Amphibious warfare

3841: 3332: 5231: 4702: 5968: 73: 2232: 6303: 3190: 3623: 29: 6258:. The objective was to fix the six Iraqi divisions deployed along the Kuwaiti coast. The purpose behind this amphibious maneuver (known as an amphibious demonstration) was to prevent 6 Iraqi divisions poised for the defense of the littorals from being able to actively engage in combat at the real front. The operation was extremely successful in keeping more than 41,000 Iraqi forces from repositioning to the main battlefield. As a result, the Marines maneuvered through the Iraq defense of southern Kuwait and outflanked the Iraqi coastal defense forces. 4342: 6641:

described. The local pilots are sworn to secrecy ; and, what is more reassuring, by lifting buoys and laying down torpedoes, hostile vessels trying to thread the passage must come to inevitable grief, So far Bermuda may be considered safe, whatever may be the condition of the fortifications and the cannon in the batteries. Yet the universal neglect of our colonial defences is apparent in the fact that no telegraphic communication has hitherto been established with the West Indies on the one side, or with the Dominion of Canada on the other.

5103: 2160: 4507: 6267: 4605: 3683: 2281:. Such an operation may require multiple naval and air fleets to support the landings, and extensive intelligence gathering and planning of over a year. Although most amphibious operations are thought of primarily as beach landings, they can exploit available shore infrastructure to land troops directly into an urban environment if unopposed. In this case non-specialised ships can offload troops, vehicles and cargo using organic or facility wharf-side equipment. Tactical landings in the past have utilised 2857:. Wolfe's plan of attack depended on secrecy and surprise—a key element of a successful amphibious operation—a small party of men would land by night on the north shore, climb the tall cliff, seize a small road, and overpower the garrison that protected it, allowing the bulk of his army (5,000 men) to ascend the cliff by the small road and then deploy for battle on the plateau. The operation proved a success, leading to the surrender of the city, and heavily influenced subsequent engagements. 3967: 3478: 3116: 4412: 4217: 4561: 8912: 3003: 2821: 6206:

Iranian Navy SEALs spearheaded the offensive despite a shortage of gear. Prior to this action Iranian Naval Commandos performed reconnaissance of the Faw Peninsula. The Iranian SEALs penetrated an obstacle belt and isolated Iraqi bunkers whose troops had taken cover from the heavy rains inside or were sleeping. Iranian demolition teams detonated charges on the obstacles to create a path for the Iranian infantry waiting to begin their assault.

3279: 2511: 2307: 4930:, Va., and the first standardized LSTs were floated out of their building dock in October. Twenty-three were in commission by the end of 1942. Lightly armored, they could steam cross the ocean with a full load on their own power, carrying infantry, tanks and supplies directly onto the beaches. Together with 2,000 other landing craft, the LSTs gave the troops a protected, quick way to make combat landings, beginning in summer 1943. 4110: 2420: 2220:. The purpose of amphibious operations is usually offensive, except in cases of amphibious withdrawals, but is limited by the plan and terrain. Landings on islands less than 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) in size are tactical, usually with the limited objectives of neutralising enemy defenders and obtaining a new base of operation. Such an operation may be prepared and planned in days or weeks, and would employ a naval 2776:, as well as the nearby French fisheries. The French government had spent 25 years in fortifying it, and the cost of its defenses was reckoned at thirty million livres. Although the fortress's construction and layout was acknowledged as having superior seaward defences, a series of low rises behind them made it vulnerable to a land attack. The low rises provided attackers places to erect siege batteries. The fort's 8003: 4945: 4822: 3671:, known to the soldiers as 'Beetles', carried about 500 men, displaced 135 tons and were based on London barges being 105 feet, 6 inches long, 21 feet wide, and 7 feet, 6 inches deep. The engines mainly ran on heavy oil and ran at a speed of approximately 5 knots. The sides of the ships were bullet proof, and was designed with a ramp on the bow for disembarkation. A plan was devised to land 4789: 5322:, respectively. However, a large storm on 19 June destroyed the American harbour at Omaha, leaving only the British harbour still intact but damaged, which included damage to the 'Swiss Roll' which had been deployed as the most western floating roadway had to be taken out of service. The surviving Mulberry "B" came to be known as 4680:, attention turned to the means of efficiently delivering a tank to a beach in 1938. Inquires were made of the army as to the heaviest tank that might be employed in a landing operation. The army wanted to be able to land a 12-ton tank, but the ISTDC, anticipating weight increases in future tank models specified 16 6205:

and the Basij advanced in a two-pronged offensive into southern Iraq. Taking place between 9 and 25 February, the assault across the Shatt al-Arab achieved significant tactical and operational surprise. The Iranians launched their assault on the peninsula at night, their men arriving on rubber boats.

5164:

In January 1945, 305 tonnes (300 long tons) of fuel was pumped to France per day, which increased tenfold to 3,048 tonnes (3,000 long tons) per day in March, and eventually to 4,000 tons (almost 1,000,000 Imperial gallons) per day. In total, over 781 000 m (equal to a cube with 92 metre long sides or

4578:

of Cowes built a prototype to the Fleming design. Eight weeks later the craft was doing trials on the Clyde. All landing craft designs must find a compromise between two divergent priorities; the qualities that make a good sea boat are opposite those that make a craft suitable for beaching. The craft

4057:

The system provided for an approach under cover of darkness in fast ships carrying special craft; the craft being sent ashore while the ships lay out of sight of land; small-craft smoke and gun protection while the beachhead was seized; the landing of a reserve; the capture of a covering position far

3777:

artillery guns being hoisted off the ships by crane. Heavier armoured cars were used at Cork, resulting in some difficulty. While Irish troops could reach the coast in small boats from naval vessels offshore, the ships had to dock to unload the heavy vehicles and artillery guns. These operations were

3013:

The point is further reinforced by Britain's poor showing during the war in the battles upon the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. Without great naval fortresses or forward reinforced ports the Royal Navy was unable to hold and command the lakes, or stop amphibious raiding into Canada, such as the many

2784:

Louisbourg was an important bargaining chip in the peace negotiations to end the war, since it represented a major British success. Factions within the British government were opposed to returning it to the French as part of any peace agreement, but these were eventually overruled, and Louisbourg was

2570:

By their nature amphibious assaults involve highly complex operations, demanding the coordination of disparate elements; when accomplished properly a paralyzing surprise to the enemy can be achieved. However, when there is a lack of preparation and/or coordination, often because of hubris, disastrous

5120:

laid lengths of both Siemens' and Henleys' cable in the Clyde. The pipeline was completely successful and PLUTO was formally brought into the plans for the invasion of Europe. The project was deemed "strategically important, tactically adventurous, and, from the industrial point of view, strenuous".

4813:

quickly set about drawing up plans for landing craft based on Barnaby's suggestions, although with only one ramp. The result, in early 1942, was the LCT Mark 5, a 117-foot craft with a beam of 32 feet that could accommodate five 30-ton or four 40-ton tanks or 150 tons of cargo. With a crew of twelve

3978:

For a short journey, from shore to shore, the cargo could be rolled or carried into the boat over its ramp. On longer journeys, ship to shore, a derrick would lower the MLC into the sea from the transporting vessel. The derrick would then lower the vehicle or cargo load. Upon touching down on shore,

6659:

The objectives for America are clearly marked,—Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, Prescott, Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Halifax and Vancouver are certain to be most energetically attacked, for they will be the naval bases, besides Bermuda, from which England would carry on her naval

6020:

The success of this battle eventually resulted in link up with U.S. Army forces that broke out of the Pusan perimeter, and led by the 1st Cavalry Division and its Task Force Lynch, cleared much of South Korea. A second landing by the Tenth Corps on the east coast approached the Chosin Reservoir and

5265:

of various sorts to build breakwaters and piers and connecting structures to provide the roadways. The caissons were built at a number of locations, mainly existing ship building facilities or large beaches like Conwy Morfa around the British coast. The works were let out to commercial construction

4033:

The Centre examined certain specific problems, including craft for landing tanks, beach organisation, floating piers, headquarters ships, amphibian tanks, underwater obstacles, the landing of water and petrol and the use of small craft in amphibious raids By the end of 1939 the ISTDC had codified a

3201:

In 1881 Chilean ships transported approximately 30,000 men, along with their mounts and equipment, 500 miles (800 km) in order to attack Lima. Chilean commanders commissioned purpose-built, flat-bottomed landing craft that would deliver troops in shallow water closer to the beach, possibly the

4796:

The Mark 3 had an additional 32-foot (9.8 m) midsection that gave it a length of 192 feet (59 m) and a displacement of 640 tons. Even with this extra weight, the vessel was slightly faster than the Mark 1. The Mk.3 was accepted on 8 April 1941, and was prefabricated in five sections. The

4780:

in November 1940. It was an all-welded 372-ton steel-hulled vessel that drew only 3 feet (0.91 m) of water at the bow. Sea trials soon proved the Mark 1 to be difficult to handle and almost unmanageable in some sea conditions. The designers set about correcting the faults of the Mark 1 in the

3633:

It was soon clear that the Turkish defence was equipped with rapid-fire weapons, which meant that ordinary landing boats were inadequate for the task. In February 1915, orders were placed for the design of purpose built landing craft. A design was created in four days resulting in an order for 200

3185:

units into waist-deep water, under enemy fire. An outnumbered first landing-wave fought at the beach; the second and third waves in the following hours succeeded in overcoming resistance and moving inland. By the end of the day, an expeditionary army of 10,000 had disembarked at the captured port.

5326:

at Arromanches. While the harbour at Omaha was destroyed sooner than expected, Port Winston saw heavy use for 8 months—despite being designed to last only 3 months. In the 10 months after D-Day, it was used to land over 2.5 million men, 500,000 vehicles, and 4 million tonnes of supplies providing

8324: 6678:

There is a strongly fortified dockyard, and the defensive works, together with the intricate character of the approaches to the harbour, render the islands an almost impregnable fortress. Bermuda is governed as a Crown colony by a Governor who is also Commander-in-Chief, assisted by an appointed

6213:

region. Soon after the initial landings, Iranian combat engineers were able to construct bridges to improve the flow of ground troops into the lodgement area. Iran managed to maintain their foothold in Al-Faw against several Iraqi counter-offensives and chemical attacks for another month despite

3998:

attached to it. Its functions were to "train in all methods for the seizure of defended beaches; develop the materiel necessary for such methods, with special regard to protection of troops, speed of landing, and the attainment of surprise; and develop methods and materiel for the destruction or

3744:

in the Pacific. Although the negative perception prevailed among Allied planners in the interwar years, the war situation after 1940 meant that such operations had to be considered. However, despite early successes in North Africa and Italy, it was not until Normandy that the belief that opposed

4906:

s in the US. During this meeting, it was decided that the Bureau of Ships would design these vessels. The LST(2) design incorporated elements of the first British LCTs from their designer, Sir Rowland Baker, who was part of the British delegation. This included sufficient buoyancy in the ships'

2127:

which were defined as "...operations where naval, military or air forces in any combination are co-operating with each other, working independently under their respective commanders, but with a common strategic object." All armed forces that employ troops with special training and equipment for

6640:

As a fortress, Bermuda is of the first importance. It is situated almost exactly half-way between the northern and the southern naval stations; while nature has made it practically impregnable. The only approach lies through that labyrinth of reefs and narrow channels which Captain Kennedy has

4058:

enough inland to secure the beach and anchorage from enemy fire; the bringing in of ships carrying the main body; and finally the discharge of vehicles and stores by other craft specially designed to do so directly on to beaches. And in all this it was important to achieve tactical surprise.

6715:

In the North American and West Indian station the naval base is at the Imperial fortress of Bermuda, with a garrison numbering 3068 men, of whom 1011 are Colonials; while at Halifax, Nova Scotia, we have another naval base of the first importance which is to be classed amongst our Imperial

4773:. Tank tests with models soon determined the characteristics of the craft, indicating that it would make 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) on engines delivering about 700 hp (520 kW). Designated the LCT Mark 1, 20 were ordered in July 1940 and a further 10 in October 1940. 2840:

in 1759. The British, in addition to colonial American Ranger units, had raised experimental light infantry units to integrate aspects of the ranger ideal into the regular army. They also produced the first specially designed landing-craft in order to enable their troops to cross the

6893:. Mahan began to envision the sea as both a commercial highway and an avenue for one power to launch an attack upon another. He next began to consider sources of 'maritime power or weakness': material, personnel, national aptitude, harbors, coastlines, control of commercial routes. 4797:

Mark 4 was slightly shorter and lighter than the Mk.3, but had a much wider beam (38 ft 9 in (11.81 m)) and was intended for cross channel operations as opposed to seagoing use. When tested in early assault operations, like the ill-fated Canadian commando raid on

5211:, to off-load their cargo and this was not available except at the already heavily defended French harbours. Thus, the Mulberries were created to provide the port facilities necessary to offload the thousands of men and vehicles, and tons of supplies necessary to sustain 2780:

was poorly paid and supplied, and its inexperienced leaders mistrusted them. The colonial attackers were also lacking in experience, but ultimately succeeded in gaining control of the surrounding defences. The defenders surrendered in the face of an imminent assault.

4656:(LCA). The result was a small steel ship that could land 200 troops, traveling from rear bases on its own bottom at a speed of up to 15 knots. The original British design was envisioned as being a "one time use" vessel which would simply ferry the troops across the 4660:, and were considered an expendable vessel. As such, no troop sleeping accommodations were placed in the original design. This was changed shortly after initial use of these ships, when it was discovered that many missions would require overnight accommodations. 5024:

to provide logistical support to the landed armies. Allied forces on the European continent required a tremendous amount of fuel. Pipelines were considered necessary to relieve dependence on oil tankers, which could be slowed by bad weather, were susceptible to

4294:(in contrast to the Army, which relied heavily on its artillery). Shelling defended islands was a new mission for warships. The Ellis model was officially endorsed in 1927 by the Joint Board of the Army and Navy (a forerunner of the Joint Chiefs of Staff). 6621:

Besides the Imperial fortress of Malta, Gibraltar, Halifax and Bermuda it has to maintain and arm coaling stations and forts at Siena Leone, St. Helena, Simons Bay (at the Cape of Good Hope), Trincomalee, Jamaica and Port Castries (in the island of Santa

3719:

the campaign "became a focal point for the study of amphibious warfare" in the United Kingdom and United States, because it involved the four types of amphibious operations: the raid, demonstration, assault and withdrawal. Analysis of the campaign before

2454:

The first "professional" marine units were already task-trained amphibious troops, but instead of being disbanded, they were kept for the Spanish Crown's needs. Their first actions took place all along the Mediterranean Sea, where the Turks and

4196:

a secret 30,000-word manifesto that proved inspirational to Marine strategists and highly prophetic. To win a war in the Pacific, the Navy would have to fight its way through thousands of miles of ocean controlled by the Japanese—including the

2852:

The British prepared for their risky deployment upstream. Troops had already been aboard landing ships and drifting up and down the river for several days when on 12 September Wolfe made a final decision on the British landing site, selecting

2567:. Amphibious operations mostly aimed to settle colonies and to secure strong points along navigational routes. Amphibious forces were fully organized and devoted to this mission, although the troops not only fought ashore, but on board ships. 3916:

in 1920, based on their experience with the early 'Beetle' armoured transport. The craft could put a medium tank directly onto a beach. From 1924, it was used with landing boats in annual exercises in amphibious landings. It was later called

6590: 2959:

seas was maintained, including its ability to deny safe passage to enemy naval and merchant vessels while protecting its own merchant trade, as well as to its ability to project superior naval and military force anywhere on the planet.

