Amerigo Vespucci - Knowledge

867: 673:, where they encountered Cabral on his way home from his voyage to India. This was the same expedition that had found Brazil on its outward-bound journey the previous year. Coelho left Cape Verde in June, and from this point Vespucci's account is the only surviving record of their explorations. On 17 August 1501 the expedition reached Brazil at a latitude of about 6° south. Upon landing it encountered a hostile band of natives who killed and ate one of its crewmen. Sailing south along the coast they found friendlier natives and were able to engage in some minor trading. At 23° S they found a bay which they named Rio de Janeiro because it was 1 January 1502. On 13 February 1502, they left the coast to return home. Vespucci estimated their latitude at 32° S but experts now estimate they were closer to 25° S. Their homeward journey is unclear since Vespucci left a confusing record of astronomical observations and distances travelled. 536:, dated 1504 and published the following year, purports to be an account by Vespucci of a voyage to the New World, departing from Spain on 10 May 1497, and returning on 15 October 1498. This is perhaps the most controversial of Vespucci's voyages, as this letter is the only known record of its occurrence, and many historians doubt that it took place as described. Some question the authorship and accuracy of the letter and consider it to be a forgery. Others point to the inconsistencies in the narrative of the voyage, particularly the alleged course, starting near Honduras and proceeding northwest for 870 leagues (about 5,130 km or 3,190 mi)—a course that would have taken them across Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. 691: 543:, suspected that Vespucci incorporated observations from a later voyage into a fictitious account of this supposed first one, so as to gain primacy over Columbus and position himself as the first European explorer to encounter the mainland. Others, including scholar Alberto Magnaghi, have suggested that the Soderini letter was not written by Vespucci at all, but rather by an unknown author who had access to the navigator's private letters to Lorenzo de' Medici about his 1499 and 1501 expeditions to the Americas, which make no mention of a 1497 voyage. The Soderini letter is one of two attributed to Vespucci that were edited and widely circulated during his lifetime. 638: 856: 364: 1086: 297: 1103:

hold that there is no continent to the south beyond the equator, but only the sea which they named the Atlantic and if some of them did aver that a continent there was, they denied with abundant argument that it was a habitable land. But that this their opinion is false and utterly opposed to the truth...my last voyage has made manifest; for in those southern parts I have found a continent more densely peopled and abounding in animals than our Europe or Asia or Africa, and, in addition, a climate milder and more delightful than in any other region known to us, as you shall learn in the following account.

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determined that the manuscript letters were authentic and based on them he was the first to propose that only the second and third voyages were true, and the first and fourth voyages (only found in the Soderini letter) were fabrications. While Magnaghi has been one of the chief proponents of a two-voyage narrative, Roberto Levellier was an influential Argentinian historian who endorsed the authenticity of all Vespucci's letters and proposed the most extensive itinerary for his four voyages.

356: 448:, head of a junior branch of the Medici family. Although Amerigo was twelve years older, they had been schoolmates under the tutelage of Giorgio Antonio Vespucci. Amerigo served first as a household manager and then gradually took on increasing responsibilities, handling various business dealings for the family both at home and abroad. Meanwhile, he continued to show an interest in geography, at one point buying an expensive map made by the master cartographer 923:, the leader of the Florentine Republic. It was written in Italian and published in Florence around 1505. It is more sensational in tone than the other letters and the only one to assert that Vespucci made four voyages of exploration. The authorship and the veracity of the letter have been widely questioned by modern historians. Nevertheless, this document was the original inspiration for naming the American continent in honour of Amerigo Vespucci. 767: 524:

voyages undertaken, their routes, and Vespucci's roles and accomplishments. Starting in the late 1490s Vespucci participated in two voyages to the New World that are relatively well-documented in the historical record. Two others have been alleged but the evidence is more problematic. Traditionally, Vespucci's voyages are referred to as the "first" through "fourth", even by historians who dismiss one or more of the trips.

