Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

1256:. Guidelines have been developed not only to protect persons with disabilities but also to indemnify businesses from damages related to granting access to service animals on their premises. Businesses are allowed to ask if the animal is a service animal and ask what tasks it is trained to perform, but they are not allowed to ask the service animal to perform the task nor ask for a special ID of the animal. They cannot ask what the person's disabilities are. A person with a disability cannot be removed from the premises unless either of two things happen: the animal is out of control and its owner cannot get it under control (e.g. a dog barking uncontrollably in a restaurant), or the animal is a direct threat to people's health and safety. Allergies and fear of animals would not be considered a threat to people's health and safety, so it would not be a valid reason to deny access to people with service animals. Businesses that prepare or serve food must allow service animals and their owners on the premises even if state or local health laws otherwise prohibit animals on the premises. In this case, businesses that prepare or serve food are not required to provide care or food for service animals, nor do they have to provide a designated area for the service animal to relieve itself. Lastly, people that require service dogs cannot be charged an extra fee for their service dog or be treated unfairly, for example, being isolated from people at a restaurant. People with disabilities cannot be treated as "less than" other customers. However, if a business normally charges for damages caused by the person to property, the customer with a disability will be charged for their service animal's damages to the property. 2228:

of tasks central to most people in carrying out the activities of daily living, not whether Williams was unable to perform her specific job tasks. Therefore, the determination of whether an impairment rises to the level of a disability is not limited to activities in the workplace solely, but rather to manual tasks in life in general. When the Supreme Court applied this standard, it found that the Court of Appeals had incorrectly determined the presence of a disability because it relied solely on her inability to perform specific manual work tasks, which was insufficient in proving the presence of a disability. The Court of Appeals should have taken into account the evidence presented that Williams retained the ability to do personal tasks and household chores, such activities being the nature of tasks most people do in their daily lives, and placed too much emphasis on her job disability. Since the evidence showed that Williams was performing normal daily tasks, it ruled that the Court of Appeals erred when it found that Williams was disabled. This ruling has since been invalidated by the ADAAA. In fact, Congress explicitly cited

2497:. George Lane was unable to walk after a 1997 car accident in which he was accused of driving on the wrong side of the road. A woman was killed in the crash, and Lane faced misdemeanor charges of reckless driving. The suit was brought about because he was denied access to appear in criminal court because the courthouse had no elevator, even though the court was willing to carry him up the stairs and then willing to move the hearing to the first floor. He refused, citing he wanted to be treated as any other citizen, and was subsequently charged with failure to appear, after appearing at a previous hearing where he dragged himself up the stairs. The court ruled that Congress did have enough evidence that disabled people were being denied those fundamental rights that are protected by the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and had the enforcement powers under section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. It further ruled that "reasonable accommodations" mandated by the ADA were not unduly burdensome and disproportionate to the harm. 1682:(ADAAA) into law. The amendment broadened the definition of "disability", thereby extending the ADA's protections to a greater number of people. The ADAAA also added to the ADA examples of "major life activities" including, but not limited to, "caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working" as well as the operation of several specified "major bodily functions". The act overturned a 1999 US Supreme Court case that held that an employee was not disabled if the impairment could be corrected by mitigating measures; it specifically provides that such impairment must be determined without considering such ameliorative measures. It also overturned the court's finding that an impairment that substantially limits one major life activity must also limit others to be considered a disability. In 2008, the 1029: 1423: 852: 29: 860: 868: 1178: 2171:

being provided in the end-zone areas. The U.S. Department of Justice assisted in the suit, which was settled in March 2008. The settlement required the stadium to add 329 wheelchair seats throughout the stadium by 2010, and an additional 135 accessible seats in clubhouses to go along with the existing 88 wheelchair seats. This case was significant because it set a precedent for the uniform distribution of accessible seating and gave the DOJ the opportunity to clarify previously unclear rules. The agreement now is a blueprint for all stadiums and other public facilities regarding accessibility.

1244:"readily achievable". Other requirements exist, based on pool size, include providing a certain number of accessible means of entry and exit, which are outlined in Section 242 of the standards. However, businesses are free to consider the differences in the application of the rules depending on whether the pool is new or altered, or whether the swimming pool was in existence before the effective date of the new rule. Full compliance may not be required for existing facilities; Section 242 and 1009 of the 2010 Standards outline such exceptions. 1776: 1945:

unable to do so. The court ruled the burden was on the employee, not the employer, and reversed a disputed decision by the lower courts. Plaintiff attorney David Greenberg brought forth considerations of the concept that, even in the state of California, employers do not have to employ a worker who is unable to perform "essential job functions" with "reasonable accommodation". Forcing employers to do so "would defy logic and establish a poor public policy in employment matters."

1616: 1828: 1736: 7030: 1889: 1577: 2254: 7040: 5652: 2197:) in Washington, D.C. Previous to this case, which was filed only five years after the ADA was passed, the DOJ was unable or unwilling to provide clarification on the distribution requirements for accessible wheelchair locations in large assembly spaces. While Section 4.33.3 of ADAAG makes reference to lines of sight, no specific reference is made to seeing over standing patrons. The MCI Center, designed by 1925:) with their business presence on the Internet was sued because their customers with disabilities could not reserve hotel rooms through their website without substantial extra efforts that persons without disabilities were not required to perform. Such lawsuits represent a major potential expansion of the ADA in that they (known as "bricks vs. clicks"), seek to expand the ADA's authority to 1807:

that trend has been definitively identified, some researchers have characterized the ADA as ineffectual and argued that it caused this decline by raising the cost of doing business for employers, who quietly avoid hiring people with disabilities for fear of lawsuit. To these employers, hiring people with disabilities became too expensive as they had to spend extra on assistive technology.