8383: 4721:

in May 1938 with trials completing in February 1940. Although early LCM(1)s were powered by two Thornycroft 60 bhp petrol engines, the majority were powered by Chrysler, in-line, 6-cylinder Crown petrol engines. Constructed of

2199:. Another factor is the variety and quantity of specialised vehicles and equipment used by the landing force that are designed for the specific needs of this type of operation. Amphibious operations can be classified as tactical or 3951:, was built and first sailed in 1926. It weighed 16 tons and had a box-like appearance, having a square bow and stern. To prevent fouling of the propellers in a craft destined to spend time in surf and possibly be beached, a crude 8544: 8438: 8358: 4804:

When the United States entered the war in December 1941, the U.S. Navy had no amphibious vessels at all, and found itself obliged to consider British designs already in existence. One of these, advanced by K.C. Barnaby of

8348: 8428: 2625:

to support the landing boats; special supplies were readied to be unloaded and support the 11,000-man landing force strength. The total strength of the amphibious force was 15,000 men, including an armada of 90 ships.

8269: 8136: 3778:

a major success for the Irish government forces, mainly due to the element of surprise and the use of armoured vehicles and artillery. Government forces were able to capture all the major towns and cities in southern

8274: 5310:

to the Normandy coast at only 4.3 Knots (8 km/h or 5 mph), built, operated and maintained by the Corps of Royal Engineers, under the guidance of Reginald D. Gwyther, who was appointed CBE for his efforts.

4814:

men and one officer, this 286 ton landing craft had the merit of being able to be shipped to combat areas in three separate water-tight sections aboard a cargo ship or carried pre-assembled on the flat deck of an

4734:(13 km/h). Depending on the weight of the tank to be transported the craft might be lowered into the water by its davits already loaded or could have the tank placed in it after being lowered into the water. 8184: 4761:), gave the job to naval architect Sir Roland Baker, who within three days completed initial drawings for a 152-foot (46 m) landing craft with a 29-foot (8.8 m) beam and a shallow draft. Ship builders 4485:

in 1942. The operation proved a costly failure, but the lessons, hard learned, were used later. Many small-scale operations were conducted by the Allies on the Axis-held coast of Europe, including raids on the

8617: 8408: 8214: 3823:

used amphibious landings to attack and sweep across territories in South East Asia. Their technique of surprise landings with naval support inspired the British and American landings in World War II such as

3379:, formed in 1914 (out of those not needed on ships) to fight on land; however, throughout the conflict, army units were depended upon to provide the bulk, if not all, of troops used in amphibious landings. 3236:

in command, was stationed at Callao, Peru, protecting American interests during the final stages of the War of the Pacific. He formulated his concept of sea power while reading a history book in an English

8622: 4266:

to defeat beach obstacles and defenses. Assuming the enemy had its own artillery, the landing craft would have to be specially built to protect the landing force. The failure at Gallipoli came because the

8607: 8239: 4818:. The Mk.5 would be launched by heeling the LST on its beam to let the craft slide off its chocks into the sea, or cargo ships could lower each of the three sections into the sea where they were joined. 4663:

The first LCI(L)s entered service in 1943 chiefly with the Royal Navy (RN) and United States Navy. Some 923 LCI were built in ten American shipyards and 211 provided under lend-lease to the Royal Navy.

8234: 8146: 8121: 3696:

The lessons of the Gallipoli campaign had a significant impact upon the development of amphibious operational planning, and have since been studied by military planners prior to operations such as the

8602: 8579: 8179: 8534: 8316: 8244: 8194: 8189: 4879:, 27 vehicles and nearly 200 men (in addition to the crew) at a speed of 18 knots, it could not have the shallow draught that would have made for easy unloading. As a result, each of the three ( 8519: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8204: 8199: 4641:. Prior to July 1942, these craft were referred to as "Assault Landing Craft" (ALC), but "Landing Craft; Assault" (LCA) was used thereafter to conform with the joint US–UK nomenclature system. 4274:

Not knowing which of the many islands would be the American target, the Japanese would have to disperse their strength by garrisoning many islands that would never be attacked. An island like

8569: 8320: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8612: 3581:

Initial landings took place in unmodified rowing boats that were extremely vulnerable to attack from the shore defences. The first purpose-built landing craft were built for the campaign.

8564: 8126: 3800:

Floating depots were organized with medical, water, ammunition and food supplies, to be dispatched ashore when needed. The barges used in this landing were the surviving "K" boats from

3537:). Although the naval attack was repelled and the land campaign failed, the campaign was the first modern amphibious landing, and featured air support, specialized landing craft and a 4914:

In three separate acts dated 6 February 1942, 26 May 1943, and 17 December 1943, Congress provided the authority for the construction of LSTs along with a host of other auxiliaries,

3974:, which helped to pioneer modern amphibious warfare doctrine, came under the command of Combined Operations Headquarters in June 1940. Pictured, the badge of Combined Operations. 8368: 4713:. On the right is an earlier model without the later fully armoured steering shelter. This craft also has been given additional armour around the tank well and a ramp extension. 3959:

petrol engine drove a centrifugal pump which produced a jet of water, pushing the craft ahead or astern, and steering it, according to how the jet was directed. Speed was 5–6

2251:, and aiding a larger allied offensive effort elsewhere. Such an operation requiring weeks to months of preparation and planning, would use multiple task forces, or even a 8514: 6064:, there were still fundamental limitations in the types of coastline that were suitable for assault. Beaches had to be relatively free of obstacles, and have the right 3448:. By the end of the month German forces had successfully overrun the islands forcing the Russians to abandon them with the loss of some 20,000 troops, 100 guns and the 6365:

by government and African Union troops. The amphibious assault led to the ousting of Colonel Bacar's government, which had taken over the autonomous state of Adjouan.

3879:

satisfied many in naval and military circles that the age of amphibious operations had come to a close. Still, throughout the 1920s and 1930s, animated discussion in

6177: 5199:

to capture a port on the north French coast. The problem was that large ocean-going ships of the type needed to transport heavy and bulky cargoes and stores needed

3600:. Openings were cut in her steel hull as sally ports from which troops would emerge onto gangways and then to a bridge of smaller boats from the ship to the beach. 6209:

Not only did the amphibious landings provide a significant lodgement behind Iraq's tactical front, but they also created a psychological shock wave throughout the

3018:) during the conflict. Even though each side held their own territorial coastlines, the British lost two large and powerful squadrons in two separate battles, the 8458: 4960:

The most famous amphibious assaults of the war, and of all time, were the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, in which British, Canadian, and US forces landed at

2686:), failed to overcome a much smaller, but very heavily fortified Spanish defence force and were forced to retreat back to the ships and call off the operation. 4801:

in 1942, the lack of manoeuvring ability led to the preference for a shorter overall length in future variants, most of which were built in the United States.

3352:

marked the beginning of the first modern amphibious warfare operations. However, tactics and equipment were still rudimentary and required much improvisation.

2236: 5091:, and known as HAIS (from Hartley-Anglo-Iranian-Siemens). The second type was a less flexible steel pipe of similar diameter, developed by engineers from the 2132:

is acknowledged as the most complex of all military maneuvers. The undertaking requires an intricate coordination of numerous military specialties, including

8343: 8306: 4922:. The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum. Such a high priority was assigned to the construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an 2187:

consolidation and conducting inland ground and air operations. Historically, within the scope of these phases a vital part of success was often based on the

5709:(northern Luzon) were followed by main attack—43,110 men, supported by artillery and approximately 90 tanks, landed at three points along the east coast of 3414:. British actions prior to the assault, however, alerted the Germans to prepare to repel an invasion. The Indian forces suffered heavy casualties when they 8443: 8413: 8363: 8310: 8478: 8463: 8453: 8423: 8378: 4549:, and to be so shallow drafted as to be able to land them, wet only up to their knees, in eighteen inches of water. All of these specifications made the 6564: 6013:, this landing is considered by many military historians to have been a tactical jewel, one of the most brilliant amphibious maneuvers in history (See 8468: 8393: 8373: 8353: 7141:

Weigley, Russell F. (2005). "Normandy to Falaise: A Critique of Allied Operational Planning in 1944". In Krause, Michael D.; Phillips, R. Cody (eds.).

2590:

Islands on 25 May 1583, was a military feat as Bazán and the rest of commanders decided to make a fake landing to distract the defending forces (5,000

2399:

city states routinely resorted to amphibious assaults upon each other's shores, which they reflected upon in their plays and other art. The landing at

8473: 8448: 8403: 8388: 3395: 5177:, providing a critical supply of fuel until a more permanent arrangement was made, although the pipeline remained in operation for some time after. 4358:

tactics and equipment had moved on. The first use of British landing craft in an opposed landing in the Second World War, saw the disembarkation of

8433: 7429: 6728: 5041: 3202:

first purpose-built amphibious landing-craft in history: "These boats would be able to land three thousand men and twelve guns in a single wave".

2490:

that forces were urgently raised to relieve the island. It took four months to train, arm and move a 5,500-man amphibious force to lift the siege.

4078:

directional beacons for landing accuracy. The centre also played a role in the development of the first specialized landing crafts, including the

8141: 3493:

The first large scale amphibious operations, ones that were to heavily influence theorists in the decades to come, were conducted as part of the

8627: 8524: 8418: 5306:, who all have since been absorbed into other businesses that are still operating. On completion they were towed across the English Channel by 4762: 4553:; a separate set of requirements were laid down for a vehicle and supplies carrier, although previously the two roles had been combined in the 4684:

for Mechanised Landing Craft designs. Another governor on any design was the need to land tanks and other vehicles in less than approximately

4754: 4673: 4526: 4003: 3971: 3849: 5523:

Largest amphibious operation of World War II in terms of size of landing-zone and number of divisions put ashore on the first day; see also

5149:. A further HAIS pipe and two HAMELs followed. As the fighting moved closer to Germany, 17 other lines (11 HAIS and 6 HAMEL) were laid from 3840: 6758: 4994:. It covered the landing of the troops and their re-supply. Many innovative elements were included in the operation to ensure its success. 3864:

and economic stringency contributed to the delay in procuring equipment and adopting a universal doctrine for amphibious operations in the

3331: 2752: 4250:. He predicted that the decisive action would take place on the beach itself, so the assault teams would need not just infantry but also 2579: 3604:

and sandbags were mounted on her bow, and behind them a battery of 11 machine guns was installed. The machine gun battery was manned by

8249: 4926:

was hastily removed to make room for several LSTs to be built in her place. The keel of the first LST was laid down on 10 June 1942 at

5230: 2971:

of the Royal Navy and military forces of the British Army, Board of Ordnance, and Royal Marines, maintained a blockade of much of the

2128:

conducting landings from naval vessels to shore agree to this definition. Since the 20th century an amphibious landing of troops on a

8559: 8529: 8131: 6173:

to the island. The Turkish landing forces consisted of around 3,000 troops, tanks, armoured personnel carriers and artillery pieces.

4652:, developed in response to a British request for a vessel capable of carrying and landing substantially more troops than the smaller 3994:

in 1936. The document recommended the establishment of an inter-service 'Training and Development Centre', with a permanent force of

3153:

of 1879 to 1883 saw coordination of army, navy and specialized units. The first amphibious assault of this war took place during the

2109: 7870: 2439:, decided to train and assign amphibious-assault skilled units to the Royal Armada specifically for fighting on and from ships. The 8156: 2451:"). The idea was to set up a permanent assignation of land troops to the Royal Spanish Navy that would be available for the Crown. 2175:

In essence, amphibious operations consist of the phases of strategic planning and preparation, operational transit to the intended

996: 6905:

Ferreiro, Larrie D. (2008). "Mahan and the "English Club" of Lima, Peru: The Genesis of The Influence of Sea Power upon History".

6634:

Kennedy, R.N., Captain W. R. (1 July 1885). "An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies".

4701: 2801:

was a pivotal operation of the British military in 1758 (which included Colonial American Provincial and Ranger units) during the

8279: 7797:"Battle Of Okinawa: Summary, Fact, Pictures and Casualties ('largest amphibious landing in the Pacific theater of World War II')" 5953: 4681: 4363: 4173: 3243: 1428: 7713: 4271:

could easily reinforce the specific landing sites. The Japanese would be unable to land new forces on the islands under attack.

3142:

forces operating near the Mississippi River and its tributaries. The unit consisted of artillery, cavalry and infantry with the

8398: 6169:

naval force provided naval gunfire support during the landing operation and transported the amphibious forces from the port of

4452: 4440: 4133:

remained enthusiastic at the possibilities of amphibious warfare. The Marine Corps was searching for an expanded mission after

2243:

The intent of operational landings is usually to exploit the shore as a vulnerability in the enemy's overall position, forcing

7594: 7546: 6381:

to liberate the city of Kismayo from insurgent control in a first of its kind by an African military. The operation, known as

2427:

depicts the 1066 Norman invasion of England with a force of some 8,000 infantry and heavy cavalry landed on the English shore.

8483: 8209: 7142: 7125: 7072: 6876: 6822: 6003: 4785:

petrol engines replaced the Hall-Scotts, and 15 and 20 lb. armoured shielding was added to the wheelhouse and gun tubs.

3943:

formed a landing craft committee to "recommend... the design of landing craft". A prototype motor landing craft, designed by

3820: 3741: 2968: 8116: 5967: 5681: 4149:. Its special role would be amphibious landings on enemy-held islands, but it took years to figure out how to do that. The 3258: 2764: 7692: 7017: 6071:

The first use of helicopters in an amphibious assault came during the Anglo-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956 (the

8584: 8574: 8007: 7088: 6534: 6219: 6134: 5999: 5457: 4382: 3296: 2679: 2528: 2328: 1784: 72: 2845:

in force. After considering and rejecting a number of plans for landings on the north shore of the river, Major General

2375:. Military intelligence services obtain information on the opponent. Amphibious warfare goes back to ancient times. The 8539: 7203: 7001: 6511: 6402: 5765: 5543: 3077: 1979: 1757: 367: 3042:

launched the first major amphibious assault in US history, and its largest amphibious assault until WWII, in the 1847

8034: 7829: 7632: 7366: 7299: 7285: 7265: 7100: 6600: 6574: 4330: 3318: 2550: 2354: 1433: 6713:. London and New York: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Limited, London; E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. p. 145. 6095: 4894:

In November 1941, a small delegation from the British Admiralty arrived in the United States to pool ideas with the

4238:

Ellis argued that with an enemy prepared to defend the beaches, success depended on high-speed movement of waves of

2336: 2231: 8554: 8549: 8060: 5624: 5336: 5254:. The concept of Mulberry harbours began to take shape when Hughes-Hallett moved to be Naval Chief of Staff to the 5084: 4806: 4718: 2868:

after a two-month campaign thanks to improved coordination of land and sea forces. In the same year, 1762, British

2786: 2634:

A superb example of successful combined operations, of both military branches and different imperial units, is the

1511: 3986:

Although there was much official apathy toward amphibious operations, this began to change in the late 1930s. The

3525:

during the war. Intending to secure it, Russia's allies Britain and France launched a naval attack followed by an

2638:. The siege was a combined arms, British/Colonial American amphibious assault upon the Acadian Provincial capital 8174: 8111: 6068:

conditions and the correct slope. However, the development of the helicopter fundamentally changed the equation.

5615:

Operation Dragoon forced a German retreat and accelerated the liberation of France. See also preliminary effort (

2972: 2760: 2756: 2108:

first emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 1930s with introduction of vehicles such as

1856: 1494: 1281: 121: 8779: 6318: 6291: 5952:, would have been the largest amphibious invasion in history. Canceled after the Surrender of Japan, US troops 5183:

were also prefabricated as temporary facilities to allow rapid offloading of cargo onto the beaches during the

4845:

designation, built to support amphibious operations by carrying significant quantities of vehicles, cargo, and

4161:

the Marines gained the mission of occupying and defending those forward bases, and began a training program on

3300: 2723: 2583: 2532: 2332: 1620: 6162: 3336: 8166: 4749:

directly onto a beach, able to sustain itself at sea for at least a week, and inexpensive and easy to build.

