Macchi, E.; & Durio, P. (1992). "Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) predation on marmot (Marmota marmota)". In

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of migratory movements, in one study of winter movements of adult female goshawks that bred in high-elevation forests of

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Watson, J. W.; Hays, D. W.; Finn, S. P.; Meehan-Martin, P. (1998). "Prey of breeding northern goshawks in Washington".

2641: 2413: 2385: 1658:) in North America. Indeed, the flicker is the third most regularly reported prey species in America. In south-central 1331:

which are the single most important prey type for American goshawks overall. Particularly the 240 g (8.5 oz)

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Havera, S. P.; Duzan, R. E. (1986). "Organochlorine and PCB residues in tissues of raptors from Illinois 1966-1981".

2836: 2805: 2685: 2665: 2142: 1587: 4495:

Een luchtbukskogeltje in een braakbal van een Havik Accipiter gentilis, in de context van jacht en loodvergifti-ging

784:, 1812) – This subspecies occupies a majority of the species' range in North America, excluding some islands of the 5831: 4080: 2983: 2610:

Squires, J. R. Ruggiero (1995). "Winter movements of adult northern goshawks that nested in southcentral Wyoming".

781: 274: 194: 5227:

Crannell, D.; DeStefano, S. (1992). "An aggressive interaction between a northern goshawk and a red-tailed hawk".

4606:

Eriksson, M. O. G.; Blomqvist, D.; Hake, M.; Johansson, O. C. (1990). "Parental feeding in the Red-throated Diver

3096:

Evans, D. L. & Sindelar, C. R. (1974). "First record of the goshawk for Louisiana-a collected, banded bird"".

2698: 1785:

species are taken in some numbers. Smaller numbers of thrush are taken in general but the 78 g (2.8 oz)

1662:, the northern flicker was the second most numerous prey species and it was the main prey species in a study from 3331: 3228:

Bright-Smith, D. J.; Mannan, R. W. (1994). "Habitat use by breeding male northern goshawks in northern Arizona".

1015:, with more equal sex ratio of movement and a strong southward tendency of movements in years where prey such as 5526:

Beier, P.; Drennan, J. E. (1997). "Forest structure and prey abundance in foraging areas of northern goshawks".

5389:

Haukioja, E. & Haukioja, H. (1970). "Mortality rates of Finnish and Swedish goshawks (Accipiter gentilis)".

5087: 4323: 4265: 3862: 3247:

Beier, P.; Drennan, J. E. (1997). "Forest structure and prey abundance in foraging areas of northern goshawks".

2739: 3403: 1459: 1128:

more highly dimorphic races from Eurasia than those from North America. The average prey caught by each sex in

323:. Their breeding range in the western contiguous United States largely consists of the wooded foothills of the 2869:

Trends in geographic variation of Cooper's hawk and northern goshawk in North America: a multivariate analysis

681:, was previously considered conspecific with American goshawk, formed the species complex "northern goshawk". 646:

are the only group of extant diurnal raptors that seem to bear remotely close relation to this genus, whereas

3690:

Bosakowski, T.; Smith, D. G. (2006). "Ecology of the Northern Goshawk in the New York-New Jersey highlands".

3529:

Boal, C. W.; Mannan, R. W. (1994). "Northern goshawk diets in ponderosa pine forests on the Kaibab Plateau".

2349: 2129:

In North America, several non-governmental conservation organizations petitioned the Department of Interior,

1267:

Despite reports that grouse are less significant as prey to American goshawks, the 560 g (1.23 lb)

2094:

eggshells (weight and thickness index) pre-1947 (pre-DDT) to 1947—1964 (DDT in use) declined some 8-12%. In

1801:(30.7% by number and 21.4% by weight). Thrush taken have ranged in size from the 26.4 g (0.93 oz) 1771:

Corvids as aforementioned are quite important prey. Although they take fewer passerines than other northern

1690:. All told, 32 waterfowl have been recorded in Eurasian and American goshawks' diet. The ducks of the genus 1622:, much smaller cousins of rabbits and hares, but they are at best supplementary prey for American goshawks. 1602:. In some parts of the range, larger leporids may be attacked, extending to the 2,410 g (5.31 lb) 1132:

was 281.5 g (9.93 oz) and 380.4 g (13.42 oz), respectively, or around a 26% difference.

5350:

Sauer, J., Niven, D., Hines, J., Ziolkowski Jr, D., Pardieck, K. L., Fallon, J. E., & Link, W. (2017).

4929:

Kirby, R. E.; Fuller, M. R. (1978). "Observations and reinterpretation of Kingfisher-raptor interactions".

4760:

Kranenbarg, S (1997). "Inland-strayed Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius longicaudus victim of Northern Goshawk

2138: 1775:, smaller types of songbirds can still be regionally important to the diet. This is especially true of the 1479: 863:. Birds from mainland Alaska tend to be paler overall with more pale flecking than other American goshawks. 4830:

Kenward, R. E.; Marcstrom, V.; Karlbom, M. (1981). "Goshawk winter ecology in Swedish pheasant habitats".

4145:

Kenagy, G. J.; Trombulak, S. C. (1986). "Size and function of mammalian testes in relation to body size".

1032:, there were more than twice as many juvenile males than females recorded migrating. At the hawk watch at 4298:

Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) and on genus Marmota

2297: 5329: 2231: 2080: 1877:), the smallest bird in Europe. Among smaller types of passerines, one of the most widely reported are 855:

vermiculated effect that is all-together messier looking than in most Eurasian birds. From a distance,

5283: 5011:"Does risk of predation influence population dynamics? Evidence from cyclic decline of snowshoe hares" 4667:"A comparison of Goshawk summer diet in three areas with different breeding density in western Norway" 2206: 1387:) replaces the red squirrel in both distribution and as the highest contributor to goshawk diets from 4583:

Veldkamp, R (2008). "Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo and other large bird species as prey of goshawks

1033: 887: 2588:

Bull, E. L.; Hohmann, J. E. (1994). "Breeding biology of northern goshawks in northeastern Oregon".

2122:

have indicated that heavily logged areas caused strong long-term regional declines for goshawks. In

3602:

Meng, H (1959). "Food habits of nesting Cooper's Hawks and Goshawks in New York and Pennsylvania".

1475: 383: 2576:

Nest site habitat selection of the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in the Black Hills of South Dakota

82: 5363:

Hoglund, N. H. 1964. "The hawk Accipiter gentilis Linne in Fennos Kandia" (English translation).