2596: 324: 1073:(1955), who posited that all four voyages were truthful. Luciano Formisiano (1992) also rejects the Magnaghi thesis (acknowledging that publishers probably tampered with Vespucci's writings) and declares all four voyages genuine, but differs from Arciniegas in details (particularly the first voyage). Samuel Morison (1974) flatly rejected the first voyage but was noncommittal about the two published letters. 416:. Fortunately for Amerigo, his uncle was one of the most celebrated humanist scholars in Florence at the time and provided him with a broad education in literature, philosophy, rhetoric, and Latin. He was also introduced to geography and astronomy, subjects that played an essential part in his career. Amerigo's later writings demonstrated a familiarity with the work of the classic Greek cosmographers, 613:) which poured freshwater 25 miles (40 km) out to sea. They continued south for another 40 leagues (about 240 km or 150 mi) before encountering a very strong adverse current which they could not overcome. Forced to turn around, the ships headed north, retracing their course to the original landfall. From there Vespucci continued up the South American coast to the 911:. Originally published in Latin, the letter described his voyage to Brazil in 1501–1502 serving under the Portuguese flag. The document proved to be extremely popular throughout Europe. Within a year of publication, twelve editions were printed including translations into Italian, French, German, Dutch and other languages. By 1550, at least 50 editions had been issued. 593:. From there the fleet split up: Ojeda proceeded northwest toward modern Venezuela with two ships, while the other pair headed south with Vespucci aboard. The only record of the southbound journey comes from Vespucci himself. He assumed they were on the coast of Asia and hoped by heading south they would, according to the Greek geographer 578:

not clear. Writing later about his experience, Vespucci gave the impression that he had a leadership role, but that is unlikely, due to his inexperience. Instead, he may have served as a commercial representative on behalf of the fleet's investors. Years later, Ojeda recalled that "Morigo Vespuche" was one of his pilots on the expedition.

752:", since our forebears had absolutely no knowledge of it, nor do any of those who are hearing about it today...On 7 August 1501, we dropped our anchor off the shores of that new land, thanking God with solemn prayers and the celebration of the Mass. Once there, we determined that the new land was not an island but a continent... 1097:

Vespucci's historical importance may rest more with his letters (whether or not he wrote them all) than his discoveries. Burckhardt cites the naming of America after him as an example of the immense role of the Italian literature of the time in determining historical memory. Within a few years of the

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Other modern historians and popular writers have taken varying positions on Vespucci's letters and voyages, espousing two, three, or four voyages and supporting or denying the authenticity of his two printed letters. Most authors believe that the three manuscript letters are authentic while the first

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Vespucci wrote his will in April 1511. He left most of his modest estate, including five household slaves, to his wife. His clothes, books, and navigational equipment were left to his nephew Giovanni Vespucci. He requested to be buried in a Franciscan habit in his wife's family tomb. Vespucci died on

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From 1505 until his death in 1512, Vespucci remained in service to the Spanish crown. He continued his work as a chandler, supplying ships bound for the Indies. He was also hired to captain a ship as part of a fleet bound for the "spice islands" but the planned voyage never took place. In March 1508,

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By early 1505, Vespucci was back in Seville. His reputation as an explorer and navigator continued to grow and his recent service in Portugal did not seem to damage his standing with King Ferdinand. On the contrary, the king was likely interested in learning about the possibility of a western passage

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In 1478, Guido Antonio Vespucci, Amerigo's other uncle, led a Florentine diplomatic mission to Paris and invited his younger cousin, Amerigo Vespucci, to join him. Amerigo's role is not clear, but it was likely as an attache or private secretary. Along the way they had business in Bologna, Milan, and

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with an extra 25,000 for expenses. In his new role, Vespucci was responsible for ensuring that ships' pilots were adequately trained and licensed before sailing to the New World. He was also charged with compiling a "model map" based on input from pilots who were obligated to share what they learned

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In 1503, Vespucci may have participated in a second expedition for the Portuguese crown, again exploring the east coast of Brazil. There is evidence that a voyage was led by Coelho at about this time but no independent confirmation that Vespucci took part. The only source for this last voyage is the

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as chief navigator. Their intention was to explore the coast of a new landmass found by Columbus on his third voyage and in particular investigate a rich source of pearls that Columbus had reported. Vespucci and his backers financed two of the four ships in the small fleet. His role on the voyage is

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Concerning my return from those new regions which we found and explored...we may rightly call a new world. Because our ancestors had no knowledge of them, and it will be a matter wholly new to all those who hear about them, for this transcends the view held by our ancients, inasmuch as most of them

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after careful consideration asserted the 1497 voyage was impossible but accepted the two Portuguese-sponsored voyages. Humboldt also called into question the assertion that Vespucci recognized that he had encountered a new continent. According to Humboldt, Vespucci (and Columbus) died in the belief

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Knowledge of Vespucci's voyages relies almost entirely on a handful of letters written by him or attributed to him. Two of these letters were published during his lifetime and received widespread attention throughout Europe. Several scholars now believe that Vespucci did not write the two published

