1554:. Uthman diluted Amr's power in 645/46 by transferring fiscal responsibilities to Ibn Abi Sarh, his own relative, leaving Amr in charge of military affairs. Amr and Ibn Sa'd lodged complaints to Uthman each alleging the other of incompetence, prompting Uthman to dismiss Amr entirely and replace him in his duties with Ibn Sa'd. Uthman's appointee established an effective fiscal system that largely preserved its Byzantine predecessor. Ibn Sa'd reduced the fiscal privileges of Egypt's original Arab military settlers, who had been shown favor by Amr, and secured the remittance of the surplus to Medina. This led to the consternation of the Arab garrisons and the native officials and elite, all of whom were "deprived of the opportunities for self-enrichment which they had hitherto enjoyed", according to Hinds. Open opposition to Ibn Sa'd and Uthman began under the leadership of the Qurayshite
1313:
superiority in numbers and equipment of the
Byzantine army by applying skillful military tactics" and despite the lack of "definite, prepared, long-term plans ... the Arab army moved with great flexibility as the occasion arose". In the absence of siege engines, Amr oversaw long sieges of heavily fortified Byzantine positions, most prominently Babylon, cut supply lines and engaged in long wars of attrition. He made advantageous use out of the nomads in his ranks, who were seasoned in hit-and-run tactics, and his settled troops, who were generally more acquainted with siege warfare. His cavalry-dominated army moved through Egypt's deserts and oases with relative ease. Moreover, political circumstances became more favorable to Amr with the death of the hawkish Heraclius and his short-term replacement with the more pacifist
1455:(al-Ashmunayn) dating from the 640s confirm official orders to forward building materials to Babylon to construct the new city. The city was organized into allotments over an area stretching 5–6 kilometers (3.1–3.7 mi) along the Nile and 1–2 kilometers (0.62–1.24 mi) inland to the east. The allotments were distributed among the components of Amr's army, with priority given to the Quraysh, the Ansar and Amr's personal guard, the 'Ahl al-Rāya' (People of the Banner), which included several Bali tribesmen as a result of their kinship and marital ties to Amr. An opposing theory holds that Amr did not assign the plots; rather, the tribes staked their own claims and Amr established a commission to resolve the ensuing land disputes. At the center of the new capital Amr built a
1928:), who was generally critical of Arab rule, said of Amr that he "had no mercy on the Egyptians, and did not observe the covenant they had made with him", but also says of him that: "He exacted the taxes which had been determined upon but he took none of the property of the churches, and he committed no act of spoliation or plunder, and he preserved them throughout all his days." In the words of Kennedy, "Of his competence as a military commander and politician there can be no doubt—the results speak for themselves—but he also has a reputation for straight dealing and justice." Amr's roughly two-year conquest of Egypt was the quickest in the history of the
1401:
1878:
1711:, to forge an agreement. At Dumat al-Jandal, Amr succeeded in gaining Abu Musa's recognition that Uthman was wrongfully killed, a verdict opposed by Ali and which strengthened Syrian support for Mu'awiya, who had taken up the cause of revenge for the death of his kinsman Uthman. At the last meeting in Adhruh, the office of the caliphate was discussed, but the meeting ended in violence and without agreement; during the brawl, Amr was physically assaulted by a Kufan partisan of Ali, but the latter was fended off by one of Amr's sons. Abu Musa retired to Mecca, while Amr and the Syrians returned to Mu'awiya and recognized him as
1168:
1757:. The latter two requested intervention by Mu'awiya, who dispatched Amr to Egypt with a 4,000–6,000-strong army. Despite his thirteen-year absence from Egypt, Amr nonetheless mustered the support of Egypt's original Arab military settlers and their sons. In July/August 658, his forces defeated Ali's troops at the Battle of al-Musannah between Heliopolis (Ain Shams) and Fustat. He subsequently captured Fustat. Ibn Hudayj pursued and captured Ibn Abi Bakr and had him executed over the objections of Amr, who had been lobbied by Ibn Abi Bakr's brother
1080:
1266:
1353:. The city was heavily fortified by the Byzantines and contained several naval vessels in its harbor. Due to his lack of siege engines, he employed the lengthy siege tactic used in the Egyptian conquest. After about a month, his troops entered Tripoli through a vulnerable point in its walls and sacked the city. Its fall, which entailed the evacuation by sea of the Byzantine garrison and most of the population, is dated to 642 or 643/44. Though the Arab hold over Cyrenaica and
39:
1183:. He had established trading interests there before his conversion to Islam, making him aware of its importance in international trade. The traditional Muslim sources generally hold that Amr undertook the campaign with Caliph Umar's reluctant approval, though a number of accounts hold that he entered the region without Umar's authorization. At the head of 4,000 cavalries and with no siege engines, Amr arrived at the frontier town of
1444:
1383:
1305:) dispatched a naval expedition led by a certain Manuel which occupied the city and killed most of its Arab garrison in 645. Alexandria's elite and most of the inhabitants assisted the Byzantines; medieval Byzantine, Coptic and, to a lesser extent, Muslim sources indicate the city was not firmly in Arab hands during the preceding three years. Byzantine forces pushed deeper into the Nile Delta, but Amr forced them back at the
2059:, while the archaeologist Jeffrey A. Blakely concludes that Ajlan was likely the much larger combined site of Khirbet Tannar and Khirbet Hazzarah located a little over one kilometer to the south of Khirbet Ajlan straddling the banks of the Wadi el-Hesi stream. Blakely further identifies this combined site as the previously unidentified Crusader village "Agelen el Ahsses" and the 16th-century Ottoman-era hamlet "Ajlan".
1609:(d. 1226) also suggest that Ajlan was located in the area of Bayt Jibrin. Amr had likely become owner of the estate through a caliphal grant, though he possibly could have taken possession of it in the course of his conquest of Palestine and his ownership had been confirmed by the caliphs. He lived on the estate, where he derived agricultural revenue, with his sons Muhammad and
1917:(d. 871), commends Amr for his leadership of the Egyptian conquest and as the upholder of the interests of Egypt's troops and their families against the central authorities in Medina and later Damascus. The Egyptian Arab tradition holds that Amr was personally praised by Muhammad and was a man of wisdom and piety on his deathbed. The nearly contemporary Coptic historian
1234:. Though strong resistance was put up by Babylon's defenders, their morale was sapped after news of Heraclius' death in February 641. Amr made an agreement with the Byzantine garrison, allowing their peaceful withdrawal toward the provincial capital Alexandria on 9 April 641. Amr then sent his lieutenants to conquer different parts of the country. One of them,
1621:
ordering Ibn Abi Sarh to punish them, they turned back and assaulted Uthman in his home. In an anecdote cited by al-Baladhuri, Amr is quoted taking partial credit for Uthman's killing. Ali succeeded Uthman, but did not reappoint Amr to his post in Egypt. Amr was one of a number of figures held culpable for Uthman's death by the slain caliph's clan, the
1588:, the insult Uthman cited was likely Amr's public reaction to the Caliph's statement that the mutinous Egyptian troops who had arrived in Medina to protest the Caliph's policies had withdrawn because they were misinformed: "Fear God, Uthman, for you have ridden over abysses and we have ridden over them with you. So repent to God, that we may repent".
1659:
sought to benefit from Amr's political acumen, "practical battle experience and sure judgement of military strategy and tactics", as well as his "expertise" and support base in Egypt. Amr became Mu'awiya's chief adviser. To secure the defense of his Syrian realm from Ali's loyalists in Egypt, Amr counseled Mu'awiya to secure the support of the
1637:, had left Amr on his estate undisturbed. As pressure from the Umayyads increased against him, Amr distanced himself from any role in Uthman's death and wrote Mu'awiya to execute or banish the participating Egyptian troops who had been apprehended when they passed through Mu'awiya's jurisdiction on their way back to Egypt.
1029:, in July. He soon after abandoned the siege upon the approach of a large Byzantine army. After being reinforced by the remainder of the Muslim armies in Syria, including the new arrivals commanded by Khalid ibn al-Walid, Amr, with overall command of the 20,000-strong Muslim forces, routed the Byzantine army at the
1868:
This hadith excerpt recounts an episode wherein
Muhammed confronts Amr ibn al-As about leading a prayer without washing according to proper Islamic custom. When he confronts Amr ibn al-As, Amr ibn al-As admits it, and explains why, including a statement he heard Allah say. Muhammed responds only with
1776:
Amr was permitted by the Caliph to retain personally the surplus revenues of the province after the payment of the troops' stipends and other government expenses. He increased the original garrison at Fustat, numbering some 15,000 soldiers, with the Syrian troops he brought with him. According to the
1658:
Wardan and made in
Jerusalem, secured Amr's allegiance to Mu'awiya in return for the latter's assistance in gaining control of Egypt from Ali's governor. According to Madelung, the "alliance between Mu'awiya and Amr b. al-As constituted a formidable political force"; in forging the alliance, Mu'awiya
1649:
in Iraq, Mu'awiya, who maintained his opposition to Ali, became the focus of the Caliph's attention. Mu'awiya summoned Amr to discuss an alliance against Ali. In the ensuing negotiations, Amr pressed Mu'awiya for lifetime possession of Egypt, to which Mu'awiya ultimately acceded after being persuaded
1466:
In the northwestern part of
Alexandria, Amr built a hilltop congregational mosque, later called after him, before the Byzantine occupation of 645/46, after which he built a second called the Mosque of Mercy; neither mosque has been presently identified. Adjacent to the congregational mosque, Amr took
1312:
In contrast to the disarray of the
Byzantine defense, the Muslim forces under Amr's command were unified and organized; Amr frequently coordinated with Caliph Umar and his own troops for all major military decisions. According to the historian Vassilios Christides, Amr "cautiously counterbalanced the
1905:
hills to the east of Fustat. Due to the early
Muslims' reticence to mark the graves of their dead, Amr's burial place has not been identified. In a testament to the personal wealth that he accrued, at the time of his death he left seventy sacks of gold dinars. His sons Abd Allah and Muhammad refused
1678:
refused them access to the watering places under their control. After Ali protested, Amr advised Mu'awiya to accept their request as preventing access to water might rally the hitherto demotivated Iraqis to a determined fight against the
Syrians. Mu'awiya refused and the Iraqis subsequently defeated
1687:
As the Iraqis gained the battlefield advantage, Amr proposed to Mu'awiya that their men tie leaves from the Qur'an at the tips of their lances in an appeal to Ali's men to settle the conflict peacefully. It served as a successful ruse which ended the fighting as the battle turned in Ali's favor and
1620:
by Amr's
Egyptian partisans. The roughly 400–600 Egyptian mutineers had protested Uthman's fiscal centralization policies in Medina and accused him of favoring his relatives over the early Muslim converts. The Caliph persuaded them to withdraw, but after they intercepted a letter on their departure
1583:
for support and the latter pressed Uthman to reappoint Amr to Egypt citing its garrisons' satisfaction with his rule. In a sermon at the mosque in Medina in June 656 and a letter penned to the Muslim leaders in Syria, Uthman mentioned that he had intended to reappoint Amr but did not follow through
1816:
reported: I and Amr ibn al-As went to the
Prophet (PBUH). He came out with a leather shield. He covered himself with it and urinated. Then we said: Look at him. He is urinating as a woman does. The Prophet (PBUH), heard this and said: Do you not know what befell a person from amongst Bani Isra'il?