3359: 3319: 2312:

held that, in general, a violation of a seniority system renders an otherwise reasonable accommodation unreasonable, a plaintiff can present evidence that, despite the seniority system, the accommodation is reasonable in the specific case at hand, e.g., the plaintiff could offer evidence that the seniority system is so often disregarded that another exception would not make a difference.

1671:(EEOC) was charged with interpreting the 1990 law with regard to discrimination in employment. The EEOC developed regulations limiting an individual's impairment to one that "severely or significantly restricts" a major life activity. The ADAAA directed the EEOC to amend its regulations and replace "severely or significantly" with "substantially limits", a more lenient standard. 1559:, and immediately proceeded to crawl and pull their bodies up all 100 of the Capitol's front steps, without warning. As the activists did so, many of them chanted "ADA now", and "Vote, Now". Some activists who remained at the bottom of the steps held signs and yelled words of encouragement at the "Capitol Crawlers". Jennifer Keelan, a second grader with 1071:(excessive difficulty or expense), and the individual who receives the accommodation must still perform the essential functions of the job and meet the normal performance requirements. An employee or applicant who currently engages in the illegal use of drugs is not considered qualified when a covered entity takes adverse action based on such use. 1224:. This means that even facilities that have not been modified or altered in any way after the ADA was passed still have obligations. The standard is whether "removing barriers" (typically defined as bringing a condition into compliance with the ADAAG) is "readily achievable", defined as "...easily accomplished without much difficulty or expense". 1240:, or properties designated as historic under state or local law), those facilities must still comply with the provisions of Title III of the ADA to the "maximum extent feasible" but if following the usual standards would "threaten to destroy the historic significance of a feature of the building" then alternative standards may be used. 1527:, an organization that lobbies for small businesses, called the ADA "a disaster for small business". Pro-business conservative commentators joined in opposition, writing that the Americans with Disabilities Act was "an expensive headache to millions" that would not necessarily improve the lives of people with disabilities. 1335:. This section requires that all telecommunications companies in the U.S. take steps to ensure functionally equivalent services for consumers with disabilities, notably those who are deaf or hard of hearing and those with speech impairments. When Title IV took effect in the early 1990s, it led to the installation of public 2138:

so isolated are incapable or unworthy of participating in community life." The court added, "Confinement in an institution severely diminishes the everyday life activities of individuals, including family relations, social contacts, work options, economic independence, educational advancement, and cultural enrichment."

955:. Other mental or physical health conditions also may be disabilities, depending on what the individual's symptoms would be in the absence of "mitigating measures" (medication, therapy, assistive devices, or other means of restoring function), during an "active episode" of the condition (if the condition is episodic). 2029:, filed in March 1999, claimed that the City of Sacramento failed to comply with the ADA when, while making public street improvements, it did not bring its sidewalks into compliance with the ADA. Certain issues were resolved in federal court. One issue, whether sidewalks were covered by the ADA, was appealed to the 1446:

Among the disincentives to independence the Council identified was the existence of large remaining gaps in civil rights coverage for people with disabilities in the United States. A principal conclusion of the report was to recommend the adoption of comprehensive civil rights legislation, which became the ADA.

1891: 1277:

accommodation can demonstrate that taking those steps would fundamentally alter the nature of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations being offered or would result in an undue burden, i.e., significant difficulty or expense." The term "auxiliary aids and services" includes:

1895: 1894: 1890: 1896: 2439:

against five HMOs for their practice of revoking the contracts of doctors treating disabled patients. In 1999, these HMOs sought to dismiss Provan's lawsuit, but a federal court ruled against them, and the case was settled out of court. Many decisions relating to Provan's unique lawsuit against these

2096:

in 2005. The defendant argued that as a vessel flying the flag of a foreign nation it was exempt from the requirements of the ADA. This argument was accepted by a federal court in Florida and, subsequently, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. However, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the ruling of the

1878:

who identify and compel the correction of illegal conditions: they may increase the number of public accommodations accessible to persons with disabilities. "Civil rights law depends heavily on private enforcement. Moreover, the inclusion of penalties and damages is the driving force that facilitates

1806:

Between 1991 (after the enactment of the ADA) and 1995, the employment rate of men with disabilities dropped by 7.8% regardless of age, educational level, or type of disability, with the most affected being young, less-educated and intellectually disabled men. While no causal link between the ADA and

1293:

Qualified readers; taped texts; audio recordings; Brailled materials and displays; screen reader software; magnification software; optical readers; secondary auditory programs (SAP); large print materials; accessible electronic and information technology; or other effective methods of making visually

2133:

and E.W., were institutionalized in Georgia for diagnosed "mental retardation" and schizophrenia. Clinical assessments by the state determined that the plaintiffs could be appropriately treated in a community setting rather than the state institution. The plaintiffs sued the state of Georgia and the

1883:

As a result, most ADA suits are brought by a small number of private plaintiffs who view themselves as champions of the disabled. For the ADA to yield its promise of equal access for the disabled, it may indeed be necessary and desirable for committed individuals to bring serial litigation advancing

1873:

The attorneys' fees provision of Title III does provide incentive for lawyers to specialize and engage in serial ADA litigation, but a disabled plaintiff does not obtain a financial reward from attorneys' fees unless they act as their own attorney, or as mentioned above, a disabled plaintiff resides