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In 1513 Waldseemüller published a new map with the New World labelled "Terra Incognita" instead of "America", and the accompanying text names Columbus as discoverer. Many supporters of Columbus felt that Vespucci had stolen an honour that rightfully belonged to Columbus. Most historians now believe

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and map were a great success and four editions were printed in the first year alone. The map was widely used in universities and was influential among cartographers who admired the craftsmanship that went into its creation. In the following years, other maps were printed that often incorporated the

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for the Money-Changers Guild, and Lisa di Giovanni Mini. The family resided in the District of Santa Lucia d'Ognissanti along with other families of the Vespucci clan. Earlier generations of Vespucci had funded a family chapel in the Ognissanti church, and the nearby Hospital of San Giovanni di Dio

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is part of a letter attributed to Vespucci but some of its assertions remain controversial. It was first published in 1937 by Roberto Ridolfi. The letter appears to be an argumentative response to questions or objections raised by the unknown recipient. A reference is made to three voyages made by

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between 1497 and 1504, first on behalf of Spain (1499–1500) and then for Portugal (1501–1502). In 1503 and 1505, two booklets were published under his name containing colourful descriptions of these explorations and other voyages. Both publications were extremely popular and widely read throughout

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Vespucci has been called "the most enigmatic and controversial figure in early American history". The debate has become known among historians as the "Vespucci question". How many voyages did he make? What was his role on the voyages and what did he learn? The evidence relies almost entirely on a

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and the 1505 Letter to Soderini, the only two texts published during his lifetime. He suggested that the Soderini letter was not written by Vespucci, but was cobbled together by unscrupulous Florentine publishers who combined several accounts – some from Vespucci, others from elsewhere. Magnaghi

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The evidence for Vespucci's voyages of exploration consists almost entirely of a handful of letters written by him or attributed to him. Historians have differed sharply on the authorship, accuracy and veracity of these documents. Consequently, opinions also vary widely regarding the number of

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In 1488, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco became dissatisfied with his Seville business agent, Tomasso Capponi. He dispatched Vespucci to investigate the situation and provide an assessment of a suggested replacement, Florentine merchant Gianotto Berardi. Vespucci's findings have been lost but Capponi

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in Columbus's first voyage, and he won a potentially lucrative contract to provision Columbus's large second fleet. However, profits proved to be elusive. In 1495, Berardi signed a contract with the crown to send 12 resupply ships to Hispaniola but then died unexpectedly in December without

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was founded by Simone di Piero Vespucci in 1380. Vespucci's immediate family was not especially prosperous but they were politically well-connected. Amerigo's grandfather, also named Amerigo Vespucci, served a total of 36 years as the chancellor of the Florentine government, known as the

485:. He continued to provision ships bound for the West Indies, but his opportunities were diminishing; Columbus's expeditions were not providing the hoped-for profits, and his patron, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco Medici, was using other Florentine agents for his business in Seville. 468:

By 1492 Vespucci had settled permanently in Seville. His motivations for leaving Florence are unclear; he continued to transact some business on behalf of his Medici patrons but more and more he became involved with Berardi's other activities, most notably his support of

492:. Historian Fernández-Armesto speculates that she may have been Gonzalo's illegitimate offspring and a connection that would have been very useful to Vespucci. She was an active participant in his business and held power of attorney for Vespucci when he was away. 270:

to recognize Vespucci's accomplishments in 1507 by applying the Latinized form "America" to a map showing the New World. Other cartographers followed suit, securing the tradition of marking the name "America" on maps of the newly discovered continents.

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The remaining documents were unpublished manuscripts; handwritten letters uncovered by researchers more than 250 years after Vespucci's death. After years of controversy, the authenticity of the three complete letters was convincingly demonstrated by

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I see no reason why anyone could properly disapprove of a name derived from that of Amerigo, the discoverer, a man of sagacious genius. A suitable form would be Amerige, meaning Land of Amerigo, or America, since Europe and Asia have received women's

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to India. In February, he was summoned by the king to consult on matters of navigation. During the next few months he received payments from the crown for his services and in April he was declared by royal proclamation a citizen of Castile and León.

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Soderini letter; but several modern scholars dispute Vespucci's authorship of that letter and it is uncertain whether Vespucci undertook this trip. There are also difficulties with the reported dates and details in the account of this voyage.