1728:
As early as 656/57, Amr and Mu'awiya persuaded Ibn Abi
Hudhayfa, who had seized control of Egypt after Uthman's assassination, to meet them in al-Arish, where they took him captive in a ruse. Amr and Mu'awiya did not advance further than this point and Ibn Abi Hudhayfa was executed. Ali's second
1413:
Amr "regulated the government of the country , administration of justice and the imposition of taxes", according to the historian A. J. Wensinck. During his siege of Babylon, Amr had erected an encampment near the fortress. He originally intended for Alexandria to serve as the Arabs' capital in
1527:
Amr acted relatively independent as governor and retained much of the surplus tax revenue of the province for the benefit of its troops despite pressure from Umar to forward proceeds to Medina. He also amassed significant personal wealth in Egypt, part of which was confiscated by
1309:. He besieged and captured Alexandria in the summer of 646; most of the Byzantines, including Manuel, were slain, many of its inhabitants were killed and the city was burned until Amr ordered an end to the onslaught. Afterward, Muslim rule in Alexandria was gradually solidified.
1467:
personal ownership of a fort, which he later donated for government use. This part of the city became the administrative and social core of Arab settlement in Alexandria. Accounts vary as to the number of troops Amr garrisoned in the city, ranging from 1,000 soldiers from the
1478:
on non-Muslim adult males. He imposed other measures, sanctioned by Umar, that entailed the inhabitants' regular provision of wheat, honey, oil and vinegar as a subsistence allowance for the Arab troops. He had these goods stored in a distribution warehouse called
1493:(trousers) and shoes. In a Greek papyrus dated to 8 January 643 and containing Amr's seal (a fighting bull), Amr (transliterated as "Ambros") requests fodder for his army's animals and bread for his soldiers from an Egyptian village. According to the historian
1683:
and on occasion personally participated in direct combat, though without particular distinction. At one point in the battle, he raised a black fabric given to him by Muhammad at the tip of his spear, symbolizing the command role given to him by Muhammad.
1566:
Upon his return to Medina, Amr divorced Umm Kulthum and openly criticized Uthman. The Caliph and Amr engaged in a number of heated public exchanges and, according to a report in the Islamic traditional sources, Amr incited Muhammad's senior companions
1357:
to the far south remained firm for decades except for a short-lived Byzantine occupation in 690, Tripoli was recaptured by the Byzantines a few years after Amr's entry. The region was definitively conquered by the Arabs during the reign of Caliph
1210:, a leading Qurayshite companion of Muhammad, with a 4,000-strong force, which joined Amr's camp in June 640. Amr retained the supreme command of Arab forces in Egypt. In the following month, his army decisively defeated the Byzantines at the
1700:(commander of the faithful), from the preliminary arbitration document drafted on 2 August. The omission effectively placed Ali and Mu'awiya on an equal political footing and thereby weakened Ali's leadership position over the Muslim polity.
738:) due to promises of the governorship of Egypt and its tax revenues. Amr served as Mu'awiya's representative in the abortive arbitration talks to end the war. Afterward, he wrested control of Egypt from Ali's loyalists, killing its governor
902:
and he remained there until being informed of Muhammad's death in 632. Amr was personally chosen by Muhammad to deliver a letter calling the kings of Oman, the Julanda brothers Abd and Jayfa, to convert to Islam while being accompanied by
1719:
before formally pledging allegiance to him in April/May 658. As a result, Amr was among those invoked in a ritual curse issued by Ali during the morning prayers and became the subject of derision among the Kufan core of Ali's supporters.
1463:; the original structure was frequently redesigned and expanded between its foundation and its final form in 827. Amr had his own dwelling built immediately east of the mosque and it most likely served as his government headquarters.
1414:
Egypt, but Umar rejected this on the basis that no body of water, i.e. the Nile, should separate the caliph from his army. Instead, following Alexandria's surrender, in 641 or 642, Amr made his encampment near Babylon the permanent
5439:
1018:. The historian Philip Mayerson considers the troop figures to be "unquestionably exaggerated" but still representing the largest Arab fighting force to have ever been assembled in southern Palestine and the Sinai until then.
1293:
on adult males. The date of the city's surrender was likely November 642. Taking advantage of the uncertain political situation in the wake of Umar's death in 644 and the meager Arab military presence in Alexandria, Emperor
2034:'s objection is a literary motif. The historian Jelle Bruning, nonetheless, surmises that Umar "wanted close contact between the provincial capital and the imperial capital ", citing the importance of the canal connecting
886:
specifically. Amr's paternal grandmother hailed from the Bali, and this may have motivated his appointment to the command by Muhammad as Amr was instructed to recruit tribesmen from the Bali and the other Quda'a tribes of
1061:. Most of these localities surrendered after little resistance due to the flight of Byzantine troops; consequently, there is scant information about them in the traditional accounts of the conquest. Abu Bakr's successor
1667:, by ignoring his seizure of the district treasury; Natil subsequently joined Mu'awiya's cause. Amr then advised Mu'awiya to lead the Syrian army in person against Ali, who began his march toward Syria in late May 657.
1497:, there is "no evidence" that Amr "did anything to streamline the cumbersome fiscal system taken over from the Byzantines; rather, the upheavals of conquest can only have made the system more open to abuse than ever".
923:) accept the witness of truth and pledge obedience to Allah and his Prophet, Amr will be the commander, and Abu Zayd will officiate in prayer. Propagate Islam and teach the Qur'an and the institutions of the Prophet."
4453:
1764:
As per his agreement with Mu'awiya, Amr was installed as governor of Egypt for life and ruled as a virtual partner rather than a subordinate of Mu'awiya, who had become caliph after Ali's assassination and his son
1679:
the Syrians led by Amr and Abu al-A'war in a skirmish known as the "Day of the Euphrates". As head of the Syrian cavalry, Amr held the overall field command for Mu'awiya's forces in the ensuing weeks-long
978:. He arrived near the villages of Dathin and Badan in Gaza's environs where he entered into talks with Gaza's Byzantine commander. After the negotiations broke down, Amr's men bested the Byzantines at the
1119:
gate, the Muslim commanders having each been assigned to block one of the city's entrances. By August–September 635, Damascus surrendered to the Muslims. Amr acquired several residences within the city.
1773:, Kharija ibn Hudhafa, mistaking the latter for Amr. When the Kharijite was apprehended and brought before him, Amr proclaimed "You wanted me, but God wanted Kharija!" and he personally executed him.
693:
at its center. Amr ruled relatively independently, acquired significant wealth, and upheld the interests of the Arab conquerors who formed Fustat's garrison in relation to the central authorities in
1289:. It fell virtually without resistance after Cyrus, who had since been restored to office, and Amr finalized a treaty in Babylon guaranteeing the security of Egypt's inhabitants and imposing a
1956:
from the Umayyads in 750. The estates were restored to Amr's family after the intercession of his great-granddaughter Abida al-Hasna bint Shu'ayb ibn Abd Allah, who married the Abbasid prince
1485:. After taking a census of the Muslims, he further ordered that each Muslim be annually supplied by the inhabitants a highly embroidered wool robe (Egyptian robes were prized by the Arabs), a
796:
tribe. She had been taken captive and sold, in succession, to several members of the Quraysh, one of whom was Amr's father. As such, Amr had two maternal half-brothers, Amr ibn Atatha of the
1992:
hold that Malik was appointed after Ibn Abi Bakr was dismissed. All accounts agree that Malik died before he could assume office, and that Ibn Abi Bakr was in charge until his defeat by Amr.
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5446:
1932:. Though demographically Egypt remained largely non-Arab and non-Muslim for centuries after the conquest, the country has been continuously ruled by Muslims until the present day.
1906:
inheritance of the sums, which were then confiscated by Mu'awiya. Abd Allah succeeded his father as governor for a few weeks until Mu'awiya replaced him with his own brother Utba.
1688:
sowed uncertainty in Ali's ranks. The Caliph heeded the majority will in his army to settle the matter diplomatically; an arbitration was agreed with Amr representing Mu'awiya and
812:. Amr is physically described in the traditional sources as being short with broad shoulders, having a large head with a wide forehead and wide mouth, long arms and a long beard.
