31:
311:
261:
57:
387:. The density of these pathogens is low in freshly deposited sand, but builds up in the roots of beachgrass on stabilized sand. While the details are complex, the result is that beachgrass is largely limited to the foredunes that it builds, which are immediately adjacent to the water's edge and where sand is removed and redeposited fairly frequently.
231:
coasts. Beachgrass thrives under conditions of shifting sand, sand burial, and high winds; it is a dune-building grass that builds the first line of sand dunes along the coast. Beachgrass is less vigorous in stabilized sand, and is only infrequently found further inland than the coastal foredunes. On
363:
Both species of beachgrass are noted for their association with stable sand dunes, and observations in regions where they were introduced to coasts indicate that they build the first line of dunes on coasts (the foredunes). The plants spread rapidly – 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) annually –
372:, being able to thrive on arid to semi-arid beach dunes. The plant has several mechanisms for adapting to heat stress or wind. The long narrow leaves can roll or fold, and the rough upper leaf surface, which contains the gas exchange openings (stomata), can orient itself away from the wind.
580:
Goldstein, Evan; Mullins, Elsemarie; Moore, Laura; Biel, Reuben; Brown, Joseph; Hacker, Sally; Jay, Katya; Mostow, Rebecca; Ruggiero, Peter; Zinnert, Julie (2018). "Data Portal - Data
Package Summary | Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER)". Environmental Data Initiative.
368:), and can produce up to 100 stems per clump annually. They can tolerate burial in as much as 3 feet (0.9 m) of sand; sand burial stimulates the rhizomes to grow vertically, and is essential to plant vigor. The beachgrass species are also very good examples of
322:, and has been introduced to this area; it is native to the Atlantic Ocean coasts of North America. The browner stand in the foreground is the native "Champlain beachgrass" (sometimes considered a separate species
475:
are again changing, especially in the regions just behind the foredune and sheltered by it. Similarly, buildings and roads that were constructed under the presumption of continuing protection by the tall
390:
Around the Great Lakes, it is limited to active dune habitats along the shores, and it is listed a threatened species in
Minnesota where it reaches its most westerly natural range around Duluth.
414:
built foredunes (the dunes closest to the beach) that are typically about 14 feet (4.3 m) high, which is much higher than the dunes associated with the native dune grass species
497:
Goldstein, Evan B.; Mullins, Elsemarie V.; Moore, Laura J.; Biel, Reuben G.; Brown, Joseph K.; Hacker, Sally D.; Jay, Katya R.; Mostow, Rebecca S.; Ruggiero, Peter (2018-06-08).
402:
was introduced to the
Pacific coast of North America to help control beach sands; it serves this role so well that it is now considered invasive not only along this coast (from
806:
240:
was introduced to the
Pacific coast of North America in the 1930s. It is proving to be invasive, and is increasingly important to coastal ecology and development in
1505:
499:"Literature-based latitudinal distribution and possible range shifts of two US east coast dune grass species (Uniola paniculata and Ammophila breviligulata)"
428:
375:
Beachgrass is a dominant species on foredunes, and is sometimes the only plant found there, but is unable to grow farther inland on stabilized dunes and
1276:
1069:
948:
1515:
784:
279:
system. The leaves have deeply furrowed upper surfaces and smooth undersides, and grow 1 to 3 feet (0.3 to 0.9 m) tall. The plant's
680:
1403:
1211:
924:
471:. However, the lower foredune height for the latter means that coastal ecosystems that had adapted to the fairly tall foredunes of
379:. One reason for this that has been extensively studied by Wim van der Putten and his colleagues is based on the susceptibility of
1302:
1237:
725:
756:
1495:
1127:
659:
635:
1307:
463:
are about 9 feet (2.7 m) high in this region. The diversity of other species that co-exist with mature stands of
1520:
451:
isn't known. The most recognizable aspect of the changeover between the beachgrass species is that the foredunes of
1510:
1263:
824:
56:
1421:
1338:
902:
833:
1289:
1151:
1141:
1136:
1016:
1242:
480:
foredunes may now be threatened by shifting sand and by increased exposure to wind and water in storms.