3732:

in June 1944, despite some successful examples of amphibious operations earlier in the war, such as those in

3205:

Neutral military observers closely studied landing tactics and operations during the War of the Pacific: two

3139: 3101: 3073: 2996: 2667: 2647: 2432: 2037: 1484: 4333:. Soon, the Higgins boats were developed to a final design with a ramp, and were produced in large numbers. 3789:

on 8 September 1925, performed by a Spanish-French coalition against rebel Berber tribesmen in the north of

2119:

Amphibious warfare includes operations defined by their type, purpose, scale and means of execution. In the

8784: 8335: 5291: 3120: 3105: 3026:, losing the British control of the two strategic lakes, for no losses of American ships in either battle. 1974: 673: 433: 5121:

After full-scale testing of an 83 km (45 nautical mile) HAIS pipe across the Bristol Channel between

4213:

island chains. If the Navy could land Marines to seize selected islands, they could become forward bases.

4074:) to bridge the water gap, the creation of Smoke Generating devices to obscure the assault and the use of 2785:

returned, over the objections of the victorious British North Americans, to French control after the 1748

8936: 8083: 7935:

The World Encyclopedia of Amphibious Warfare Vessels: An illustrated history of modern amphibious warfare

7506:"British vessels lost at sea in World War 2 – landing ships and craft, LSI, LST, LCT, LCG, LCV, LCVP etc" 6422: 6390: 5658: 5505: 5303: 4777: 3896: 3466: 3356: 2211: 2180: 1984: 1171: 968: 839: 377: 7436: 5407:

Not carried out after Germany failed to gain air supremacy, postponed indefinitely on 17 September 1940

4525:, many specialized landing craft, both for infantry and vehicles, were developed. In November 1938, the 4184:. The Marine Corps was given this mission in 1920, but the challenge was to avoid another disaster like 8897: 8789: 8509: 8504: 8297: 6314: 6110: 6021:

hydroelectric plants that powered much of Communist China's heavy industry, and led to intervention by

5822: 5295: 4298: 4130: 4118: 3728:

that amphibious assaults could not succeed against modern defences. The perception continued until the

3449: 3135: 3109: 3053:

of 1853–1856 the anti-Russian alliance launched an Anglo-French amphibious operation against Russia at

2897: 2798: 2695: 2671: 2635: 1448: 2715: 2654:. The siege resulted in the British imperial Force conquering French Arcadia and renaming Port Royal, 6888: 6302: 6122: 5876: 5867: 5137:, the first line to France was laid on 12 August 1944, over the 130 km (70 nautical miles) from 5005: 4907:

sidewalls that they would float even with the tank deck flooded. The LST(2) gave up the speed of HMS

4834: 4750: 4034:

policy for landings, and defended it at Staff College discussions. Operational experience during the

4007: 3991: 3987: 3907:

assured that such theoretical talk would not result in the procurement of any large scale equipment.

3654: 3177:

ships bombarded beach defenses for several hours at dawn, followed by open, oared boats landing army

2921: 2909: 2372: 2168: 1558: 1066: 410: 284: 138: 7918:

Commandos From The Sea: The History Of Amphibious Special Warfare In World War II And The Korean War

7796: 6653:

VERAX, (anonymous) (1 May 1889). "The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine)".

5314:

By 9 June, just 3 days after D-Day, two harbours codenamed Mulberry "A" and "B" were constructed at

4769:

agreed to work out details for the design under the guidance of the Admiralty Experimental Works at

3990:

at Greenwich, drafted a document detailing combined operations requirements and submitted it to the

3189: 8941: 8824: 8647: 8078: 8073: 6382: 6358: 6223: 5667: 5088: 4158: 3929: 3845: 3816: 3733: 3453: 3069: 3035: 3023: 2976: 2905: 2703: 2678:, and including a contingent of 200 Virginia "Marines"(not originally meant to be so) commanded by 2317: 2216: 2200: 2009: 1876: 1423: 1116: 929: 777: 2860:

In 1762 a British force, with a small colonial American ranger contingent, successfully landed at

2563:

From the 15th to the 20th centuries, several European countries established and expanded overseas

8098: 8068: 6338: 6251: 6215: 5995: 5567: 5287: 4857:

that the Allies needed relatively large, ocean-going ships capable of shore-to-shore delivery of

4766: 4649: 4314: 4122: 3754: 3605: 3593: 3575: 3289: 3143: 2980: 2877: 2865: 2521: 2321: 2113: 1962: 1944: 1700: 1259: 1181: 1126: 1006: 719: 382: 6592:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766

6201:: عملیات والفجر ۸), in which 100,000 troops comprising 5 Army divisions and 50,000 men from the 5373: 4223:, known as 'Higgins Boats', were the first specialized landing craft for the US Navy. Pictured, 3690: 8737: 6188: 6106: 5941: 5220: 5192: 5170: 5092: 5037: 4927: 4645: 4615: 4346: 4038:

introduced modifications to this landing policy, but it was essentially the policy used in the

3926: 3797:

was employed by the landing forces, directed by spotting personnel with communication devices.

3686: 3622: 3597: 3481: 3360: 2837: 2825: 2769: 1829: 1804: 1526: 1438: 1311: 1186: 782: 759: 205: 104: 5616: 3815:. Soon, the Japanese would later further improve its techniques upon seaborne assaults by the 3402:. The first British amphibious assault of the war ended in disaster in November 1914. A large 8672: 8667: 8662: 8088: 8027: 7990:

From Whaleboats to Amphibious Warfare: Lt. Gen. "Howling Mad" Smith and the U.S. Marine Corps

7964: 6812: 6346: 5979: 5927: 5491: 5319: 5262: 5174: 4758: 4677: 4653: 4626: 4568: 4564: 4550: 4515: 4448: 4416: 4405: 4359: 4283: 4091: 4079: 3794: 3762: 3676: 3626: 3563: 3559: 3522: 3218: 3108:—the largest and most powerful fort in the world at the time—which protected the entrance of 2992: 2988: 2806: 2731: 2388: 2282: 2192: 2137: 1418: 1351: 1304: 953: 916: 879: 797: 749: 633: 443: 251: 160: 7783: 7780: 6014: 3793:, was an amphibious landing where tanks were used for the first time and massive aerial and 3428:

On 11 October 1917, German land and naval forces launched an amphibious assault, code named

8106: 7505: 7337: 6378: 6374: 6279: 6239: 6154: 5720: 5216: 5184: 5150: 5146: 4902:

with regard to development of ships and also including the possibility of building further

4630: 4326: 4220: 4162: 4142: 3892: 3773:

all involved armour cars. The Westport and Fenit landings involved light armoured cars and

3650: 3571: 3545: 3376: 3226: 2964: 2928: 2842: 2814: 2746: 2727: 2482:, forcing its defenders to retreat to the fortified cities. A strategic choke point in the 2479: 2440: 2054: 1809: 1711: 1568: 1563: 1381: 1346: 1081: 896: 754: 690: 544: 514: 111: 6417: 6075:). Two British light fleet carriers were pressed into service to carry helicopters, and a 2737:

The northern British colonies regarded Louisbourg as a menacers, calling it the "American

8: 8717: 7067:. Australian Army Campaign Series. Vol. 4. Canberra: Army History Unit. p. 29. 6974: 6030: 5556: 5524: 5283: 5247: 5045: 4911:

at only 10 knots but had a similar load while drawing only 3 feet forward when beaching.

4554: 4306: 4150: 4027: 3912: 3900: 3494: 3403: 3238: 3233: 3054: 3019: 3007: 2984: 2908:

by water-borne forces. In 1783 a Franco-Spanish force invaded the British-held island of

2893: 2873: 2833: 2802: 2773: 2711: 2643: 2639: 2408: 2290: 2244: 2225: 2124: 1660: 1645: 1521: 1408: 1386: 1361: 1321: 1231: 1041: 941: 891: 658: 648: 613: 405: 395: 165: 89: 7878: 6785: 4350:: Troops from the U.S. 1st Division landing on Omaha beach as part of Operation Overlord 3963:

and its beaching capacity was good. By 1930, three MLC were operated by the Royal Navy.

3418:, forcing them to withdraw back to their boats, leaving much of their equipment behind. 3112:. The assaulting force consisted of over 15,000 men and 70 warships with over 600 guns. 28: 8722: 8682: 8051: 7955:

Moore, Richard S (November 1982). "Ideas and Direction: Building Amphibious Doctrine".

6922: 6722: 6287: 6126: 6034: 5932: 5919: 5911: 5818: 5805: 5528: 5470: 5394: 5255: 5212: 5096: 5009: 4895: 4862: 4842: 4815: 4546: 4487: 4478: 4397: 4341: 4310: 4231: 4189: 4185: 4114: 4087: 3872: 3861: 3411: 3255: 3214: 3194: 3150: 3131: 3124: 3065: 2719: 2400: 2261: 2188: 2145: 2077: 2057: 1994: 1849: 1769: 1690: 1635: 1610: 1531: 1477: 1443: 1374: 1291: 1201: 1106: 1051: 936: 901: 854: 729: 700: 653: 591: 400: 214: 133: 37: 7147:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 393–396. 4305:

and the Navy was slow to start training in how to support the landings. The prototype

8799: 8774: 8769: 8702: 8677: 8302: 7928: 7835: 7825: 7717: 7628: 7362: 7295: 7281: 7261: 7199: 7177: 7148: 7121: 7096: 7068: 6997: 6926: 6872: 6818: 6596: 6570: 6507: 6194: 6114: 6080: 6010: 5833: 5790: 5607: 5587: 5576: 5552: 5532: 5417: 4984: 4939: 4854: 4742: 4243: 3786: 3774: 3729: 3697: 3555: 3538: 3391: 3210: 3154: 3043: 2952: 2948: 2683: 2483: 2448: 2436: 2407:

on 9 September 490 BC was the largest amphibious operation until the landings at the

2368: 2286: 2278: 2266: 2196: 2176: 2156:, and extensive training in the nuances of this maneuver for all personnel involved. 2030: 1939: 1886: 1789: 1779: 1774: 1744: 1727: 1722: 1695: 1640: 1341: 1331: 1326: 1316: 1236: 1226: 1221: 1196: 1166: 1056: 1026: 1021: 1011: 1001: 991: 906: 859: 829: 668: 461: 438: 372: 7430:"'Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia' (Marine Corps Association and Foundation)" 4633:

landing craft of World War II, and the humblest vessel admitted to the books of the

4282:, would, Ellis estimated, require two regiments, or 4,000 Marines. Guided by Marine 1999: 8915: 8854: 8819: 8809: 8742: 8697: 8692: 8657: 8151: 8020: 7602: 7543: 6914: 6342: 6255: 6198: 6142: 6088: 6057:

on 6 November as part of a joint seaborne/airborne operation code-named MUSKETEER.

6006: 5972: 5915: 5890: 5782: 5778: 5735: 5706: 5596: 5444: 5250:

declared that if a port could not be captured, then one should be taken across the

5235: 5180: 5102: 5080: 4923: 4915: 4866: 4850: 4495: 4460: 4279: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4035: 3999:

neutralization of enemy defenses, including bombardment and aircraft co-operation.

3956: 3857: 3852:

from 1938 as the first specialized amphibious ship for the transportation of tanks.

3737: 3639: 3429: 3342: 2248: 2159: 2153: 2101: 2084:

were increasingly designed for landing troops, material and vehicles, including by

2004: 1969: 1901: 1794: 1732: 1625: 1553: 1546: 1403: 1336: 1286: 1276: 1151: 1071: 1031: 1016: 978: 963: 834: 819: 772: 680: 638: 581: 576: 534: 357: 334: 241: 170: 99: 82: 7767: 7156: 6948: 6744:

The Life and Opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier, G.C.B. Volume I (of IV)

6266: 4604: 4506: 4297:

However, actual implementation of the new mission took another decade because the

8839: 8707: 8289: 7550: 6991: 6884: 6528: 6138: 5903: 5794: 5786: 5774: 5750: 5694: 5515: 5496: 5453: 5431: 5412: 5251: 5219:. The harbours were made up of all the elements one would expect of any harbour: 5208: 5106: 5013: 4997: 4953: 4899: 4810: 4657: 4575: 4542: 4491: 4456: 4302: 4291: 4263: 4255: 4043: 4039: 4023: 3944: 3812: 3758: 3716: 3705: 3672: 3458: 3415: 3407: 3399: 3251: 2889: 2810: 2655: 2424: 2274: 2203: 1814: 1799: 1717: 1673: 1615: 1271: 1266: 1156: 1146: 1061: 1036: 973: 814: 744: 734: 586: 571: 494: 466: 266: 246: 94: 7968: 7740:

Code Name Mulberry: The Planning Building and Operation of the Normandy Harbours

6550:

Endgame 1758: The Promise, the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade

4121:

in the interwar period, and successfully predicted the nature of the subsequent

4049:

The essential shape of this landing policy is described by Bernard Fergusson in

3682: 2920:

In 1798 Minorca experienced yet another of its many changes of sovereignty when

8859: 8814: 8804: 8764: 7752: 7215: 7025: 5846: 5842: 5620: 5279: 5267: 5138: 5001: 4991: 4873: 4846: 4608: 4444: 4318: 4268: 4210: 4071: 3589: 3582: 3530: 3518: 3498: 3486: 3262: 3162: 3085: 3081: 3039: 2901: 2854: 2487: 2475: 2396: 2133: 2120: 2073: 1989: 1737: 1161: 1121: 1099: 1086: 1076: 1046: 958: 911: 714: 705: 596: 549: 529: 519: 489: 456: 344: 301: 256: 128: 61: 7942:

The U.S. Marines and Amphibious War Its Theory and Its Practice in the Pacific

7655:

The U.S. Marines and Amphibious War Its Theory and Its Practice in the Pacific

7462:

The U.S. Marines and Amphibious War Its Theory and Its Practice in the Pacific

7181: 4730:-like boat with a crew of 6, could ferry a tank of 16 long tons to shore at 7 4062:

Among the many tactical innovations introduced by the centre, codified in the

2904:

in the Bahamas. In 1782 The British rebuffed a long Franco-Spanish attempt to

8930: 8892: 8882: 8829: 8752: 8732: 8594: 6674:

MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies

6326: 6102: 6046: 5880: 5793:

allowed some 175,000 men to cross the broad beachhead and participate in the

5710: 5271: 5196: 5158: 5142: 5110: 5068: 4919: 4876: 4530: 4470: 4401: 4367: 4290:, warships would provide enough firepower so that Marines would not need any 4239: 3995: 3904: 3880: 3808: 3701: 3457:. The capture of the islands opened a route for German naval forces into the 3364: 3097: 2956: 2675: 2380: 2085: 2069: 1836: 1824: 1680: 1600: 1516: 1499: 1356: 1211: 1191: 869: 864: 844: 824: 739: 710: 685: 561: 539: 524: 499: 339: 261: 224: 219: 116: 33: 20: 7839: 7152: 6214:

heavy casualties until a stalemate was reached. The Faw Peninsula was later

4145:, light infantry fighting force carried rapidly to far off locations by the 2269:

requires a major commitment of forces to invade a national territory in the

8887: 8834: 8794: 8747: 7852: 6930: 6385:, started with the landing of Somali and Kenyan troops outside the city of 6330: 6247: 6210: 6130: 6118: 6061: 5899: 5854: 5690: 5200: 5026: 4522: 4386: 4355: 4322: 4287: 4154: 4098: 4019: 3936: 3753:

One of the first amphibious landings involving armour was conducted by the

3725: 3721: 3661: 3529:

on the peninsula with the eventual aim of capturing the Ottoman capital of

3477: 3445: 3371:

warships to maintain discipline and man ships' guns. The RMLI joined a new

3174: 3104:, SC; and several more. The largest such clash happened in January 1865 at 2149: 2097: 2023: 1949: 1929: 1924: 1819: 1764: 1398: 1393: 1216: 1131: 874: 608: 509: 306: 210: 6817:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 98. 6709:

May, CMG, Royal Artillery, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edward Sinclair (1903).