1948:(d. 705) and gave birth to his sons Suhayl and Sahl and daughters Sahla and Umm al-Hakam. The estates in Medina that Amr's descendants inherited from him were confiscated by the
4499:
942:) appointed Amr to rein in the apostate Quda'a tribes, and among those targeted were the Hejazi branches of the Bali. Amr's campaigns, which were supported by the commander
1150:, in which Amr participated, but the city only surrendered after Caliph Umar arrived in person to conclude a treaty with its defenders. Amr was one of the witnesses of the
1940:
Amr's estates in Palestine remained in the possession of his descendants as late as the 10th or 11th centuries. His granddaughter Umm Abd Allah bint Abd Allah married the
2068:
The mother of Amr's eldest son Abd Allah was named Rayta or Hind, the daughter of a certain Munabbih ibn al-Hajjaj. She fought alongside Amr and the Qurayshites against
895:. Following the raid, a delegation of the Bali embraced Islam. Amr further consecrated ties with the tribe by marrying a Bali woman, with whom he had his son Muhammad.
1142:
and the Yarmouk's ravine, in August–September 636, paved the way for the rest of Syria's conquest by the Muslims. Following Yarmouk, the Muslims attempted to capture
5357:
1436:
halves of Egypt. Fustat's proximity to Babylon, where Amr also established an Arab garrison, afforded the Arab settlers a convenient means to employ and oversee the
1769:'s abdication in 661. On 22 January of that year, Amr escaped an assassination attempt by the Kharijite Zadawayh or Amr ibn Bakr, who killed Amr's stand-in for the
5156:
962:, to which he had been appointed governor by Abu Bakr before his departure. As a Qurayshite merchant Amr was likely already well-acquainted with the routes to
5654:
5350:
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in 628. Amr conditioned his conversion on the forgiveness of his past sins and an "active part in affairs", according to a report cited by the historian
5239:
1428:, the first town founded by the Arabs in Egypt. Its location along the eastern bank of the Nile River and at the head of the Nile Delta and edge of the
862:(western Arabia), a lucrative opportunity for Amr in view of the potential war spoils. The purpose of the raid is unclear, though the modern historian
1913:
sources regard Amr positively. The major source of information about the Muslim conquest of Egypt and the province's early Arab military generations,
1692:
representing Ali. Amr met with Ali once and the two exchanged insults, but Ali ultimately agreed to Amr's condition that he omit his caliphal title,
1861:
I informed him of the cause which impeded me from washing. And I said: I heard Allah say: "Do not kill yourself, verily Allah is merciful to you."
1501:
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for four months. Amr may have retained overall command of the Muslim armies until this point, though other accounts assign command to Khalid or
5195:
Trombley, Frank R. (2013). "Fiscal documents from the Muslim conquest of Egypt: military supplies and administrative dislocation, ca 639–644".
5056:
1897:
Amr died of natural causes over the age of 90. Accounts vary regarding the date of his death, though the most credible versions place it in 43
1033:, the first major confrontation between the Muslims and Byzantium, in July–August 634. Amr occupied numerous towns in Palestine, including
1922:
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1507:
to return to the city after his years of exile under Cyrus. The patriarch maintained close ties with Amr and restored the monasteries of
1817:
When urine fell on them, they would cut off the place where the urine fell; but that person forbade them, and was punished in his grave.
657:
Amr launched the conquest of Egypt on his own initiative in late 639, defeating the Byzantines in a string of victories ending with the
1392:
in 2013. The mosque was originally founded by Amr in 641 but was redesigned and expanded significantly over the next several centuries.
815:
There are conflicting reports about when Amr embraced Islam, with the most credible version placing it in 629/630, not long before the
1591:
After his last exchange with Uthman, Amr retired to his estate in southern Palestine. The estate was called "Ajlan" after one of his
1180:
4753:
4694:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XVII: The First Civil War: From the Battle of Siffīn to the Death of ʿAlī, A.D. 656–661/A.H. 36–40
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After the surrender of Alexandria in 642, Amr marched his army westward, bypassing the fortified Byzantine coastal strongholds of
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5553:
1597:(non-Arab, Muslim freedmen) and was located in the vicinity of "al-Sab'", which had conventionally been identified with modern
1881:
A map depicting growth of the Caliphate. The red-lined areas indicate the territories annexed by the Caliphate—namely most of
1777:
historian Clive Foss "Amr ruled the country successfully, and with considerable independence and privilege, until his death".
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bureaucratic officials who inhabited Babylon and proved critical to running the day-to-day affairs of the Arab government.
5523:
5508:
1809:
The number 22 text details a conversation that occurred between Amr ibn al-As and Muhammed while Muhammed was urinating.
1115:, where the remnants of the Byzantine army from the battles of Ajnadayn and Fahl had gathered. Amr was positioned at the
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1550:) initially kept Amr in his governorship and forged marital links with him by wedding to him his maternal half-sister
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998:(natives of Medina), who together formed the core of the earliest Muslim converts, dominated his forces according to
831:. According to Amr's own testimony, transmitted by his fourth-generation descendant Amr ibn Shu'ayb, he converted in
5578:
5558:
1601:, but more likely corresponds with Bayt Jibrin, according to the historian Michael Lecker; the medieval historians
1147:
719:, Amr distanced himself from their cause, despite previously instigating opposition against Uthman. In the ensuing
5503:
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448:
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argues that the Islamic traditional account regarding Amr's intention to establish the Arab capital of Egypt in
1443:
927:
The death of Muhammad prompted several Arab tribes to defect from the nascent Medina-based Muslim polity in the
4879:
Lecker, Michael (1989). "The Estates of 'Amr b. al-'Āṣ in Palestine: Notes on a New Negev Arabic Inscription".
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on Umar's orders. At a certain point, the Caliph separated Upper Egypt from Amr's administration and appointed
1745:, son of the first caliph and a foster son of Ali. Ibn Abi Bakr burned the homes and arrested the families of
1504:
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682:
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along the northern Sinai coastline on 12 December 639. He captured the strategic Mediterranean port city of
5538:
2051:
The historian Michael Lecker asserts that Ajlan is Khirbet Ajlan, an archaeological mound located north of
1519:, "Benjamin played a major role in the survival of the Coptic Church through the transition to Arab rule".
1451:
Amr had the original tents of Fustat replaced with mud brick and baked brick dwellings. Documents found in
5065:
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1825:
to Amr ibn al-As and his companion about older Israeli customs of consequences for poor toilet etiquette.
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and Banu Fahm tribes to a quarter of the army which was replaced on a rotational basis every six months.
855:
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in 625. She later embraced Islam with a group of Qurayshite women in the presence of Muhammad after the
5018:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume VII: The Foundation of the Community: Muḥammad at Madina, A.D. 622–626
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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holds that Amr's army consisted of 3,300 Qurayshite and allied horsemen, 1,700 horsemen from the
866:
speculates that it was to "break up a gathering of hostile tribal groups" possibly backed by the
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The Rebellion of Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya in 145/762: Ṭālibīs and Early ʿAbbāsīs in Conflict
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642:, to which he was appointed governor, and helped lead the Arabs to decisive victories over the
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5021:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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4697:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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1456:
1334:
966:, a principle terminal for Meccan caravans. He took the coastal route of the Hejaz, reaching
742:, and assumed the governorship instead. Mu'awiya kept him in his post after establishing the
739:
709:
347:
178:
136:
5102:
4104:
1813:
1616:
At his estate Amr received news of the siege of Uthman's house and the Caliph's subsequent
1529:
1460:
1389:
1342:
1338:
1211:
1107:
in December 634 or January 635. Afterward, Amr and Shurahbil may have been sent to besiege
943:
651:
503:
490:
44:
4986:
Mayerson, Philip (1964). "The First Muslim Attacks on Southern Palestine (A.D. 633–634)".
4651:
Foss, Clive (2009b). "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part II: Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria".
1798:
8:
5614:
5609:
5573:
5528:
5480:
5312:
4027:
2010:
1981:
1785:
The narration of two hadiths are attributed to Amr ibn al-Aas. They are collected in the
1734:
1695:
1651:
1646:
1625:(Umayyads), most prominently by Uthman's uterine brother and Amr's former brother-in-law
1235:
1227:
1167:
875:
824:
789:
670:
391:
276:
199:
183:
5220:
946:, succeeded in restoring Medina's authority as far as the northern frontier with Syria.
616:
and was assigned important roles in the nascent Muslim community by the Islamic prophet
5629:
5377:
5140:
5132:
5090:
5050:
5003:
4929:
4904:
4896:
4841:
4740:
4732:
4676:
4668:
4639:
4631:
4519:
4465:
4454:"Miṣr – 1. The Byzantine background, the Arab conquest and the Umayyad period, 602–750"
4379:
4371:
1953:
1882:
1834:
1079:
1030:
959:
762:
647:
639:
472:
415:
387:
1833:
The number 334 text details a conversation between Amr ibn al-As and Muhammed about a
1138:, in which Amr played a key role by confining the Byzantines between the banks of the
5548:
5459:
5455:
5373:
5278:
5226:
5216:
5183:
5152:
5144:
5022:
4972:
4948:
4908:
4848:
4825:
4801:
4780:
4744:
4698:
4680:
4643:
4600:
4579:
4558:
4534:
4484:
4429:
4398:
4383:
4340:
4321:
3957:
2077:
1949:
1941:
1786:
1626:
1318:
1135:
1103:. In any case, the Muslims landed a heavy blow against the Byzantines in the ensuing
1088:
1022:
1021:
Amr conquered the area around Gaza by February or March 634 and proceeded to besiege
844:
816:
743:
329:
4933:
1265:
5403:
5204:
5122:
5114:
4995:
4962:
4888:
4724:
4660:
4623:
4614:
Foss, Clive (2009a). "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part I: Flavius Papas and Upper Egypt".
4507:
4425:
4421:
4363:
4354:
Blakely, Jeffrey A. (December 2010). "Ajlan: Locating the Estate of Amr b. al-As".