2133:(1991 & 1997) to list the goshawk as "threatened" or "endangered" under the authority of the 1611: 1603: 1207:

Most of American goshawks take pigeons less commonly than Eurasian goshawks. One exception is in

434:. Vagrants have been reported in most of the parts of the United States where they do not breed. 360: 2941:

A Hawk for the Bush: A Treatise on the Training of the Sparrow-hawk and Other Short-winged Hawks

2149:) is also listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ( 295:

south for the winter. In North America, migratory goshawks are often seen migrating south along

5761: 5612:

Boal, C. W. (1994). "A photographic and behavioral guide to aging nestling Northern Goshawks".

5437:

Anderson, D. W. and J. J. Hickey. 1972. "Eggshell changes in certain North American birds". In

2134: 1906: 1025: 5247:

The northern goshawk in Pennsylvania: habitat use, survey protocols, and status (Final Report)

4799:"Evolution of parental roles in provisioning birds: diet determines role asymmetry in raptors" 4041:

Storer, R. W. (1966). "Sexual dimorphism and food habits in three North American accipiters".

3621:

Ellenberg, H.; Dreifke, R. (1993). ""Abrition"– Der Kolrabe als Schutzchild vor dem Habicht".

2549: 1141:

species in breeding season dietary studies from North America is the 128 g (4.5 oz)

3384: 1511: 1423: 1415: 1356: 1332: 1252: 983:

have been recorded at no fewer than 10 years apart. In one case, a female that was banded in

530:

The juvenile plumage of the species may cause some confusion, especially with other juvenile

379: 312: 177: 39: 4906:. Materials towards Fauna of Georgia, Issue VI, Institute of Zoology, Ilia State University. 3849:

Squires, J. R. (2000). "Food habits of northern goshawks nesting in south central Wyoming".

4957: 4358: 3759:

Grzybowski, J. A.; Eaton, S. W. (1976). "Prey items of goshawks in southwestern New York".

2061: 1794: 899: 745: 662:

are much more distantly related and all other modern accipitrids are not directly related.

3580:

Zuban, I.A. (2012). "Goshawk Accipiter gentilis in Zhambyl district of North Kazakhstan".

1438:), both weighing about 800 g (1.8 lb), are taken occasionally in North America. 608:

after they've become "branchers", or have left the nest but are not yet flying competently

8: 5306: 4019:

Drennan, J. E. (2006). "Northern goshawk food habits and goshawk prey species habitats".

3213:

Patterns and recent trends in counts of migrant hawks in western North America, 1977-1991

2235: 2087: 2016: 1675: 1388: 741: 686: 574: 332: 47: 5260: 4961: 4362: 2578:(Doctoral dissertation, MS thesis. University of South Dakota. Brookings, South Dakota). 2487:"Habitat use and home range size of breeding northern goshawks in the southern Cascades" 2183: 1227:

The American goshawk is in some parts of its range considered a specialized predator of

5543: 5476: 5420: 5091: 4991: 4847: 4623: 4327: 4310:

Van Vuren, D. H. (2001). "Predation on yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris)".

4247: 4162: 4119: 4103: 4058: 3996: 3914: 3885:

Nesting habitat selection and productivity of northern goshawks in west-central Montana

3866: 3426:

Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus): A technical conservation assessment

3407: 3264: 3185:

Mueller, H. C., D. D. Berger and G. Allez. 1977. "The periodic invasions of goshawks".

3040: 2429:

Penteriani, V (2002). "Goshawk nesting habitat in Europe and North America: a review".

2115: 2000: 1961: 1923: 1761: 1579: 810: 793: 789: 737: 710: 694: 682: 328: 77: 4381: 4346: 3666:

Takagi, M.; Ueta, M.; Ikeda, S. (1995). "Accipiters prey on nestling birds in Japan".

3311:

Partitioning of food and niche characteristics of coexisting Accipiter during breeding

5632:

Management recommendations for the northern goshawk in the southwestern United States

5468: 4983: 4552: 4386: 4331: 4111: 3988: 3897:

Carey, A. B. (1995). "Sciurids in Pacific Northwest Managed and Old-Growth Forests".

2998: 2928:

Breeding chronology, molt, and measurements of accipiter hawks in northeastern Oregon

2910: 2832: 2801: 2754: 2713: 2681: 2661: 2637: 2555: 2460: 2409: 2381: 2303: 2008: 1854: 1810: 1713: 1376: 869: 785: 718: 582: 474: 5745: 5737: 5729: 5711: 5497:. Paper read at Proceedings of the Western Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop. 5480: 5095: 4995: 3870: 3428:. USFS, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project. Fort Collins, Colorado. 3411: 1327:, tree squirrels are even more significant as prey, particularly the modestly-sized 589:) which also has dark wing edges and a differing tapered wing shape. Even wintering 5686: 5535: 5460: 5412: 5324: 5278: 5083: 5022: 4973: 4965: 4839: 4810: 4678: 4619: 4548: 4376: 4366: 4319: 4251: 4237: 4154: 4095: 4050: 4000: 3980: 3906: 3858: 3399: 3256: 3032: 2201: 2146: 2111: 2049: 2004: 1985: 1969: 1927: 1915: 1802: 1728:) (about the same size as a greater white-fronted goose), and five species each of 1667: 1651: 1638: 1595: 1563: 1539: 1531: 1403: 1392: 1380: 1276: 1236: 1176: 1142: 908: 877: 826: 729: 702: 674: 613: 523: 478: 470: 415: 278: 4969: 1422:) was the third most significant prey species. Much larger tree squirrels such as 1084:

However, a few prey families dominate the diet in most parts of the range, namely

5784: 4919:. Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Minnesota. 4081:"Nesting behavior and food habits of goshawks in the Sierra Nevada of California" 3815:

Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) habitat characterization in central Alberta

2068:

are possibly slightly more numerous than goshawks despite their smaller ranges).

2053: 2024: 1949: 1721: 1439: 1368: 1316: 1311: 1117: 944: 670: 324: 134: 4884:

Mañosa, S (1994). "Goshawk diet in a Mediterranean area of northeastern Spain".

442: 5826: 3332:"Northern Goshawk diet in Minnesota: An analysis using video recording systems" 3072:

A skewed sex ratio in Northern Goshawks: is it a sign of a stressed population?

2629: 2065: 1786: 1547: 1154: 980: 976: 911:

and lighter than the heaviest known American goshawks from Alaska, Alberta and

643: 545:

American goshawks are sometimes mistaken for species even outside of the genus

498: 447: 390:

region, where a good-sized breeding population occurs in the northern parts of

356: 320: 292: 5150:

Goslow, G. E. (1971). "The attack and strike of some North American raptors".

3984: 2678:

A Field Guide to advanced birding: birding challenges and how to approach them

2239: 1183:(44.8% by number). Despite evidence that northern goshawks avoid nesting near 955:, but generally in non-irruptive years, goshawks winter no further south than 5815: 5507:

Crocker-Bedford, D. C. (1990). "Goshawk reproduction and forest management".