795:. In 1506, they obtained a French translation of the Soderini letter as well as a Portuguese maritime map that detailed the coast of lands recently discovered in the western Atlantic. They surmised that this was the "new world" or the " 662:. Any land that lay to the east of the line could be claimed by Portugal. Vespucci's reputation as an explorer and presumed navigator had already reached Portugal, and he was hired by the king to serve as pilot under the command of 747:

A few days ago I wrote you at some length about my return from those new regions we searched for and found with the fleet, at the expense and by the command of the most serene King of Portugal, and which can properly be called a

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Vespucci's voyages became widely known in Europe after two accounts attributed to him were published between 1503 and 1505. The Soderini letter (1505) came to the attention of a group of humanist scholars studying geography in

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much of Europe. Historians still dispute the authorship and veracity of these accounts, but they were instrumental in raising awareness of the discoveries and enhancing the reputation of Vespucci as an explorer and navigator.

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on his voyage around Africa to India. That land would eventually become present-day Brazil. The king wanted to know the extent of this new discovery and determine where it lay in relation to the line established by the

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at the outset of a voyage undertaken for Portugal in 1501–1502. It was first published by Count Baldelli Boni in 1807. It describes the first leg of the journey from Lisbon to Cape Verde and provides details about

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is essentially a continuation of the letter started in Cape Verde. It describes the remainder of a voyage made on behalf of Portugal in 1501–1502. The letter was first published by Francesco Bartolozzi in

1077:(2007) calls the authenticity question "inconclusive" and hypothesizes that the first voyage was probably another version of the second; the third is unassailable, and the fourth is probably true. 2653:. This is the only known surviving copy of the wall map edition of which it is believed 1,000 copies were printed. Four originals of the 1507 globe gore map are in existence in Germany, UK and US. 461:

returned to Florence around this time and Berardi took over the Medici business in Seville. In addition to managing Medici's trade in Seville, Berardi had his own business in African slavery and

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Sometime after he settled in Seville, Vespucci married a Spanish woman, Maria Cerezo. Very little is known about her; Vespucci's will refers to her as the daughter of celebrated military leader

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and along the shore of what is now Venezuela. At some point they may have rejoined Ojeda but the evidence is unclear. In the late summer, they decided to head north for the Spanish colony at

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in Rhodes. Amerigo's career path seemed less certain; instead of following his brothers to the university, he remained in Florence and was tutored by his uncle, Giorgio Antonio Vespucci, a

179: 799:" hypothesized by classical writers. The Soderini letter gave Vespucci credit for discovery of this new continent and implied that the Portuguese map was based on his explorations. 843:

used America to name both the North and South continents on his influential map. By this point the tradition of marking the name "America" on maps of the New World was secure.

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argued that Vespucci was a liar and stole the credit that was due Columbus. By 1600, most regarded Vespucci as an impostor and not worthy of his honours and fame. In 1839,

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In 1924, Alberto Magnaghi published the results of his exhaustive review of Vespucci's writings and relevant cartography. He denied Vespucci's authorship of the 1503

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After his return from Paris, Amerigo worked for a time with his father and continued his studies in science. In 1482, when his father died, Amerigo went to work for

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letters in the form in which they circulated during his lifetime. They suggest that they were fabrications based in part on genuine Vespucci letters.

831:. It was decorated with prominent portraits of Ptolemy and Vespucci and, for the first time, the name America was applied to a map of the New World. 481:

Vespucci was the executor of Berardi's will, collecting debts and paying outstanding obligations for the firm. Afterwards he was left owing 140,000

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that Vespucci was unaware of Waldseemüller's map before his death in 1512 and many assert that he was not even the author of the Soderini letter.

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Amerigo Vespucci: Studio critico, con speciale riguardo ad una nuova valutazione delle fonti e con documenti inediti tratti dal Codice Vaglienti

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publication of his two letters, the European public became aware of the newly discovered continents of the Americas. According to Vespucci:

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Viaggi di Amerigo Vespucci: con la vita, l'elogio e la dissertazione giustificativa di questo celebre navigatore, di Stanislao Canovai ...

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or House of Commerce which served as a central trading house for Spain's overseas possessions. He was paid an annual salary of 50,000

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The letter says 17 August 1501, although translators variously rendered it also as 7 August 1501, 10 August 1501, or 1 August 1501.

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handful of letters attributed to him. Many historians have analysed these documents and have arrived at contradictory conclusions.

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commissioned an expedition to investigate a landmass far to the west in the Atlantic Ocean encountered unexpectedly by a wayward

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Vespucci claimed to have understood in 1501 that Brazil was part of a fourth continent unknown to Europeans, which he called the "

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called Vespucci a "thief" and "pickle dealer" from Seville who managed to get "half the world baptized with his dishonest name".