1500:
1416:
974:
30:
1073:
1382:
586:
607:
351:), wider and less inrolled leaves, longer flower spike (25–35 cm versus 15–25 cm long in
236:
has been observed as far south as North
Carolina, and is often planted in dune restoration projects
39:
1330:
1177:
1047:
952:
245:
1454:
1408:
1281:
1089:
189:
865:
688:
594:
173:
1369:
1185:
882:
310:
8:
1377:
886:
1462:
1395:
1025:
906:
846:
533:
498:
444:
335:
51:
304:
260:
1490:
1364:
1159:
1043:
873:
838:
811:
713:
631:
538:
520:
150:
993:
925:"Ammophila breviligulata ssp. breviligulata : Beach Grass | Rare Species Guide"
749:
1467:
1164:
989:
898:
890:
828:
820:
651:
582:
528:
510:
407:
249:
1229:
1351:
1317:
625:
94:
1444:
1343:
975:"Disruption of ecosystem processes in western North America by invasive species"
658:. Baton Rouge, LA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center.
556:
1390:
1112:
1051:
224:
81:
866:"Plant defense belowground and spatiotemporal processes in natural vegetation"
333:
is quite similar in appearance and ecology to a second species of beachgrass,
1484:
1058:
is believed to have been a part of the
Warrenton Dunes stabilization project.
842:
524:
416:
287:
that can reach 10 inches (25 cm) long; The spikelet is single-flowered,
280:
265:
216:
107:
43:
1294:
1434:
542:
355:), and scaly rather than puberulent leaf veins on the upper leaf surface."
315:
288:
1356:
1325:
1250:
1121:
1050:
presently occupy the
Clatsop Peninsula, which juts into the mouth of the
228:
120:
410:), but along nearly every coast worldwide where it has been introduced.
1216:
1029:
1014:
Fern. (American beachgrass) on the foredunes of the
Washington coast".
1010:
Seabloom, E. W.; Wiedemann, A. M. (1994). "Distribution and effects of
910:
850:
515:
403:
1255:
1224:
1198:
369:
314:
Two varieties of
American beachgrass growing on the eastern shore of
1083:
894:
1429:
1106:
384:
1203:
1268:
1172:
365:
303:("tongue"), which refers to a feature of grass leaves called the
291:. The seed head appears in late July or August. The species name
284:
276:
212:
140:
1190:
1070:"Invasion of New Beach Grass Could Weaken Shoreline Protection"
804:
432:
241:
130:
785:"Invasive Plants of California's Wildland: Ammophila arenaria"
623:
347:
by smaller ligules (1–3 mm versus 10–30 mm long in
68:
805:
van der Putten, Wim H.; Peters, Bas A. M. (September 1997).
825:
10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1785:HSBPMA]2.0.CO;2
427:
was introduced to about 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) on the
376:
220:
46:
in
November; note the seed heads rising above the leaves.
579:
496:
1009:
951:. Washington State Department of Ecology. Archived from
807:"How soil-borne pathogens may affect plant competition"
755:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-05-30.
619:
617:
972:
16:
Species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae
339:(European beachgrass). As Nick Page has summarized, "
1054:
as it enters the Pacific Ocean. The introduction of
614:
903:20.500.11755/8ca02f26-57c5-4774-a00e-fd0ddddff9f6
834:20.500.11755/cdb21b2c-7a90-4d68-9b0c-6e30567e54f2
447:; the precise reason for the relative success of
1482:
1506:Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
275:is perennial grass which produces an extensive
863:
587:10.6073/pasta/bdbe9a609e0508fdb7e39bc41f75bf6f
973:Dukes, Jeffrey S.; Mooney, Harold A. (2004).
467:is comparable to the species diversity with
1005:
1003:
712:Page, Nick (2001-11-15). Ceska, A. (ed.).
29:
1072:. Oregon State University. Archived from
1067:
949:"Washington's Coast: Plants - Beachgrass"
929:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
864:van der Putten, Wim H. (September 2003).
832:
687:. University of Wisconsin. Archived from
557:"US East Coast Dune Grass Literature Map"
532:
514:
232:the Atlantic coastline of North America,
1000:
778:
776:
624:Barbara Coffin; Lee Pfannmuller (1988).
364:through the sand by subsurface runners (
309:
259:
750:"Plant Fact Sheet: American Beachgrass"
318:. The greener stand in the distance is
1483:
762:from the original on 20 September 2008
744:
742:
707:
705:
662:from the original on 20 September 2008
627:Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna
1088:
1087:
773:
941:
787:. California Invasive Plants Council
722:Botanical Electronic News - BEN #276
711:
630:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 48.
982:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
782:
739:
728:from the original on 27 August 2008
702:
13:
1516:Flora of the Eastern United States
718:(Poaceae) new to British Columbia"
455:are shorter than the foredunes of
383:species to soil pathogens such as
14:
1532:
685:: Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium"
55:
1422:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:11361-2
1068:Steinberg, Nancy (2007-09-12).
1061:
1036:
994:10.4067/S0716-078X2004000300003
966:
917:
857:
798:
393:
673:
644:
573:
549:
490:
398:Starting in the 19th century,
255:
1:
483:
1496:Grasses of the United States
324:A. champlainensis
7:
1128:Calamagrostis breviligulata
1017:Journal of Coastal Research
10:
1537:
358:
1096:
439:has gradually supplanted
238:. Ammophila breviligulata
219:, where it grows on sand
179:
172:
52:Scientific classification
50:
37:
28:
23:
1521:Plants described in 1920
40:Kohler-Andrae State Park
1511:Flora of Eastern Canada
1383:Ammophila breviligulata
1098:Ammophila breviligulata
1048:Fort Stevens State Park
1012:Ammophila breviligulata
716:Ammophila breviligulata
683:Ammophila breviligulata
654:Ammophila breviligulata
341:Ammophila breviligulata
331:Ammophila breviligulata
295:derives from the Latin
273:Ammophila breviligulata
264:American beachgrass on
234:Ammophila breviligulata
200:Ammophila breviligulata
183:Ammophila breviligulata
38:American beachgrass in
656:(American beachgrass)"
602:Cite journal requires
343:is distinguished from
327:
269:
1056:A. breviligulata
561:ebgoldstein.github.io
469:A. breviligulata
461:A. breviligulata
453:A. breviligulata
449:A. breviligulata
437:A. breviligulata
425:A. breviligulata
313:
263:
209:American marram grass
165:A. breviligulata
652:"PLANTS Profile for
24:American beachgrass
887:2003Ecol...84.2269V
205:American beachgrass
516:10.7717/peerj.4932
412:Ammophila arenaria
336:Ammophila arenaria
328:
270:
215:native to eastern
211:) is a species of
1501:Grasses of Canada
1478:
1477:
1365:Open Tree of Life
1090:Taxon identifiers
1044:Warrenton, Oregon
783:Apteker, Rachel.
637:978-0-8166-1689-3
429:Clatsop Peninsula
196:
195:
1528:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1344:NHMSYS0000455878
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1272:
1271:
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1233:
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1207:
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1194:
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1168:
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1155:
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1117:
1116:
1115:
1085:
1084:
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1065:
1059:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1007:
998:
997:
979:
970:
964:
963:
961:
960:
945:
939:
938:
936:
935:
921:
915:
914:
881:(9): 2269–2280.
870:
861:
855:
854:
836:
819:(6): 1785–1795.
802:
796:
795:
793:
792:
780:
771:
770:
768:
767:
761:
754:
746:
737:
736:
734:
733:
709:
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677:
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648:
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641:
621:
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605:
600:
598:
590:
577:
571:
570:
568:
567:
553:
547:
546:
536:
518:
494:
478:A. arenaria
473:A. arenaria
465:A. arenaria
457:A. arenaria
441:A. arenaria
408:British Columbia
400:A. arenaria
353:A. arenaria
349:A. arenaria
345:A. arenaria
283:is a spike-like
250:British Columbia
185:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
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1481:
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1443:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1352:Observation.org
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1315:MichiganFlora:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1158:
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1148:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1066:
1062:
1041:
1037:
1008:
1001:
977:
971:
967:
958:
956:
947:
946:
942:
933:
931:
923:
922:
918:
895:10.1890/02-0284
868:
862:
858:
803:
799:
790:
788:
781:
774:
765:
763:
759:
752:
748:
747:
740:
731:
729:
710:
703:
694:
692:
679:
678:
674:
665:
663:
650:
649:
645:
638:
622:
615:
603:
601:
592:
591:
578:
574:
565:
563:
555:
554:
550:
495:
491:
486:
459:; foredunes of
396:
361:
258:
192:
187:
181:
168:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:wfo-0000845786
1459:
1449:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1195:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1146:
1133:
1118:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1076:on 2009-01-15.
1060:
1052:Columbia River
1035:
1024:(1): 178–188.
999:
988:(3): 411–437.