4891:) ordered in March 1941 had a very long ramp stowed behind the bow doors. 4411: 4216: 4026:

convened with the portfolio of developing methods and equipment to use in

3966: 3115: 3002: 2214:, and a strategic opening of a new Theatre of Operations, for example the 19:"Amphibious assault" redirects here. For the band Amphibious Assault, see 8727: 8712: 7819: 6657:. Philadelphia, New York, and London: LR Hamersly & Co. p. 552. 6307: 6050: 6026: 5850: 5340: 5315: 5275: 5243: 5188: 5134: 5033: 4977: 4965: 4798: 4782: 4731: 4710: 4482: 4329:, dubbed the 'Higgins Boats', were reviewed and passed by the U.S. Naval 4259: 4251: 4166: 4134: 3960: 3884: 3829: 3770: 3709: 3601: 3510: 3502: 3387: 3349: 3093: 3050: 2932: 2846: 2699: 2493:

Other countries adopted the idea and subsequently raised their own early

2270: 2252: 2207: 2093: 1934: 1685: 1650: 1489: 1176: 1141: 849: 792: 695: 479: 200: 195: 4560: 2824:

A drawing depicting the amphibious landing of British troops during the

2210:, operational landings in support of a larger land strategy such as the 7667: 6918: 6742:

Napier, K.C.B., Lieutenant-General Sir William Francis Patrick (1857).

6271: 5991: 5671: 5483: 5479: 5154: 5130: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4830: 4746: 4745:

demanded an amphibious vessel capable of landing at least three 36-ton

4634: 4511: 4389: 4137:, during which it had merely been used as a junior version of the Army 4129:

In contrast to the British attitude, the U.S. military, especially the

4015: 4011: 3980: 3940: 3865: 3646: 3616: 3421:

The Russian army and navy also grew adept to amphibious warfare in the

3372: 3368: 3303: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3206: 2869: 2849:

and his brigadiers decided in late August to land upriver of the city.

2738: 2707: 2535: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2376: 2221: 2164: 2081: 2061: 1891: 1861: 1583: 947: 7171: 6934: 6869:

The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan

6079:-sized airborne assault was made. Two of the other carriers involved, 5051:

Two types of pipeline were developed. The first type was the flexible

4097:

Divisional-sized amphibious landing exercises were carried out by the

2820: 2666:

One famous instance of a failed amphibious assault was in 1741 at the

8687: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6076: 5976: 5907: 5029: 4865:

upon the continent of Europe. The first purpose-built LST design was

4588: 4420: 4247: 4224: 4181: 3801: 3658: 3552: 3506: 3462: 3422: 3241:

in Lima, Peru. This concept became the foundation for his celebrated

3089: 2940: 2745:. There was regular, intermittent warfare between the French and the 2742: 2674:, when a large British amphibious assault force commanded by Admiral 2614: 2384: 2184: 2141: 2129: 2065: 1881: 1705: 1655: 1605: 1595: 1590: 1455: 1246: 1241: 1206: 643: 329: 296: 185: 7390:

Maund, LEH Assault From the Sea, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London 1949

7118:

At the Water's Edge: Defending Against the Modern Amphibious Assault

6655:

The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs

6286:

used amphibious warfare in some of their successful battles such as

6242:

was able to position U.S. Marine and naval support off the coast of

3278: 2510: 2306: 2239:

disembarking from a landing craft during a training exercise in 2019

8493: 6638:. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons. p. 111. 6235: 6072: 5814: 5166: 5064: 4580: 4534: 4371: 4275: 4138: 4109: 4075: 3952: 3876: 3534: 3433: 3386:(11 September 1914) was fought south of Kabakaul, on the island of 3178: 2777: 2591: 2564: 2419: 2089: 1896: 1871: 1504: 1136: 1111: 724: 279: 153: 6883:

What was at hand, in the library of the English Club in Lima, was

8877: 8849: 8844: 8759: 7911:

Assault from the Sea: Essays on the History of Amphibious Warfare

7398: 7396: 6407: 6386: 6362: 6158: 6049:

made their first post-World War II amphibious assault during the

5478:

Stormy weather prevented the reinforcement of Soviet troops from

5307: 5122: 5017: 4988: 4587:

HT" armour, a heat treated steel based on D1 steel, in this case

4538: 4474: 4463: 4393: 4177: 4146: 3790: 3779: 3465:, a fact that contributed to the cessation of hostilities on the 3437: 3170: 3058: 3015: 2936: 2607: 2595: 2494: 2460: 2293:

converted for the mission to deliver troops to the water's edge.

1906: 1866: 1630: 1464: 1460: 802: 787: 663: 324: 319: 289: 228: 190: 7976:

Reber, John J (1977). "Pete Ellis: Amphibious Warfare Prophet".

5456:

which they maintained until May 1942, but failed to prevent the

4392:. The naval contingent consisted of over 50 vessels, drawn from 2749:

on one side and the northern New England colonies on the other (

2650:). The battle is known as the seminal moment in the conquest of 8043: 8002: 7925:

On Contested Shores: The Evolving Role of Amphibious Operations

7475:"Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps" 6243: 6170: 6166: 5949: 5945: 5702: 5465: 5439: 5368: 5299: 5021: 4949: 4826: 4770: 3888: 3514: 3425:, conducting many raids and bombardments on Ottoman positions. 3182: 2861: 2651: 2622: 2618: 2599: 2587: 2464: 2456: 2404: 2392: 2076:

as the primary method of delivering troops to shore. Since the

1413: 809: 626: 362: 7393: 6377:

launched an assault in conjuncture with allied militia led by

4176:

considered building advance bases for naval operations in the

3390:, and was a part of the invasion and subsequent occupation of 6022: 5862: 5857:, the 1 April 1945 invasion of the island of Okinawa itself. 5698: 5126: 5074: 4944: 4821: 4809:, was for a double-ended LCT to work with landing ships. The 4738: 4727: 4723: 4706: 4638: 4619: 4083: 3948: 3825: 3807:

In 1938, Japanese forces attacked Chinese defenders over the

3766: 3158: 3072:

made several amphibious assaults along the coastlines of the

2944: 2813:

and led to the subsequent British campaign to capture all of

2610: 2603: 2471: 2256: 884: 420: 415: 7220:

Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942

6094:, were converted in the late 1950s into dedicated "commando 4726:

and selectively clad with armour plate, this shallow-draft,

2068:

onto a hostile or potentially hostile shore at a designated

7904:

Sea Soldiers in the Cold War: Amphibious Warfare, 1945–1991

6412: 6334: 6283: 6202: 6065: 6054: 5595:

Bridgehead pinned down until 23 May 1944, when a breakout (

5224: 5204: 4858: 4676:'s (ISTDC) successful development of the infantry carrying 4537:, to be able to carry the thirty-one men of a British Army 4451:

on 5 May 1942, follow-up waves were by two brigades of the

3484:

about two days after the landing, seen from the bow of the

3441: 3166: 2486:, its loss would have been so menacing for the kingdoms of 2371:

requires vessels to troops and equipment and might include

180: 175: 8012: 5825:

landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima.

3645:

The first use took place after they had been towed to the

7949:

Semper Fidelis: History of the United States Marine Corps

7625:

The Design And Construction Of British Warships 1939–1945

7415:

John J. Reber, "Pete Ellis: Amphibious Warfare Prophet,"

7065:

Exploring Gallipoli: An Australian Army Battlefield Guide

6814:

Mr. Lincoln's Brown Water Navy – The Mississippi Squadron

6708: 6679:

Executive Council and a representative House of Assembly.

6537:, Part 6. Vol. II. Boston: Little Brown and Company. 6178:

Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus

5535:(parachute brigade, with glider-borne forces in support) 4788: 4317:, the FMF became interested in the military potential of 2927:

As the British Empire expanded worldwide, four colonies (

2872:

sailors and marines succeed in taking the capital of the

53: 4980:

beaches in the largest amphibious operation in history.

4381:

The first major and successful amphibious operation was

4230:

LCVP 18, possibly with Army troops as reinforcements at

2979:, carried out amphibious raids such as the 22 June 1813 2951:, from which Britain's domination of the oceans and the 7824:. Stanley Sandler. New York: Garland Pub. p. 145. 7467: 6389:. By 1 October, the coalition forces were able to push 4378:

above Narvik, on 13 May during the Norwegian campaign.

4014:

in 1938, and brought together representatives from the

3642:

to take shelving beaches and a drop down frontal ramp.

2832:

Another major amphibious landing took place during the

6676:. London and New York: MacMillan and Co. p. 184. 6294:

in 2000 to overrun and capture Sri Lankan Army bases.

5551:

Also involved two supporting operations: in Calabria (

3955:

propulsion system was devised by White's designers. A

3619:, but this was incomplete by the time of the landing. 3406:

force was directed to launch an amphibious assault on

2259:-size forces, including on large islands, for example 2072:. Through history the operations were conducted using 7480: 7196:

Power at Sea, Volume 2: The Breaking Storm, 1919–1945

7169: 6479:, Strategy and tactics series, Spellmount, 2001, p. 7 4781:

LCT Mark 2. Longer and wider, three Paxman diesel or

4501: 4415:

19 September 1942, Allied troops disembarking from a

3712:, and continues to influence US amphibious doctrine. 2582:, was an early proponent of amphibious warfare. The " 16:

Military operation attacking from air and sea to land

7818:

Tucker, Spencer C. (1995). "Inchon Landings, 1950".

7627:, Vol 3 Amphibious Warfare Vessels And Auxiliaries. 7528: 7294:, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1994. 7260:, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1994. 4667: 4455:

and Royal Marines. Air cover was provided mainly by

3084:

were the first of many attacks, others occurring on

2459:

settlements were risks for commerce and navigation:

6254:, the largest such force to be assembled since the 6157:launched an amphibious assault on 20 July 1974, on 5040:, the Minister for Petroleum gained the support of 4473:were among the vessels used at the evacuation from 4141:. During the 1920s, it found a new mission—to be a 3745:landings could not succeed was completely excised. 3250:An amphibious assault took place on the beaches of 6972: 6617:Within the Empire; An Essay on Imperial Federation 6501: 5813:As part of the American invasion of the island of 7324:The Watery Maze; the story of Combined Operations 6746:. London, England: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 6672:Dawson, George M.; Sutherland, Alexander (1898). 6490:The Royal Navy, 1930–2000: Innovation And Defense 6029:. Amphibious landings also took place during the 5849:, included the largest amphibious assault in the 4533:. Its specifications were to weigh less than ten 3396:Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force 8928: 7871:"Amphibious Operations in the Gulf War: 1990–91" 7770:Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Normandy 1944 7754:Mulberry Harbour: British, French and Dutch tugs 7519: 7095:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 343. 6671: 6125:on 2 April 1982, while later the Royal Marines' 6040: 5504:Three Allied task-forces covering the coasts of 4188:. The conceptual breakthrough came in 1921 when 3860:, the combination of the negative experience at 3382:The first amphibious assault of the war was the 3119:Ships of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron 7902:Alexander, Joseph H., and Merrill L. Bartlett. 7247:, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London 1949. pp. 3–10 6504:Álvaro de Bazán, Capitán general del Mar Océano 5975:on 15 September 1950, covered by the U.S. Navy 5575:Soviet landings preceding the recapture of the 4849:directly onto an unimproved shore. The British 4481:) and an amphibious operation was tried out at 3910:Despite this outlook, the British produced the 3517:that provided a sea route to what was then the 3398:(AN&MEF) shortly after the outbreak of the 3367:) were used primarily as naval parties onboard 2809:), a war that ended the French colonial era in 7868: 7173:The Naval Forces of the Irish State, 1922–1977 7144:Historical Perspectives of the Operational Art 6741: 6060:Despite all the progress that was seen during 5817:, designated Operation Detachment, during the 5670:, ~5,200 Japanese troops landed on beaches at 5452:Soviet forces established a bridgehead on the 5195:could not rely on being able to penetrate the 4117:developed amphibious warfare doctrine for the 2789:, in return for French concessions elsewhere. 8028: 6633: 5971:Landing craft approach Blue Beach during the 5875:Three Soviet amphibious landings in northern 4983:The organizational planning of the landings ( 4755:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre 4674:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre 4583:planking. The sides were plated with "10lb. D 4527:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre 4439:to cover the landings. The first wave of the 4004:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre 3972:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre 3895:compared with the strategic stalemate of the 3850:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre 3223:The War on the Pacific Coast of South America 2883: 2031: 7588: 7586: 7544:Welding & Fabrication of Ships Structure 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 6757:Harris, Dr. Edward Cecil (21 January 2012). 6727:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6218:by Iraqi forces, by the massive and illegal 3551:supported the landings under the command of 3444:(Moon); they controlled the entrance to the 2915: 6716:fortresses, and has a garrison of 1783 men. 6711:Principles and Problems of Imperial Defence 6695:. London: Stevens and Sons Ltd. p. 5. 6660:attack on the American coasts and commerce. 6619:. Ottawa: James Hope & Co. p. 29. 6368: 5261:The proposed harbours called for many huge 4157:for the Navy close to the enemy. After the 4153:notion of a decisive fleet battle required 4090:, Support Landing Craft LCS(1), LCS(2) and 3649:and performed successfully in the 6 August 2335:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2296: 8035: 8021: 7361:, Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, 1976. 7058: 7056: 6759:"Bermuda's role in the Sack of Washington" 6614: 6595:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 353, 6197:, the Iranians launched Operation Dawn 8 ( 5906:as a staging area for a later invasion of 5486:and occupied part of the town for 4 days. 4313:(FMF) in 1933. In 1939, during the annual 3899:. The economic austerity of the worldwide 3891:surrounded the strategic potential of the 3006:British and American movements during the 2661: 2038: 2024: 7583: 7307: 6569:, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 50, 6373:From 28 September to 1 October 2012, the 6325:An amphibious assault was carried out by 6053:of 1956 when they successfully landed at 5335:Other large amphibious operations in the 5063:) diameter lead core, weighing around 55 4741:at its disposal, in 1940, Prime Minister 3509:peninsula forms the northern bank of the 3319:Learn how and when to remove this message 2900:, made a first successful landing in the 2646:(the name of the American theater of the 2551:Learn how and when to remove this message 2355:Learn how and when to remove this message 2110:Vickers-Carden-Loyd Light Amphibious Tank 7592: 7338:"Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939–1945 – M" 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7198:, University of Missouri (2006) p. 141. 7093:The Oxford Companion to Military History 7024:. Merchant Navy Officers. Archived from 6904: 6588: 6552:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 6547: 6301: 6265: 5966: 5229: 5116:In June 1942 the Post Office cable ship 5101: 4943: 4820: 4787: 4700: 4603: 4559: 4505: 4427:The fleet included the aircraft carrier 4410: 4340: 4215: 4108: 3965: 3839: 3761:. Landings against Republican rebels at 3748: 3681: 3621: 3476: 3330: 3188: 3123:prior to the ground assault, during the 3114: 3001: 2819: 2792: 2418: 2230: 2158: 997:List of military strategies and concepts 27: 7216:"Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces" 7140: 7115: 7062: 7053: 6989: 6983: 6693:Responsible Government in The Dominions 6566:Quebec 1759: The Battle That Won Canada 6526: 6321:into Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan. 4466:bombers which attacked Vichy shipping. 4174:General Board of the United States Navy 3875:coupled with the emerging potential of 3819:. By World War II, marines such as the 3244:The Influence of Sea Power upon History 3138:was established to act swiftly against 8929: 7927:(Marine Corps University Press, 2020) 7817: 7556: 7087: 6844:See W.F.Sater, "Andean Tragedy", p. 20 6810: 6792:. Annapolis: Chesapeake Bay Media, LLC 6756: 6475:Speller, Ian & Tuck, Christopher, 6352: 6037:, one of the largest of the conflict. 5327:much needed reinforcements in France. 5165:over 172 million imperial gallons) of 4792:LCT-202 off the coast of England, 1944 4194:Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia 3704:in 1982. The campaign also influenced 2580:Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz 8016: 7975: 7954: 7923:Heck, Timothy; Friedman, B. A., eds. 7821:The Korean War : an encyclopedia 7335: 7226: 7120:. Naval Institute Press. p. 10. 6783: 6765:. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda 6697:Bermuda is still an Imperial fortress 6690: 6652: 6009:. Conceived of and commanded by U.S. 5430:Axis invasion of Crete. Primarily an 4776:The first LCT Mark 1 was launched by 4629:remained the most common British and 3903:and the government's adoption of the 3570:was augmented by a squadron from the 2772:also protected the chief entrance to 2751:See the Northeast Coast Campaigns of 7460:Jeter A. Isely and Philip A. Crowl, 7280:, Chatham Publishing, London, 1999. 6866: 6562: 6502:Rodríguez González, Agustín (2017). 6441:The first LVT prototypes were named 6148: 5956:unopposed on 28 August 1945 instead 5841:The series of battles fought in the 5386:German attack on Norway and Denmark 5079:), was essentially a development by 4579:had a hull built of double-diagonal 3629:amphibious landing, on 25 April 1915 3526: 3301:adding citations to reliable sources 3272: 3268: 2689: 2533:adding citations to reliable sources 2504: 2333:adding citations to reliable sources 2300: 2183:and disembarkation, troop landings, 7477:, (New York: The Free Press, 1991). 6871:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 11. 6535:France and England in North America 6492:, Taylor & Francis, 2005, p. 44 6453:, though neither species is actual 6229: 5290:, who all still operate today, and 4336: 3979:soldiers or vehicles exited by the 3566:and the bombing of fortifications. 2805:(known in the United States as the 2629: 2574: 2445:Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles 13: 7940:Isely, Jeter A., Philip A. Crowl. 7896: 6403:List of marines and similar forces 6222:, the same day as the US launched 5434:. The battle lasted about 10 days 4502:Specialized infantry landing craft 4376:eight miles (13 km) 3578:, operating from a nearby island. 3221:included an account in his report 2987:(defeating American forces in the 2167:MBT comes ashore from an American 2100:(rigid inflatable boats) and from 14: 8953: 7996: 7595:"The Tin Armada: Saga of the LCT" 7326:, Holt, New York, 1961. pp. 38–43 6973:von Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul (1920). 6691:Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1909). 6105:, the 1st Marines Brigade of the 5579:from German and Romanian forces. 4668:Specialized vehicle landing craft 4571:of the 529th Flotilla, Royal Navy 4331:Bureau of Construction and Repair 4070:, was the use of Floating Piers ( 3925:) and was the predecessor of all 3804:, upgraded in Spanish shipyards. 3708:amphibious operations during the 3080:(August 1861) and at Port Royal, 3029: 2963:This was demonstrated during the 2866:besieged the city and captured it 8911: 8910: 8001: 7978:U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 7417:U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 6976:Meine Erinnerungen aus Ostafrika 6250:. This force was composed of 40 6226:on Iran, destroying their navy. 6182: 5682:Philippines campaign (1941–1942) 5337:European theatre of World War II 5238:"Port Winston" in September 1944 4737:Although the Royal Navy had the 4385:, a British campaign to capture 4321:'s design of a powered, shallow- 4104: 3675:from pontoons in support of the 3562:, ground support for the troops 3277: 2702:colonial force aided by a small 2509: 2305: 71: 7862: 7846: 7811: 7789: 7773: 7760: 7745: 7732: 7706: 7693:"BBC News – In pictures: Pluto" 7685: 7660: 7647: 7638: 7617: 7574: 7565: 7537: 7498: 7489: 7454: 7422: 7409: 7384: 7381:Tempus Publishing, Stroud. 2004 7371: 7359:Assault From the Sea: 1939–1945 7351: 7329: 7270: 7250: 7208: 7188: 7163: 7134: 7109: 7081: 7050:New Vanguard, Osprey Publishing 7040: 7022:Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 7010: 6966: 6941: 6907:The Journal of Military History 6898: 6860: 6847: 6838: 6804: 6777: 6750: 6735: 6702: 6684: 6665: 6646: 6627: 5666:Following failure to implement 4068:Standard Naval Bombardment Code 3288:needs additional citations for 2741:" due to its use as a base for 2520:needs additional citations for 2447:("All-Spanish Sea Companies of 7799:. Historynet.com. 12 June 2006 7170:Ó Confhaola, Padhraic (2009). 6993:A Naval History of World War I 6784:Grove, Tim (22 January 2021). 6636:Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 6608: 6582: 6556: 6541: 6520: 6495: 6482: 6469: 6435: 6359:Operation Democracy in Comoros 6292:Second Battle of Elephant Pass 5902:amphibious assault to capture 5766:Philippines Campaign (1944–45) 5145:across the English Channel to 5032:, and were also needed in the 4841:A further development was the 3259:attacked and occupied the city 3173:defenders on 2 November 1879. 3149:Amphibious warfare during the 2724:War of the Austrian Succession 2500: 2387:as captured on the reliefs at 2123:at the time these were called 1: 7784:www.historylearningsite.co.uk 7757:. Retrieved on 20 April 2009. 7116:Gatchel, Theodore L. (1996). 6949:"The Australian War Memorial" 6463: 6101:Nearly 30 years later in the 6041:Suez Crisis and Falklands War 5962: 4441:British 29th Infantry Brigade 4286:, and supplemented by Marine 4064:Manual on Combined Operations 2922:captured by a British landing 2668:Battle of Cartagena de Indias 2648:War of the Spanish Succession 2606:were also arranged to unload 2433:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 6345:on 20 March 2003 during the 5914:, replaced by the unopposed 5879:in the rear of the Japanese 5845:, centered on the island of 5085:National Physical Laboratory 4853:in 1940 demonstrated to the 4404:, commanded by Rear Admiral 4309:officially evolved into the 3608:men. Work began on painting 3472: 2997:raiding Alexandria, Virginia 2880:in the Philippines as well. 2602:soldiers). Special seagoing 2247:of forces, premature use of 7: 8325:National Revolutionary Army 8042: 6615:MacFarlane, Thomas (1891). 6423:US Amphibious Training Base 6396: 6297: 6261: 5242:At a meeting following the 5234:Overall aerial view of the 5191:of 1942 had shown that the 5185:Allied invasion of Normandy 5008:, to construct an undersea 4360:French Foreign Legionnaires 4046:landings four years later. 3821:Special Naval Landing Force 3724:led to a belief among many 3357:Royal Marine Light Infantry 1495:Military–industrial complex 969:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 8958: 8137:War of the Triple Alliance 7929:online review of this book 7668:"Pipeline Under The Ocean" 6530:A Half-Century of Conflict 6186: 6175: 5506:French Morocco and Algeria 5404:planned 20 September 1940 5004:, chief engineer with the 5000:was a scheme developed by 4937: 4565:Royal Navy Beach Commandos 4119:United States Marine Corps 4088:Landing Craft Tank (Mk. 1) 3871:The costly failure of the 3835: 3679:, but this was abandoned. 3558:. Seaplanes were used for 3450:pre-dreadnought battleship 3136:Mississippi Marine Brigade 3110:Wilmington, North Carolina 2898:United States Marine Corps 2896:, the "progenitor" of the 2884:American Revolutionary War 2799:Siege of Louisbourg (1758) 2698:took place in 1745 when a 2696:Siege of Louisbourg (1745) 2636:Siege of Port Royal (1710) 2414: 2277:, or continental, such as 36:landing on a beach from a 18: 8906: 8870: 8640: 8593: 8492: 8334: 8288: 8165: 8157:Pre-20th century firearms 8097: 8059: 8050: 6996:. Naval Institute Press. 6990:Halpern, Paul G. (2012). 6867:Turk, Richard W. (1987). 6548:Johnston, A.J.B. (2007). 6527:Parkman, Francis (1897). 6011:General Douglas MacArthur 5895:planned 9 September 1945 5868:Seishin Landing Operation 5697:, north of Luzon, and at 5599:) allowed a move on Rome 5201:sufficient depth of water 5109:Pump from Sandown on the 5089:undersea telegraph cables 5083:(in conjunction with the 5006:Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 4835:Allied invasion of Sicily 4757:(which had developed the 4435:and the aging battleship 3988:Royal Naval Staff College 3919:Landing Craft, Mechanized 3363:in the 1920s to form the 3161:troops successfully took 2916:The Second British Empire 2787:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2642:of French Canada, during 2443:were born under the name 2373:amphibious reconnaissance 2148:, specialized equipment, 1559:Loss-of-strength gradient 411:Combat information center 8545:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 8535:South African Border War 8317:Second Sino-Japanese War 7786:. Accessed 25 April 2008 7419:(1977) 103#11 pp. 53–64. 7379:D-Day the First 72 hours 6811:Joiner, Gary D. (2007). 6428: 6418:Raid (military)#Seaborne 6369:Battle of Kismayo (2012) 6333:and units of the Polish 6270:LTTE cadres embarking a 6252:amphibious assault ships 6224:Operation Praying Mantis 6163:1974 Cypriot coup d'état 6015:analysis in main article 5937:planned 1 November 1945 5689:Preliminary landings on 5668:Operation Matador (1941) 5623:), airborne operations ( 5330: 5288:Peter Lind & Company 4933: 4739:Landing Craft Mechanised 4719:John I. Thornycroft Ltd. 4084:Mechanized Landing Craft 3930:landing craft mechanised 3846:Landing Craft Mechanized 3817:Second Sino-Japanese War 3461:threatening the city of 3146:used as transportation. 3024:Battle of Lake Champlain 2983:, and then launched the 2977:United States of America 2967:, when the ships of the 2297:Preparation and planning 1877:Military science fiction 1362:Technology and equipment 778:List of military tactics 8525:Portuguese Colonial War 7988:Venzon, Anne Cipriano. 7951:(2nd ed. 1991) ch 12–14 7869:Hayden, Thomas (1995). 7063:Wahlert, Glenn (2008). 