3949:
2035:
1914:
1730:
1680:
1585:
1306:
1270:
1199:
1058:
1026:
979:
867:
828:
643:
534:
521:
466:
2089:
Specific dates cited for Amr's death by the Muslim traditional historians include
5408:
4966:
4863:
4819:
4815:
4594:
4573:
4552:
4503:
4445:
The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text
4392:
1910:
1822:
1790:
1704:
1675:
1622:
1606:
1516:
1277:), but ultimately forced its Byzantine garrison to evacuate in April 641 after a
975:
832:
559:
2118:
874:(d. 833) holds that Amr rallied the nomadic Arabs in the region "to make war on
5263:
5255:
5168:
5164:
4921:
4765:
4761:
4548:
4511:
4469:
4457:
2073:
1770:
1664:
1508:
1429:
1350:
1231:
1215:
1151:
1104:
809:
666:
478:
5136:
4892:
4843:
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
4728:
4664:
4627:
4129:
4052:
1349:. Toward the end of the year, Amr launched a second cavalry assault targeting
5603:
5485:
5282:
5259:
5243:
5230:
5187:
5160:
5016:
4784:
4757:
4692:
4688:
4227:
3961:
3936:
Al-Fendi, Dr. Abdel Salam Atwa; Sabri, Dr. Anas Salah Al-Din (17 June 2023).
2023:
2006:
1989:
1918:
1766:
1630:
1139:
1111:, which capitulated after minor resistance. The Muslims proceeded to besiege
1096:
1084:
1073:
1003:
995:
801:
421:
207:
157:
5208:
4881:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
708:) dismissed him in 646 after accusations of incompetency from his successor
4712:
4251:
3953:
2052:
1890:
1877:
1602:
1494:
1330:
1255:
1011:
908:
883:
342:
1670:
When Ali's army set up camp around Siffin, south of the Euphrates town of
5036:
2090:
1857:"Amr, you led your companions in prayer while you were sexually defiled?"
1850:
1584:
as a result of the latter's excessive insult. According to the historian
1433:
1295:
1259:
1243:
1154:. From Jerusalem, Amr proceeded to besiege and capture the city of Gaza.
1034:
1015:
1007:
863:
784:, Amr inherited from him the lucrative al-Waht estate and vineyards near
720:
529:
38:
5225:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
5094:
4672:
4635:
4375:
4367:
949:
601:
and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy
5081:
Scanlon, George T. (June 1968). "Fustat and the Islamic Art of Egypt".
2056:
2027:
1898:
1746:
1475:
1452:
1314:
1247:
1223:
1203:
987:
928:
892:
871:
848:
5127:
5007:
4900:
4736:
3807:
1134:) led a large army in person to confront the Muslims; its rout at the
1095:
The Muslims pursued the Byzantine army northward and besieged them at
4988:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
4416:. In Houtsma, M. Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.).
1988:. Other accounts reported by al-Tabari and the 9th-century historian
1977:
1886:
1598:
1580:
1346:
1198:
Amr halted his campaign before the fortified Byzantine stronghold of
1146:, where Amr had previously sent an advance force. Abu Ubayda led the
1143:
1124:
999:
991:
963:
879:
766:
669:
in present-day Libya. In a treaty signed with the Byzantine governor
357:
5105:(October 2014). "An Early Umayyad Papyrus Invitation for the Ḥajj".
3288:
1515:, which functions until the present-day. According to the historian
854:
Indeed, in October 629, Amr was tasked by Muhammad with leading the
823:. According to this account, he converted alongside the Qurayshites
5118:
4999:
4394:
The Rise of a Capital: Al-Fusṭāṭ and Its Hinterland, 18–132/639–750
2069:
1902:
1846:
1188:
1184:
1116:
1112:
932:
899:
820:
797:
785:
624:
617:
594:
409:
231:
4864:"A Note on Early Marriage Links between Qurashīs and Jewish Women"
4155:
4130:"Hadith No. 334, Purification (Kitab Al-Taharah) Sunan Abu Dawood"
2379:
1984:
was appointed governor of Egypt before Amr ibn al-As' predecessor
1179:
From his base in southern Palestine, Amr launched the conquest of
681:-dominated bureaucracy and cordial ties with the Coptic patriarch
673:, Amr guaranteed the security of Egypt's population and imposed a
4156:"Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
4079:"Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
4078:
4053:"Hadith No. 22, Purification (Kitab Al-Taharah) Sunan Abu Dawood"
3464:
2491:
2039:
2005:
succeeded him as governor of Egypt for a few weeks before Caliph
1845:. I was afraid, if I washed I would die. I, therefore, performed
1486:
1382:
1192:
888:
805:
793:
770:
602:
3929:
3317:
3315:
2692:
2690:
2424:
2349:
2347:
1474:
As per the 641 treaty with Cyrus, Amr imposed a poll tax of two
1206:, and requested reinforcements from Umar. The latter dispatched
5372:
4798:
Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
1976:
According to one account reported by the 9th-century historian
1738:
1708:
1660:
1645:
After Ali's victory against al-Zubayr, Talha and A'isha at the
1540:
1490:
1425:
1354:
1290:
1251:
1239:
1108:
1054:
983:
970:, a Muslim possession since 630, before breaking west into the
840:
698:
694:
686:
674:
621:
101:
48:
5454:
4174:
3938:"Highlight On Hadith School In Egypt In First Three Centuries"
3919:
3917:
3127:
3010:
1821:
This hadith excerpt is of an episode wherein Muhammed tells a
1579:
pilgrims in Mecca, against Uthman. He lobbied Muhammad's wife
4318:
Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 6
3312:
2809:
2782:
2687:
2344:
2285:
1671:
1593:
1437:
1415:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
971:
967:
912:
859:
836:
774:
678:
606:
586:
306:
302:
52:
4314:"Khaṭṭa and the Territorial Structure of Early Muslim Towns"
3819:
3771:
3747:
3684:
3672:
3599:
3488:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2772:
2770:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
1324:
1230:; Emperor Heraclius opposed the talks and recalled Cyrus to
1222:. During the siege, Amr entered truce negotiations with the
1123:
In response to the series of defeats, the Byzantine emperor
4292:
4290:
4275:
4215:
3914:
3737:
3735:
3662:
3660:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3565:
3563:
3416:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2031:
1793:, which was compiled in the 9th-century by Islamic scholar
1741:(Suez) on his way to the province. Malik's replacement was
1576:
1191:(al-Farama) following a month-long siege and moved against
1062:
990:. Most accounts hold that Amr's army was 3,000-strong; the
920:
88:
5035:
4968:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
4257:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
3902:
2532:
2381:
Early Islamic Oman (ca - 622/280-893): a political history
1853:. They mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah. He said:
665:. This was followed by westward advances by Amr as far as
4800:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85.
4500:"Ṭarābulus al-Gharb – 2. In pre- and early Islamic times"
4097:
4020:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3843:
3831:
3759:
3647:
3645:
3392:
3266:
3264:
3251:
3249:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3049:
3039:
3037:
2914:
2893:
2881:
2767:
2743:
2714:
2650:
2648:
2633:
2609:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2479:
2388:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
1568:
1468:
954:
Amr was one of four commanders dispatched by Abu Bakr to
728:
4287:
4122:
4045:
3878:
3795:
3783:
3732:
3708:
3696:
3657:
3630:
3611:
3587:
3575:
3560:
3548:
3536:
3500:
3428:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3163:
3115:
3093:
3091:
3078:
3076:
3061:
3000:
2998:
2952:
2950:
2845:
2799:
2797:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2302:
2300:
2261:
2214:
1864:
The Messenger of Allah laughed and did not say anything.
4794:"Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868"
4186:
3890:
3452:
3236:
3234:
3232:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2455:
2359:
2334:
2332:
2251:
2249:
2236:
2234:
1087:
where Amr kept the Byzantines confined at the decisive
878:". The tribal groups targeted in the raid included the
4653:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4616:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4263:
3855:
3720:
3642:
3524:
3512:
3404:
3380:
3368:
3261:
3246:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3103:
3034:
2935:
2857:
2645:
2503:
2190:
2178:
2151:
1797:. The specific hadiths are numbered 22 and 334 in the
1432:
strategically positioned it to dominate the Upper and
4239:
3989:
3942:
Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture
3476:
3440:
3327:
3276:
3175:
3151:
3088:
3073:
2995:
2962:
2947:
2869:
2833:
2821:
2794:
2755:
2702:
2660:
2621:
2597:
2585:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2520:
2467:
2436:
2412:
2400:
2312:
2297:
1072:) appointed or confirmed Amr as the commander of the
950:
Governor of Palestine and role in the Syrian conquest
4715:(October 1972). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman".
3356:
3300:
3229:
3139:
2974:
2329:
2273:
2246:
2231:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2106:
1713:
1693:
1480:
1419:
573:
3187:
3022:
2202:
746:in 661 and Amr ruled the province until his death.
697:. After gradually diluting Amr's authority, Caliph
4840:
4596:The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi
5514:Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam
2130:
1958:al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas
1674:, in early June, Mu'awiya's advance guard led by
749:
16:Arab military commander and governor (c. 573–664)
5601:
4337:The Men of Madina by Muhammad Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2
4148:
4071:
1447:Outline of the Seal of Amr ibn al-As from 643 CE
1901:(663–664 CE). He was buried at the foot of the
1157:
5440:
5358:
5064:Raisuddin, Abu Nayeem Muhammad (April 1981).
3935:
982:on 4 February 634 and set up headquarters at
677:on non-Muslim adult males. He maintained the
4717:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1841:I had a sexual dream on a cold night in the
1828:
1195:, which also fell after a month-long siege.
564:عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ بْنِ وَائِل السَّهْمِي
27:
5655:People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant
5589:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr
5157:"Filasṭīn –I. Palestine under Islamic Rule"
5101:
4418:Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed. (1913–1936)
4281:
3981:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
1804:
1723:
1500:After entering Alexandria, Amr invited the
1258:, and an unspecified number of villages in
5447:
5433:
5365:
5351:
5269:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5215:
5174:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5055:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4939:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4771:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4525:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4497:
4475:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4451:
3849:
3825:
2929:
2908:
2887:
2815:
2788:
2776:
2737:
1749:mutineers from the Fustat garrison led by
1654:. The public agreement, composed by Amr's
1522:
1002:(d. 823), while the 9th-century historian
898:Muhammad appointed Amr as the governor of
661:in 641 or 642. It was the swiftest of the
37:
5182:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 910–913.