965:
940:
916:
856:
797:
772:
738:
701:
672:
643:
636:
613:
604:|journal=
572:
548:
488:
487:
485:
482:
443:in Oregon and
435:. Since then,
423:In the 1930s,
395:
392:
360:
357:
299:("short") and
257:
254:
225:Atlantic Ocean
194:
193:
188:
177:
176:
170:
169:
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155:
148:
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84:
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72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1533:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
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1509:
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1345:
1340:
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1300:
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1278:
1274:
1270:
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1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1108:
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1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1004:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
969:
955:on 2008-02-28
954:
950:
944:
930:
926:
920:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
867:
860:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
801:
786:
779:
777:
758:
751:
745:
743:
727:
723:
719:
717:
708:
706:
691:on 2007-07-02
690:
686:
684:
676:
661:
657:
655:
647:
639:
633:
629:
628:
620:
618:
609:
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584:
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558:
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544:
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530:
526:
522:
517:
512:
508:
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481:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
418:
417:Leymus mollis
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:breviligulata
290:
286:
282:
281:inflorescence
278:
274:
267:
266:Lake Michigan
262:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:North America
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:
191:
186:
184:
178:
175:
174:Binomial name
171:
167:
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158:
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154:
153:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
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119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:Tracheophytes
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
44:Lake Michigan
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1097:
1074:the original
1063:
1055:
1042:The town of
1038:
1021:
1015:
1011:
985:
981:
968:
957:. Retrieved
953:the original
943:
932:. Retrieved
928:
919:
878:
872:
859:
816:
810:
800:
789:. Retrieved
764:. Retrieved
730:. Retrieved
721:
715:
693:. Retrieved
689:the original
682:
675:
664:. Retrieved
653:
646:
626:
595:cite journal
575:
564:. Retrieved
560:
551:
506:
502:
492:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
436:
424:
422:
415:
411:
399:
397:
394:Invasiveness
389:
380:
374:
362:
352:
348:
344:
340:
334:
330:
329:
323:
320:Cape variety
319:
316:Lake Ontario
300:
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208:
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114:
101:
88:
75:
18:
1326:NatureServe
1251:iNaturalist
1122:Wikispecies
256:Description
229:Great Lakes
121:Commelinids
95:Angiosperms
1485:Categories
1452:WisFlora:
1396:kew-391632
1391:Plant List
1149:Calflora:
959:2008-09-19
934:2020-12-02
791:2008-09-18
766:2008-10-07
732:2008-09-19
695:2008-09-20
666:2008-09-18
566:2018-06-08
484:References
445:Washington
404:California
370:xerophytes
268:in Spring.
246:Washington
223:along the
1225:GrassBase
843:0012-9658
525:2167-8359
509:: e4932.
406:north to
385:nematodes
381:Ammophila
159:Species:
152:Ammophila
65:Kingdom:
1491:Pooideae
1442:VASCAN:
1435:25504550
1430:Tropicos
1331:2.156460
1282:10589918
1230:imp00385
1113:Q2843697
1107:Wikidata
757:Archived
726:Archived
660:Archived
543:29900075
366:rhizomes
137:Family:
108:Monocots
1269:11361-2
1217:5289843
1191:1114195
1173:Ecocrop
1030:4298202
911:3450133
883:Bibcode
874:Ecology
851:2266101
812:Ecology
534:5996817
359:Ecology
289:awnless
285:panicle
277:rhizome
147:Genus:
141:Poaceae
127:Order:
69:Plantae
1404:PLANTS
1370:179848
1357:114398
1295:112212
1256:130755
1243:100492
1142:124459
1028:
909:
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531:
523:
433:Oregon
305:ligule
301:ligula
297:brevis
248:, and
242:Oregon
131:Poales
1308:40448
1277:IRMNG
1204:AMOBR
1165:66CQP
1026:JSTOR
978:(PDF)
907:JSTOR
869:(PDF)
847:JSTOR
760:(PDF)
753:(PDF)
503:PeerJ
221:dunes
213:grass
190:Fern.
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1455:2513
1445:7400
1417:POWO
1409:AMBR
1378:PfaF
1318:2005
1303:ITIS
1264:IPNI
1238:GRIN
1212:GBIF
1199:EPPO
1178:3132
1137:BOLD
1046:and
839:ISSN
632:ISBN
608:help
539:PMID
521:ISSN
377:soil
227:and
1463:WFO
1339:NBN
1290:ISC
1186:EoL
1160:CoL
1152:311
990:doi
899:hdl
891:doi
829:hdl
821:doi
583:doi
529:PMC
511:doi
431:in
207:or
42:on
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