6790:Chesapeake Bay Magazine 6589:Anderson, Fred (2000), 6383:Operation Sledge Hammer 6220:use of chemical weapons 5625:1st Airborne Task Force 5568:Kerch-Eltigen Operation 5555:, 3 Sept) and Taranto ( 5169:had been pumped to the 4851:evacuation from Dunkirk 4650:amphibious assault ship 4529:proposed a new type of 4387:Vichy French-controlled 4315:Fleet Landing Exercises 3700:in 1944 and during the 3615:s hull sandy yellow as 3606:Royal Naval Air Service 3576:Royal Naval Air Service 3144:United States Ram Fleet 2981:Battle of Craney Island 2768:). For the French, the 2682:(older half brother of 2662:The War of Jenkin's Ear 2470:In 1565, the island of 2212:Kerch–Eltigen Operation 2114:Landing Vehicle Tracked 1945:Wartime sexual violence 1701:Full-spectrum dominance 1512:Supply-chain management 8893:Civilian gun ownership 7377:William F Buckingham. 6322: 6275: 6189:First Battle of al-Faw 6141:on 21 May 1982 during 6107:Argentine Marine Corps 5987: 5910:. Cancelled after the 5531:(glider landings) and 5391:Cross English Channel 5378:Unternehmen Weserübung 5239: 5113: 5093:Iraq Petroleum Company 5038:Geoffrey William Lloyd 4987:) was in the hands of 4957: 4948:A large landing craft 4861:and other vehicles in 4838: 4793: 4714: 4646:Landing Craft Infantry 4622: 4618:, during training for 4616:Landing Craft Infantry 4572: 4518: 4424: 4370:tanks on the beach at 4366:and supporting French 4351: 4347:Into the Jaws of Death 4235: 4126: 4060: 3975: 3853: 3693: 3687:Landing at Cape Helles 3630: 3598:Landing at Cape Helles 3592:, was adapted to be a 3490: 3361:Royal Marine Artillery 3346: 3198: 3127: 3121:bombarding Fort Fisher 3010: 2993:burning Washington, DC 2829: 2770:Fortress of Louisbourg 2621:were armed with small 2617:on the beach; special 2428: 2240: 2172: 2064:to project ground and 1857:Awards and decorations 1830:Peace through strength 1805:Low-intensity conflict 1439:Conscientious objector 1312:Area of responsibility 41: 8570:Nicaraguan Revolution 8520:Araguaia Guerilla War 8089:Early thermal weapons 8010:at Wikimedia Commons 7909:Bartlett, Merrill L. 7562:Buffetaut 1994, p. 49 7534:Saunders 1943, p. 11. 7486:Buffetaut 1994, p. 27 6853:See Bruce W. Farcau, 6563:Reid, Stuart (2003), 6305: 6269: 6111:Navy's Special Forces 6004:7th Infantry Division 5970: 5944:invasion planned for 5928:Japanese home islands 5773:After capture of the 5492:North Africa campaign 5233: 5105: 4947: 4824: 4791: 4759:Landing Craft Assault 4717:Design work began at 4704: 4654:Landing Craft Assault 4627:Landing Craft Assault 4607: 4569:Landing Craft Assault 4563: 4551:Landing Craft Assault 4516:Landing Craft Assault 4510:Canadian landings at 4509: 4453:5th Infantry Division 4417:Landing Craft Assault 4414: 4406:Edward Neville Syfret 4344: 4219: 4172:As early as 1900 the 4112: 4092:Landing Ship Infantry 4080:Assault Landing Craft 4055: 3969: 3843: 3795:naval gunfire support 3749:Interwar developments 3685: 3677:Third Battle of Ypres 3625: 3564:landing at Anzac Cove 3560:aerial reconnaissance 3480: 3355:At the time, British 3334: 3219:Theodorus B. M. Mason 3192: 3118: 3005: 2989:Battle of Bladensburg 2969:North America Station 2823: 2807:French and Indian War 2793:French and Indian War 2710:, the capital of the 2422: 2234: 2177:theatre of operations 2162: 2088:and for insertion of 444:Torpedo data computer 434:Ship gun fire-control 31: 8575:Salvadoran Civil War 8142:Spanish–American War 8117:American Indian Wars 7957:Marine Corps Gazette 7875:Marine Corps Gazette 7781:The Mulberry Harbour 7245:Assault From the Sea 7159:on 20 February 2014. 7048:British Mark IV tank 6979:. Hase & Köhler. 6786:"Fighting The Power" 6379:Kenya Defense Forces 6375:Somali National Army 6361:was launched in the 6280:Sri Lankan civil war 6240:Assault Craft Unit 5 6155:Turkish Armed Forces 6129:, (augmented by the 6025:forces on behalf of 5998:, consisting of the 5721:Guadalcanal Campaign 5659:Battle of Kota Bharu 5374:Operation Weserübung 5173:forces in Europe by 5147:Cherbourg Naval Base 5087:) of their existing 4705:Two examples of the 4159:Spanish–American War 3893:Dardanelles campaign 3757:in 1922, during the 3651:landing at Suvla Bay 3544:The seaplane tender 3497:in 1915 against the 3432:, on the islands of 3416:advanced on the city 3377:Royal Naval Division 3297:improve this article 3209:ships monitored the 3193:Japanese landing on 3036:Mexican–American War 2965:American War of 1812 2843:Saint Lawrence River 2815:French North America 2747:Wabanaki Confederacy 2529:improve this article 2480:Great Siege of Malta 2329:improve this section 2224:to land less than a 1975:Military occupations 1810:Military engineering 1712:Unrestricted Warfare 1569:Force multiplication 462:Military manoeuvrers 8628:Russo-Ukrainian War 8565:Dominican Civil War 8540:Cambodian Civil War 8501:First Indochina War 7714:"Mulberry Harbours" 7672:Combined Operations 7623:Brown, D.K. (Ed.), 7605:on 2 September 2011 7549:6 July 2001 at the 7322:Fergusson, Bernard 6353:Invasion of Anjouan 6031:First Indochina War 6000:1st Marine Division 5922:on 28 August 1945. 5557:Operation Slapstick 5544:Operation Avalanche 5525:Operation Mincemeat 5399:Unternehmen Seelöwe 5284:Sir Robert McAlpine 5248:John Hughes-Hallett 5048:for the operation. 5046:Combined Operations 5042:Admiral Mountbatten 4863:amphibious assaults 4555:Motor Landing Craft 4307:advanced base force 4301:was preoccupied in 4248:attack from the air 4242:, covered by heavy 4028:Combined Operations 4006:was established at 3913:Motor Landing Craft 3901:economic depression 3883:in Britain and the 3755:Irish National Army 3673:British heavy tanks 3495:Battle of Gallipoli 3404:British Indian Army 3384:Battle of Bita Paka 3234:Alfred Thayer Mahan 3020:Battle of Lake Erie 3014:raids on York (now 3008:Chesapeake Campaign 2985:Chesapeake Campaign 2949:Imperial fortresses 2894:Continental Marines 2680:Lawrence Washington 2640:Port-Royal (Acadia) 2571:results can ensue. 2474:was invaded by the 2409:Battle of Gallipoli 2217:Operation Avalanche 2146:logistical planning 2125:combined operations 1661:Penal military unit 1646:Rules of engagement 1322:Command and control 942:Operations research 406:Director (military) 396:Fire-control system 166:Command and control 47:Part of a series on 8937:Amphibious warfare 8618:Russo-Georgian War 8560:Lebanese Civil War 8530:Rhodesian Bush War 8147:Mexican Revolution 8132:American Civil War 8122:War of the Pacific 8112:Napoleonic Warfare 8008:Amphibious warfare 7947:Millett, Allan R. 7933:Ireland, Bernard. 7857:Street Without Joy 7644:Brown, D.K. p. 143 7473:Allan R. Millett, 6919:10.1353/jmh.0.0046 6488:Harding, Richard, 6477:Amphibious warfare 6357:On 25 March 2008, 6323: 6288:Battle of Pooneryn 6276: 6135:Parachute Regiment 6127:3 Commando Brigade 6035:Operation Camargue 5988: 5933:Operation Downfall 5920:Operation Mailfist 5912:Surrender of Japan 5819:Battle of Iwo Jima 5806:Battle of Iwo Jima 5797:within a few days 5781:, and most of the 5529:Operation Ladbroke 5527:(disinformation), 5471:Yevpatoria assault 5458:fall of Sevastopol 5422:Unternehmen Merkur 5395:Operation Sea Lion 5341:war in the Pacific 5240: 5236:Mulberry B harbour 5217:Battle of Normandy 5213:Operation Overlord 5114: 5097:Burmah Oil Company 4958: 4896:United States Navy 4843:Landing Ship, Tank 4839: 4794: 4753:, Director of the 4715: 4623: 4573: 4519: 4431:, her sister ship 4425: 4398:British Home Fleet 4383:Operation Ironclad 4352: 4311:Fleet Marine Force 4236: 4190:Major "Pete" Ellis 4127: 4115:Earl Hancock Ellis 3976: 3873:Gallipoli campaign 3854: 3694: 3631: 3527:amphibious landing 3491: 3412:German East Africa 3347: 3335:German battleship 3256:United States Navy 3254:in 1914, when the 3215:United States Navy 3199: 3195:Liaodong Peninsula 3151:War of the Pacific 3132:American Civil War 3128: 3125:American Civil War 3074:Confederate States 3066:American Civil War 3061:on 8 August 1854. 3038:, US forces under 3011: 2947:) were designated 2830: 2817:by the war's end. 2720:Cape Breton Island 2429: 2383:from the reign of 2289:, small ships and 2262:Operation Chromite 2241: 2189:military logistics 2173: 2078:Gallipoli Campaign 2058:military operation 2051:Amphibious warfare 1770:Counter-insurgency 1691:Command of the sea 1636:Jewish laws on war 1611:Geneva Conventions 1147:Divide and conquer 937:Military operation 902:Tactical objective 401:Fire-control radar 378:Electronic-warfare 42: 38:Tank Landing Craft 8924: 8923: 8636: 8635: 8580:Soviet–Afghan War 8555:Laotian Civil War 8303:Spanish Civil War 8006:Media related to 7881:on 6 January 2006 7653:Isely and Crowl, 7580:Ladd, 1976, p. 42 7495:Maund 1949, p. 41 7276:* Bruce, Colin J 7127:978-1-55750-308-4 7074:978-0-9804753-5-7 6931:Project MUSE 6878:978-0-313-25644-8 6855:The Ten Cents War 6824:978-0-7425-5097-1 6763:The Royal Gazette 6393:out of the city. 6149:Landing at Cyprus 6115:Operation Rosario 6033:, notably during 5960: 5959: 5834:Battle of Okinawa 5810:19 February 1945 5755:20 November 1943 5740:20 November 1943 5631: 5630: 5608:Operation Dragoon 5588:Operation Shingle 5577:Crimean Peninsula 5553:Operation Baytown 5548:9 September 1943 5533:Operation Fustian 5418:Operation Mercury 5296:Holloway Brothers 5181:Portable harbours 4985:Operation Neptune 4940:Normandy landings 4916:destroyer escorts 4829:LST off-loads an 4743:Winston Churchill 4648:was a stepped up 4586: 4543:assault engineers 4521:In the run up to 4364:13th Demi-Brigade 4284:observer aircraft 3887:Staff College at 3787:Alhucemas landing 3730:Normandy Landings 3698:Normandy Landings 3556:Robert Clark-Hall 3539:naval bombardment 3392:German New Guinea 3359:(merged with the 3329: 3328: 3321: 3269:Modern operations 3261:as result of the 3211:Battle of Pisagua 3155:Battle of Pisagua 3068:of 1861–1865 the 3044:Siege of Veracruz 2999:), from Bermuda. 2973:Atlantic seaboard 2728:King George's War 2690:King George's War 2684:George Washington 2561: 2560: 2553: 2484:Mediterranean Sea 2369:landing operation 2365: 2364: 2357: 2279:Operation Neptune 2267:landing operation 2197:close air support 2102:mini-submersibles 2048: 2047: 1940:Horses in warfare 1887:Anti-war movement 1790:Gunboat diplomacy 1780:Disaster response 1728:Philosophy of war 1723:Principles of war 1696:Deterrence theory 1641:Right of conquest 1564:Lanchester's laws 1332:Principles of war 1022:Counter-offensive 1002:Military campaign 907:Target saturation 830:Counterinsurgency 439:Gun data computer 373:Close air support 335:Aircraft carriers 8949: 8914: 8913: 8790:Mass destruction 8698:Blunt instrument 8623:Syrian Civil War 8057: 8056: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8014: 8013: 8005: 7985: 7972: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7877:. Archived from 7866: 7860: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7793: 7787: 7777: 7771: 7764: 7758: 7749: 7743: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7716:. Archived from 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7664: 7658: 7651: 7645: 7642: 7636: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7601:. Archived from 7590: 7581: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7554: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7526: 7525:Buffetaut, p. 26 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7478: 7471: 7465: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7442:on 5 August 2016 7441: 7435:. Archived from 7434: 7426: 7420: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7391: 7388: 7382: 7375: 7369: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7336:Houterman, J.N. 7333: 7327: 7320: 7305: 7290:Buffetaut, Yves 7274: 7268: 7256:Buffetaut, Yves 7254: 7248: 7241: 7224: 7223: 7212: 7206: 7194:Rose, Lisle A., 7192: 7186: 7185: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7155:. Archived from 7138: 7132: 7131: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7060: 7051: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6885:Theodore Mommsen 6864: 6858: 6851: 6845: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6718: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6499: 6493: 6486: 6480: 6473: 6457: 6439: 6343:Al-Faw Peninsula 6315:amphibious group 6256:Battle of Inchon 6236:Persian Gulf War 6230:Persian Gulf War 6161:, following the 6143:Operation Sutton 6007:landed at Inchon 5986:(bottom center). 5916:Operation Jurist 5898:British-planned 5891:Operation Zipper 5783:Marianas Islands 5779:Marshall Islands 5770:20 October 1944 5736:Battle of Tarawa 5686:8 December 1941 5663:8 December 1941 5638: 5637: 5604:Southern France 5597:Operation Diadem 5592:22 January 1944 5559:, 9 September). 5501:8 November 1942 5445:Feodosia Landing 5432:airborne assault 5351: 5350: 5266:firms including 5227:, roadways etc. 5207:, together with 5081:Siemens Brothers 5078: 5062: 5058: 4924:aircraft carrier 4709:during the 1942 4697: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4584: 4479:Operation Dynamo 4461:Fairey Swordfish 4400:and the British 4377: 4356:Second World War 4337:Second World War 4280:Marshall Islands 4264:combat engineers 4123:Pacific campaign 4036:Second World War 3858:inter-war period 3848:was designed by 3830:Pacific Campaign 3640:spoon-shaped bow 3614: 3430:Operation Albion 3343:Operation Albion 3338:Grosser Kurfürst 3324: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3281: 3273: 3252:Veracruz, Mexico 3239:gentleman's club 2991:, capturing and 2834:Seven Years' War 2803:Seven Years' War 2732:British colonies 2644:Queen Anne's War 2630:Queen Anne's War 2615:artillery pieces 2584:Terceras Landing 2575:Terceras Landing 2556: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2513: 2505: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2309: 2301: 2291:civilian vessels 2237:Australian M113s 2060:that today uses 2040: 2033: 2026: 1795:Humanitarian aid 1733:Security dilemma 1554:Power projection 1337:Economy of force 1317:Chain of command 1032:Defence in depth 1017:Commerce raiding 835:Defeat in detail 171:Defense ministry 75: 66: 65: 56: 44: 43: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8942:Warfare by type 8927: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8902: 8898:Science fiction 8866: 8738:Directed-energy 8632: 8608:Afghanistan War 8589: 8488: 8330: 8290:Interwar period 8284: 8185:Austria-Hungary 8161: 8093: 8046: 8041: 7999: 7992:(Praeger, 2003) 7916:Dwyer, John B. 7899: 7897:Further reading 7894: 7884: 7882: 7867: 7863: 7859:, 1961. p. 144. 7851: 7847: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7778: 7774: 7765: 7761: 7750: 7746: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7652: 7648: 7643: 7639: 7622: 7618: 7608: 7606: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7551:Wayback Machine 7542: 7538: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7485: 7481: 7472: 7468: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7414: 7410: 7404:Semper Fidelis, 7401: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7376: 7372: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7321: 7308: 7275: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7242: 7227: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7193: 7189: 7168: 7164: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7089:Holmes, Richard 7086: 7082: 7075: 7061: 7054: 7045: 7041: 7031: 7029: 7028:on 11 June 2011 7016: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6988: 6984: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6903: 6899: 6890:History of Rome 6879: 6865: 6861: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6755: 6751: 6740: 6736: 6720: 6719: 6707: 6703: 6689: 6685: 6670: 6666: 6651: 6647: 6632: 6628: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6561: 6557: 6546: 6542: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6500: 6496: 6487: 6483: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6399: 6371: 6355: 6300: 6264: 6232: 6191: 6185: 6180: 6151: 6139:Port San Carlos 6043: 5973:Inchon landings 5965: 5904:Port Swettenham 5872:13 August 1945 5795:Battle of Luzon 5775:Gilbert Islands 5751:Battle of Makin 5695:Camiguin Island 5617:Operation Sitka 5612:15 August 1944 5516:Operation Husky 5497:Operation Torch 5454:Kerch Peninsula 5413:Battle of Crete 5333: 5246:, Vice-Admiral 5209:dockside cranes 5072: 5060: 5056: 5014:English Channel 4998:Operation Pluto 4956:on 6 June 1944. 4954:English Channel 4942: 4936: 4918:, and assorted 4900:Bureau of Ships 4811:Bureau of Ships 4778:Hawthorn Leslie 4698:feet of water. 