2227:

in favor of the respondent, Ella Williams, that classified her inability to perform manual job-related tasks as a disability. The Court held that the "major life activity" definition for evaluating the performance of manual tasks focuses the inquiry on whether Williams was unable to perform a range

2137:

The Supreme Court decided under Title II of the ADA that mental illness is a form of disability and therefore covered under the ADA, and that unjustified institutional isolation of a person with a disability is a form of discrimination because it "...perpetuates unwarranted assumptions that persons

1908:

However, in states that have enacted laws that allow private individuals to win monetary awards from non-compliant businesses (as of 2008, these include California, Florida, Hawaii, and Illinois), "professional plaintiffs" are typically found. At least one of these plaintiffs in California has been

1567:

is reported to have "inconvenienced" several senators and to have pushed them to approve the act. While there are those who do not attribute much overall importance to this action, the "Capitol Crawl" of 1990 is seen by some present-day disability activists in the United States as a central act for

1445:

In 1986, the National Council on Disability (NCD), an independent federal agency, issued a report, Towards Independence, in which the Council examined incentives and disincentives in federal laws towards increasing the independence and full integration of people with disabilities into U.S. society.

1276:

ADA says that "a public accommodation shall take those steps that may be necessary to ensure that no individual with a disability is excluded, denied services, segregated or otherwise treated differently than other individuals because of the absence of auxiliary aids and services, unless the public

1243:

Under 2010 revisions of Department of Justice regulations, newly constructed or altered swimming pools, wading pools, and spas must have an accessible means of entrance and exit to pools for disabled people. However, the requirement is conditioned on whether providing access through a fixed lift is

2319:

In this case, Barnett was a US Airways employee who injured his back, rendering him physically unable to perform his cargo-handling job. Invoking seniority, he transferred to a less-demanding mailroom job, but this position later became open to seniority-based bidding and was bid on by more senior

1396:

III-3.6000 Retaliation or coercion. Individuals who exercise their rights under the ADA, or assist others in exercising their rights, are protected from retaliation. The prohibition against retaliation or coercion applies broadly to any individual or entity that seeks to prevent an individual from

1197:

of the goods, services, facilities, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases, or operates a place of public accommodation. Public accommodations include most places of lodging (such as inns and hotels), recreation, transportation, education, and dining,

2311:

was decided by the US Supreme Court in 2002. This case held that even requests for accommodation that might seem reasonable on their face, e.g., a transfer to a different position, can be rendered unreasonable because it would require a violation of the company's seniority system. While the court

1309:

requires that all televisions larger than 13 inches sold in the United States after July 1993 have a special built-in decoder that enables viewers to watch closed-captioned programming. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 directs the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to adopt rules requiring

2201:

Architects & Engineers, was designed with too few wheelchair and companion seats, and the ones that were included did not provide sight lines that would enable the wheelchair user to view the playing area while the spectators in front of them were standing. This case and another related case

2170:

violated the Americans with Disabilities Act in its $ 226-million renovation by failing to add enough seats for disabled fans or accommodate the needs for disabled restrooms, concessions and parking. Additionally, the distribution of the accessible seating was at issue, with nearly all the seats

1944:

was a case in which the California Supreme Court was faced with deciding whether an employee suing the state is required to prove they are able to perform "essential" job duties, regardless of whether or not there was "reasonable accommodation", or if the employer must prove the person suing was

1066:

to job applicants and employees with disabilities. A reasonable accommodation is a change in the way things are typically done that the person needs because of a disability, and can include, among other things, special equipment that allows the person to perform the job, scheduling changes, and

3781:

The event, known as the 'Capitol Crawl', was an image that legislators couldn't ignore, Bauer said. She had fought since the 1960s to legally protect the rights of people with disabilities, and with that heroic display, she said, lawmakers simply couldn't go back to their constituents without

1501:

opposed the ADA in its original form, primarily because the ADA labeled religious institutions "public accommodations" and thus would have required churches to make costly structural changes to ensure access for all. The cost argument advanced by ACSI and others prevailed in keeping religious

1289:

decoders; open and closed captioning, including real-time captioning; voice, text, and video-based telecommunications products and systems, including text telephones (TTYs), videophones, and captioned telephones, or equally effective telecommunications devices; videotext displays; accessible

2315:

Importantly, the court held that the defendant need not provide proof that this particular application of the seniority system should prevail, and that, once the defendant showed that the accommodation violated the seniority system, it fell to Barnett to show it was nevertheless reasonable.

1814:

data showed a sharp drop in the employment of disabled workers, leading at least two economists to attribute the cause to the Act. By contrast, a study in 2003 found that while the Act may have led to short term reactions by employers, in the long term, there were either positive or neutral

1607:

I know there may have been concerns that the ADA may be too vague or too costly, or may lead endlessly to litigation. But I want to reassure you right now that my administration and the United States Congress have carefully crafted this Act. We've all been determined to ensure that it gives

1449:

The idea of federal legislation enhancing and extending civil rights legislation to millions of Americans with disabilities gained bipartisan support in late 1988 and early 1989. In early 1989 both Congress and the newly inaugurated Bush White House worked separately, then jointly, to write

2323:

The Supreme Court decision invalidated both the approach of the district court, which found that the mere presence and importance of the seniority system was enough to warrant a summary judgment in favor of US Airways, as well as the circuit court's approach that interpreted 'reasonable