5315: 5269: 4242: 4115: 4107: 3002: 2758: 2717: 2192: 1936: 1793:) are fairly regular prey nonetheless and were the most numerous prey in the 1776: 1571: 1503: 1328: 1324: 1268: 1212: 1168: 1113: 1101: 1058: 1004: 817:

as well as in southeast Alaska thence decreasing mildly along the Pacific in

753: 566: 550: 493: 482: 431: 308: 288: 277:

in 1812. The American goshawk was previously considered conspecific with the

270: 230: 154: 67: 62: 30: 5666:

Speiser, R. (1992). "Notes on the natural history of the northern goshawk".

5167:. Published under the sponsorship of the National Audubon Society by Harper. 4815: 4798: 4371: 2781:

Berajah, Zoografia infinita. Die Realgattung Habicht, Falco columbarius (KL)

1704:) frommay be more vulnerable than most waterfowl at their tree nests. Adult 5696:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 4987: 4390: 3992: 2796:

Wattel, Jan (1973). "Geographical differentiation in the genus Accipiter".

1887: 1858: 1705: 1599: 1495: 1431: 1344: 1288: 1184: 1180: 1074: 626: 605: 419: 407: 144: 5472: 4683: 4666: 2740:"Regional Size Differences among Fall-Migrant Accipiters in North America" 1869:. Avian prey has even ranged to as small as the 5.5 g (0.19 oz) 1081:

and medium to large-sized birds found in forest, edge and scrub habitats.

772:) showing its strong supercilium, red eyes, black head, and blue-gray back 518: 2450:"Northern goshawk forest type preference in the Chippewa National Forest" 1834: 1733: 1487: 1411: 1284: 1257: 1228: 1208: 1097: 1008: 904: 890:, 1938) – The range of this subspecies extends from southern Arizona and 873: 860: 822: 806: 411: 387: 5798: 2856:

Regional Size Differences among Fall-Migrant Accipiters in North America

1167:

species were the leading prey by number: the 457 g (1.008 lb)

343:. Somewhat discontinuous breeding populations are found in southeastern 5547: 5464: 5424: 5352:

The North American breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966-2015

4851: 4166: 4123: 4062: 3918: 3439:

The Northern Goshawk: Ecology, Behavior and Management in North America

3268: 3044: 2984:"Body size of Northern Goshawks on coastal islands of British Columbia" 2738:

Smith, Jeff P.; Hoffman, Stephen W.; Gessaman, James A. (Spring 1990).

2107: 2103: 2091: 2057: 1891: 1798: 1740:(or small waders), goshawks have been reported preying on more than 22 1683: 1663: 1646: 1634: 1630: 1546:. Squirrels taken have ranged in size from the 43 g (1.5 oz) 1451: 1407: 1396: 1280: 1192: 1105: 1062: 1037: 952: 891: 714: 690: 647: 554: 467: 423: 348: 5027: 5010: 4520:

Bacon, B.R. (1983). "Goshawk and Red Fox predate Wood Ducks in trap".

3936:

Diets of nesting northern goshawks in the Warner Mountains, California

406:; a very small population persists in the extreme northeast corner of 4637:

Kis, B. (1999). "Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) robbing a Black Stork (

3385:"Northern Goshawk Diet During the Nesting Season in Southeast Alaska" 2967:

Northern Goshawk, the Grey Ghost: Habits, Habitats and Rehabilitation

1870: 1741: 1737: 1697: 1543: 1519: 1340: 1121: 1029: 988: 984: 972: 912: 655: 590: 558: 502: 463: 391: 283: 94: 5755: 5539: 5416: 5170: 4978: 4843: 4479:

Rabbits, hares and pikas: status survey and conservation action plan

4267:

Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation

4158: 4099: 4054: 3910: 3782:

Northern goshawk and its prey in the Black Hills: Habitat assessment

3260: 3165:

Mortality rates of Finnish and Swedish goshawks (Accipiter gentilis)

3059:

Conservation assessment for the northern goshawk in southeast Alaska

3036: 1399:, where they constituted 23% of prey by number and 32.9% by weight. 5778: 3452:

The accipiters: goshawk, Cooper's hawk, sharp-shinned hawk (No. 17)

2095: 1883: 1850: 1830: 1527: 1235:. All told 33 species of this order have turned up in American and 1109: 1073:

Northern goshawks are usually opportunistic predators, as are most

964: 956: 659: 651: 427: 399: 395: 368: 336: 114: 4705:. Holarctic Birds of Prey, ADENEXWWGBP, Calamonte, Spain, 111–115. 1530:

are known to be taken by goshawks and the 96 g (3.4 oz)

5721:

2nd edition, volume 1 (1828) by Alexander Wilson and George Ord.

4202:

Jenkins, S. H.; Eshelman, B. D. (1984). "Spermophilus beldingi".

2697:

Mueller, Helmut C.; Berger, Daniel D.; Allez, George (May 1979).

2123: 2076: 2072: 1953: 1862: 1846: 1826: 1682:) in North America. In many areas, American goshawks will pursue 1659: 1591: 1538:) were the second most numerous prey species at nests in central 1455: 1447: 1364: 1352: 1348: 1300: 1158: 1129: 1012: 968: 948: 851: 838: 814: 744:

to the Cooper's hawk and seems to be most closely related to the

678: 673:

with other larger goshawks from different portions of the world.

489: 451: 364: 351:, thence also somewhat spottily into western Mexico down through 344: 5249:. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park: School For. Resour. 4347:"Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass2/3" 4264:

Feldhamer, G. A., Thompson, B. C., & Chapman, J. A. (2003).

3970: 3561:

Araujo, J (1974). "Falconiformes del Guadarrama suroccidental".

2829:

Handbook of North American Birds, Vol. 4: Diurnal Raptors. Pt. 1

2027:

are known to be killed. American goshawks also pose a threat to

764: 5439:

Proceedings of the XVth International Ornitholological Congress

4915:

Roberson, A. M., Anderson, D. E., & Kennedy, P. L. (2003).

2119: 2028: 1981: 1911: 1895: 1814: 1781: 1745: 1692: 1567: 1491: 1467: 1443: 1360: 1296: 1248: 1244: 1232: 1163: 1150: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1078: 1020: 895: 847: 830: 818: 802: 621: 375: 352: 316: 104: 4605: 4282:

Prairie Dogs: Communication and Community in an Animal Society

2168: 2166: 809:, is intermediate in the northwest United States from eastern 4538: 3780:

Graham, R. T., de Volo, S. B., & Reynolds, R. T. (2015).

3023:

Taverner, P. A. (1940). "Variation in the American goshawk".