4694: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4658:English Channel 4597: 4593: 4592: 4504: 4488:Lofoten Islands 4457:Fairey Albacore 4375: 4339: 4303:Central America 4292:heavy artillery 4256:light artillery 4107: 4051:The Watery Maze 4024:Royal Air Force 4008:Fort Cumberland 3992:Chiefs of Staff 3945:J. Samuel White 3838: 3813:Battle of Wuhan 3759:Irish Civil War 3751: 3742:Gilbert Islands 3717:interwar period 3706:US Marine Corps 3657:, commanded by 3612: 3475: 3459:Gulf of Finland 3400:First World War 3345:in October 1917 3325: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3294: 3282: 3271: 3032: 2918: 2906:seize Gibraltar 2890:Samuel Nicholas 2886: 2838:Siege of Quebec 2826:Siege of Quebec 2811:Atlantic Canada 2795: 2706:fleet captured 2692: 2664: 2656:Annapolis Royal 2632: 2577: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2526: 2514: 2503: 2441:Spanish Marines 2425:Bayeux Tapestry 2417: 2361: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2326: 2310: 2299: 2275:Battle of Leyte 2142:naval transport 2044: 2015: 2014: 1965: 1955: 1954: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1852: 1842: 1841: 1815:Multilateralism 1800:Law enforcement 1760: 1750: 1749: 1718:Just war theory 1676: 1666: 1665: 1616:Geneva Protocol 1586: 1576: 1575: 1549: 1539: 1538: 1480: 1470: 1469: 1377: 1367: 1366: 1307: 1297: 1296: 1262: 1252: 1251: 1182:Network-centric 1102: 1092: 1091: 994: 984: 983: 932: 922: 921: 870:Rapid dominance 775: 765: 764: 720:Electromagnetic 629: 619: 618: 605: 558: 506: 482: 472: 471: 467:Combat training 448: 425: 391:Combat systems: 387: 349: 345:Auxiliary ships 311: 271: 267:Military police 233: 156: 146: 145: 85: 59: 58: 57: 52: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8955: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8918: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8673:Anti-personnel 8670: 8668:Anti-ballistic 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8644: 8642: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8599: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8498: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8469:United Kingdom 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8384:Czechoslovakia 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8314: 8300: 8294: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8270:United Kingdom 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8171: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8103: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8065: 8063: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8040: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8017: 7998: 7997:External links 7995: 7994: 7993: 7986: 7973: 7952: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7861: 7845: 7830: 7810: 7788: 7779:Chris Trueman 7772: 7759: 7744: 7731: 7705: 7684: 7659: 7646: 7637: 7616: 7593:Basil Hearde. 7582: 7573: 7564: 7555: 7536: 7527: 7518: 7497: 7488: 7479: 7466: 7453: 7421: 7408: 7392: 7383: 7370: 7350: 7328: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7269: 7249: 7225: 7207: 7204:978-0826217028 7187: 7162: 7133: 7126: 7108: 7101: 7091:, ed. (2001). 7080: 7073: 7052: 7039: 7009: 7003:978-1612511726 7002: 6982: 6965: 6953:www.awm.gov.au 6940: 6913:(3): 901–906. 6897: 6877: 6859: 6846: 6837: 6823: 6803: 6776: 6749: 6734: 6701: 6683: 6664: 6645: 6626: 6607: 6601: 6581: 6575: 6555: 6540: 6519: 6513:978-8441437791 6512: 6494: 6481: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6398: 6395: 6370: 6367: 6354: 6351: 6335:special forces 6306:In late 2001, 6299: 6296: 6263: 6260: 6231: 6228: 6187:Main article: 6184: 6181: 6150: 6147: 6042: 6039: 5984: (DD-727) 5964: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5938: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5896: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5843:Ryukyu Islands 5839: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5811: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5785:, landings on 5777:, some of the 5771: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725:7 August 1942 5723: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5687: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5629: 5628: 5621:Operation Span 5619:), diversion ( 5613: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5572:November 1943 5570: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5482:who landed at 5476: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5450: 5449:December 1941 5447: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5428: 5425: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5332: 5329: 5304:Taylor Woodrow 5268:Balfour Beatty 5139:Shanklin Chine 5002:Arthur Hartley 4992:Bertram Ramsay 4938:Main article: 4935: 4932: 4877:infantry tanks 4872:. To carry 13 4847:landing troops 4672:Following the 4669: 4666: 4503: 4500: 4469:Purpose-built 4445:No. 5 Commando 4338: 4335: 4319:Andrew Higgins 4163:Culebra Island 4106: 4103: 4101:in the 1930s. 4086:(LCM(1)), the 3881:Staff Colleges 3837: 3834: 3750: 3747: 3572:No. 3 Squadron 3531:Constantinople 3519:Russian Empire 3499:Ottoman Empire 3474: 3471: 3375:division, the 3327: 3326: 3285: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3263:Tampico Affair 3086:Roanoke Island 3082:South Carolina 3078:Hatteras Inlet 3040:Winfield Scott 3031: 3030:Industrial era 3028: 2917: 2914: 2902:Raid of Nassau 2885: 2882: 2855:Anse-au-Foulon 2794: 2791: 2691: 2688: 2663: 2660: 2631: 2628: 2576: 2573: 2559: 2558: 2517: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2488:Western Europe 2416: 2413: 2363: 2362: 2313: 2311: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2273:, such as the 2265:. A strategic 2179:, pre-landing 2171:in March 2007. 2121:British Empire 2080:, specialised 2046: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1980:Military terms 1977: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1738:Tripwire force 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1260:Administrative 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187:New generation 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1162:Fleet in being 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1100:Grand strategy 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1087:Scorched earth 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 995: 990: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 959:Deep operation 956: 951: 944: 939: 933: 928: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 888: 887: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 806: 805: 800: 795: 785: 776: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 760:Unconventional 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 708: 706:Disinformation 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 677: 676: 671: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 630: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 611: 604: 603: 602: 601: 600: 599: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 557: 556: 555: 554: 553: 552: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 505: 504: 503: 502: 497: 492: 483: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 464: 459: 457:Basic training 454: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 424: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 386: 385: 383:Reconnaissance 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 348: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 310: 309: 304: 302:Special forces 299: 294: 293: 292: 282: 277: 270: 269: 264: 259: 257:Reconnaissance 254: 249: 244: 239: 232: 231: 222: 217: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 126: 125: 124: 119: 109: 108: 107: 100:Post-classical 97: 92: 86: 81: 80: 77: 76: 68: 67: 49: 48: 40:in a 1942 test 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8954: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8917: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8663:Anti-aircraft 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8603:Yugoslav Wars 8601: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8595:Post-Cold War 8592: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8550:Iran–Iraq War 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8474:United States 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8275:United States 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8107:Early Warfare 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8033: 8031: 8026: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8004: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7963:(11): 49–58. 7962: 7958: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7854: 7853:Fall, Bernard 7849: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7831:0-8240-4445-2 7827: 7823: 7822: 7814: 7798: 7792: 7785: 7782: 7776: 7769: 7763: 7756: 7755: 7751:Thames Tugs. 7748: 7741: 7735: 7720:on 8 May 2013 7719: 7715: 7709: 7694: 7688: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7656: 7650: 7641: 7634: 7633:0-85177-675-2 7630: 7626: 7620: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7589: 7587: 7577: 7568: 7559: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7540: 7531: 7522: 7507: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7476: 7470: 7464:(1951) ch 1–2 7463: 7457: 7438: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7412: 7405: 7399: 7397: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7367:0-88254-392-X 7364: 7360: 7354: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7301: 7300:1-55750-152-1 7297: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7286:1-84067-533-0 7283: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7266:1-55750-152-1 7263: 7259: 7253: 7246: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7137: 7129: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7104: 7102:0-19-866209-2 7098: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7076: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7043: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7005: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6978: 6977: 6969: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6850: 6841: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6807: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6738: 6730: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6602:0-375-40642-5 6598: 6594: 6593: 6585: 6578: 6576:1-85532-605-1 6572: 6568: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6468: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6327:Royal Marines 6320: 6316: 6313: 6312: (LHA-5) 6311: 6304: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6268: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195:Iran–Iraq War 6190: 6183:Iran-Iraq war 6179: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6103:Falklands War 6099: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6047:Royal Marines 6038: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5881:Kwantung Army 5878: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5838:1 April 1945 5837: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711:Lingayen Gulf 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5475:January 1942 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5383:9 April 1940 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197:Atlantic Wall 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5159:Pas-de-Calais 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5143:Isle of Wight 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5111:Isle of Wight 5108: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5069:nautical mile 5066: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4920:landing craft 4917: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4790: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4751:Admiral Maund 4748: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4590: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4531:landing craft 4528: 4524: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4471:landing craft 4467: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449:assault craft 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4402:Eastern Fleet 4399: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4368:Hotchkiss H39 4365: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4288:light bombers 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4244:naval gunfire 4241: 4240:assault craft 4233: 4229: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155:forward bases 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143:fast-reacting 4140: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4105:United States 4102: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3996:Royal Marines 3993: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3905:Ten Year Rule 3902: 3898: 3897:Western Front 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809:Yangtze River 3805: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702:Falklands War 3699: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3588:, built as a 3587: 3586: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523:Allied powers 3521:, one of the 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3468: 3467:Eastern front 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3365:Royal Marines 3362: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3323: 3320: 3312: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3286:This section 3284: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3217:observer Lt. 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098:Morris Island 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3076:. Actions at 3075: 3071: 3070:United States 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953:Mediterranean 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722:) during the 2721: 2718:(present-day 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676:Edward Vernon 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2555: 2552: 2544: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2518:This section 2516: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2498: 2496: 2495:marine forces 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476:Ottoman Turks 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437:King of Spain 2434: 2426: 2421: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2359: 2356: 2348: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2314:This section 2312: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:naval gunfire 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2163:South Korean 2161: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138:naval gunfire 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086:landing craft 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:landing beach 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2053:is a type of 2052: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1867:Warrior caste 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1837:Show of force 1835: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1825:Peacebuilding 1823: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1681:Air supremacy 1679: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1621:Islamic rules 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1601:Court-martial 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1500:Arms industry 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1117:Broken-backed 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 988: 987: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 954:Expeditionary 952: 950: 949: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 931: 926: 925: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 886: 883: 882: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 825:Counterattack 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 774: 769: 768: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 750:Psychological 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 686:Combined arms 684: 682: 679: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 628: 623: 622: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 563: 560: 559: 551: 548: 547: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 525:Fortification 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 512: 511: 508: 507: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 485: 484: 481: 476: 475: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 346: 343: 341: 340:Landing craft 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 291: 288: 287: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 230: 226: 225:Standing army 223: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 155: 150: 149: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 123: 120: 118: 117:pike and shot 115: 114: 113: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 84: 79: 78: 74: 70: 69: 63: 55: 51: 50: 46: 45: 39: 35: 34:Crusader tank 30: 26: 22: 21:Fallon Bowman 8785:Martial arts 8748:Depth charge 8718:Conventional 8652: 8459:Soviet Union 8336:World War II 8000: 7989: 7984:(11): 53–64. 