1304:

Captions are considered one type of auxiliary aid. Since the passage of the ADA, the use of captioning has expanded. Entertainment, educational, informational, and training materials are captioned for deaf and hard-of-hearing audiences at the time they are produced and distributed. The

1635: 1893: 1130:. These regulations cover access to all programs and services offered by the entity. Access includes physical access described in the ADA Standards for Accessible Design and programmatic access that might be obstructed by discriminatory policies or procedures of the entity. 2461:(2005) concerned the enforceability of a mandatory arbitration agreement contained in a dispute resolution policy linked to an e-mailed company-wide announcement, insofar as it applies to employment discrimination claims brought under the Americans with Disabilities Act. 1231:

between the cost of the proposed alteration and the wherewithal of the business and/or owners of the business. Thus, what might be "readily achievable" for a sophisticated and financially capable corporation might not be readily achievable for a small or local business.

1201:

Under Title III of the ADA, all new construction (construction, modification or alterations) after the effective date of the ADA (approximately July 1992) must be fully compliant with the Americans With Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) found in the

1866:(a court order requiring the public accommodation to remedy violations of the accessibility regulations) and attorneys' fees, and does not provide monetary rewards to private plaintiffs who sue non-compliant businesses. Unless a state law, such as the California 1634: 978:, etc. are excluded under the definition of "disability" in order to prevent abuse of the statute's purpose. Additionally, sexual orientation is no longer considered a disorder and is also excluded under the definition of "disability". However, in 2022, the 2033:, which ruled that sidewalks were a "program" under the ADA and must be made accessible to persons with disabilities. The ruling was later appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which refused to hear the case, letting stand the ruling of the 9th Circuit. 1285:(VRI) services; notetakers; real-time computer-aided transcription services; written materials; exchange of written notes; telephone handset amplifiers; assistive listening devices; assistive listening systems; telephones compatible with hearing aids; 1940: 2357:

found that the "virtual ticket counter" of the website was a virtual construct, and hence not a "public place of accommodation". As such, "To expand the ADA to cover 'virtual' spaces would be to create new rights without well-defined standards."

822:

in 1988. A broad bipartisan coalition of legislators supported the ADA, while the bill was opposed by business interests (who argued the bill imposed costs on business) and conservative evangelicals (who opposed protection for individuals with

651: 2809: 1686:

stated that the amendment "makes it absolutely clear that the ADA is intended to provide broad coverage to protect anyone who faces discrimination on the basis of disability." Thus the ADAAA led to broader coverage of impaired employees.

2053:

class action brought on behalf of Deaf and Hard of Hearing workers throughout the country concerning workplace discrimination. It established legal precedent for these employees to be fully covered under the ADA. Key findings included:

1397:

exercising his or her rights or to retaliate against him or her for having exercised those rights ... Any form of retaliation or coercion, including threats, intimidation, or interference, is prohibited if it is intended to interfere.

1057:

committees. There are strict limitations on when a covered entity can ask job applicants or employees disability-related questions or require them to undergo medical examination, and all medical information must be kept confidential.

2097:

lower courts on the basis that Norwegian Cruise Lines was a business headquartered in the United States whose clients were predominantly Americans and, more importantly, operated out of port facilities throughout the United States.

1061:

Prohibited discrimination may include, among other things, firing or refusing to hire someone based on a real or perceived disability, segregation, and harassment based on a disability. Covered entities are also required to provide

1666:

The ADA defines a covered disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a history of having such an impairment, or being regarded as having such an impairment. The

719: 2223:, was a case in which the US Supreme Court interpreted the meaning of the phrase "substantially impairs" as used in the Americans with Disabilities Act. It reversed a Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals decision to grant partial 1235:

There are exceptions to this title; many private clubs and religious organizations may not be bound by Title III. With regard to historic properties (those properties that are listed or that are eligible for listing in the

1125:

Title II prohibits disability discrimination by all public entities at the local level, e.g., school district, municipal, city, or county, and at state level. Public entities must comply with Title II regulations by the

1506:

testified against the ADA's Title I employment provisions on grounds of religious liberty. The NAE believed the regulation of the internal employment of churches was "... an improper intrusion the federal government."

1632: 6349: 5642: 1044:

procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. "Covered entities" include employers with 15 or more employees, as well as

1892: 1608:

flexibility, particularly in terms of the timetable of implementation; and we've been committed to containing the costs that may be incurred.... Let the shameful wall of exclusion finally come tumbling down.

328: 2427: 670: 271: 1355:(VRS) calls, while others are text calls. In either variation, communication assistants translate between the signed or typed words of a consumer and the spoken words of others. In 2006, according to the 309: 1213:

Title III also has applications to existing facilities. One of the definitions of "discrimination" under Title III of the ADA is a "failure to remove" architectural barriers in existing facilities. See

5789: 1596:) authored what became the final bill and was its chief sponsor in the Senate. Harkin delivered part of his introduction speech in sign language, saying it was so his deaf brother could understand. 2025: 1633: 3947: 1519:

stated that the act had the potential to "deprive millions of people of affordable intercity public transportation and thousands of rural communities of their only link to the outside world." The

3363: 2805: 2189: 2182: 366: 189: 6335: 4680: 2635: 6619: 2926: 2044: 385: 5640: 6224: 2158: 2152: 5987: 1515:

Many companies, corporations, and business groups opposed the Americans with Disabilities Act, arguing that the legislation would impose costs on businesses. Testifying before Congress,

5231: 5199: 5135: 2141:

Therefore, under Title II no person with a disability can be unjustly excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of services, programs or activities of any public entity.