2150: 2007:. Among Buteo hawks, the adults of 424 g (15.0 oz) 1878: 1866: 1842: 1838: 1818: 1757: 1729: 1471: 1240: 1000: 526:

such as this one are at times mistaken for a juvenile goshawk

340: 296: 5630:

Reynolds, R. T., Graham, R. T., & Reiser, M. H. (1992).

3383:

Lewis, Stephen B.; Titus, Kimberly; Fuller, Mark R. (2006).

2854:

Smith, J. P., Hoffman, S. W., & Gessaman, J. A. (1990).

2060:

both may have a similar global population size, whereas the

1395:. The largest occurrence of Douglas squirrel known was from 1149:). These species were recorded in studies from northwestern 1108:(in roughly descending order of importance) among birds and 1077:. The most important prey species are small to medium-sized 5088:

10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[0307:haosrh]2.0.co;2

5073: 4947: 4324:

10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0094:poybmm]2.0.co;2

3863:

10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0536:fhongn]2.0.co;2

3646: 2378:

A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America

2163: 2045: 1945: 1918:

it of food, but the osprey is even considered possible prey

1822: 1753: 1749: 1687: 1619: 1402:

Larger tree squirrels are also taken opportunistically, in

1016: 996: 960: 834: 455: 403: 299:

tops at nearly any time of the fall depending on latitude.

124: 5402: 5354:. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA. 3404:

10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1151:NGDDTN]2.0.CO;2

2086:

In the 1950s–1960s declines were increasingly linked with

821:

and California and smallest of all within the race in the

5687:

Northern goshawk inventory and monitoring technical guide

4795: 3934:

Promessi, R. L., Matson, J. O., & Flores, M. (2004).

3754: 3752: 3211:

Hoffman, S. W., W. R. DeRagon and J. C. Bednarz. (1992).

1339:) is significant, being the primary prey in studies from 1303:, grouse are fairly important prey especially in winter. 3143: 2926:

Henny, C. J., Olson. R. A. & Fleming, T. L. (1985).

1315:

Prey selection frequently overlaps between goshawks and

371:, their worldwide southern limit as a breeding species. 4829: 4224:

Miller, R. A.; Carlisle, J. D.; Bechard, M. J. (2014).

4182: 3795:

Goshawk Survey; Soule River Watershed, Southeast Alaska

3281: 1901: 1295:) was reported as the leading prey species in southern 549:

especially as juveniles of each respective species. In

5441:, edited by H. H. Voous, 514-540. Leiden: P. J. Brill. 5304: 5258: 4567:

Feeding ecology and niche differentiation in goshawk (

3749: 3454:. US Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 3330:

Smithers, B. L.; Boal, C. W.; Andersen, D. E. (2005).

2952:

Mueller, H. C., Berger, D. D. & Allez, G. (1976).

2181: 273:

in the family Accipitridae. It was first described by

5560: 4284:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4223: 3717: 2295: 2240:"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors" 943:

Migratory goshawks in North America may move down to

916:(2.218 lb). Aside from its overall larger size, 4510:. Santa Fe National Forest: U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 3329: 2737: 2230: 991:, a first ever record of the species in that state. 462:

American and Eurasian goshawks can be found in both

4699:Current status and breeding ecology of the Goshawk 4403: 3817:. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 801:based on body mass seems to be highest in interior 5330:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61695117A181770099.en 5054: 3227: 2871:. Proc. West. Found. Vertebr. Zool. no. 5:161-209. 2696: 2422: 1594:. Eastern cottontails are also taken regularly in 979:. Some periodic eruptions to nearly as far as the 612:Juveniles are sometimes confused with the smaller 5579: 5284:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695624A93519953.en 5226: 5176: 5120: 5118: 4864: 4280:Slobodchikoff, C.; B. Perla; J. Verdolin (2009). 3827:Steele, M. A. (1998). "Tamiasciurus hudsonicus". 3202:, 2nd ed. Cape May Point: New Jersey Audubon Soc. 2699:"The Identification of North American Accipiters" 2296:Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). 2207:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695683A93522852.en 1562:Mammals are more important in their diet than in 620:), especially juvenile Cooper's hawks. Unlike in 378:as a native species, but is rarer in most of the 5813: 5684: 3951: 3736: 3620: 3487: 3382: 3162: 3074:Journal of Raptor Research 39.3 (2005): 247–252. 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 752:in the Americas (extending down through much of 5678: 5506: 5378:Ecologische atlas van de Nederlandse roofvogels 4351:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4201: 4144: 3758: 3689: 3665: 3465:Prey sizes of male and female northern goshawks 3349: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3223: 3221: 2798:Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 2554:. London, UK: T & A D Poyser. p. 274. 2345: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 987:was recovered 1,860 km (1,160 mi) in 386:where they are not typically found outside the 5115: 3685: 3683: 3681: 2977: 2975: 2907:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition 3549:Goshawk in the Urals and adjacent territories 3505: 3503: 2954:Age and sex variation in the size of goshawks 2636:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 2634:Hawks, Eagles, & Falcons of North America 5661: 5659: 5525: 4422:Verts, B. J., & Carraway, L. N. (2001). 4344: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3316: 3309:Reynolds, R. T. & Meslow, E. C. (1984). 3246: 3218: 3110: 3108: 3106: 2258: 1319:, seldom will both species prey on the other 1299:(28.4% by number). In the boreal forests of 768:Typical adult from the American subspecies ( 669:, the American goshawk seems to belong to a 426:, sporadically down to extreme northwestern 5450: 4928: 4784:Waders: their breeding, haunts and watchers 4664: 4489: 4487: 3930: 3928: 3844: 3842: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3678: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 2972: 2587: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2403: 458:tree that typifies the habitat used locally 374:The goshawk continues east through much of 4759: 4736: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4691: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4477:Chapman, J. A., & Flux, J. E. (1990). 4459:Best, T. L. (1996). "Lepus californicus". 4292: 4290: 4074: 4072: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3528: 3509: 3500: 3431: 2605: 2603: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2428: 2341: 2339: 410:. They breed also in mountainous areas of 327:and many other large mountain ranges from 229: 56: 29: 5656: 5328: 5282: 5026: 4977: 4896: 4823: 4814: 4682: 4576: 4380: 4370: 4309: 4241: 4219: 4217: 4178: 4176: 4036: 4034: 3776: 3774: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3463:Boal, C. W., & Mannan, R. W. (1996). 3367: 3116:Movements of wintering goshawks in Sweden 3114:Marcström, V., & Kenward, R. (1981). 3103: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2791: 2789: 2628: 2622: 2363:Monson, G. & Phillips, A. R. (1964). 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2205: 2131:United States Fish & Wildlife Service 485:in which to execute additional hunting. 5370: 5357: 5207: 4582: 4571:L.) and sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus L.) 4484: 3925: 3839: 3800: 3541: 3470: 3294: 3126: 3124: 3022: 2867:Whaley, W. H. & White, C.M. (1994). 2858:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 192–200. 2850: 2848: 2831:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2656:Cramp, S. and K. E. L. Simmons. (1980). 2376:Howell, S. N. G. & Webb, S. (1995). 2048:, the global population of American and 1905: 1629: 1310: 763: 728:Genetic studies have indicated that the 599: 517: 441: 5665: 5245:Kimmel, J. T. and R. H. Yahner (1994). 4877: 4858: 4708: 4653: 4440:Lim, B. K. (1987). "Lepus townsendii". 4287: 4078: 4069: 4018: 4007: 3848: 3597: 3595: 3467:. The Southwestern Naturalist, 355–358. 3418: 3357:"Accipiter gentilis – northern goshawk" 2981: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2690: 2609: 2600: 2547: 2508: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2023:) and the 1,065 g (2.348 lb) 1554:) to the aforementioned adult marmots. 872:, 1940 – This insular race is found on 5814: 5704: 5605: 5131: 5035: 4883: 4214: 4173: 4040: 4031: 3826: 3797:. Alaska Power & Telephone Survey. 3771: 3702: 3633: 3560: 3554: 3061:. U.S. Dept., Agric., For. Serv. Publ. 2959: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2826: 2815: 2795: 2786: 2783:. Gebauer-Schwetschke, Halle, Germany. 2484: 2406:Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World 2316: 894:down throughout the species' range in 5760: 5759: 5685:Woodbridge, B.; Hargis, C.D. (2006). 5643: 5163:Sprunt, A., & May, J. B. (1955). 4573:(Doctoral dissertation, : PFM Opdam). 4559: 4519: 4345:White, C. R.; Seymour, R. S. (2003). 4338: 3896: 3579: 3121: 2845: 2650: 2380:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2246:. International Ornithologists' Union 2226: 2224: 1610:) and the 3,200 g (7.1 lb) 311:, they are most broadly found in the 5611: 4737:Camphuysen, C. J. (2015). "De Havik 4458: 3973:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 3601: 3592: 3522: 3163:Haukioja, E.; Haukioja, M. (1970). " 2982:Johnson, Donald R. (December 1989). 2930:. J. Field Ornithol. no. 56: 97–112. 2581: 2496:(Master's Thesis). Corvallis, Oregon 2457:Saint Mary's University of Minnesota 2404:Brown, Leslie; Amadon, Dean (1986). 2390: 2365:A check-list of the birds of Arizona 1902:Interspecies predatory relationships 1557: 1202: 5822:IUCN Red List least concern species 5316:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5270:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5008: 4636: 4439: 2905:Dunning Jr., John B. (ed.) (2008). 2874: 2680:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co. 2193:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1674:) to the 287 g (10.1 oz) 1052: 13: 4624:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb01010.x 3118:. Swedish Sportsmen's Association. 2956:. Bird-Banding no. 47 (4):310–318. 2447: 2346:Squires, J.; Reynolds, R. (1997). 2221: 2003:and the 440 g (0.97 lb) 1566:'s, more lagomorphs are taken. In 1494:are attacked on occasion. Several 1047: 513: 14: 5848: 3940:Western North American Naturalist 2367:. Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press. 2143:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 1588:Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest 1458:was the 187 g (6.6 oz) 1120:especially in North America) and 5715:, Ash-coloured or Black-cap Hawk 5637: 5624: 5592: 5573: 5554: 5519: 5500: 5487: 5444: 5431: 5396: 5383: 5344: 5298: 5252: 5239: 5220: 5198: 5189: 5157: 5144: 5102: 5067: 5048: 5002: 4941: 4922: 4909: 4789: 4782:Nethersole-Thompson, D. (2010). 4776: 4753: 4730: 4630: 4599: 4553:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01671.x 2244:IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 1478:, the 285 g (10.1 oz) 1414:, the 530 g (1.17 lb) 1068: 850:were recorded for goshawks from 291:, but birds from colder regions 81: 5305:BirdLife International (2020). 5259:BirdLife International (2016). 4741:als meeuwenpredator op Texel". 