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Woodcut depicting Vespucci's first voyage to the New World, from the first known published edition of his 1504 letter to

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for their education; Antonio followed his father to become a notary, while Girolamo entered the Church and joined the

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The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in facsimile: followed by the Four voyages of Amerigo Vespucci

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First known depiction of cannibalism in the New World. Engraving by Johann Froschauer for an edition of Vespucci's

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wrote that everything in the Soderini letter was true. Other historians followed in support of Vespucci including

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voyage to India which were obtained when the two fleets met by chance while anchored in the harbour at Cape Verde.

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in 1924. Most historians now accept them as the work of Vespucci but aspects of the accounts are still disputed.

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became one of the first to question Vespucci's accomplishments and express doubts about his 1497 voyage. Later,

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was noncommittal and the diplomatic mission returned to Florence in 1481 with little to show for their efforts.

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Universal Geography According to the Tradition of Ptolemy and the Contributions of Amerigo Vespucci and Others

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that they had reached the eastern edge of Asia. Vespucci's reputation was perhaps at its lowest in 1856 when

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to resupply and repair their ships before heading home. After Hispaniola they made a brief slave raid in the

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Coelho's fleet of three ships left Lisbon in May 1501. Before crossing the Atlantic they resupplied at

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describes a voyage made in 1499–1500 while in the service of Spain. It was first published in 1745 by

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to be deducted from the salary of the successor chief pilot. His nephew Giovanni was hired into the

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was written in Latin and included a Latin translation of the Soderini letter. In a preface to the

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It is unknown whether Vespucci was ever aware of these honours. In 1505, he was made a subject of

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High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Amerigo Vespucci in .jpg and .tiff format.

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landmass as divided into the same three continents known today: Europe, Asia, and Africa. When

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Lyon. Their objective in Paris was to obtain French support for Florence's war with Naples.

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and in other guild offices. More importantly, the Vespuccis had good relations with

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voyage as described in the Soderini letter draws the most criticism and disbelief.

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Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries

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The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci, and Other Documents Illustrative of His Career

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where he spent his subsequent years spying on behalf of the Florentine state.

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Vespucci's second voyage depicted in the first known edition of his letter to

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Portrait of a young member of the Vespucci family, identified as Amerigo by

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was a letter written to Vespucci's former schoolmate and one-time patron,

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Upon his death, Vespucci's wife was awarded an annual pension of 10,000

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Martin Waldseemüller, Franz Wieser (Ritter von), Edward Burke (trans),

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was not Asia but a previously unknown fourth continent, after whom the

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Davies, A (1952). "The 'First' Voyage of Amerigo Vespucci in 1497–8".

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Amerigo Vespucci was the third son of Nastagio Vespucci, a Florentine

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Opinions began to shift somewhat after 1857 when Brazilian historian

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Amerigo's two older brothers, Antonio and Girolamo, were sent to the

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In 1499, Vespucci joined an expedition licensed by Spain and led by

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The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616

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Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci's Discovery of America

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Amerigo and the New World: The Life and Times of Amerigo Vespucci

1902:(in Italian). Centro Tipografico Livornese editore. p. 222. 626: 417: 85: 2109: 2070: 2010: 1998: 1953: 1860: 1812: 323: 2022: 1529: 1512: 1428: 1375: 1351: 1326: 1324: 1031: 998:, which titles him "discoverer and conqueror of Brazilian land" 825:

A thousand copies of the world map were printed with the title

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The vessels left Spain on 18 May 1499 and stopped first in the

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Internet Modern History Sourcebook-Fordham University (U.S.)

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TOPS Lecture at Library of Congress, Drs. France and Easton

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In April 1507, Ringmann and Waldseemüller published their

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The Discovery of South America and the Andalusian Voyages

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during his 1499 voyage, event described in his Letter to

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before reaching South America somewhere near present-day

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by royal decree, and he was appointed to the position of

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This article is about the explorer. For other uses, see

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Vespucci, two on behalf of Spain and one for Portugal.