5167: 6655: 5922: 518: 1707:

ruling which held that the Americans with Disabilities Act protects access not just to brick-and-mortar public accommodations, but also to the websites and apps of those businesses.

1145:

services by public entities that provide fixed-route services. ADA also sets minimum requirements for space layout in order to facilitate wheelchair securement on public transport.

1909:

barred by courts from filing lawsuits unless he receives prior court permission. Through the end of fiscal year 1998, 86% of the 106,988 ADA charges filed with and resolved by the

6173: 3800: 3217: 2071:

The outcome was that UPS agreed to pay a $ 5.8 million award and agreed to a comprehensive accommodations program that was implemented in their facilities throughout the country.

5103: 2353:

was not in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, because the ADA is concerned with things with a physical existence and thus cannot be applied to cyberspace. Judge

3979: 1469:

Wright is known as "the General" for her work in coordinating the campaign to enact the ADA. She is widely considered the main force behind the campaign lobbying for the ADA.

4342:

Parr v. L & L Drive-Inn Restaurant (D. Hawaii 2000) 96 F.Supp.2d 1065, 1082, citing and quoting, Committee Print, Vol. II, 101st Cong., 2d Sess., at 1481–82 (1990);

3452: 6217: 2061:

Deaf employees were routinely excluded from workplace information, denied opportunities for promotion, and exposed to unsafe conditions due to lack of accommodations by UPS;

2134:

institution for being inappropriately treated and housed in the institutional setting rather than being treated in one of the state's community-based treatment facilities.

6014: 5885: 5641: 4839: 480: 575: 5980: 4125:

Schall (1998). "The Americans with Disabilities Act—are we keeping our promise? An analysis of the effect of the ADA on the employment of persons with disabilities".

2951: 5816: 5692: 4486: 3730:"Disabled Persons Rally, Crawl Up Capitol Steps: Congress: Scores protest delays in passage of rights legislation. The logjam in the House is expected to break soon" 1987: 1981: 1870:, provides for monetary damages to private plaintiffs, persons with disabilities do not obtain direct financial benefits from suing businesses that violate the ADA. 1080: 423: 2064:

UPS also lacked a system to alert these employees as to emergencies, such as fires or chemical spills, to ensure that they would safely evacuate their facility; and

7226: 2320:

employees. Barnett requested the accommodation of being allowed to stay on in the less-demanding mailroom job. US Airways denied his request, and he lost his job.

2271: 1290:

electronic and information technology; or other effective methods of making aurally delivered information available to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing;

4069: 7356: 6635: 6180: 4920: 1625: 7102: 6231: 6058: 4797: 2494: 2219: 2213: 2003: 461: 1862:

Since enforcement of the act began in July 1992, it has quickly become a major component of employment law. The ADA allows private plaintiffs to receive only

7361: 7341: 7190: 7130: 6748: 6645: 5943: 5338: 5310: 4866: 4802: 4634: 4606: 4491: 3768: 2538: 2506: 2457: 2451: 979: 699: 679: 656: 637: 618: 599: 580: 561: 542: 523: 504: 485: 466: 447: 428: 409: 390: 371: 352: 333: 314: 295: 276: 1343:). Title IV also led to the creation, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, of what was then called dual-party relay services and now are known as 6159: 5964: 1704: 1683: 1089: 556: 5050: 3878: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5263: 4996: 3931: 1037: 7232: 6676: 4950: 2605: 5599: 5320: 7280: 6305: 4404: 3344: 1458:

Over the years, key activists and advocates played an important role in lobbying members of the U.S. Congress to develop and pass the ADA, including

5285: 5072: 4672: 1815:

consequences for wages and employment. In 2005, the rate of employment among disabled people increased to 45% of the population of disabled people.

1092:. The Court determined that state employees cannot sue their employer for violating ADA rules. State employees can, however, file complaints at the 7326: 7184: 6328: 5483: 4444: 4378: 4175: 1962: 1956: 2918: 7286: 4152:

Schwochau, Susan; Blanck, Peter David (2000). ""Economics of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Part III: Does the ADA Disable the Disabled"".

3830: 2749:. Series: C. Boyden Gray's Subject Files, January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993. National Archives and Records Administration. July 26, 1990. 2643: 1267: 4321: 3737: 2671:

Milden, Ian (October 2022). "Examining the Opposition to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: "Nothing More than Bad Quality Hogwash"".

1450:

legislation capable of expanding civil rights without imposing undue harm or costs on those already in compliance with existing rules and laws.

7076: 6067: 5973: 4733:"Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects United States' Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (7/10/96)" 3630: 2010:. It decided that Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act was unconstitutional insofar as it allowed private citizens to sue states for 1498: 5221: 5189: 5125: 875:

ADA disabilities include both mental and physical medical conditions. A condition does not need to be severe or permanent to be a disability.

6650: 6298: 5809: 5157: 4710: 4469: 4261: 3531: 1494:

Conservative evangelicals opposed the ADA because the legislation protected individuals with HIV, which they associated with homosexuality.