4532: 4513: 4500: 4471: 4452: 4433: 4416: 4397: 4312:The American Midland Naturalist 4303: 4274: 4258: 4195: 4138: 3964: 3945: 3890: 3877: 3820: 3787: 3730: 3659: 3614: 3573: 3457: 3444: 3275: 3240: 3205: 3192: 3179: 3156: 3137: 3090: 3077: 3064: 3051: 3016: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2861: 2773: 2731: 2670: 2568: 2478: 2353:. Vol. 298. pp. 2–27. 2182:BirdLife International (2016). 1748:, more than 10 species each of 1618:). American goshawks also take 1379:, the 165 g (5.8 oz) 534:species. Unlike other northern 497:recently is typically found at 302: 216:Astur atricapillus atricapillus 5837:Birds of prey of North America 5725:from 1st edition by A. Wilson. 5694:General Technical Report WO-71 5453:Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 5076:Journal of Wildlife Management 4665:Verdal, T.; Selås, V. (2010). 3582:Russian Ornithological Journal 3392:Journal of Wildlife Management 2660:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2441: 2370: 2357: 1625: 1460:golden-mantled ground squirrel 508: 1: 4970:10.1126/science.269.5227.1112 3551:. Raptor Conservation, A (4). 2302:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2015:), 610 g (1.34 lb) 1952:nesting in abutting areas of 1641:often fall victim to goshawks 788:and the southern part of the 759: 38:Juvenile (left) and adult by 5165:North American birds of prey 3441:. Hancock House Pub Limited. 2747:Journal of Field Ornithology 2156: 2139:United States Forest Service 1306: 1222: 938: 736:. However, the much smaller 7: 5380:. Haarlem, Schuyt & Co. 1464:Callospermophilus lateralis 933: 632: 477:with intermediate to heavy 10: 5853: 5229:Journal of Raptor Research 5045:, pp. 47–137. Springer US. 4886:Journal of Raptor Research 4230:Journal of Raptor Research 3793:The Shipley Group (2009). 3739:Journal of Raptor Research 3668:Journal of Raptor Research 3649:Journal of Raptor Research 3512:Journal of Raptor Research 3339:Journal of Raptor Research 2969:. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2081:southwestern United States 1135: 437: 335:extending east to central 5768: 5323:: e.T61695117A181770099. 4867:Ornithologischer Anzeiger 4697:Ivanovsky, V. V. (1998). 4461:Mammalian Species Archive 4442:Mammalian Species Archive 4204:Mammalian Species Archive 3985:10.1016/j.mad.2005.05.004 3829:Mammalian Species Archive 3363:. University of Michigan. 2939:Mavrogordato, J. (1973). 2827:Palmer, Ralph S. (1988). 2779:Kleinschmidt, O. (1923). 2038: 1756:, more than 2 species of 1480:Belding's ground squirrel 1034:Cape May Point State Park 837:and northern and central 237: 228: 221:Astur atricapillus laingi 211:Astur atricapillus apache 207: 202: 183: 176: 78:Scientific classification 76: 54: 45: 37: 28: 23: 5742:Ornithological Biography 5734:Ornithological Biography 5646:Studies in Avian Biology 5614:Studies in Avian Biology 5493:Reynolds, R. T. (1989). 5277:: e.T22695624A93519953. 5179:Studies in Avian Biology 4904:Birds of Prey of Georgia 4565:Opdam, P. F. M. (1980). 4497:. De Takkeling, 225–229. 4406:Studies in Avian Biology 4243:10.3356/0892-1016-48.1.1 4185:Studies in Avian Biology 4079:Schnell, Jay H. (1958). 4021:Studies in Avian Biology 3954:Studies in Avian Biology 3887:. University of Montana. 3720:Studies in Avian Biology 3692:Studies in Avian Biology 3531:Studies in Avian Biology 3284:Studies in Avian Biology 3146:Studies in Avian Biology 2590:Studies in Avian Biology 2574:Erickson, M. G. (1987). 2548:Kenward, Robert (2006). 2200:: e.T22695683A93522852. 1766:Stercorarius longicaudus 1476:Sawtooth National Forest 5832:Birds described in 1812 5748:" (with illustration), 5528:Ecological Applications 5376:Bijlsma, R. G. (1993). 5124:Kenward, R. E. (1996). 5108:Preston, C. R. (2000). 4506:Kennedy, P. L. (1989). 4372:10.1073/pnas.0436428100 3899:Ecological Applications 3437:Bosakowski, T. (1999). 3424:Kennedy, P. L. (2003). 3249:Ecological Applications 3070:Ingraldi, M.F. (2005). 2800:(13). Cambridge, Mass. 2494:Oregon State University 1612:white-tailed jackrabbit 1337:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 1293:Dendragapus fuliginosus 361:Sierra Madre Occidental 5740:" (note in Appendix), 3883:Clough, L. T. (2000). 3813:Schaffer, W. W. 1998. 3313:. Auk no. 101:761–779. 2485:Austin, K. K. (1993). 2350:Birds of North America 2238:, eds. (August 2024). 2135:Endangered Species Act 2071:Based on studies from 1919: 1642: 1512:yellow-bellied marmots 1424:western gray squirrels 1385:Tamiasciurus douglasii 1320: 1251:and some areas of the 773: 609: 527: 459: 5752:octavo edition, 1840. 5728:John James Audubon. " 5391:Finnish Game Research 4902:Abuladze, A. (2013). 4816:10.1093/beheco/aru053 4684:10.15845/on.v33i0.152 3547:Karyakin, I. (2009). 3169:Finnish Game Research 1909: 1633: 1584:Sylvilagus floridanus 1416:eastern gray squirrel 1357:eastern United States 1333:American red squirrel 1314: 1253:eastern United States 1197:Perisoreus canadensis 1173:Corvus brachyrhynchos 767: 603: 571:Rupornis magnirostris 521: 445: 380:eastern United States 313:western United States 40:Louis Agassiz Fuertes 5719:American Ornithology 4147:Journal of Mammalogy 3361:Animal Diversity Web 3198:Sibley, D. A. 1997. 2676:Kaufman, K. (1990). 2299:Raptors of the World 2062:Eurasian sparrowhawk 1956:(other large common 1710:Somateria mollissima 1516:Marmota flaviventris 1484:Urocitellus beldingi 1420:Sciurus carolinensis 746:Eurasian sparrowhawk 169:A. atricapillus 5705:Historical material 5139:The Wilson Bulletin 5043:Current Ornithology 5009:Hik, D. S. (1995). 4962:1995Sci...269.1112K 4703:in northern Belarus 4363:2003PNAS..100.4046W 3851:The Wilson Bulletin 3761:The Wilson Bulletin 3604:The Wilson Bulletin 2965:Rashid, S. (2015). 2466:on 1 September 2012 2088:pesticide pollution 2017:red-shouldered hawk 1726:Phalacrocorax carbo 1676:pileated woodpecker 1645:Some 21 species of 1580:Eastern cottontails 1389:northern California 1262:Meleagris gallopavo 1147:Cyanocitta stelleri 604:Two juveniles from 575:red-shouldered hawk 333:southern California 48:Conservation status 5770:Falco atricapillus 5744:volume 5 (1839). " 5736:volume 2 (1834). " 5713:Falco atricapillus 5465:10.1007/bf01623470 5112:. Stackpole Books. 4803:Behavioral Ecology 4762:Accipiter gentilis 4739:Accipiter gentilis 4701:Accipiter gentilis 4585:Accipiter gentilis 4569:Accipiter gentilis 4541:Functional Ecology 3490:Acta Ornithologica 3450:Jones, S. (1979). 2348:Northern Goshawk: 2234:; Donsker, David; 2186:Accipiter gentilis 2116:American southwest 2001:sharp-shinned hawk 1920: 1855:New World warblers 1811:tyrant flycatchers 1791:Turdus migratorius 1762:long-tailed jaeger 1680:Dryocopus pileatus 1672:Picoides pubescens 1643: 1608:Lepus californicus 1321: 805:, followed by the 790:American Southwest 778:A. a. atricapillus 774: 770:A. a. atricapillus 738:sharp-shinned hawk 723:Astur melanoleucus 707:Circaetus gallicus 610: 553:, four species of 528: 460: 402:and somewhat into 269:) is a species of 266:Astur atricapillus 252: Non-breeding 187:Astur atricapillus 5809: 5808: 5762:Taxon identifiers 5215:Stud. Avian Biol. 5028:10.1071/wr9950115 5015:Wildlife Research 4428:Mammalian Species 3979:(10): 1130–1133. 3215:. Unpubl. report. 3200:Birds of Cape May 3132:Stud. Avian Biol. 3085:Stud. Avian Biol. 2915:978-1-4200-6444-5 2561:978-0-7136-6565-9 2309:978-0-618-12762-7 2236:Rasmussen, Pamela 2033:Pandion haliaetus 2013:Buteo platypterus 2009:broad-winged hawk 1970:ferruginous hawks 1914:, most likely to 1714:red-throated loon 1639:northern flickers 1558:Hares and rabbits 1532:eastern chipmunks 1377:Pacific northwest 1237:Eurasian goshawks 1203:Pigeons and doves 1122:rabbits and hares 951:and into most of 786:Pacific Northwest 719:black sparrowhawk 703:short-toed eagles 665:Within the genus 660:chanting-goshawks 583:broad-winged hawk 430:and northeastern 422:and northwestern 382:, especially the 347:and southwestern 257: 256: 71: 24:American goshawk 5844: 5802: 5801: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5757: 5756: 5750:Birds of America 5698: 5697: 5691: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5582:Stud. Avian Biol 5577: 5571: 5570: 5563:Stud. Avian Biol 5558: 5552: 5551: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5509:Wildl. Soc. Bull 5504: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5448: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5400: 5394: 5387: 5381: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5332: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5286: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5224: 5218: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5174: 5168: 5161: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5052: 5046: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4981: 4956:(5227): 1112–5. 4945: 4939: 4938: 4926: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4832:J. Wildl. Manage 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4793: 4787: 4786:. A&C Black. 4780: 4774: 4773: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4734: 4728: 4717: 4706: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4662: 4651: 4650: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4580: 4574: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4522:Passenger Pigeon 4517: 4511: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4437: 4431: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4374: 4357:(7): 4046–4049. 4342: 4336: 4335: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4245: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4016: 4005: 4004: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3949: 3943: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3824: 3818: 3811: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3715: 3700: 3699: 3687: 3676: 3675: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3558: 3552: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3485: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3398:(4): 1151–1160. 3389: 3380: 3365: 3364: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3327: 3314: 3307: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3230:Stud. Avian Biol 3225: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3119: 3112: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2950: 2944: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2903: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2824: 2813: 2811: 2793: 2784: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2744: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2674: 2668: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2545: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2491: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2459:. Archived from 2454: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2401: 2388: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2343: 2314: 2313: 2293: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2170: 2147:Eurasian goshawk 2050:Eurasian goshawk 1966:Buteo swainsonii 1962:Swainson's hawks 1944:rodents such as 1803:western bluebird 1722:great cormorants 1720:) chicks, adult 1668:downy woodpecker 1656:Colaptes auratus 1652:northern flicker 1616:Lepus townsendii 1576:Lepus americanus 1564:Eurasian goshawk 1500:Marmota caligala 1440:Ground squirrels 1393:British Columbia 1381:Douglas squirrel 1373:Martes americana 1367:. Much like the 1317:American martens 1217:Zenaida macroura 1199:) to the raven. 1118:ground squirrels 1053:Hunting behavior 909:Colorado Plateau 878:Vancouver Island 827:Colorado Plateau 695:Bonelli's eagles 693:raptors such as 675:Eurasian goshawk 595:Falco rusticolus 587:Buteo playpterus 339:and westernmost 279:Eurasian goshawk 275:Alexander Wilson 261:American goshawk 251: 245: 233: 189: 86: 85: 65: 60: 59: 33: 21: 20: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5764: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5664: 5657: 5642: 5638: 5629: 5625: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5593: 5578: 5574: 5559: 5555: 5540:10.2307/2269521 5524: 5520: 5505: 5501: 5492: 5488: 5449: 5445: 5436: 5432: 5417:10.2307/1296439 5401: 5397: 5393:, no. 31:13–20. 5388: 5384: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5263:Accipiter nisus 5257: 5253: 5244: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5217:no. 16:106–113. 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5175: 5171: 5162: 5158: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5116: 5110:Red-tailed hawk 5107: 5103: 5072: 5068: 5053: 5049: 5040: 5036: 5007: 5003: 4946: 4942: 4927: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4901: 4897: 4882: 4878: 4863: 4859: 4844:10.2307/3807921 4828: 4824: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4758: 4754: 4735: 4731: 4718: 4709: 4696: 4692: 4671:Ornis Norvegica 4663: 4654: 4635: 4631: 4604: 4600: 4587:in De Wieden". 4581: 4577: 4564: 4560: 4537: 4533: 4518: 4514: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4438: 4434: 4421: 4417: 4402: 4398: 4343: 4339: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4288: 4279: 4275: 4263: 4259: 4222: 4215: 4200: 4196: 4181: 4174: 4159:10.2307/1380997 4143: 4139: 4128: 4126: 4100:10.2307/1365696 4083: 4077: 4070: 4055:10.2307/4083053 4039: 4032: 4017: 4008: 3969: 3965: 3950: 3946: 3933: 3926: 3911:10.2307/1941974 3895: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3847: 3840: 3825: 3821: 3812: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3772: 3757: 3750: 3735: 3731: 3716: 3703: 3688: 3679: 3664: 3660: 3645: 3634: 3619: 3615: 3600: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3542: 3527: 3523: 3508: 3501: 3496:(3–4): 181–190. 3486: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3419: 3387: 3381: 3368: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3334: 3328: 3317: 3308: 3295: 3280: 3276: 3261:10.2307/2269521 3245: 3241: 3226: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3189:no. 94:652-663. 3184: 3180: 3161: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3134:no. 16:122–129. 3129: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3037:10.2307/1364206 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2991:Wilson Bulletin 2986: 2980: 2973: 2964: 2960: 2951: 2947: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2904: 2875: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2825: 2816: 2808: 2794: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2763: 2761: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2627: 2623: 2608: 2601: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2546: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2402: 2391: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2358: 2344: 2317: 2310: 2294: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2229: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2178:A. atricapillus 2172:IUCN status of 2171: 2164: 2159: 2054:red-tailed hawk 2041: 2025:red-tailed hawk 1950:red-tailed hawk 1904: 1875:Regulus regulus 1807:Sialia mexicana 1628: 1560: 1536:Tamias striatus 1508:Marmota marmota 1428:Sciurus griseus 1369:American marten 1309: 1273:Bonasa umbellus 1231:, particularly 1225: 1205: 1138: 1124:among mammals. 1071: 1055: 1050: 1048:Dietary biology 1011:, and possibly 945:Baja California 941: 936: 794:Bergmann's rule 762: 742:similar plumage 711:Henst's goshawk 699:Aquila fasciata 685:, found in the 683:Meyer's goshawk 652:Old World kites 635: 563:Buteo plagiatus 522:Large juvenile 516: 514:Similar species 511: 499:high elevations 440: 325:Rocky Mountains 305: 287:. It is mainly 253: 249: 247: 243: 240:A. atricapillus 198: 191: 185: 172: 135:Accipitriformes 80: 72: 61: 57: 50: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 5850: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5790: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5754: 5753: 5726: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5677: 5655: 5636: 5623: 5604: 5591: 5572: 5553: 5534:(2): 564–571. 5518: 5499: 5486: 5443: 5430: 5411:(5): 300–305. 5395: 5382: 5369: 5367:no. 2:195–269. 5356: 5343: 5297: 5251: 5238: 5219: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5169: 5156: 5143: 5130: 5114: 5101: 5082:(2): 307–317. 5066: 5047: 5034: 5021:(1): 115–129. 5001: 4940: 4921: 4908: 4895: 4876: 4857: 4838:(2): 397–408. 4822: 4809:(4): 762–772. 4788: 4775: 4752: 4729: 4725:J. Avian Biol. 4707: 4690: 4652: 4629: 4608:Gavia stellata 4598: 4575: 4558: 4547:(3): 608–613. 