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the 1507 Waldseemüller Map in the Library of Congress

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Vespucci participated in at least two voyages of the

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A two-voyage thesis was accepted and popularized by

424:, and the more recent work of Florentine astronomer 208: 196: 2235:Edwards, Charles Lester; Vespucci, Amerigo (2009). 2196:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 1053–1054. 1885:(in Italian). Dai torchi di A. Tofani. p. 158. 1341: 1339: 539:Certain earlier historians, including contemporary 202: 2502: 2419:Amerigo Vespucci: Italian Explorer of the Americas 2416: 2395: 2357: 2304: 2230:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 456–462. 1363: 2702:15th-century people from the Republic of Florence 2253: 2115: 2076: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1959: 1866: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1794: 1764: 1710: 1575: 1506: 1482: 1458: 1446: 1434: 1422: 1393: 1381: 1357: 1289: 1277: 1242: 2678: 2485:Mundus Novus: Letter to Lorenzo Pietro Di Medici 2440:Amerigo Vespucci, Mundus Novus (mit Zweittexten) 2379:. New York & London: Harper & Brothers. 2200: 1929: 1470: 1336: 52:, attributed to Crispijn van de Passe the Elder 2234: 1974:"The Waldseemüller Map: Charting the New World" 2437: 2364:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2228:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire 1415–1580 1253:"l Chianti tra natura e storia: Montefioralle" 676: 527: 495: 2256:Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America 2226:Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D. (1977). 504:Depiction of Vespucci's first encounter with 2225: 2130:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 2103: 2028: 1535: 1523: 473:'s voyages. Berardi invested half a million 2438:Schulz, Norbert; Vespucci, Amerigo (2007). 2201:Brinkbaumer, Klaus; Hoges, Clemens (2004). 532:A letter, addressed to Florentine official 2159: 2127: 1854: 1410: 787:. Led by Walter Lud, the academy included 38: 16:Italian explorer and navigator (1454–1512) 2262: 2052: 1806: 1613: 1611: 1330: 559:, published by Pietro Pacini in Florence 2666:Primo Volume delle Nauigationi et Viaggi 2509:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2500: 2481: 2423:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. 2325: 2142: 2132:. London: Phaidon Press. pp. 92–93. 1924:The Classical Tradition and the Americas 1722: 1698: 1084: 1025: 989: 865: 854: 765: 689: 636: 550: 499: 362: 354: 322: 295: 2402:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2355: 2334: 2180: 2091: 1922:Wolfgang Haase, Meyer Reinhold (eds.), 1878: 1782: 1758: 1746: 1652: 1602: 1587: 1494: 1301: 350: 2679: 2456: 2302: 2064: 2040: 1947: 1895: 1734: 1617: 1608: 1120:Europeans had long conceptualized the 632: 546: 478:completing the terms of the contract. 359:Coats of arms of the House of Vespucci 919:was a letter ostensibly intended for 339:Vespucci was born on 9 March 1454 in 238: 2393: 2372: 2281: 1935: 1369: 1345: 1302:Almagià, Roberto (8 December 2022). 808:with an accompanying world map. The 735: 685: 508:, alleged to have occurred in 1497 ( 136:Demonstrating to Europeans that the 2712:16th-century Italian businesspeople 2697:15th-century Italian businesspeople 2463:. New York: Random House. pp. 2414: 1770: 1547: 909:Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici 880:Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici 850: 605:. They passed two huge rivers (the 446:Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici 266:". The claim inspired cartographer 13: 2742:Italian explorers of South America 2737:Infectious disease deaths in Spain 2717:16th-century Italian cartographers 2578:Works by or about Amerigo Vespucci 2254:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2007). 994:Portrait engraving of Vespucci by 597:, round the unidentified "Cape of 385:; and Nastagio also served in the 14: 2773: 2525: 1926:, Walter de Gruyter, 1994, p. 54. 1202:www.comune.greve-in-chianti.fi.it 985: 706:he was named chief pilot for the 21:Amerigo Vespucci (disambiguation) 2594: 192: 177: 128:Merchant, explorer, cartographer 2152: 2121: 1965: 1916: 1889: 1872: 1646: 1541: 1139: 1030:Statue of Vespucci outside the 694:Tomb of the Vespucci family in 431: 282:(master navigator) for Spain's 2727:Cartographers of North America 2707:16th-century Italian explorers 2501:Vigneras, Louis-André (1976). 