1384:

Title V includes technical provisions. It discusses, for example, the fact that nothing in the ADA amends, overrides or cancels anything in

5915: 5857: 5843: 5834: 1182: 1149: 1067:

changes to the way work assignments are chosen or communicated. An employer is not required to provide an accommodation that would involve

1028: 814:

had recommended the enactment of an Americans with Disabilities Act and drafted the first version of the bill which was introduced in the

6488: 6414: 6321: 4421: 3070:"EEOC Enforcement Guidance: Disability-Related Inquiries and Medical Examinations of Employees Under the Americans with Disabilities Act" 2193:(PVA 1996) was focused on the wheelchair accessibility of a stadium project that was still in the design phase, MCI Center (now known as 1524: 4454: 3794: 3209: 1523:

argued that the costs of the ADA would be "enormous" and have "a disastrous impact on many small businesses struggling to survive." The

7346: 7113: 6839: 5957: 5753: 5093: 4579: 3000: 2780: 2731:

From the George H.W. Bush Presidential Records of the George Bush Presidential Library. Folder Title: Fact Sheet on ADA . Unrestricted.

2341: 2335: 1134: 804: 3160: 2162:

was a case filed before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. It was filed on behalf of the Michigan

1563:, was videotaped as she pulled herself up the steps, using mostly her hands and arms, saying "I'll take all night if I have to." This 1181:

The ADA sets standards for construction of accessible public facilities. Shown is a sign indicating an accessible fishing platform at

1032:

Speech cards used by President George H. W. Bush at the signing ceremony of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on July 26, 1990

6384: 4549: 2583: 4890: 3969: 1913:, were either dropped or investigated and dismissed by EEOC but not without imposing opportunity costs and legal fees on employers. 7274: 6370: 5950: 5802: 5784: 2412:

digital library was a transformative, fair use of copyrighted works, making a large number of written text available to those with

884: 6874: 6738: 6428: 6421: 5996: 5710: 5398: 5367: 3509: 3123: 1910: 1668: 1097: 876: 5936: 4823: 3273: 2919:"Federal appeals court says Americans with Disabilities Act protections cover 'gender dysphoria,' handing a win to trans people" 6981: 5723: 4772: 2375: 2369: 1340: 815: 5222:"CROSSROADS OF TEXAS, LLC; Children's Center of Victoria, LLP, Plaintiffs, v. GREAT-WEST LIFE & ANNUITY INSURANCE COMPANY" 5020: 4284: 3583: 1838: 1746: 7331: 5581: 4833: 4601: 3933:

United States of America Congressional Record Proceedings and Debates of the 110th Congress Second Session Volume 154-Part 10

3479: 2892: 2836: 2088: 2082: 1407: 772: 613: 4519: 7202: 6707: 6356: 2955: 1503: 1237: 4103: 3304: 3077: 3046: 2865: 2387:

were not liable for a dyslexic man's inability to navigate the site regardless of how impressive the "online theater" is.

2067:

UPS had no policy to ensure that deaf applicants and employees actually received effective communication in the workplace.

1193:

Under Title III, no individual may be discriminated against on the basis of disability with regards to the full and equal

6950: 6289: 6141: 5901: 5894: 5715: 3243: 2636:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21" 2595: 2533: 1310:

closed captioning of most television programming. The FCC's rules on closed captioning became effective January 1, 1998.

1127: 1093: 1874:

in a state that provides for minimum compensation and court fees in lawsuits. Moreover, there may be a benefit to these

7069: 6844: 6743: 6697: 6275: 6245: 4971: 4343: 4054: 3382: 3144: 3098: 3021: 2976: 2588: 2490: 2483: 1999: 1992: 1970:, was sued because their web designers failed to design its website to enable persons with low or no vision to use it. 1370: 1328: 1216: 1163: 1111: 1012: 744: 259: 226: 198: 139: 126: 4912: 7178: 7043: 5850: 5767: 5701: 5593: 5498: 3941: 3852: 2750: 2563: 2398: 2293: 2202:

established precedent on seat distribution and sight lines issues for ADA enforcement that continues to present day.

1356: 1344: 944: 1422: 7250: 7220: 7214: 6542: 6400: 6090: 2573: 1589: 347: 175: 5508:

Enabling Acts. The Hidden Story of How the Americans with Disabilities Act Gave the Largest US Minority Its Rights

4739: 3760: 3561: 3116:"EEOC Enforcement Guidance: Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship Under the Americans with Disabilities Act" 2714: 7262: 6945: 6481: 6036: 6029: 6022: 5825: 3909: 2548: 2432: 2058:

UPS failed to address communication barriers and to ensure equal conditions and opportunities for deaf employees;

1351:. Today, many TRS-mediated calls are made over the Internet by consumers who use broadband connections. Some are 107: 99: 7268: 6859: 6803: 6252: 4236: 3870: 2275: 948: 811: 5253: 5042: 4992: 1497:

The debate over the Americans with Disabilities Act led some religious groups to take opposite positions. The

7336: 7238: 7208: 7062: 6910: 6671: 6547: 6194: 5657: 4662:

Wolffe, Jerry. "New wheelchair seats will be full at U-M's Big House." The Oakland Press. September 14, 2008.