5126:
5066:"Amr ibn al-As and His Conquest of Egypt"
5063:
4971:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4947:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 552–556.
4779:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 957–959.
4557:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4411:
4105:"English & Urdu, Purification Hadith"
4028:"English & Urdu, Purification Hadith"
2225:
2112:
1640:
1325:Expeditions in Cyrenaica and Tripolitania
1269:Amr initially halted his campaign at the
994:(emigrants from Mecca to Medina) and the
339:Rayta or Hind bint Munabbih ibn al-Hajjaj
5237:
5194:
5014:
4985:
4961:
4533:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 152–160.
4483:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 212–213.
3884:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3753:
3741:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3636:
3624:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3554:
3506:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3294:
3223:
2749:
2497:
2461:
2430:
2377:
2172:
2124:
1876:
1442:
1264:
1166:
1078:
958:in 633. The focus of Amr's campaign was
5151:
5080:
4838:
4814:
4791:
4687:
4442:
4390:
4353:
4233:
4221:
4209:
3923:
3908:
3896:
3872:
3837:
3765:
3651:
3470:
3458:
3338:
3282:
3270:
3255:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3133:
3121:
3097:
3067:
3043:
3016:
3004:
2968:
2941:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2803:
2761:
2708:
2681:
2654:
2627:
2538:
2514:
2473:
1909:The traditional Egypt-based Arabic and
1561:
1406:The exterior wall of the mosque in 2011
5625:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
5620:7th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt
5602:
5569:Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami
5554:Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami
4915:
4878:
4861:
4751:
4592:
4547:
4334:
4269:
4245:
4180:
3726:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3494:
3482:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3321:
3306:
3082:
3055:
2956:
2696:
2669:
2639:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2562:
2550:
2526:
2485:
2449:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2365:
2353:
2338:
2323:
2306:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2240:
2208:
2196:
2184:
1703:Amr and Abu Musa likely met twice, at
1633:—which included Palestine—the Umayyad
634:) appointed Amr as a commander of the
5428:
5346:
4868:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
4711:
4650:
4613:
4311:
3996:Rauf, Muhammad Abdul (8 March 2021).
3362:
3350:
3240:
3211:
3196:
3145:
3109:
3028:
2989:
2384:(Doctoral thesis). Durham University.
2145:
5544:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
5277:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 451.
4824:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
4571:
4296:
4236:, p. Chapter CXX, paragraph 36.
3995:
1552:Umm Kulthum bint Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt
1162:
5584:Al-Mughira ibn Ubaydallah al-Fazari
5509:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam
1872:
1780:
1171:Map detailing the route of Amr and
911:reports that on their departure to
765:, was a wealthy landowner from the
689:as the provincial capital with the
563:
149:August/September 658 – 664
28:
13:
5635:Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate
5499:Sa'id ibn Yazid ibn Alqama al-Azdi
843:upon the latter's return from the
777:. Following the death of al-As in
575:ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil al-Sahmī
14:
5676:
5564:Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid al-Fahmi
4320:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 22–32.
2378:al-Rawas, Isam Ali Ahmad (1990).
1372:
858:, likely located in the northern
792:from the Banu Jallan clan of the
5579:al-Hawthala ibn Suhayl al-Bahili
5524:Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi
2127:, pp. 192 note 228, pp. 265–266.
2093:43 AH/January 664 and March 664.
2083:
2062:
2045:
1893:—as a result of Amr's conquests
1399:
1381:
556:Amr ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi
5504:Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri
5491:Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari
5107:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
5039:(1904–1940). Sachau, E. (ed.).
4847:. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press.
4305:
2371:
2016:
1629:. Nonetheless, the governor of
1545:
1364:
1300:
1129:
1067:
937:
733:
703:
629:
246:
236:
162:
106:
93:
4426:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4763
1995:
1970:
1935:
1074:military district of Palestine
931:. Muhammad's successor Caliph
839:(Najashi) and met Muhammad in
750:Early life and military career
585: – 664) was an
1:
5222:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
4599:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
3816:, pp. 257, 258 note 440.
2100:
1849:and led my companions in the
808:, and a half-sister from the
778:
755:
691:mosque later called after him
610:
579:
316:
295:
5559:Al-Walid ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi
5539:Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi
5015:McDonald, M.V., ed. (1987).
4420:. Vol. 6. p. 669.
4397:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
3297:, pp. 62, 112 note 163.
7:
5660:Rashidun governors of Egypt
5197:Revue des Études Byzantines
4796:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
4554:The Early Islamic Conquests
4443:Charles, Robert H. (1913).
4258:Muhammad ibn Sa'd 1904–1940
1714:
1694:
1481:
1420:
1158:First governorship of Egypt
715:After mutineers from Egypt
574:
540:Battle of al-Musannah (658)
10:
5681:
2009:appointed his own brother
1226:-based Byzantine governor
754:Amr ibn al-As was born in
5650:People of the First Fitna
5640:Companions of the Prophet
5534:Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi
5466:
5399:Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa
5384:
5331:
5324:
5319:
5309:
5300:
5292:
5240:"ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ al-Sahmī"
5042:Kitāb aṭ-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr
4893:10.1017/S0041977X00023041
4729:10.1017/S0020743800025216
4665:10.1017/S0041977X09000512
4628:10.1017/S0041977X09000019
4316:. In Grabar, Oleg (ed.).
3473:, pp. 211, 213, 217.
1843:battle of Dhat as-Salasil
1829:Book of Purification #334
1556:Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa
915:, Muhammad said to them:
549:
510:Siege of Babylon Fortress
441:
431:
402:
397:
383:
364:
353:
335:
312:
291:
286:
282:
270:
258:
224:
213:
205:
189:
171:
153:
142:
130:
118:
81:
70:
63:
59:
36:
23:
5645:Muslim conquest of Egypt
5519:Qurra ibn Sharik al-Absi
5238:Wensinck, A. J. (1960).
4862:Lecker, Michael (1987).
4356:Near Eastern Archaeology
2500:, p. 195, note 126.
2055:and southwest of modern
1963:
1837:that Amr ibn al-As had.
1805:Book of Purification #22
1724:Reestablishment in Egypt
1539:Umar's successor Caliph
1513:Saint Macarius Monastery
1101:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah
835:in the presence of King
599:Muslim conquest of Egypt
499:Muslim conquest of Egypt
462:Muslim conquest of Syria
5209:10.3406/rebyz.2013.4989
4498:Christides, V. (2000).
4452:Christides, V. (1993).
4412:Buhl, Fr. (1913–1936).
4391:Bruning, Jelle (2018).
3956:(inactive 8 May 2024).
2433:, p. 160, note 14.
2294:, pp. 65, 101–102.
1954:took over the Caliphate
1635:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan
1523:Dismissal and aftermath
974:desert or possibly the
905:Sa'id ibn Aws al-Ansari
856:raid on Dhat al-Salasil
790:al-Nabigha bint Harmala
725:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan
659:surrender of Alexandria
638:. He conquered most of
454:Raid of Dhat al-Salasil
392:Al-Nabigha bint Harmala
5045:. Vol. 5. Leiden.
4839:Kennedy, Hugh (2007).
4792:Kennedy, Hugh (1998).
4593:Faizer, Rizwi (2011).
4335:Bewley, Aisha (2000).
4183:, p. 29, note 50.
3954:10.59670/jns.v34i.2226
3324:, p. 29, note 49.
3136:, p. 33, note 56.
3019:, p. 24, note 10.
2699:, p. 30, note 61.
2356:, p. 28, note 34.
1946:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
1930:early Muslim conquests
1894:
1866:
1859:
1819:
1795:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
1641:Alliance with Mu'awiya
1448:
1345:and reaching Torca in
1341:(Tolmeita), capturing
1282:
1208:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
1176:
1173:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
1092:
925:
663:early Muslim conquests
5414:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
5296:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
5103:Sijpesteijn, Petra M.
4572:Elad, Amikam (2016).
4312:Akbar, Jamel (1989).
3497:, pp. 31–32, 37.
3425:, pp. 31–32, 36.
1986:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
1880:
1855:
1839:
1811:
1755:Maslama ibn Mukhallad
1743:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
1573:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
1459:, later known as the
1457:congregational mosque
1446:
1388:The courtyard of the
1268:
1202:, at the head of the
1170:
1082:
986:in the middle of the
919:"If these people (of
917:
740:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
449:Campaigns of Muhammad
432:Years of service
348:Umm Kulthum bint Uqba
179:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
29:عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ
5495:Muhammad ibn Maslama
4339:. Ta-Ha Publishers.
1814:Shurahbil ibn Hasana
1799:Book of Purification
1663:chief in Palestine,
1562:Opposition to Uthman
1530:Muhammad ibn Maslama
1461:Amr ibn al-As Mosque
1390:Amr ibn al-As Mosque
1212:Battle of Heliopolis
1175:'s conquest of Egypt
944:Shurahbil ibn Hasana
504:Battle of Heliopolis
491:Battle of the Yarmuk
45:Amr ibn al-As Mosque
5529:Ayyub ibn Sharhabil
5481:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
5313:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
4916:Lecker, M. (1997).
4752:Jomier, J. (1965).
4368:10.1086/NEA41103939
4299:, pp. 156–157.
4224:, pp. 139–140.
4109:Hamariweb.com Islam
4032:Hamariweb.com Islam
3926:, pp. 223–224.
3780:, pp. 254–255.
3756:, pp. 242–243.
3693:, pp. 226–227.
3681:, pp. 225–226.
3608:, pp. 186–187.
3353:, pp. 453–454.
3058:, pp. 957–958.
2818:, pp. 154–155.
2791:, pp. 153–154.
2642:, pp. 133–135.
2618:, pp. 131–132.
2541:, pp. 910–911.
2488:, pp. 118–119.
2397:, pp. 104–105.
2011:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
1982:Malik ibn al-Harith
1761:to spare his life.
1751:Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj
1735:Malik ibn al-Harith
1729:governor in Egypt,
1690:Abu Musa al-Ash'ari
1652:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
1647:Battle of the Camel
1337:(Marsa Soussa) and
1287:besieged Alexandria
1250:(el-Ashmunein) and
1236:Kharija ibn Hudhafa
1083:The ravines of the
1027:Byzantine Palestine
882:in general and the
825:Khalid ibn al-Walid
788:. Amr's mother was
717:assassinated Uthman
516:Siege of Alexandria
341:Unnamed woman from
277:Alqama ibn Mujazziz
200:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
184:Malik ibn al-Harith
5574:Hassan ibn Atahiya
5394:Abdallah ibn Sa'ad
5378:Rashidun Caliphate
5335:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd
5326:Governor of Egypt
5252:Lévi-Provençal, E.
5217:Wellhausen, Julius
3911:, pp. 80, 83.
2270:, pp. 27, 33.
1895:
1534:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd
1449:
1283:
1177:
1148:siege of Jerusalem
1093:
1031:Battle of Ajnadayn
710:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd
646:at the battles of
473:Battle of Ajnadayn
416:Rashidun Caliphate
265:Office established
137:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd
125:Office established
5597:
5596:
5549:Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf
5476:Abd Allah ibn Amr
5460:Umayyad Caliphate
5456:Governor of Egypt
5422:
5421:
5374:Governor of Egypt
5341:
5340:
5332:Succeeded by
5310:Succeeded by
5303:Governor of Egypt
5037:Muhammad ibn Sa'd
5028:978-0-88706-344-2
4963:Madelung, Wilferd
4954:978-90-04-10422-8
4854:978-0-306-81585-0
4831:978-0-582-40525-7
4704:978-0-7914-2393-6
4606:978-0-415-57434-1
4585:978-90-04-22989-1
4578:. Leiden: Brill.
4540:978-90-04-11211-7
4490:978-90-04-09419-2
4404:978-90-04-36635-0
3840:, pp. 68–69.
3828:, pp. 95–96.
3768:, pp. 78–79.
3545:, pp. 31–32.
3437:, pp. 32–33.
3401:, pp. 91–92.
3226:, pp. 29–30.
3214:, pp. 17–18.
3172:, pp. 35–36.
3124:, pp. 33–34.
3112:, pp. 26–27.
3070:, pp. 30–31.
2854:, pp. 40–42.
2752:, pp. 61–62.
2684:, pp. 91–92.
2368:, pp. 27–28.
2199:, pp. 25–26.
2187:, pp. 24–25.
2078:conquest of Mecca
1944:viceroy of Egypt
1787:hadith collection
1627:al-Walid ibn Uqba
1575:, as well as the
1536:over the region.
1285:In late 641, Amr
1163:Conquest of Egypt
1136:Battle of Yarmouk
1089:Battle of Yarmouk
1025:, the capital of
1010:and 200 from the
845:Battle of Khaybar
817:conquest of Mecca
744:Umayyad Caliphate
636:conquest of Syria
572:
553:
552:
485:Siege of Damascus
330:Umayyad Caliphate
323:(aged 90–91)
196:Abd Allah ibn Amr
65:Governor of Egypt
5672:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5426:
5425:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5293:Preceded by
5290:
5289:
5286:
5234:
5212:
5191:
5148:
5130:
5098:
5077:
5060:
5054:
5046:
5032:
5011:
4982:
4958:
4930:Heinrichs, W. P.
4912:
4875:
4858:
4846:
4835:
4811:
4788:
4748:
4708:
4684:
4647:
4610:
4589:
4568:
4544:
4520:Heinrichs, W. P.
4494:
4466:Heinrichs, W. P.
4448:
4439:
4408:
4387:
4350:
4331:
4300:
4294:
4285:
4282:Sijpesteijn 2014
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4260:, pp. 9–11.
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3655:
3649:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3086:
3080:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2149:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2020:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1974:
1927:
1924:
1915:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
1873:Death and legacy
1781:Narrated Hadiths
1717:
1715:amir al-mu'minin
1699:
1696:amir al-mu'minin
1681:Battle of Siffin
1586:Wilferd Madelung
1571:, al-Zubayr and
1549:
1547:
1511:, including the
1502:Coptic patriarch
1484:
1423:
1403:
1385:
1368:
1366:
1335:Appolonia Sozusa
1333:(Marsa Matruh),
1307:Battle of Nikiou
1304:
1302:
1275:pictured in 2008
1271:Babylon Fortress
1220:besieged Babylon
1133:
1131:
1071:
1069:
980:Battle of Dathin
941:
939:
870:. The historian
868:Byzantine Empire
829:Uthman ibn Talha
783:
780:
760:
757:
737:
735:
707:
705:
654:in 634 and 636.
633:
631:
615:
612:
584:
581:
577:
567:
565:
535:Battle of Siffin
522:Battle of Nikiou
467:Battle of Dathin
398:Military service
322:
318:
300:
297:
287:Personal details
273:
261:
250:
248:
240:
238:
218:
192:
181:
174:
166:
164:
147:
133:
121:
110:
108:
97:
95:
75:
41:
31:
30:
21:
20:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5462:
5453:
5423:
5418:
5409:Malik al-Ashtar
5380:
5371:
5337:
5328:
5315:
5306:
5298:
5070:Islamic Culture
5048:
5047:
5029:
4979:
4955:
4922:Bosworth, C. E.
4855:
4832:
4808:
4705:
4607:
4586:
4565:
4549:Donner, Fred M.
4541:
4512:Bosworth, C. E.
4491:
4458:Bosworth, C. E.
4436:
4405:
4347:
4328:
4308:
4303:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4136:. 12 April 2024
4128:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4059:. 12 April 2024
4051:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4002:IIU Law Journal
3994:
3990:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3934:
3930:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3856:
3850:Wellhausen 1927
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3826:Wellhausen 1927
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3328:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2930:Christides 2000
2928:
2915:
2909:Christides 1993
2907:
2894:
2888:Christides 1993
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2816:Christides 1993
2814:
2810:
2802:
2795:
2789:Christides 1993
2787:
2783:
2777:Christides 1993
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2738:Christides 1993
2736:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2152:
2144:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2067:
2063:
2050:
2046:
2021:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1938:
1925:
1875:
1831:
1823:cautionary tale
1807:
1791:Sunan Abi Dawud
1783:
1726:
1705:Dumat al-Jandal
1650:by his brother
1643:
1607:Yaqut al-Hamawi
1564:
1544:
1525:
1517:Hugh N. Kennedy
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1375:
1363:
1327:
1299:
1238:, captured the
1218:soon after and
1181:Byzantine Egypt
1165:
1160:
1128:
1066:
984:Ghamr al-Arabat
952:
936:
781:
763:al-As ibn Wa'il
758:
752:
732:
727:against Caliph
702:
628:
613:
605:, Amr embraced
582:
545:
436:
427:
390:
388:Al-As ibn Wa'il
379:
346:
340:
324:
320:
301:
298:
271:
259:
254:
245:
235:
219:
214:
198:
190:
177:
172:
161:
148:
143:
131:
119:
114:
105:
92:
76:
71:
55:
32:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5678:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5452:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5370:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5248:Kramers, J. H.
5244:Gibb, H. A. R.
5235:
5213:
5192:
5149:
5137:10.1086/677240
5119:10.1086/677240
5113:(2): 179–190.
5099:
5089:(3): 188–195.
5078:
5061:
5033:
5027:
5012:
5000:10.2307/283789
4983:
4977:
4959:
4953:
4926:van Donzel, E.
4913:
4876:
4859:
4853:
4836:
4830:
4812:
4806:
4789:
4749:
4723:(4): 450–469.
4709:
4703:
4691:, ed. (1996).
4689:Hawting, G. R.
4685:
4659:(2): 259–278.
4648:
4611:
4605:
4590:
4584:
4569:
4563:
4545:
4539:
4516:van Donzel, E.
4504:Bearman, P. J.
4495:
4489:
4462:van Donzel, E.
4449:
4440:
4435:978-9004082656
4434:
4409:
4403:
4388:
4362:(4): 210–222.
4351:
4346:978-1897940907
4345:
4332:
4326:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4286:
4284:, p. 183.
4274:
4272:, p. 153.
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4214:
4212:, p. 165.
4185:
4173:
4147:
4121:
4096:
4070:
4044:
4019:
3988:
3928:
3913:
3901:
3899:, p. 157.
3889:
3887:, p. 267.
3877:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3804:, p. 257.
3794:
3792:, p. 256.
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3744:, p. 238.
3731:
3729:, p. 554.
3719:
3717:, p. 237.
3707:
3705:, p. 227.
3695:
3683:
3671:
3669:, p. 224.
3656:
3641:
3639:, p. 197.
3629:
3627:, p. 196.
3610:
3598:
3596:, p. 185.
3586:
3584:, p. 152.
3574:
3572:, p. 187.
3559:
3557:, p. 186.
3547:
3535:
3533:, p. 418.
3523:
3521:, p. 101.
3511:
3509:, p. 107.
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3461:, p. 217.
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3365:, p. 454.
3355:
3343:
3326:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3273:, p. 164.
3260:
3258:, p. 163.
3245:
3243:, p. 453.
3228:
3216:
3201:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3148:, p. 271.
3138:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3087:
3085:, p. 958.
3072:
3060:
3048:
3046:, p. 188.
3033:
3021:
3009:
2994:
2992:, p. 268.
2973:
2961:
2959:, p. 957.
2946:
2944:, p. 217.
2934:
2932:, p. 212.
2913:
2911:, p. 156.
2892:
2890:, p. 155.
2880:
2868:
2866:, p. 162.
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2793:
2781:
2779:, p. 154.
2766:
2754:
2742:
2740:, p. 153.
2713:
2701:
2686:
2674:
2672:, p. 151.
2659:
2657:, p. 911.
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2606:, p. 131.
2596:
2594:, p. 137.
2584:
2582:, p. 130.
2567:
2565:, p. 136.
2555:
2553:, p. 153.
2543:
2531:
2529:, p. 129.
2519:
2517:, p. 910.
2502:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2464:, p. 198.
2454:
2452:, p. 115.
2435:
2423:
2421:, p. 114.
2411:
2409:, p. 111.
2399:
2387:
2370:
2358:
2343:
2328:
2326:, p. 104.
2311:
2309:, p. 102.
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2245:
2230:
2228:, p. 277.
2226:Raisuddin 1981
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2175:, p. 451.
2150:
2129:
2117:
2113:Buhl 1913–1936
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2082:
2074:Battle of Uhud
2061:
2044:
2022:The historian
2015:
1994:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1937:
1934:
1926: 680–690
1874:
1871:
1830:
1827:
1806:
1803:
1782:
1779:
1771:Friday prayers
1725:
1722:
1665:Natil ibn Qays
1642:
1639:
1563:
1560:
1548: 644–656
1524:
1521:
1509:Wadi al-Natrun
1489:, a turban, a
1430:Eastern Desert
1405:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:Administration
1371:
1367: 685–705
1326:
1323:
1303: 641–668
1232:Constantinople
1214:. He captured
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:Treaty of Umar
1132: 610–641
1105:Battle of Fahl
1070: 634–644
951:
948:
940: 632–634
810:Banu Abd Shams
761:. His father,
751:
748:
736: 656–661
706: 644–656
632: 632–634
589:commander and
551:
550:
547:
546:
544:
543:
542:
541:
538:
527:
526:
525:
519:
513:
507:
496:
495:
494:
488:
482:
479:Battle of Fahl
476:
470:
459:
458:
457:
445:
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
428:
426:
425:
419:
413:
406:
404:
400:
399:
395:
394:
385:
381:
380:
378:
377:
374:
368:
366:
362:
361:
355:
351:
350:
337:
333:
332:
314:
310:
309:
293:
289:
288:
284:
283:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
253:
252:
249: 634–639
242:
239: 634–634
228:
226:
222:
221:
211:
210:
203:
202:
193:
187:
186:
175:
169:
168:
165: 661–664
155:
151:
150:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
113:
112:
109: 644–646
99:
96: 640–644
85:
83:
79:
78:
68:
67:
61:
60:
57:
56:
42:
34:
33:
25:Amr ibn al-As
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5677:
5666:
5665:City founders
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:Uqba ibn Amir
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Amr ibn al-As
5469:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5445:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5404:Qays ibn Sa'd
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Amr ibn al-As
5387:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5336:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5297:
5291:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5076:(4): 277–290.
5075:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4978:0-521-56181-7
4974:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4816:Kennedy, Hugh
4813:
4809:
4807:0-521-47137-0
4803:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:Hinds, Martin
4710:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4564:0-691-05327-8
4560:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:Bianquis, Th.
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4327:90-04-09050-9
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4248:, p. 31.
4247:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4135:
4134:ahadith.co.uk
4131:
4125:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4058:
4057:ahadith.co.uk
4054:
4048:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3978:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3893:
3886:
3885:Madelung 1997
3881:
3875:, p. 69.
3874:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3852:, p. 96.
3851:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3814:Madelung 1997
3810:
3803:
3802:Madelung 1997
3798:
3791:
3790:Madelung 1997
3786:
3779:
3778:Madelung 1997
3774:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3754:Madelung 1997
3750:
3743:
3742:Madelung 1997
3738:
3736:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3715:Madelung 1997
3711:
3704:
3703:Madelung 1997
3699:
3692:
3691:Madelung 1997
3687:
3680:
3679:Madelung 1997
3675:
3668:
3667:Madelung 1997
3663:
3661:
3654:, p. 78.
3653:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3637:Madelung 1997
3633:
3626:
3625:Madelung 1997
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:Madelung 1997
3602:
3595:
3594:Madelung 1997
3590:
3583:
3582:Madelung 1997
3578:
3571:
3570:Madelung 1997
3566:
3564:
3556:
3555:Madelung 1997
3551:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3507:McDonald 1987
3503:
3496:
3491:
3485:, p. 37.
3484:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3449:, p. 36.
3448:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3413:, p. 92.
3412:
3411:Madelung 1997
3407:
3400:
3399:Madelung 1997
3395:
3389:, p. 91.
3388:
3387:Madelung 1997
3383:
3377:, p. 90.
3376:
3375:Madelung 1997
3371:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3341:, p. 74.
3340:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3309:, p. 29.
3308:
3303:
3296:
3295:Madelung 1997
3291:
3285:, p. 69.
3284:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3224:Trombley 2013
3220:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3199:, p. 17.
3198:
3193:
3191:
3184:, p. 39.
3183:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3160:, p. 35.
3159:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3100:, p. 31.
3099:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3031:, p. 26.
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3007:, p. 24.
3006:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2971:, p. 67.
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2878:, p. 43.
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2842:, p. 40.
2841:
2836:
2830:, p. 27.
2829:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2806:, p. 90.
2805:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2764:, p. 65.
2763:
2758:
2751:
2750:Madelung 1997
2746:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2711:, p. 88.
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2630:, p. 96.
2629:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2498:Mayerson 1964
2494:
2487:
2482:
2476:, p. 73.
2475:
2470:
2463:
2462:Mayerson 1964
2458:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2431:Mayerson 1964
2427:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2341:, p. 28.
2340:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2282:, p. 67.
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2258:, p. 27.
2257:
2252:
2250:
2243:, p. 25.
2242:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2211:, p. 25.
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2173:Wensinck 1960
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2125:Madelung 1997
2121:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Albrecht Noth
2019:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1919:John of Nikiu
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1759:Abd al-Rahman
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:Qays ibn Sa'd
1721:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1618:assassination
1614:
1612:
1608:
1605:(d. 892) and
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:garrison town
1402:
1391:
1384:
1370:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1279:lengthy siege
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Yarmouk River
1137:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1085:Yarmouk River
1081:
1077:
1075:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:conquer Syria
947:
945:
934:
930:
924:
922:
916:
914:
910:
906:
901:
896:
894:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
802:Uqba ibn Nafi
799:
795:
791:
787:
776:
772:
768:
764:
747:
745:
741:
730:
726:
723:, Amr joined
722:
718:
713:
711:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:. He founded
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
626:
623:
619:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
576:
570:
561:
557:
548:
539:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
446:
444:
440:
434:
430:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
407:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
386:
382:
375:
373:
370:
369:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
349:
344:
338:
334:
331:
327:
315:
311:
308:
304:
294:
290:
285:
281:
278:
275:
269:
266:
263:
257:
243:
233:
230:
229:
227:
223:
217:
212:
209:
204:
201:
197:
194:
188:
185:
180:
176:
170:
159:
156:
152:
146:
141:
138:
135:
129:
126:
123:
117:
103:
100:
90:
87:
86:
84:
80:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
22:
19:
5470:
5388:
5325:
5320:
5301:
5274:
5267:
5221:
5200:
5196:
5179:
5172:
5110:
5106:
5086:
5082:
5073:
5069:
5041:
5017:
4991:
4987:
4967:
4944:
4937:
4887:(1): 24–37.
4884:
4880:
4871:
4867:
4842:
4820:
4797:
4776:
4769:
4720:
4716:
4693:
4656:
4652:
4619:
4615:
4595:
4574:
4553:
4530:
4523:
4480:
4473:
4444:
4417:
4393:
4359:
4355:
4336:
4317:
4306:Bibliography
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4234:Charles 1913
4229:
4222:Kennedy 2007
4217:
4210:Kennedy 2007
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4159:
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4133:
4124:
4112:. Retrieved
4108:
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4082:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4056:
4047:
4035:. Retrieved
4031:
4022:
4010:. Retrieved
4005:
4001:
3991:
3977:cite journal
3965:. Retrieved
3945:
3941:
3931:
3924:Hawting 1996
3909:Kennedy 2004
3904:
3897:Hawting 1996
3892:
3880:
3873:Kennedy 1998
3845:
3838:Kennedy 1998
3833:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3766:Kennedy 2004
3761:
3749:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3652:Kennedy 2004
3632:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3471:Blakely 2010
3466:
3459:Blakely 2010
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3339:Kennedy 2004
3302:
3290:
3283:Kennedy 2004
3278:
3271:Kennedy 2007
3256:Kennedy 2007
3219:
3182:Bruning 2018
3177:
3170:Bruning 2018
3165:
3158:Bruning 2018
3153:
3141:
3134:Bruning 2018
3129:
3122:Bruning 2018
3117:
3105:
3098:Bruning 2018
3068:Bruning 2018
3063:
3051:
3044:Scanlon 1968
3024:
3017:Bruning 2018
3012:
3005:Bruning 2018
2969:Kennedy 2004
2964:
2942:Kennedy 2007
2937:
2883:
2876:Bruning 2018
2871:
2864:Kennedy 2007
2859:
2852:Bruning 2018
2847:
2840:Bruning 2018
2835:
2828:Bruning 2018
2823:
2811:
2804:Bruning 2018
2784:
2762:Kennedy 2004
2757:
2745:
2709:Kennedy 2007
2704:
2682:Kennedy 2007
2677:
2655:Sourdel 1965
2635:
2628:Kennedy 2007
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2558:
2546:
2539:Sourdel 1965
2534:
2522:
2515:Sourdel 1965
2493:
2481:
2474:Kennedy 2007
2469:
2457:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2380:
2373:
2361:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2148:, p. 3.
2120:
2108:
2085:
2064:
2053:Tell el-Hesi
2047:
2018:
2013:to the post.
1997:
1972:
1939:
1908:
1896:
1891:Tripolitania
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1840:
1835:sexual dream
1832:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1784:
1775:
1763:
1727:
1712:
1702:
1686:
1676:Abu al-A'war
1669:
1655:
1644:
1615:
1603:al-Baladhuri
1592:
1590:
1565:
1538:
1526:
1499:
1495:Martin Hinds
1473:
1465:
1450:
1412:
1360:Abd al-Malik
1328:
1311:
1284:
1274:
1256:Middle Egypt
1197:
1178:
1122:
1094:
1020:
953:
926:
918:
909:Al-Baladhuri
907:. Historian
897:
853:
814:
769:clan of the
753:
714:
656:
620:. The first
597:who led the
555:
554:
442:Battles/wars
272:Succeeded by
264:
215:
206:Governor of
191:Succeeded by
144:
132:Succeeded by
124:
72:
18:
5264:Pellat, Ch.
5256:Schacht, J.
5169:Schacht, J.
5165:Pellat, Ch.
5153:Sourdel, D.
5083:Archaeology
4994:: 155–199.
4934:Lecomte, G.
4766:Schacht, J.
4762:Pellat, Ch.
4754:"Al-Fusṭāṭ"
4622:(1): 1–24.
4479:Volume VII:
4470:Pellat, Ch.
4270:Bewley 2000
4246:Lecker 1989
4181:Lecker 1989
4162:(in Arabic)
4085:(in Arabic)
3948:: 669–689.
3727:Lecker 1997
3543:Lecker 1989
3531:Faizer 2011
3519:Faizer 2011
3495:Lecker 1989
3483:Lecker 1989
3447:Lecker 1989
3435:Lecker 1989
3423:Lecker 1989
3322:Lecker 1989
3307:Lecker 1989
3083:Jomier 1965
3056:Jomier 1965
2957:Jomier 1965
2697:Lecker 1989
2670:Donner 1981
2640:Donner 1981
2616:Donner 1981
2604:Donner 1981
2592:Donner 1981
2580:Donner 1981
2563:Donner 1981
2551:Donner 1981
2527:Donner 1981
2486:Donner 1981
2450:Donner 1981
2419:Donner 1981
2407:Donner 1981
2395:Donner 1981
2366:Lecker 1989
2354:Lecker 1989
2339:Lecker 1989
2324:Donner 1981
2307:Donner 1981
2292:Donner 1981
2280:Donner 1981
2268:Lecker 1989
2256:Lecker 1989
2241:Lecker 1987
2209:Lecker 1989
2197:Lecker 1989
2185:Lecker 1989
2091:Eid al-Fitr
2030:and Caliph
1952:after they
1936:Descendants
1851:dawn prayer
1623:Banu Umayya
1558:in 654/55.
1482:dār al-rizq
1476:gold dinars
1331:Paraetonium
1296:Constans II
1260:Upper Egypt
1246:(Bahnasa),
1244:Oxyrhynchus
1035:Bayt Jibrin
1008:Banu Sulaym
864:Fred Donner
851:(d. 1176).
721:First Fitna
530:First Fitna
321:(664-00-00)
260:Preceded by
173:Preceded by
120:Preceded by
5615:664 deaths
5610:573 births
5604:Categories
5178:Volume II:
5128:1887/85169
4943:Volume IX:
4775:Volume II:
4414:"Muḥammad"
4160:Sunnah.com
4083:Sunnah.com
3363:Hinds 1972
3351:Hinds 1972
3241:Hinds 1972
3212:Foss 2009a
3197:Foss 2009a
3146:Foss 2009b
3110:Akbar 1989
3029:Akbar 1989
2990:Foss 2009b
2146:Foss 2009a
2101:References
2080:in 629/30.
2057:Kiryat Gat
2028:Alexandria
2007:Mu'awiya I
2001:Amr's son
1990:al-Mas'udi
1960:(d. 758).
1869:laughter.
1747:pro-Uthman
1737:, died in
1453:Hermopolis
1315:Heraklonas
1248:Hermopolis
1224:Alexandria
1204:Nile Delta
1004:Ibn A'tham
988:Wadi Araba
929:Ridda wars
893:Banu Udhra
872:Ibn Hisham
849:Ibn Asakir
782: 622
759: 573
644:Byzantines
614: 629
603:Qurayshite
583: 573
422:Mu'awiya I
403:Allegiance
299: 573
158:Mu'awiya I
5630:Banu Sahm
5321:New title
5283:495469456
5273:Volume I:
5260:Lewis, B.
5231:752790641
5188:495469475
5161:Lewis, B.
5145:162233422
5051:cite book
4909:163092638
4785:495469475
4758:Lewis, B.
4745:159763369
4681:160796986
4644:159785219
4529:Volume X:
4384:166401071
4297:Elad 2016
3962:2197-5523
2003:Abd Allah
1978:al-Tabari
1887:Cyrenaica
1885:, Egypt,
1883:Palestine
1801:section.
1707:and then
1661:Judhamite
1611:Abd Allah
1599:Beersheba
1347:Cyrenaica
1339:Ptolemais
1254:, all in
1144:Jerusalem
1125:Heraclius
1014:tribe of
1000:al-Waqidi
992:Muhajirun
960:Palestine
806:Banu Fihr
773:tribe of
767:Banu Sahm
640:Palestine
591:companion
569:romanized
518:(641–642)
512:(640–641)
424:(658–664)
418:(632–658)
412:(629–632)
384:Parent(s)
372:Abd Allah
358:Banu Sahm
354:Relations
336:Spouse(s)
216:In office
208:Palestine
145:In office
73:In office
5329:640–646
5307:658–664
5266:(eds.).
5219:(1927).
5203:: 5–38.
5171:(eds.).
5155:(1965).
5095:41667856
4965:(1997).
4936:(eds.).
4918:"Ṣiffīn"
4874:: 17–40.
4818:(2004).
4768:(eds.).
4673:40379004
4636:40378842
4551:(1981).
4522:(eds.).
4472:(eds.).
4376:25769690
4166:28 March
4140:12 April
4114:12 April
4089:28 March
4063:12 April
4037:12 April
4012:12 April
3967:12 April
2070:Muhammad
1950:Abbasids
1903:Muqattam
1847:tayammum
1505:Benjamin
1291:poll tax
1189:Pelusium
1185:al-Arish
1117:Bab Tuma
1113:Damascus
1059:Sebastia
1023:Caesarea
1016:Madh'hij
1012:Yemenite
933:Abu Bakr
821:Muhammad
798:Banu Adi
683:Benjamin
675:poll tax
650:and the
648:Ajnadayn
625:Abu Bakr
618:Muhammad
595:Muhammad
435:657–658
410:Muhammad
376:Muhammad
365:Children
232:Abu Bakr
225:Monarchs
82:Monarchs
5458:during
5376:during
4945:San–Sze
4481:Mif–Naz
3998:"About"
2072:at the
2040:Red Sea
2038:to the
2036:Babylon
1942:Umayyad
1789:called
1487:burnous
1351:Tripoli
1319:Martina
1242:oasis,
1216:Memphis
1200:Babylon
1193:Bilbeis
889:Balqayn
804:of the
771:Quraysh
667:Tripoli
571::
437:629–646
220:634–639
154:Monarch
77:640–646
5281:
5262:&
5229:
5186:
5167:&
5143:
5135:
5093:
5025:
5008:283789
5006:
4975:
4951:
4932:&
4907:
4901:617911
4899:
4851:
4828:
4804:
4783:
4764:&
4743:
4737:162492
4735:
4701:
4679:
4671:
4642:
4634:
4603:
4582:
4561:
4537:
4518:&
4487:
4468:&
4432:
4401:
4382:
4374:
4343:
4324:
3960:
1911:Coptic
1739:Qulzum
1709:Adhruh
1594:mawālī
1581:A'isha
1541:Uthman
1491:sirwal
1438:Coptic
1426:Fustat
1355:Zawila
1252:Akhmim
1240:Fayyum
1109:Beisan
1091:in 636
1055:Nablus
880:Quda'a
841:Medina
699:Uthman
695:Medina
687:Fustat
679:Coptic
652:Yarmuk
622:caliph
560:Arabic
360:(clan)
244:Umar (
102:Uthman
49:Fustat
5242:. In
5159:. In
5141:S2CID
5133:JSTOR
5091:JSTOR
5004:JSTOR
4920:. In
4905:S2CID
4897:JSTOR
4756:. In
4741:S2CID
4733:JSTOR
4677:S2CID
4669:JSTOR
4640:S2CID
4632:JSTOR
4502:. In
4456:. In
4380:S2CID
4372:JSTOR
1964:Notes
1767:Hasan
1672:Raqqa
1656:mawlā
1631:Syria
1434:Lower
1424:) of
1343:Barca
1228:Cyrus
1097:Pella
1051:Jaffa
1047:Lydda
1043:Amwas
1039:Yibna
996:Ansar
976:Sinai
972:Negev
913:Sohar
876:Syria
860:Hejaz
837:Armah
794:Anaza
786:Ta'if
775:Mecca
671:Cyrus
607:Islam
537:(657)
524:(646)
506:(640)
493:(636)
487:(635)
481:(635)
475:(634)
469:(634)
456:(629)
345:tribe
326:Egypt
307:Hejaz
303:Mecca
53:Egypt
5279:OCLC
5227:OCLC
5184:OCLC
5057:link
5023:ISBN
4973:ISBN
4949:ISBN
4849:ISBN
4826:ISBN
4802:ISBN
4781:OCLC
4699:ISBN
4601:ISBN
4580:ISBN
4559:ISBN
4535:ISBN
4485:ISBN
4430:ISBN
4399:ISBN
4341:ISBN
4322:ISBN
4168:2024
4142:2024
4116:2024
4091:2024
4065:2024
4039:2024
4014:2024
3983:link
3969:2024
3958:ISSN
2032:Umar
1889:and
1753:and
1577:Hajj
1421:miṣr
1317:and
1063:Umar
1057:and
968:Ayla
964:Gaza
921:Oman
900:Oman
891:and
884:Bali
833:Axum
827:and
800:and
587:Arab
343:Bali
313:Died
292:Born
89:Umar
43:The
5275:A–B
5205:doi
5180:C–G
5123:hdl
5115:doi
4996:doi
4889:doi
4777:C–G
4725:doi
4661:doi
4624:doi
4531:T–U
4422:doi
4364:doi
4008:: 1
3950:doi
1923:fl.
1569:Ali
1469:Azd
1369:).
819:by
729:Ali
609:in
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