2356:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). 1972:Lester, Toby (December 2009). 1295: 1216: 1190: 1159: 1114: 1: 2672:, Venetia, 1550, fol.138–140. 2398:Amerigo Vespucci: Pilot Major 2335:Markham, Clements R. (1894). 1896:Bonari, Bruno (1 July 2013). 1152: 1089:Amerigo Vespucci monument at 1040:Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen 952:Letter from Cape Verde (1501) 783:, a small French town in the 770:Allegory of the New World by 645:published in Augsburg in 1505 560: 513: 240:[ameˈriːɡoveˈsputtʃi] 53: 2757:Maritime history of Portugal 2722:Businesspeople from Florence 2563:The Life of Amerigo Vespucci 2551:Resources in other libraries 2307:The Fourth Part of the World 1671:10.1080/03085694.2013.731201 1471:Brinkbaumer & Hoges 2004 490:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 291: 7: 2664:Giovanni Battista Ramusio, 2593:(public domain audiobooks) 2394:Pohl, Frederick J. (1944). 2373:Ober, Frederick A. (1907). 2341:. London: Hakluyt Society. 2263:Formisano, Luciano (1992). 2160:Arciniegas, Germán (1955). 1879:Canovai, Stanislao (1832). 805:Introduction to Cosmography 677:Alleged voyage of 1503–1504 528:Alleged voyage of 1497–1498 496:Voyages and alleged voyages 44:Posthumous portrait at the 10: 2778: 2732:Explorers of South America 2482:Vespucci, Amerigo (1504). 2326:Magnaghi, Alberto (1924). 2204:The Voyage of the Vizcaina 2128:Burckhardt, Jacob (1944). 739: 455: 426:Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli 414:the monastery of San Marco 103:Américo Vespucio (Spanish) 82:22 February 1512 (aged 60) 18: 2613:'I am America. (And So?)' 2587:Works by Amerigo Vespucci 2569:Works by Amerigo Vespucci 2546:Resources in your library 2258:. New York: Random House. 2187:"Vespucci, Amerigo" 1257:www.italiauomoambiente.it 1132:was not connected to the 1080: 969:Letter from Lisbon (1502) 921:Piero di Tommaso Soderini 917:Letter to Soderini (1505) 327:Vespucci's birthplace in 176: 171: 148: 132: 124: 96: 78: 63: 37: 30: 2311:. New York: Free Press. 2282:King, Robert J. (2022). 2182:Beazley, Charles Raymond 2104:Diffie & Winius 1977 2029:Diffie & Winius 1977 1833:, pp. 169, 175–177. 1653:Lehmann, Martin (2013). 1620:The Geographical Journal 1536:Diffie & Winius 1977 1524:Diffie & Winius 1977 1107: 1075:Felipe Fernández-Armesto 1069:(1944), and rejected by 2752:Italian Roman Catholics 2408:2027/mdp.39015003944751 2193:Encyclopædia Britannica 1555:Encyclopædia Britannica 1308:Encyclopedia Britannica 1228:www.met.provincia.fi.it 978:Ridolfi Fragment (1502) 839:name America. In 1538, 573:as fleet commander and 2633:1507 Waldseemüller Map 2267:. New York: Marsilio. 2116:Fernández-Armesto 2007 2077:Fernández-Armesto 2007 2017:Fernández-Armesto 2007 2005:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1993:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1960:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1867:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1843:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1831:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1819:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1795:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1711:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1576:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1507:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1483:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1459:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1447:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1435:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1423:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1394:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1382:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1358:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1290:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1278:Fernández-Armesto 2007 1105: 1094: 1035: 1016:Alexander von Humboldt 1012:Bartolomé de las Casas 999: 893: 874:constellation with an 863: 823: 775: 764: 742:Naming of the Americas 698: 646: 566: 541:Bartolomé de las Casas 520: 371: 360: 336: 320: 2647:World Digital Library 2457:Thomas, Hugh (2003). 2303:Lester, Toby (2009). 2298:– via ProQuest. 