4531: 4512: 4499: 4483: 4470: 4451: 4432: 4424:Tamias minimus 4415: 4396: 4337: 4302: 4300:, pp. 239–240. 4286: 4273: 4257: 4213: 4194: 4172: 4137: 4094:(6): 377–403. 4068: 4049:(3): 423–436. 4030: 4006: 3963: 3944: 3924: 3905:(3): 648–661. 3889: 3876: 3857:(4): 536–539. 3838: 3819: 3799: 3786: 3770: 3748: 3729: 3701: 3677: 3658: 3632: 3613: 3591: 3588:(21): 885–890. 3572: 3553: 3540: 3521: 3499: 3469: 3456: 3443: 3430: 3417: 3366: 3348: 3315: 3293: 3274: 3255:(2): 564–571. 3239: 3217: 3204: 3191: 3178: 3155: 3136: 3120: 3102: 3100:, no. 45: 270. 3089: 3076: 3063: 3050: 3031:(3): 157–160. 3015: 2997:(4): 637–639. 2971: 2958: 2945: 2932: 2919: 2873: 2860: 2844: 2837: 2814: 2806: 2785: 2772: 2753:(2): 192–200. 2730: 2712:(3): 236–240. 2706:American Birds 2689: 2669: 2649: 2643:978-0874746822 2642: 2621: 2599: 2580: 2567: 2560: 2507: 2477: 2448:Ludwig, T. W. 2440: 2421: 2415:978-1555214722 2414: 2389: 2386:978-0198540120 2369: 2356: 2315: 2308: 2257: 2220: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2066:common buzzard 2040: 2037: 2021:Buteo lineatus 1937:snowshoe hares 1928:Cooper's hawks 1903: 1900: 1795:Sierra Nevadas 1787:American robin 1744:, more than 8 1718:Gavia stellata 1627: 1624: 1572:snowshoe hares 1559: 1556: 1552:Tamias minimus 1548:least chipmunk 1504:alpine marmots 1329:pine squirrels 1308: 1305: 1224: 1221: 1204: 1201: 1155:Kaibab Plateau 1137: 1134: 1114:tree squirrels 1070: 1067: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1001:boreal forests 981:Gulf of Mexico 977:North Carolina 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 930: 881: 864: 761: 758: 634: 631: 618:Astur cooperii 579:Buteo lineatus 555:buteonine hawk 524:Cooper's hawks 515: 512: 510: 507: 494:riparian zones 448:Kaibab Plateau 439: 436: 321:western Canada 304: 301: 297:mountain ridge 255: 254: 248: 246: Resident 242: 235: 234: 226: 225: 224: 223: 218: 213: 205: 204: 200: 199: 192: 181: 180: 174: 173: 166: 164: 160: 159: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 74: 73: 55: 52: 51: 46: 43: 42: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5849: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5235:(4): 269–270. 5234: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5057:J. Raptor Res 5051: 5044: 5038: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4937:(3): 598–599. 4936: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639:Ciconia nigra 4633: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4493:Schreven, K. 4490: 4488: 4480: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4318:(1): 94–100. 4317: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4277: 4270: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3767:(4): 669–670. 3766: 3762: 3755: 3753: 3745:(4): 337–340. 3744: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3655:(4): 297–305. 3654: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3610:(2): 169–174. 3609: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3569:(2): 257–278. 3568: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3345:(3): 264–273. 3344: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3208: 3201: 3195: 3188: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3099: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2909:. CRC Press. 2908: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2840: 2838:9780300040593 2834: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2809: 2807:9781877973239 2803: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2782: 2776: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2686:9780395535172 2683: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2666:9780198575054 2663: 2659: 2653: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:Johnsgard, P. 2625: 2617: 2613: 2612:J. Raptor Res 2606: 2604: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2431:Ornis Fennica 2425: 2417: 2411: 2408:. Wellfleet. 2407: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2366: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:Cooper's hawk 2002: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1986:Cooper's hawk 1983: 1977: 1975: 1974:Buteo regalis 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1924:sharp-shinned 1917: 1913: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1779:. All common 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:common eiders 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:Marmota monax 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:hoary marmots 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436:Sciurus niger 1433: 1432:fox squirrels 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:North America 1318: 1313: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:ruffed grouse 1265: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1213:mourning dove 1210: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185:common ravens 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:American crow 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:Steller's jay 1133: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1075:birds of prey 1069:Prey spectrum 1066: 1065:are profuse. 1064: 1060: 1059:North America 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:North America 1002: 998: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 928: 923: 919: 914: 910: 906: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 882: 879: 875: 871: 868: 865: 862: 858: 853: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 829:states (i.e. 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 776: 775: 771: 766: 757: 755: 754:South America 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 730:Cooper's hawk 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687:South Pacific 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 630: 628: 623: 619: 615: 614:Cooper's hawk 607: 602: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 567:roadside hawk 564: 560: 556: 552: 551:North America 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 525: 520: 506: 504: 500: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 465: 457: 453: 449: 446:Adult in the 444: 435: 433: 432:West Virginia 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 309:North America 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 285: 280: 276: 272: 268: 267: 262: 241: 236: 232: 227: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 206: 201: 196: 190: 188: 182: 179: 178:Binomial name 175: 171: 170: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 106: 103: 100: 99: 96: 93: 90: 89: 84: 79: 75: 69: 64: 63:Least Concern 53: 49: 44: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5769: 5749: 5741: 5733: 5723:Colour plate 5718: 5712: 5693: 5680: 5671: 5667: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5631: 5626: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5599: 5594: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5494: 5489: 5459:(1): 23–32. 5456: 5452: 5446: 5438: 5433: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5390: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5364: 5359: 5351: 5346: 5334:. Retrieved 5320: 5314: 5308: 5300: 5288:. Retrieved 5274: 5268: 5262: 5254: 5246: 5241: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5214: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5164: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5138: 5133: 5125: 5109: 5104: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5042: 5037: 5018: 5014: 5004: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4916: 4911: 4903: 4898: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4806: 4802: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4746: 4743:De Takkeling 4742: 4738: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4674: 4670: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4592: 4589:De Takkeling 4588: 4584: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4494: 4478: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4297: 4281: 4276: 4266: 4260: 4233: 4229: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4188: 4184: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4127:. 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