7981: 7977: 7960: 7956: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7883:. Retrieved 7879:the original 7874: 7864: 7856: 7848: 7820: 7813: 7801:. Retrieved 7791: 7775: 7762: 7753: 7747: 7739: 7738:Guy Hartup, 7734: 7722:. Retrieved 7718:the original 7708: 7696:. Retrieved 7687: 7675:. Retrieved 7671: 7662: 7654: 7649: 7640: 7624: 7619: 7607:. Retrieved 7603:the original 7598: 7576: 7571:Bruce, p. 10 7567: 7558: 7539: 7530: 7521: 7509:. Retrieved 7500: 7491: 7482: 7474: 7469: 7461: 7456: 7444:. Retrieved 7437:the original 7424: 7416: 7411: 7403: 7386: 7378: 7373: 7358: 7353: 7341:. Retrieved 7331: 7323: 7291: 7277: 7272: 7257: 7252: 7244: 7243:Maund, LEH. 7219: 7210: 7195: 7190: 7172: 7165: 7157:the original 7143: 7136: 7117: 7111: 7092: 7083: 7064: 7047: 7046:Fletcher, D 7042: 7030:. Retrieved 7026:the original 7021: 7012: 6992: 6985: 6975: 6968: 6956:. Retrieved 6952: 6943: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6889: 6882: 6868: 6862: 6854: 6849: 6840: 6830:30 September 6828:. Retrieved 6813: 6806: 6794:. Retrieved 6789: 6779: 6767:. Retrieved 6762: 6752: 6743: 6737: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6620: 6616: 6610: 6591: 6584: 6565: 6558: 6549: 6543: 6529: 6522: 6503: 6497: 6489: 6484: 6476: 6471: 6448: 6442: 6437: 6372: 6356: 6331:U.S. Marines 6324: 6317:sent ashore 6309: 6290:in 1992 and 6277: 6248:Saudi Arabia 6233: 6211:Persian Gulf 6208: 6192: 6152: 6137:) landed at 6131:British Army 6119:Mullet Creek 6100: 6090: 6082: 6070: 6062:World War II 6059: 6045:The British 6044: 6019: 5989: 5981: 5954:occupy Tokyo 5900:Indian Ocean 5855:World War II 5823:U.S. Marines 5762:Philippines 5747:Makin atoll 5717:Guadalcanal 5691:Batan Island 5678:Philippines 5633: 5632: 5520:9 July 1943 5427:20 May 1941 5421: 5398: 5377: 5346: 5345: 5334: 5324:Port Winston 5323: 5313: 5260: 5241: 5203:under their 5179: 5163: 5117: 5115: 5055:pipe with a 5052: 5050: 5010:oil pipeline 4996: 4982: 4959: 4952:crosses the 4928:Newport News 4913: 4908: 4903: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4868: 4840: 4803: 4795: 4775: 4736: 4716: 4682:tons burthen 4671: 4662: 4643: 4631:Commonwealth 4624: 4610: 4574: 4523:World War II 4520: 4468: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4380: 4353: 4345: 4325:boat. These 4299:Marine Corps 4296: 4273: 4237: 4226: 4193: 4171: 4131:Marine Corps 4128: 4099:British Army 4096: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4032: 4001: 3985: 3977: 3934: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3870: 3855: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3752: 3726:armed forces 3722:World War II 3714: 3695: 3668: 3666: 3662:Edward Unwin 3644: 3635: 3632: 3609: 3602:Boiler plate 3594:landing ship 3584: 3580: 3567: 3547: 3543: 3533:(modern-day 3492: 3485: 3452: 3446:Gulf of Riga 3427: 3420: 3383: 3381: 3354: 3348: 3337: 3315: 3306: 3295:Please help 3290:verification 3287: 3249: 3242: 3228: 3222: 3204: 3200: 3175:Chilean Navy 3148: 3129: 3102:James Island 3063: 3048: 3033: 3012: 2962: 2926: 2919: 2887: 2859: 2851: 2831: 2796: 2783: 2750: 2736: 2714:province of 2693: 2665: 2633: 2619:rowing boats 2578: 2569: 2562: 2547: 2538: 2527:Please help 2522:verification 2519: 2492: 2469: 2463:, Malta and 2453: 2444: 2430: 2389:Medinet Habu 2379:menaced the 2366: 2351: 2342: 2327:Please help 2315: 2271:archipelagic 2260: 2245:redeployment 2242: 2215: 2206:such as the 2174: 2150:land warfare 2118: 2105: 2094:patrol boats 2074:ship's boats 2050: 2049: 1950:Fifth column 1930:War resister 1925:Women in war 1820:Peacekeeping 1765:Arms control 1710: 1399:Mobilization 1394:Conscription 1352:Intelligence 1305:Organization 946: 875:Encirclement 755:Radiological 691:Conventional 566: 545:Subterranean 452:Development: 451: 428: 390: 352: 315:Naval units: 314: 307:Signal corps 274: 252:Intelligence 237:Specialties: 236: 161:Organization 112:Early modern 25: 8723:Crew-served 8683:Area denial 8515:Six-Day War 8510:Vietnam War 8439:New Zealand 8434:Netherlands 8307:Nationalist 8240:New Zealand 8167:World War I 8127:Crimean War 7885:2 September 7677:20 February 7657:(1951) ch 3 7446:11 December 7292:D-Day Ships 7258:D-Day Ships 7018:"1914–1926" 6958:1 September 6278:During the 6234:During the 6193:During the 6117:landing at 6109:along with 6085: (R08) 6051:Suez Crisis 6027:North Korea 5990:During the 5851:Pacific War 5320:Arromanches 5316:Omaha Beach 5244:Dieppe Raid 5189:Dieppe Raid 5135:North Devon 5044:, Chief of 5034:Pacific War 4833:during the 4807:Thornycroft 4783:Napier Lion 4747:heavy tanks 4711:Dieppe Raid 4591:'s Resista 4576:J. S. White 4433:Indomitable 4429:Illustrious 4260:light tanks 4252:machine gun 4167:Puerto Rico 4135:World War I 3885:Indian Army 3856:During the 3740:and in the 3715:During the 3710:Pacific War 3627:Anzac Beach 3610:River Clyde 3585:River Clyde 3511:Dardanelles 3503:World War I 3487:River Clyde 3440:(Dagö) and 3388:New Britain 3350:World War I 3165:from 1,200 3157:when 2,100 3140:Confederate 3130:During the 3106:Fort Fisher 3094:Fort Sumter 3064:During the 3051:Crimean War 3049:During the 2933:Nova Scotia 2874:East Indies 2847:James Wolfe 2726:, known as 2700:New England 2672:New Granada 2501:Development 2478:during the 2377:Sea Peoples 2287:small craft 2283:small boats 2253:naval fleet 2228:of troops. 2208:Dieppe Raid 2201:operational 2104:. The term 2062:naval ships 1935:War studies 1758:Non-warfare 1686:Appeasement 1651:Martial law 1490:War economy 1429:Transgender 1382:Recruitment 1142:Containment 1027:Culminating 1007:Anti-access 930:Operational 850:Envelopment 793:Air assault 674:Air cavalry 634:Air defence 614:Information 515:Cold-region 480:Battlespace 429:Historical: 275:Land units: 201:Space force 196:Coast guard 129:Late modern 90:Prehistoric 8931:Categories 8800:Non-lethal 8780:Insurgency 8775:Incendiary 8770:Improvised 8703:Ceremonial 8693:Biological 8653:Amphibious 8505:Korean War 8479:Yugoslavia 8311:Republican 8235:Montenegro 7803:15 January 7724:2 February 7698:2 February 7609:15 January 7599:ww2lct.org 7511:2 February 7357:Ladd, JD. 7343:2 February 7182:1148968667 6464:References 6391:Al-Shabaab 6337:when they 6272:Sea Tigers 6216:recaptured 6176:See also: 6113:performed 5992:Korean War 5963:Korean War 5672:Kota Bharu 5644:Operation 5484:Yevpatoria 5480:Sevastopol 5357:Operation 5280:Henry Boot 5258:planners. 5221:breakwater 5155:Ambleteuse 5131:Watermouth 5030:submarines 5012:under the 4831:M4 Sherman 4767:John Brown 4763:Fairfields 4635:Royal Navy 4547:signallers 4512:Juno Beach 4492:St Nazaire 4447:landed in 4390:Madagascar 4016:Royal Navy 4012:Portsmouth 3941:Royal Navy 3866:Royal Navy 3775:18-pounder 3617:camouflage 3373:Royal Navy 3369:Royal Navy 3207:Royal Navy 3022:& the 2870:Royal Navy 2743:privateers 2716:Île-Royale 2708:Louisbourg 2592:Portuguese 2222:task force 2165:Type 88 K1 2106:amphibious 2092:, by fast 2082:watercraft 1995:War crimes 1985:Operations 1892:Foot drill 1862:Battle cry 1775:deterrence 1434:Harassment 1409:Specialism 1232:Technology 1227:Succession 1172:Liberation 1107:Asymmetric 1042:Empty fort 948:Blitzkrieg 917:Withdrawal 880:Investment 659:Camouflage 654:Biological 592:Underwater 567:Amphibious 486:Aerospace 353:Air units: 330:Submarines 139:fourth-gen 134:industrial 122:napoleonic 8820:Pneumatic 8810:Offensive 8743:Explosive 8688:Artillery 8678:Anti-tank 8658:Ancillary 8344:Australia 8298:Chaco War 8180:Australia 8061:Premodern 7969:206354619 7402:Millett, 6927:159553860 6723:cite book 6455:amphibian 6450:Crocodile 6444:Alligator 6308:USS 6089:HMS 6081:HMS 6077:battalion 5994:the U.S. 5980:USS 5977:destroyer 5908:Singapore 5802:Iwo Jima 5641:Location 5420:(German: 5397:(German: 5376:(German: 5354:Location 5343:include: 5151:Dungeness 5065:long tons 4874:Churchill 4867:HMS 4855:Admiralty 4609:USS 4567:aboard a 4541:and five 4535:long tons 4437:Ramillies 4421:Toamasina 4419:(LCA) in 4225:USS 4186:Gallipoli 4182:Caribbean 3957:Hotchkiss 3862:Gallipoli 3802:Gallipoli 3736:, and at 3691:Gallipoli 3659:Commander 3568:Ark Royal 3553:Commander 3548:Ark Royal 3546:HMS 3507:Gallipoli 3473:Gallipoli 3463:Petrograd 3423:Black Sea 3309:June 2021 3229:Wachusett 3227:USS 3090:Galveston 3055:Bomarsund 2957:Caribbean 2941:Gibraltar 2864:in Cuba, 2586:" in the 2541:June 2021 2497:as well. 2385:Akhenaten 2381:Egyptians 2345:June 2021 2316:does not 2185:beachhead 2181:rehearsal 2134:air power 2130:beachhead 2090:commandos 2066:air power 2055:offensive 1882:War novel 1785:Grey-zone 1745:War games 1706:Overmatch 1656:War crime 1606:Desertion 1596:Ceasefire 1591:Armistice 1478:Logistics 1456:Mercenary 1444:Volunteer 1375:Personnel 1347:Engineers 1292:Sociology 1247:World war 1242:Total war 1222:Strategic 1212:Religious 1197:Political 1192:Perpetual 1167:Irregular 1082:Offensive 1057:Defensive 1052:Deception 1012:Attrition 860:Guerrilla 855:Formation 798:Airbridge 730:Loitering 644:Artillery 297:Artillery 247:Engineers 215:Irregular 186:Air force 8916:Category 8883:Industry 8840:Tectonic 8825:Practice 8815:Personal 8708:Chemical 8648:Aircraft 8613:Iraq War 8585:Gulf War 8494:Cold War 8484:Infantry 8464:Thailand 8364:Bulgaria 8321:Japanese 8280:Infantry 8245:Portugal 8195:Bulgaria 8175:Chemical 8084:Japanese 8079:Medieval 7965:ProQuest 7840:31900252 7768:Mulberry 7742:, p. 94 7635:, p. 143 7547:Archived 7278:Invaders 7153:71603395 7032:10 April 6857:, p. 159 6796:8 August 6769:8 August 6506:. EDAF. 6397:See also 6347:Iraq War 6319:15th MEU 6298:Iraq War 6262:Elem War 6096:carriers 6073:Suez War 5982:De Haven 5940:Massive 5830:Okinawa 5815:Iwo Jima 5634:Pacific: 5540:Salerno 5339:and the 5263:caissons 5256:Overlord 5215:and the 5167:gasoline 5095:and the 5016:between 4889:Thruster 4837:in 1943. 4827:Canadian 4589:Hadfield 4581:mahogany 4496:Bruneval 4372:Bjerkvik 4276:Eniwetok 4207:Marianas 4203:Caroline 4199:Marshall 4180:and the 4151:Mahanian 4139:infantry 4076:infrared 4072:pontoons 4066:and the 3953:waterjet 3877:airpower 3828:and the 3763:Westport 3669:Lighters 3655:IX Corps 3636:Lighters 3596:for the 3535:Istanbul 3436:(Ösel), 3434:Saaremaa 3247:(1890). 3179:infantry 3171:Bolivian 3167:Peruvian 2892:and the 2888:In 1776 2778:garrison 2613:and 700 2565:colonies 2431:In 1537 2405:Persians 2401:Marathon 2397:Hellenic 2367:A naval 2255:to land 2249:reserves 2226:division 1897:War song 1872:War film 1505:Materiel 1424:Children 1404:Training 1342:Medicine 1327:Doctrine 1282:Training 1217:Resource 1202:Princely 1152:Economic 1137:Conquest 1132:Colonial 1127:Cold war 1112:Blockade 992:Strategy 964:Maneuver 725:Infantry 681:Chemical 535:Mountain 495:Airborne 358:Fighters 325:Warships 280:Infantry 206:Reserves 154:Military 8878:Arsenal 8855:Vehicle 8845:Torpedo 8805:Nuclear 8765:Hunting 8760:Firearm 8454:Romania 8414:Hungary 8404:Germany 8394:Finland 8389:Denmark 8379:Croatia 8354:Belgium 8349:Austria 8250:Romania 8210:Germany 8190:Belgium 8152:Antique 8074:Chinese 8069:African 8052:History 8044:Weapons 7766:staff. 7302:, p. 11 6622:Lucia). 6408:Marines 6387:Kismayo 6363:Comoros 6341:at the 6310:Peleliu 6199:Persian 6167:Turkish 6159:Kyrenia 6123:Stanley 6083:Bulwark 6023:Chinese 5996:X Corps 5887:Malaya 5853:during 5847:Okinawa 5791:Mindoro 5732:Tarawa 5707:Gonzaga 5655:Malaya 5564:Crimea 5512:Sicily 5347:Europe: 5292:Cubitts 5276:Nuttall 5272:Costain 5252:Channel 5157:in the 5141:on the 5123:Swansea 5018:England 4989:Admiral 4885:Bruiser 4693:⁄ 4611:LCI-326 4596:⁄ 4539:platoon 4514:in the 4475:Dunkirk 4464:torpedo 4423:harbour 4394:Force H 4362:of the 4354:By the 4323:draught 4278:in the 4254:units, 4234:, 1945. 4232:Okinawa 4178:Pacific 4147:US Navy 4010:, near 3932:(LCM). 3836:Britain 3811:at the 3791:Morocco 3780:Ireland 3638:with a 3590:collier 3574:of the 3501:during 3482:V Beach 3438:Hiiumaa 3394:by the 3341:during 3163:Pisagua 3159:Chilean 3059:Finland 3034:In the 3016:Toronto 2975:of the 2937:Bermuda 2929:Halifax 2910:Minorca 2828:in 1759 2739:Dunkirk 2730:in the 2704:British 2623:cannons 2608:cavalry 2596:English 2461:Algiers 2415:Marines 2403:by the 2337:removed 2322:sources 2154:tactics 2112:or the 2098:zodiacs 2010:Writers 2005:Weapons 1970:Battles 1919:Related 1907:Wargame 1902:Uniform 1850:Culture 1631:Perfidy 1626:Justice 1547:Science 1532:Outpost 1485:History 1465:Warrior 1461:Soldier 1449:foreign 1387:counter 1287:Service 1237:Theater 1177:Limited 1157:Endemic 1072:Nuclear 840:Foxhole 815:Cavalry 803:Airdrop 788:Airlift 773:Tactics 745:Nuclear 735:Missile 664:Cavalry 649:Barrage 627:Weapons 587:Surface 368:Command 363:Bombers 320:Frogman 290:Cavalry 262:Medical 229:Militia 211:Regular 191:Marines 105:castles 95:Ancient 83:History 62:outline 8860:Combat 8830:Ranged 8733:Deadly 8449:Poland 8444:Norway 8429:Mexico 8409:Greece 8399:France 8369:Canada 8359:Brazil 8265:Turkey 8260:Serbia 8255:Russia 8215:Greece 8205:France 8200:Canada 8099:Modern 7967: 7944:(1951) 7937:(2011) 7920:(1998) 7913:(1993) 7906:(1994) 7838: 7828: 7631: 7365: 7298: 7284: 7264: 7202: 7180: 7151: 7124: 7099: 7071: 7000: 6935:241173 6933: 6925: 6875: 6821: 6599: 6573: 6510: 6339:landed 6244:Kuwait 6171:Mersin 6165:. The 6091:Albion 5950:Honshu 5946:Kyushu 5942:Allied 5705:, and 5703:Aparri 5650:Notes 5584:Anzio 5466:Crimea 5440:Crimea 5369:Norway 5363:Notes 5300:Mowlem 5193:Allies 5187:. The 5175:VE day 5171:Allied 5057:3 inch 5027:German 5022:France 4950:convoy 4887:, and 4799:Dieppe 4771:Haslar 4483:Dieppe 4396:, the 4262:, and 4211:Ryukyu 4192:wrote 4113:Major 4082:, the 4022:, and 3983:ramp. 3927:Allied 3889:Quetta 3738:Tarawa 3647:Aegean 3515:strait 3505:. The 3225:. The 3197:, 1909 3183:sapper 3134:, the 3092:, TX; 3088:, NC; 2995:, and 2943:; and 2878:Manila 2862:Havana 2836:, the 2774:Canada 2712:French 2652:Acadia 2611:horses 2604:barges 2600:French 2588:Azores 2465:Gelves 2457:pirate 2449:Naples 2395:. The 2393:Karnak 1990:Sieges 1674:Theory 1414:Morale 1272:Policy 1267:Branch 1047:Mosaic 1037:Fabian 979:Covert 912:Trench 897:Screen 820:Charge 810:Battle 783:Aerial 701:Denial 669:Horses 597:Seabed 550:Tunnel 530:Jungle 520:Desert 490:Aerial 8888:Mount 8871:Other 8835:Space 8795:Melee 8728:Cyber 8641:Types 8424:Japan 8419:Italy 8374:China 8230:Japan 8225:Italy 8220:India 7440:(PDF) 7433:(PDF) 7406:ch 12 6923:S2CID 6429:Notes 6274:boat. 6121:near 6066:tidal 5877:Korea 5863:Korea 5787:Leyte 5699:Vigan 5693:then 5647:Date 5360:Date 5331:Other 5225:piers 5205:keels 5127:Wales 5107:PLUTO 5061:75 mm 4978:Sword 4966:Omaha 4934:D-Day 4909:Boxer 4904:Boxer 4881:Boxer 4869:Boxer 4859:tanks 4732:knots 4728:barge 4724:steel 4707:LCM 1 4639:D-Day 4620:D-Day 4327:LCVPs 4269:Turks 4227:Darke 4221:LCVPs 4044:Husky 4040:Torch 3961:knots 3949:Cowes 3826:D-Day 3767:Fenit 3734:Italy 3689:, at 3613:' 3454:Slava 3408:Tanga 3232:with 2945:Malta 2931:, in 2472:Malta 2257:corps 2204:raids 1963:Lists 1419:Women 1357:Ranks 1277:Staff 1207:Proxy 1122:Class 1077:Naval 1062:Depth 892:Swarm 885:Siege 865:Naval 845:Drone 740:Music 715:Robot 711:Drone 696:Cyber 639:Armor 609:Cyber 582:Green 577:Brown 540:Urban 500:Space 421:Radar 416:Sonar 285:Armor 242:Staff 220:Ranks 8753:List 8713:Cold 7887:2006 7836:OCLC 7826:ISBN 7805:2016 7726:2017 7700:2017 7679:2012 7629:ISBN 7611:2011 7513:2017 7448:2017 7363:ISBN 7345:2017 7296:ISBN 7282:ISBN 7262:ISBN 7200:ISBN 7178:OCLC 7149:OCLC 7122:ISBN 7097:ISBN 7069:ISBN 7034:2013 6998:ISBN 6960:2020 6873:ISBN 6832:2020 6819:ISBN 6798:2021 6771:2021 6729:link 6597:ISBN 6571:ISBN 6508:ISBN 6447:and 6413:Navy 6284:LTTE 6282:the 6246:and 6203:IRGC 6153:The 6087:and 6055:Suez 6002:and 5948:and 5918:and 5821:the 5789:and 5318:and 5308:tugs 5302:and 5286:and 5129:and 5118:Iris 5067:per 5053:HAIS 5020:and 4976:and 4974:Juno 4970:Gold 4962:Utah 4765:and 4644:The 4625:The 4614:, a 4494:and 4459:and 4443:and 4246:and 4209:and 4042:and 4020:Army 4002:The 3970:The 3939:and 3937:Army 3935:The 3844:The 3785:The 3771:Cork 3769:and 3667:'X' 3634:'X' 3513:, a 3442:Muhu 3181:and 3169:and 3100:and 2955:and 2797:The 2765:1724 2761:1723 2757:1703 2753:1688 2694:The 2598:and 2435:and 2423:The 2391:and 2320:any 2318:cite 2235:Two 2195:and 2169:LCAC 2000:Wars 1517:Base 1067:Goal 974:Raid 572:Blue 510:Land 181:Navy 176:Army 8850:Toy 7982:103 7553:MOD 6915:doi 6887:'s 6133:'s 6098:." 6017:). 5153:to 5133:in 5125:in 5077:/km 5073:30 4898:'s 4816:LST 4678:LCA 4637:on 4601:". 4545:or 3981:bow 3947:of 3923:LCM 3653:of 3583:SS 3299:by 2670:in 2531:by 2331:by 1584:Law 1527:FOB 1522:MOB 562:Sea 54:War 8933:: 7980:. 7961:66 7959:. 7873:. 7855:, 7834:. 7670:. 7597:. 7585:^ 7395:^ 7309:^ 7228:^ 7218:. 7176:. 7055:^ 7020:. 6951:. 6929:. 6921:. 6911:72 6909:. 6881:. 6788:. 6761:. 6725:}} 6721:{{ 6533:. 6349:. 6329:, 6238:, 6145:. 5701:, 5627:) 5460:. 5424:) 5401:) 5380:) 5298:, 5294:, 5282:, 5278:, 5274:, 5270:, 5223:, 5161:. 5099:. 5036:. 4972:, 4968:, 4964:, 4883:, 4825:A 4557:. 4498:. 4490:, 4408:. 4374:, 4258:, 4205:, 4201:, 4169:. 4165:, 4094:. 4053:, 4030:. 4018:, 3868:. 3832:. 3782:. 3765:, 3664:. 3541:. 3469:. 3410:, 3265:. 3213:; 3096:, 3057:, 3046:. 2939:; 2935:; 2924:. 2912:. 2876:: 2853:L' 2763:, 2759:, 2755:, 2734:. 2658:. 2594:, 2467:. 2411:. 2285:, 2191:, 2152:, 2144:, 2140:, 2136:, 2116:. 2096:, 1463:/ 713:/ 227:/ 213:/ 32:A 8327:) 8323:/ 8319:( 8313:) 8309:/ 8305:( 8036:e 8029:t 8022:v 7971:. 7889:. 7842:. 7807:. 7728:. 7702:. 7681:. 7613:. 7515:. 7450:. 7347:. 7222:. 7184:. 7130:. 7105:. 7077:. 7036:. 7006:. 6962:. 6937:. 6917:: 6834:. 6800:. 6773:. 6731:) 6516:. 5075:t 5071:( 5059:( 4695:2 4691:1 4688:+ 4686:2 4598:4 4594:1 4585:I 4477:( 4125:. 3921:( 3322:) 3316:( 3311:) 3307:( 3293:. 2554:) 2548:( 2543:) 2539:( 2525:. 2358:) 2352:( 2347:) 2343:( 2339:. 2325:. 2039:e 2032:t 2025:v 64:) 60:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Amphibious warfare

Index