1172:CollinsDictionary.com 1100: 1088: 1029: 996:Crispijn van de Passe 993: 870:Vespucci finding the 869: 858: 818: 769: 745: 693: 660:Treaty of Tordesillas 640: 554: 503: 366: 358: 326: 299: 2762:Italian slave owners 2662:Soderini Letters in 1333:, pp. xix–xxvi. 944:Angelo Maria Bandini 793:Martin Waldseemüller 730:Casa de Contratación 709:Casa de Contratación 696:Ognissanti, Florence 655:Pedro Álvares Cabral 651:Manuel I of Portugal 471:Christopher Columbus 351:Family and education 285:Casa de Contratación 268:Martin Waldseemüller 245:Republic of Florence 106:Americus Vespucius ( 72:Republic of Florence 2637:Library of Congress 2620:, 12 December 2007. 2601:Vespucci, Amerigo. 2561:Canaday, James A. " 2067:, pp. 346–349. 2043:, pp. 302–303. 2031:, pp. 457–459. 1995:, pp. 185–186. 1950:, pp. 342–352. 1857:, pp. 283–284. 1845:, pp. 178–180. 1809:, pp. 103–105. 1797:, pp. 168–169. 1761:, pp. 280–284. 1737:, pp. 314–316. 1578:, pp. 123–130. 1538:, pp. 458–459. 1526:, pp. 456–457. 1473:, pp. 104–109. 1021:Ralph Waldo Emerson 938:Letter from Seville 717:after each voyage. 633:Voyage of 1501–1502 547:Voyage of 1499–1500 450:Gabriel de Vallseca 406:Knights Hospitaller 397:ruler of Florence. 2747:Italian navigators 2617:The New York Times 2415:Ray, Kurt (2004). 1550:"Amerigo Vespucci" 1548:Almagià, Roberto. 1304:"Amerigo Vespucci" 1128:realized that the 1095: 1036: 1034:in Florence, Italy 1000: 894: 864: 816:, Ringmann wrote 776: 757:Amerigo Vespucci, 721:22 February 1512. 699: 647: 567: 521: 402:University of Pisa 391:Lorenzo de' Medici 372: 361: 337: 321: 162:Simonetta Vespucci 113:Américo Vespúcio ( 2573:Project Gutenberg 2532:Library resources 1909:978-88-906956-8-1 1785:, pp. 52–56. 1725:, pp. 47–52. 1713:, pp. 63–65. 1701:, pp. 47–63. 1509:, pp. 51–52. 1497:, "Introduction". 1485:, pp. 56–58. 1461:, pp. 47–57. 1449:, pp. 52–55. 1425:, pp. 34–36. 1396:, pp. 21–24. 1071:Germán Arciniegas 1067:Frederick J. Pohl 841:Gerardus Mercator 789:Matthias Ringmann 785:Duchy of Lorraine 736:Naming of America 686:Return to Seville 185: 184: 156:Agostino Vespucci 2769: 2671: 2649:presentation of 2598: 2597: 2582:Internet Archive 2537:Amerigo Vespucci 2520: 2508: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2478: 2453: 2434: 2422: 2411: 2401: 2390: 2376:Amerigo Vespucci 2369: 2363: 2352: 2331: 2322: 2310: 2299: 2278: 2259: 2250: 2237:Amerigo Vespucci 2231: 2222: 2197: 2189: 2177: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1899:Amerigo Vespucci 1893: 1887: 1886: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1615: 1606: 1600: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1334: 1328: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1249: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1163: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1118: 930:Alberto Magnaghi 851:Vespucci letters 762: 601:" and reach the 565: 562: 518: 515: 506:Native Americans 317:Greve in Chianti 256:Age of Discovery 242: 237: 230: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 188:Amerigo Vespucci 181: 97:Other names 90:Crown of Castile 58: 57: 1590-1637 55: 42: 32:Amerigo Vespucci 28: 27: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2595: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2491: 2489: 2475: 2450: 2431: 2387: 2349: 2330:. 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MMO-Verlag. 2435: 2429: 2412: 2391: 2386:978-1503010727 2385: 2370: 2353: 2348:978-1108012867 2347: 2332: 2323: 2318:978-1416535317 2317: 2300: 2279: 2273: 2260: 2251: 2246:978-1906421021 2245: 2232: 2223: 2218:978-0151011865 2217: 2198: 2178: 2172: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2135: 2120: 2118:, p. 128. 2108: 2106:, p. 458. 2096: 2094:, p. 306. 2081: 2079:, p. 112. 2069: 2057: 2053:Formisano 1992 2045: 2033: 2021: 2019:, p. 190. 2009: 2007:, p. 193. 1997: 1985: 1964: 1962:, p. 185. 1952: 1940: 1928: 1915: 1908: 1888: 1871: 1869:, p. 179. 1859: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1821:, p. 169. 1811: 1807:Formisano 1992 1799: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1749:, p. 280. 1739: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1645: 1626:(3): 331–337. 1607: 1605:, p. 307. 1592: 1590:, p. 308. 1580: 1568: 1540: 1528: 1511: 1499: 1487: 1475: 1463: 1451: 1439: 1427: 1415: 1398: 1386: 1374: 1362: 1350: 1335: 1331:Formisano 1992 1320: 1294: 1282: 1270: 1241: 1215: 1189: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1082: 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