3826: 2806:"Regulations To Implement the Equal Employment Provisions of the Americans With Disabilities Act, as Amended" 2578: 2163: 690: 4942: 3193: 1148:

Title II also applies to all state and local public housing, housing assistance, and housing referrals. The

7305: 6915: 6712: 6097: 5764:—Florida Parent Training and Information Center funded by DOED Offices of Special Education Programs (OSEP) 5316: 2833:"42 U.S. Code § 12102 – Definition of disability, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, As Amended" 2346: 2050: 2030: 69: 4400: 3336: 6717: 6692: 6521: 6444: 6282: 5736: 5295: 4861: 2404: 2307: 2243: 2126: 2093: 1431: 1203: 1075: 764: 499: 4375: 7351: 7244: 7108: 6986: 6778: 6614: 6526: 6474: 6453: 6118: 5391:"CNN.com – Disabled win victory in ruling over access to government buildings – May 17, 2004" 3729: 2610: 2558: 2553: 2007: 1679: 1411: 1324: 1041: 836: 710: 252: 152: 3822: 92: 39:

An Act to establish a clear and comprehensive prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability

6702: 6557: 6377: 6210: 6111: 5908: 5676: 4313: 3429: 2568: 2114: 1811: 1282: 928: 4207: 3614: 1426:

Development of George H. W. Bush Administration Disability Policy. White House Memo. April 21, 1989.

859: 6879: 6854: 6266: 6187: 5741: 5444: 5290: 2543: 2513:, which may aid transgender people in accessing legal protections they otherwise may be unable to. 1875: 1459: 1063: 796: 768: 632: 442: 5745: 5430:(2001). "Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act". 4702: 4466: 4258: 867: 6993: 6940: 6935: 6864: 6314: 5514:

DeLeire Thomas (2000). "The Wage and Employment Effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act".

5015: 3543: 2264: 1177: 1133:

Title II applies to public transportation provided by public entities through regulations by the

924: 652:

Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

4653:

Erb, Robin. "U-M fans rave about new seats for disabled", Detroit Free Press. September 9, 2008.

4257:

Douglas Kruse and Lisa Schur, 'Employment of People with Disabilities Following the ADA' (2003)

3516:. The Presidential Libraries of the National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from 1921:

There have been some notable cases regarding the ADA. For example, a major hotel room marketer (

7196: 7153: 6976: 6869: 6363: 6259: 6081: 5439: 4202: 3407: 2487: 2379:(2011) held that a mere online presence does not subject a website to the ADA guidelines. Thus 1996: 1867: 1520: 795:. In addition, unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires covered employers to provide 167: 5794: 2889:"42 U.S. Code § 12211 – Definitions, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, As Amended" 6567: 6238: 5576: 5477: 5342: 5258: 4870: 4806: 4638: 4610: 4495: 4450: 4417: 4169: 1544: 1040:" shall not discriminate against "a qualified individual with a disability". This applies to 879:

regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities:

723: 703: 683: 660: 641: 622: 603: 584: 565: 546: 527: 508: 489: 470: 451: 432: 413: 394: 375: 356: 337: 318: 299: 280: 4571: 3399: 2772: 1266:"Auxiliary aid" redirects here. For the concept of auxiliary aid in United Kingdom law, see 1220: 1141:(Amtrak), along with all other commuter authorities. This section requires the provision of 28: 7085: 6900: 6884: 6849: 6783: 6391: 6342: 5672: 5126:"Baylor University Medical Center, Plaintiff, v.Arkansas Blue Cross Blue Shield, Defendant" 3686: 3672: 3168: 3039:"Enforcement Guidance: Preemployment Disability-Related Questions and Medical Examinations" 2174: 1054: 959: 819: 675: 4541: 715: 695: 8: 7033: 6552: 6407: 6043: 5728: 5706: 4886: 3970:"Supreme Court allows blind people to sue retailers if their websites are not accessible" 3457: 3102: 2992: 1540: 1516: 1435: 1352: 1050: 1046: 932: 143: 5772: 4191:"Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act" 2232:

in the text of the ADAAA itself as one of its driving influences for passing the ADAAA.

1789:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7147: 7119: 6966: 6788: 6516: 6132: 5732: 5719: 5531: 5465: 5345: 5190:"BAYLOR UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER, et al., Plaintiffs, v. EPOCH GROUP, L.C., Defendant" 4873: 4809: 4641: 4613: 4498: 4228: 4027: 4002: 2696: 2523: 2350: 2144: 1186: 1085: 940: 936: 851: 788: 663: 644: 625: 606: 568: 549: 511: 492: 473: 454: 435: 416: 397: 378: 359: 340: 302: 283: 133: 5495:

Remarks of President George Bush at the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act

5390: 5359: 4138: 3265: 3025: 2980: 1929:, where entities may not have actual physical facilities that are required to comply. 1502:

institutions from being labeled as "public accommodations". Church groups such as the

587: 530: 321: 7256: 6920: 6823: 6773: 6584: 6201: 5589: 5563: 5490: 5333: 5098: 4829: 4032: 3974: 3937: 3622: 3539: 3400: 3115: 2700: 2688: 2600: 2478: 2472: 2354: 2194: 1863: 1720: 1700: 1641: 1600: 1536: 1286: 832: 594: 290: 236: 5469: 5010: 4975: 4764: 4572:"Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc., No. C99-2216 TEH | Casetext Search + Citator" 4232: 2952:"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 – ADA – 42 U.S. Code Chapter 126" 1699:

as to whether websites are covered by the ADA. The Court turned down an appeal from

7013: 7008: 6905: 6818: 6562: 6125: 5697: 5523: 5504: 5457: 5449: 4629: 4347: 4277: 4220: 4212: 4157: 4134: 4022: 4014: 3725: 3591: 3386: 3148: 2680: 2510: 2413: 2224: 2167: 2121: 2108: 1556: 1378: 1374: 1171: 1167: 1119: 1115: 1020: 1016: 983: 892: 748: 537: 404: 3517: 3487: 2888: 2832: 6722: 5749: 5011:"A Disabled Attorney's Novel Strategy Puts A Civil-Rights Spin on HMO Litigation" 4673:"U. of Michigan Reaches Settlement in Lawsuit Over Wheelchair Seating in Stadium" 4511: 4473: 4382: 4265: 3197: 2615: 1463: 1332: 828: 792: 784: 5768:

Lainey Feingold's Global Law and Policy: United States – federal (national)

4095: 1388:. Additionally, Title V includes an anti-retaliation or coercion provision. The 6971: 6579: 5559: 5427: 5423: 5226: 5194: 5162: 5130: 3300: 3239: 2886: 2830: 2198: 1715:

The ADA led to significant improvements in terms of access to public services,

1675: 1644:'s July 26, 1990, Remarks on the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act 1560: 1336: 1253: 1228: 1068: 904: 840: 756: 218: 3536:

Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management

3069: 3038: 2861: 2684: 1294:

delivered materials available to individuals who are blind or have low vision;

1157: 7320: 7159: 6808: 6574: 5779: 5360:"CNN.com – Court debates disabled access liability – Jan. 13, 2004" 4542:"BARDEN v. CITY OF SACRAMENTO, United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit" 3626: 3323: 2862:"Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008, PL 110-325 (S 3406)" 2692: 2436: 2011: 1716: 1696: 1626:

Remarks on the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act (July 26, 1990)

1564: 971: 952: 800: 1973: 1576: 6925: 6793: 6753: 6074: 5077: 4036: 4003:"Health Care for Americans with Disabilities — 25 Years after the ADA" 1967: 1901: 1008: 752: 5586:

Voices from the Edge: Narratives about the Americans with Disabilities Act

5573:

The History of the Americans with Disabilities Act: A Movement Perspective

3856: 2744: 7003: 5929: 4703:"Paralyzed Veterans, America v. D.C. Arena, 117 F.3d 579 | Casetext" 4018: 3796:

Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA) Delivers Floor Speech in American Sign Language

3685:"Should the Senate Approve the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1989?" 3670:"Should the Senate Approve the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1989?" 2205: 2130: 1948: 1385: 1142: 987: 963: 5660:

was created from a revision of this article dated 9 April 2009

5461: 5422: 4224: 3558:"Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund – Patrisha A. Wright" 3266:"Americans with Disabilities Act Questions and Answers: Service Animals" 2443: 2190:

Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers

2183:

Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers

2176:

Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers

1827: 1735: 111: 7054: 6998: 6813: 6511: 6497: 5254:"Physicians and Patients Claim HMO Cost-cutting Incentives Violate ADA" 4732: 3557: 3216:. Lowndes, Drosdick, Doster, Kantor & Reed, P.A. January 29, 2013. 2718: 2409: 2278: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1926: 1922: 1653: 1585: 1552: 1548: 1105: 990:

people in accessing legal protections they otherwise may be unable to.

967: 880: 760: 171: 5606:

Disabled Rights: American Disability Policy and the Fight for Equality

5535: 4913:"US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett | Case Brief for Law School | LexisNexis" 3936:. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office. 2008. p. 13769. 3905: 6798: 5756: 4161: 4151: 3210:"2013 ADA Pool Lift Compliance Deadline: Has Your Business Complied?" 2528: 1348: 1194: 975: 896: 4190: 4055:"The Unintended Consequences of the Americans with Disabilities Act" 2253: 2159:

Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan

2153:

Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan

2146:

Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan

1442:. It is the first iteration of the Americans with Disabilities Act. 6930: 6104: 5527: 5453: 4216: 3871:"Fact Sheet on the EEOC's Final Regulations Implementing the ADAAA" 2773:"Fact Sheet on the EEOC's Final Regulations Implementing the ADAAA" 1884:

the time when public accommodations will be compliant with the ADA.

1483: 1439: 920: 916: 912: 908: 776: 6656:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

1198:

along with stores, care providers, and places of public displays.

6609: 4000: 3322:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3190: 2384: 2380: 1580:

President Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act into law

44: 6174:

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992

5600:

History of the Civil Rights Movement for the Physically Disabled

4765:"U.S. v. Ellerbe Becket, Inc, 976 F. Supp. 1262 | Casetext" 1941:

Green v. State of California, No. S137770 (Cal. August 23, 2007)

5824: 2864:. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. September 25, 2008. 1268:

United Kingdom employment equality law § Disability claims

1138: 900: 888: 780: 4889:. Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute. 3615:"Bob Dole, Old Soldier and Stalwart of the Senate, Dies at 98" 2419: 6466: 3402:

The Disability Rights Movement: from Charity to Confrontation

3367: 2431:(begun in 1998) was the first time this act was used against 1787:. The reason given is: there's been more research since 2005. 1690: 1434:

in 1985 as the Virginians with Disabilities Act—supported by

1227:

The statutory definition of "readily achievable" calls for a

5773:

What is ADA compliance? How to Create an ADA-Compliant PDF?

5544:

Mental Disabilities and the Americans with Disabilities Act

4001:

G. Peacock; L.I. Iezzoni; T.R. Harkin (September 3, 2015).

1593: 1158:

Title III—public accommodations (and commercial facilities)

763:. It affords similar protections against discrimination to 179: 5551:

Backlash Against the ADA: Reinterpreting Disability Rights

5043:"Rogers v. CIGNA Healthcare of Texas, 227 F. Supp. 2d 652" 4188: 3421: 4487: