29:
3716:
256:
1171:", which is held at a given temperature to allow the amylases in the malted grain to convert the barley's starch into sugars. Different temperatures optimize the activity of alpha or beta amylase, resulting in different mixtures of fermentable and unfermentable sugars. In selecting mash temperature and grain-to-water ratio, a brewer can change the alcohol content,
1627:
Variations of amylase copy number in dogs mirrors that of human populations, suggesting they acquired the extra copies as they followed humans around. Unlike humans whose amylase levels depend on starch content in diet, wild animals eating a broad range of foods tend to have more copies of amylase.
1503:
are a food source rich in energy. Large polymers such as starch are partially hydrolyzed in the mouth by the enzyme amylase before being cleaved further into sugars. Many mammals have seen great expansions in the copy number of the amylase gene. These duplications allow for the pancreatic amylase
1607:
copies specific to population suggest that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations has been selected for by natural selection and considered the favorable phenotype for those individuals. Therefore, it is most likely that the benefit of an individual possessing more copies of
1227:. This imparts flavour and causes the bread to rise. While amylases are found naturally in yeast cells, it takes time for the yeast to produce enough of these enzymes to break down significant quantities of starch in the bread. This is the reason for long fermented doughs such as
1508:
to re-target to the salivary glands, allowing animals to detect starch by taste and to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities. This has happened independently in mice, rats, dogs, pigs, and most importantly, humans after the agricultural revolution.
1472:
1178:
In some historic methods of producing alcoholic beverages, the conversion of starch to sugar starts with the brewer chewing grain to mix it with saliva. This practice continues to be practiced in home production of some traditional drinks, such as
1685:
Rejzek M, Stevenson CE, Southard AM, Stanley D, Denyer K, Smith AM, Naldrett MJ, Lawson DM, Field RA (March 2011). "Chemical genetics and cereal starch metabolism: structural basis of the non-covalent and covalent inhibition of barley β-amylase".
1823:
Morren MA, Janssens V, Dooms-Gossens A, Van
Hoeyveld E, Cornelis A, De Wolf-Peeters C, Heremans A (November 1993). "alpha-Amylase, a flour additive: an important cause of protein contact dermatitis in bakers".
1623:
copies relative to some agricultural populations in Asia. This offers strong evidence that natural selection has acted on this gene as opposed to the possibility that the gene has spread through genetic drift.
1266:. As reporter genes are flanked by homologous regions of the structural gene for amylase, successful integration will disrupt the amylase gene and prevent starch degradation, which is easily detectable through
1587:
gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as
European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only two to three copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the
1859:
Park HS, Kim HY, Suh YJ, Lee SJ, Lee SK, Kim SS, Nahm DH (September 2002). "Alpha amylase is a major allergenic component in occupational asthma patients caused by porcine pancreatic extract".
3075:
2319:
2484:
1583:
gene. Populations known to rely more on saccharides have a higher number of AMY1 copies than human populations that, by comparison, consume little starch. The number of
1425:
629:
430:
210:
1110:. The γ-amylase has the most acidic optimum pH of all amylases because it is most active around pH 3. They belong to a variety of different GH families, such as
1615:
This fact is especially apparent when comparing geographically close populations with different eating habits that possess a different number of copies of the
1467:
1242:α-Amylase is often listed as an ingredient on commercially package-milled flour. Bakers with long exposure to amylase-enriched flour are at risk of developing
1542:
was duplicated multiple times. One event allowed it to evolve salivary specificity, leading to the production of amylase in the saliva (named in humans as
1159:. In beer and some liquors, the sugars present at the beginning of fermentation have been produced by "mashing" grains or other starch sources (such as
1527:
Despite the obvious benefits, early humans did not possess salivary amylase, a trend that is also seen in evolutionary relatives of the human, such as
1339:. Five to nine percent of bakers have a positive skin test, and a fourth to a third of bakers with breathing problems are hypersensitive to amylase.
2367:
Perry GH, Dominy NJ, Claw KG, Lee AS, Fiegler H, Redon R, Werner J, Villanea FA, Mountain JL, Misra R, Carter NP, Lee C, Stone AC (October 2007).
2138:
2477:
3387:
1299:
1034:. Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (
648:
449:
229:
1262:, the presence of amylase can serve as an additional method of selecting for successful integration of a reporter construct in addition to
3053:
2470:
1098:-glucan glucohydrolase) will cleave α(1–6) glycosidic linkages, as well as the last α-1,4 glycosidic bond at the nonreducing end of
1902:
1930:"Blocking saccharide absorption and weight loss: a clinical trial using Phase 2 brand proprietary fractionated white bean extract"
1929:
2339:
1554:
2036:
641:
442:
222:
1279:
592:
393:
173:
2844:
2235:
2191:
3761:
2782:
2044:
1409:
743:, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar. The
3435:
2172:[Memoir on diastase, the principal products of its reactions and their applications to the industrial arts].
1807:
1416:, as the enzyme increases its activity in correlation with the length of time a subject has been deprived of sleep.
1646:"Structure of human salivary alpha-amylase at 1.6 Å resolution: implications for its role in the oral cavity"
3317:
2223:
1769:
3046:
586:
568:
387:
369:
167:
149:
2170:"Mémoire sur la diastase, les principaux produits de ses réactions et leurs applications aux arts industriels"
3591:
3329:
2983:
2739:
1513:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1047:
955:
573:
374:
154:
3736:
3176:
2675:
2637:
1495:
653:
454:
234:
3706:
3016:
2146:
561:
362:
142:
3692:
3679:
3666:
3653:
3640:
3627:
3614:
3576:
3039:
2567:
1053:
Both α-amylase and β-amylase are present in seeds; β-amylase is present in an inactive form prior to
496:
297:
77:
1065:
tissues do not contain β-amylase, although it may be present in microorganisms contained within the
1046:, β-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit. They belong to
959:
3586:
3540:
3483:
3066:
2717:
1084:
1078:
1012:
966:
905:
479:
280:
60:
589:
390:
170:
3751:
3488:
3239:
2712:
2580:
2545:
1729:
513:
314:
94:
1546:). The 1p21.1 region of human chromosome 1 contains many copies of these genes, variously named
1456:
763:
to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. Specific amylase
3402:
3147:
2978:
2832:
2727:
2670:
2632:
1066:
2114:
2073:
1535:, who possess either one or no copies of the gene responsible for producing salivary amylase.
1354:. A higher than normal concentration may reflect any of several medical conditions, including
3509:
3428:
2772:
2749:
2734:
2665:
2169:
1263:
2213:[On the specifically-acting principles of natural and artificial pancreatic fluid].
3581:
3361:
3312:
2970:
2827:
2815:
2792:
2722:
2647:
2515:
2269:"Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals"
2085:
2018:
1119:
549:
350:
130:
8:
3545:
3256:
3244:
3079:
2808:
2803:
2700:
2540:
1463:". It is from this term that all subsequent enzyme names tend to end in the suffix -ase.
1386:
1336:
1335:
Factory workers who work with amylase for any of the above uses are at increased risk of
926:. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, α-amylase breaks down long-chain
912:
768:
604:
491:
405:
292:
185:
72:
2267:
Pajic P, Pavlidis P, Dean K, Neznanova L, Romano RA, Garneau D, et al. (May 2019).
2089:
1906:
1612:
in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring.
525:
326:
106:
3478:
3300:
3295:
3273:
3261:
3100:
3031:
2604:
2525:
2444:
2417:
2393:
2368:
2295:
2268:
2211:"Über specifisch wirkende Körper des natürlichen und künstlichen pancreatischen Saftes"
1995:
1970:
1952:
1884:
1711:
1362:
484:
285:
65:
1619:
gene. Such is the case for some Asian populations that have been shown to possess few
3741:
3268:
3142:
2910:
2889:
2557:
2552:
2449:
2398:
2300:
2048:
2000:
1944:
1876:
1841:
1837:
1803:
1796:
1794:
Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1993).
1754:
1703:
1667:
1351:
1259:
580:
381:
161:
2462:
2215:
Virchows Archiv für
Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medizin
1888:
1715:
3746:
3524:
3519:
3493:
3421:
3278:
3164:
3000:
2657:
2439:
2429:
2388:
2380:
2331:
2290:
2280:
2093:
1990:
1982:
1868:
1833:
1695:
1657:
1355:
1303:
672:
608:
409:
189:
2854:
3756:
3571:
3555:
3468:
3398:
2993:
2988:
2210:
1521:
1390:
1022:-glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) is also synthesized by
772:
2859:
3720:
3609:
3550:
3339:
3251:
3088:
2901:
2757:
2530:
2520:
2243:
2195:
1236:
1224:
988:
980:
In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are α-amylases.
923:
756:
624:
425:
205:
1662:
1645:
28:
3730:
3514:
3473:
3285:
3214:
3197:
2944:
2923:
2837:
2762:
2695:
2097:
1628:
This may have to do with mainly detection of starch as opposed to digestion.
1517:
1452:
1413:
1378:
1322:
1310:
1232:
1231:. Modern breadmaking techniques have included amylases (often in the form of
1219:
then feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products of
1164:
899:
752:
748:
599:
400:
180:
266:
46:
3463:
3129:
2949:
2918:
2821:
2510:
2453:
2416:
Arendt M, Cairns KM, Ballard JW, Savolainen P, Axelsson E (November 2016).
2402:
2304:
2004:
1948:
1880:
1707:
1671:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1239:, thereby making the process faster and more practical for commercial use.
1148:
1006:
1872:
1845:
1057:, whereas α-amylase and proteases appear once germination has begun. Many
731:
of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of
3687:
3622:
3458:
3356:
3322:
3290:
2767:
2707:
2642:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2502:
1986:
1500:
1347:
1287:
1283:
1267:
1208:
1168:
1103:
1054:
984:
951:
931:
927:
2434:
2335:
2285:
719:
3366:
3334:
2687:
2627:
2614:
2535:
2494:
1822:
1699:
1589:
1528:
1429:
1402:
1243:
1087:
1015:
908:
735:. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as
710:
537:
338:
118:
3661:
3635:
3204:
3137:
3114:
3104:
3062:
2849:
2777:
2575:
1603:
The correlation that exists between starch consumption and number of
1516:
12,000 years ago, human diet began to shift more to plant and animal
1436:", an amylase. it was named after the Ancient Greek name for saliva:
1329:
1228:
1172:
974:
732:
706:
2369:"Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation"
3715:
3209:
2939:
2871:
2622:
2418:"Diet adaptation in dog reflects spread of prehistoric agriculture"
2384:
1460:
1412:
suggests that saliva tests of the enzyme could be used to indicate
1314:
1196:
1039:
1023:
993:
744:
740:
41:
1459:
isolated an amylase complex from germinating barley and named it "
1451:
The modern history of enzymes began in 1833, when French chemists
1432:
of starch by saliva, due to the presence of an enzyme in saliva, "
1090:) (alternative names: Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase; amyloglucosidase;
3119:
3109:
3096:
1579:
However, not all humans possess the same number of copies of the
1478:
1433:
1220:
1180:
1156:
1140:
1107:
1099:
1094:-1,4-α-glucosidase; glucoamylase; lysosomal α-glucosidase; 1,4-α-
1058:
1035:
960:
https://www.cazypedia.org/index.php/Glycoside_Hydrolase_Family_13
947:
943:
939:
935:
920:
857:
848:
844:
764:
760:
556:
357:
255:
137:
34:
2117:[On the saccharification of powdered starch by saliva].
1755:"Amylase, Alpha, I.U.B.: 3.2.1.11,4-α-D-Glucan glucanohydrolase"
3674:
3444:
2884:
1644:
Ramasubbu N, Paloth V, Luo Y, Brayer GD, Levine MJ (May 1996).
1597:
1532:
1366:
1247:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1160:
1144:
1062:
970:
728:
714:
702:
636:
532:
520:
508:
437:
333:
321:
309:
261:
217:
113:
101:
89:
1684:
3648:
3371:
3152:
2415:
1793:
1593:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1548:
1443:
1437:
1398:
1394:
1382:
1216:
1212:
1152:
1043:
1031:
1027:
724:
767:
are designated by different Greek letters. All amylases are
3349:
3344:
3305:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3169:
3157:
1365:(which may be measured concurrently with the more specific
1328:
Bacilliary amylase is also used in clothing and dishwasher
1211:
and to break down complex sugars, such as starch (found in
736:
690:
544:
345:
125:
3413:
2266:
1397:. Amylase may be measured in other body fluids, including
1318:
1061:
also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches.
969:, α-amylase tends to be faster-acting than β-amylase. In
684:
678:
37:
3061:
1643:
1747:
3704:
2492:
2115:"Über die Verzuckerung des Stärkmehls durch Speichel"
693:
1538:
Like in other mammals, the pancreatic alpha-amylase
1278:
Amylase also has medical applications in the use of
687:
2139:"History of Biology: Cuvier, Schwann and Schleiden"
983:
The α-amylase form is also found in plants, fungi (
681:
675:
2366:
1971:"Agents, old and new, causing occupational asthma"
1795:
2037:"First Biomarker for Human Sleepiness Identified"
2019:"Acute Pancreatitis – Gastrointestinal Disorders"
1282:(PERT). It is one of the components in Sollpura (
3728:
2317:
1927:
1524:. Starch has become a staple of the human diet.
1496:Alpha-amylase § Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
1826:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1477:(1838–1923) separated pancreatic amylase from
1332:to dissolve starches from fabrics and dishes.
1143:beer and liquor made from sugars derived from
3429:
3047:
2478:
1858:
1770:"Chew It Up, Spit It Out, Then Brew. Cheers!"
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2262:
2260:
2318:Vuorisalo T, Arjamaa O (March–April 2010).
2167:
2078:Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie
1069:. The optimum pH for β-amylase is 4.0–5.0.
919:-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase) are
469:Gamma-amylase. Glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase
3436:
3422:
3054:
3040:
2485:
2471:
2208:
1928:Udani J, Hardy M, Madsen DC (March 2004).
1175:, aroma, and flavor of the finished beer.
254:
27:
2443:
2433:
2392:
2353:
2320:"Gene-Culture Coevolution and Human Diet"
2294:
2284:
2257:
1994:
1905:. Anthera Pharmaceuticals. Archived from
1730:"Effects of pH (Introduction to Enzymes)"
1661:
2192:"Industrial Enzymes for Food Production"
1350:amylase may be measured for purposes of
759:which are converted by other enzymes to
2236:"A History of Fermentation and Enzymes"
1975:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1802:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
977:enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0.
3729:
2112:
2076:[Effect of saliva on starch].
2071:
1767:
1298:An inhibitor of alpha-amylase, called
3417:
3035:
2466:
1280:pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy
1167:is mixed with hot water to create a "
915:9014–71–5) (alternative names: 1,4-α-
1968:
1253:
1011:Another form of amylase, β-amylase (
2783:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1489:
1139:α- and β-amylases are important in
965:Because it can act anywhere on the
751:) to hydrolyse dietary starch into
13:
2119:Archiv für die gesammte Naturlehre
2074:"Wirkung des Speichels auf Stärke"
2045:Washington University in St. Louis
2023:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1410:Washington University in St. Louis
1342:
14:
3773:
2047:. 25 January 2007. Archived from
1302:, has been tested as a potential
1202:
778:
747:and salivary gland make amylase (
3714:
2174:Annales de chimie et de physique
1468:Aleksandr Yakovlevich Danilevsky
1163:). In traditional beer brewing,
887:63–68 °C (145–154 °F)
884:58–65 °C (136–149 °F)
881:68–74 °C (154–165 °F)
671:
3318:Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase
2409:
2311:
2228:
2202:
2184:
2161:
2131:
2063:
2029:
2011:
1962:
1921:
1317:E1100, and may be derived from
1273:
1134:
878:Optimum temperature in brewing
2145:. 8 April 2002. Archived from
1895:
1852:
1816:
1787:
1761:
1722:
1678:
1637:
1286:) to help in the breakdown of
1:
3330:Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase
2740:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1768:Wadler J (8 September 2009).
1631:
1293:
1124:glycoside hydrolase family 97
1116:glycoside hydrolase family 31
1112:glycoside hydrolase family 15
1048:glycoside hydrolase family 14
956:glycoside hydrolase family 13
930:, ultimately yielding either
833:Second α-1,4 glycosidic bond
830:Random α-1,4 glycosidic bond
1838:10.1016/0190-9622(93)70237-n
1484:
1466:In 1862, Russian biochemist
1444:
1155:ingests sugars and excretes
1072:
1018:) (alternative names: 1,4-α-
1000:
893:
727:. Amylase is present in the
7:
3443:
2676:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2638:Total iron-binding capacity
2168:Payen A, Persoz JF (1833).
1937:Alternative Medicine Review
836:Last α-1,4 glycosidic bond
10:
3778:
3762:Enzymes of known structure
3017:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
1493:
1438:
1428:(1800–1837) described the
1419:
1408:A January 2007 study from
1076:
1004:
897:
802:Animals, plants, microbes
3600:
3592:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
3564:
3533:
3502:
3451:
3386:
3185:
3128:
3087:
3074:
3009:
2969:
2962:
2932:
2909:
2900:
2870:
2791:
2748:
2686:
2656:
2613:
2566:
2501:
1663:10.1107/S0907444995014119
816:Salivary gland, pancreas
647:
635:
623:
618:
614:
598:
579:
567:
555:
543:
531:
519:
507:
502:
490:
478:
473:
468:
448:
436:
424:
419:
415:
399:
380:
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
308:
303:
291:
279:
274:
253:
248:
228:
216:
204:
199:
195:
179:
160:
148:
136:
124:
112:
100:
88:
83:
71:
59:
54:
26:
21:
3484:Diffusion-limited enzyme
2098:10.1002/andp.18310980814
1798:Human Biology and Health
1650:Acta Crystallographica D
1079:Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase
1038:) at a time. During the
33:Human salivary amylase:
3240:Bacterial neuraminidase
2546:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1734:worthington-biochem.com
1514:agricultural revolution
1426:Erhard Friedrich Leuchs
1215:), into simple sugars.
1129:
40:visible in pale khaki,
3403:Oxoguanine glycosylase
2979:Elevated transaminases
2671:Thyroid function tests
2633:Transferrin saturation
2493:Clinical biochemistry
2224:Abstract (in English).
2209:Danilewsky AJ (1862).
3577:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
3510:Allosteric regulation
2773:Lactate dehydrogenase
2735:Basic metabolic panel
2666:ACTH stimulation test
1873:10.1081/jas-120004918
1861:The Journal of Asthma
1522:hunting and gathering
1264:antibiotic resistance
1207:Amylases are used in
3587:Lineweaver–Burk plot
3392:N-Glycosyl compounds
3362:Maltase-glucoamylase
3313:Galactosylceramidase
3080:Glycoside hydrolases
3065:: sugar hydrolases (
2793:Liver function tests
2648:Transferrin receptor
2149:on 24 September 2015
1987:10.1136/oem.58.5.354
1969:Mapp CE (May 2001).
1688:Molecular BioSystems
1457:Jean-François Persoz
1290:into simple sugars.
1126:of bacterial forms.
769:glycoside hydrolases
3245:Viral neuraminidase
2809:Serum total protein
2804:Human serum albumin
2435:10.1038/hdy.2016.48
2336:10.1511/2010.83.140
2286:10.7554/eLife.44628
2198:on 5 December 2008.
2090:1831AnP....98..623L
1981:(5): 354–360, 290.
1832:(5 Pt 1): 723–728.
1387:mesenteric ischemia
1337:occupational asthma
3737:Chemical pathology
3546:Enzyme superfamily
3479:Enzyme promiscuity
3296:Glucosylceramidase
3177:Debranching enzyme
3101:Sucrase-isomaltase
2581:Arterial blood gas
2324:American Scientist
2113:Leuchs EF (1831).
2104:Annalen der Physik
2102:(Modern citation:
2072:Leuchs EF (1831).
1700:10.1039/c0mb00204f
1183:in the Himalayas,
841:Reaction products
808:Animals, microbes
264:beta-amylase. PDB
44:ion in green. PDB
3702:
3701:
3411:
3410:
3382:
3381:
3269:alpha-Mannosidase
3143:Alpha-glucosidase
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
2958:
2957:
2911:Blood sugar level
2890:Pancreatic lipase
2728:Total cholesterol
2558:Serum osmolal gap
2553:Plasma osmolality
2379:(10): 1256–1260.
2051:on 7 October 2007
1352:medical diagnosis
1260:molecular biology
1254:Molecular biology
1187:in the Andes and
1097:
1021:
954:. They belong to
918:
891:
890:
805:Plants, microbes
771:and act on α-1,4-
663:
662:
659:
658:
562:metabolic pathway
464:
463:
460:
459:
363:metabolic pathway
244:
243:
240:
239:
143:metabolic pathway
3769:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3582:Hanes–Woolf plot
3525:Enzyme activator
3520:Enzyme inhibitor
3494:Enzyme catalysis
3438:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3399:DNA glycosylases
3165:Beta-glucosidase
3085:
3084:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3001:Hyperproteinemia
2967:
2966:
2907:
2906:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2338:. Archived from
2315:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2288:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2242:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2222:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2194:. Archived from
2188:
2182:
2181:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2101:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1951:. Archived from
1934:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1801:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1641:
1490:Salivary amylase
1476:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1373:, torsion of an
1095:
1019:
991:) and bacteria (
973:, it is a major
916:
904:The α-amylases (
822:Small intestine
783:
782:
773:glycosidic bonds
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
616:
615:
466:
465:
417:
416:
269:
258:
246:
245:
197:
196:
49:
31:
19:
18:
16:Class of enzymes
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3610:Oxidoreductases
3596:
3572:Enzyme kinetics
3560:
3556:List of enzymes
3529:
3498:
3469:Catalytic triad
3447:
3442:
3412:
3407:
3391:
3378:
3181:
3124:
3070:
3060:
3030:
3021:
3005:
2994:Hypoalbuminemia
2989:Hypoproteinemia
2954:
2928:
2902:Small molecules
2896:
2866:
2787:
2744:
2682:
2652:
2609:
2599:
2562:
2497:
2491:
2461:
2414:
2410:
2373:Nature Genetics
2365:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2316:
2312:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2207:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1909:on 18 July 2015
1901:
1900:
1896:
1857:
1853:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1683:
1679:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1470:
1422:
1391:macroamylasemia
1345:
1343:Hyperamylasemia
1309:When used as a
1296:
1276:
1268:iodine staining
1256:
1205:
1137:
1132:
1081:
1075:
1067:digestive tract
1009:
1003:
948:"limit dextrin"
902:
896:
781:
674:
670:
270:
265:
50:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:Food additives
3749:
3744:
3739:
3724:
3723:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3683:
3670:
3657:
3644:
3631:
3618:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3534:Classification
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3340:Hexosaminidase
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3252:Galactosidases
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3093:
3091:
3089:Disaccharidase
3082:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Cardiac marker
2754:
2752:
2750:Cardiovascular
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2701:Hemoglobin A1c
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2531:Renal function
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2428:(5): 301–306.
2408:
2385:10.1038/ng2123
2352:
2310:
2256:
2227:
2201:
2183:
2176:. 2nd series.
2160:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2110:
2062:
2028:
2010:
1961:
1958:on 2011-07-28.
1920:
1894:
1867:(6): 511–516.
1851:
1815:
1808:
1786:
1774:New York Times
1760:
1746:
1721:
1694:(3): 718–730.
1677:
1656:(3): 435–446.
1635:
1633:
1630:
1512:Following the
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1421:
1418:
1414:sleep deficits
1369:), perforated
1344:
1341:
1313:, amylase has
1295:
1292:
1275:
1272:
1255:
1252:
1237:bread improver
1225:carbon dioxide
1204:
1203:Flour additive
1201:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
989:basidiomycetes
942:, or maltose,
924:metalloenzymes
898:Main article:
895:
892:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
861:
860:
855:
852:
842:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
827:Cleavage site
824:
823:
820:
819:Seeds, fruits
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
792:
789:
786:
780:
779:Classification
777:
757:trisaccharides
661:
660:
657:
656:
651:
645:
644:
639:
633:
632:
627:
621:
620:
612:
611:
602:
596:
595:
584:
577:
576:
571:
565:
564:
559:
553:
552:
547:
541:
540:
535:
529:
528:
523:
517:
516:
511:
505:
504:
500:
499:
494:
488:
487:
482:
476:
475:
471:
470:
462:
461:
458:
457:
452:
446:
445:
440:
434:
433:
428:
422:
421:
413:
412:
403:
397:
396:
385:
378:
377:
372:
366:
365:
360:
354:
353:
348:
342:
341:
336:
330:
329:
324:
318:
317:
312:
306:
305:
301:
300:
295:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
272:
271:
259:
251:
250:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
208:
202:
201:
193:
192:
183:
177:
176:
165:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3774:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Enzyme family
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Cooperativity
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Oxyanion hole
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:: Hydrolysing
3389:
3385:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:non-lysosomal
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Hyaluronidase
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:Glucuronidase
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3215:Neuraminidase
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3198:Alpha-amylase
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Hyperuricemia
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2924:Hyperglycemia
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:AST/ALT ratio
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:transaminases
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Troponin test
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Triglycerides
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:Blood glucose
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2342:on 2016-03-04
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2246:on 2022-01-10
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1809:0-13-981176-1
1805:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:, and so on.
1575:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:domestication
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:Anselme Payen
1449:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:strangulation
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:food additive
1307:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:malted barley
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:malted barley
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1014:
1008:
998:
996:
995:
990:
986:
981:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
914:
910:
907:
901:
900:Alpha-amylase
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
790:
787:
785:
784:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:disaccharides
750:
749:alpha amylase
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
698:
668:
655:
652:
650:
646:
643:
640:
638:
634:
631:
628:
626:
622:
617:
613:
610:
606:
603:
601:
600:Gene Ontology
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
578:
575:
572:
570:
566:
563:
560:
558:
554:
551:
548:
546:
542:
539:
538:NiceZyme view
536:
534:
530:
527:
524:
522:
518:
515:
512:
510:
506:
501:
498:
495:
493:
489:
486:
483:
481:
477:
472:
467:
456:
453:
451:
447:
444:
441:
439:
435:
432:
429:
427:
423:
418:
414:
411:
407:
404:
402:
401:Gene Ontology
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
379:
376:
373:
371:
367:
364:
361:
359:
355:
352:
349:
347:
343:
340:
339:NiceZyme view
337:
335:
331:
328:
325:
323:
319:
316:
313:
311:
307:
302:
299:
296:
294:
290:
287:
284:
282:
278:
273:
268:
263:
260:Structure of
257:
252:
247:
236:
233:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
209:
207:
203:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
182:
181:Gene Ontology
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
119:NiceZyme view
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
53:
48:
43:
39:
36:
30:
25:
22:Alpha-amylase
20:
3688:Translocases
3685:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3633:
3623:Transferases
3620:
3607:
3464:Binding site
3192:
3130:Glucosidases
2984:Elevated ALP
2950:Hypouricemia
2919:Hypoglycemia
2879:
2855:Unconjugated
2820:
2503:Electrolytes
2425:
2421:
2411:
2376:
2372:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2327:
2323:
2313:
2276:
2272:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:the original
2239:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2196:the original
2186:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:the original
2142:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2106:
2103:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1953:the original
1943:(1): 63–69.
1940:
1936:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1897:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1797:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:
1763:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1526:
1520:in place of
1511:
1505:
1499:
1465:
1450:
1423:
1407:
1375:ovarian cyst
1371:peptic ulcer
1359:inflammation
1346:
1334:
1327:
1321:pancreas or
1308:
1297:
1277:
1274:Medical uses
1257:
1241:
1206:
1177:
1149:fermentation
1138:
1135:Fermentation
1091:
1082:
1052:
1010:
1007:Beta-Amylase
992:
982:
979:
964:
903:
718:
666:
664:
526:BRENDA entry
327:BRENDA entry
249:Beta-amylase
107:BRENDA entry
3459:Active site
3357:Iduronidase
3291:Pullulanase
2933:Nitrogenous
2768:CPK-MB test
2708:Lipid panel
2643:Transferrin
2591:Bicarbonate
2586:Base excess
2495:blood tests
1529:chimpanzees
1501:Saccharides
1471: [
1348:Blood serum
1300:phaseolamin
1288:saccharides
1284:liprotamase
1209:breadmaking
1106:, yielding
1104:amylopectin
1083:γ-Amylase (
1055:germination
985:ascomycetes
952:amylopectin
932:maltotriose
928:saccharides
864:Optimum pH
514:IntEnz view
474:Identifiers
315:IntEnz view
275:Identifiers
95:IntEnz view
55:Identifiers
3731:Categories
3662:Isomerases
3636:Hydrolases
3503:Regulation
3367:Heparanase
3335:Fucosidase
3153:Neutral AB
2860:Conjugated
2688:Metabolism
2628:Serum iron
2615:Iron tests
2536:Creatinine
2346:2015-08-15
2330:(2): 140.
2250:2008-10-25
2221:: 279–307.
2143:pasteur.fr
2125:: 105–107.
2109:(8): 623.)
2084:(8): 623.
1903:"Sollpura"
1632:References
1494:See also:
1430:hydrolysis
1403:peritoneal
1330:detergents
1294:Other uses
1244:dermatitis
1114:in fungi,
794:γ-amylase
791:β-amylase
788:α-amylase
711:hydrolysis
583:structures
550:KEGG entry
497:9032-08-0
384:structures
351:KEGG entry
298:9000-91-3
164:structures
131:KEGG entry
78:9000-90-2
3541:EC number
3301:lysosomal
3205:Chitinase
3170:cytosolic
3158:Neutral C
3138:Cellulase
3115:Trehalase
3105:Invertase
3063:Hydrolase
2850:Bilirubin
2800:Proteins
2778:Myoglobin
2576:Anion gap
2568:Acid-base
2516:Potassium
1485:Evolution
1424:In 1831,
1229:sourdough
1173:mouthfeel
1118:of human
1073:γ-Amylase
1001:β-Amylase
975:digestive
967:substrate
894:α-Amylase
733:digestion
707:catalyses
503:Databases
304:Databases
84:Databases
3742:EC 3.2.1
3565:Kinetics
3489:Cofactor
3452:Activity
3210:Lysozyme
2963:Proteins
2940:Azotemia
2872:Pancreas
2658:Hormones
2623:Ferritin
2521:Chloride
2454:27406651
2422:Heredity
2403:17828263
2305:31084707
2240:navi.net
2180:: 73–92.
2025:. Merck.
2005:11303086
1949:15005645
1889:23522631
1881:12375710
1779:27 March
1716:45819617
1708:21085740
1672:15299664
1461:diastase
1363:pancreas
1315:E number
1197:Suriname
1161:potatoes
1088:3.2.1.3
1059:microbes
1040:ripening
1024:bacteria
1016:3.2.1.2
994:Bacillus
909:3.2.1.1
873:4.0–4.5
870:5.4–5.5
867:6.7–7.0
854:Maltose
765:proteins
745:pancreas
741:potatoes
701:) is an
654:proteins
642:articles
630:articles
587:RCSB PDB
455:proteins
443:articles
431:articles
388:RCSB PDB
235:proteins
223:articles
211:articles
168:RCSB PDB
42:chloride
3747:Enzymes
3721:Biology
3675:Ligases
3445:Enzymes
3193:Amylase
3120:Lactase
3110:Maltase
3097:Sucrase
2880:Amylase
2605:Lactate
2600:content
2526:Calcium
2445:5061917
2394:2377015
2296:6516957
2086:Bibcode
1996:1740131
1913:21 July
1846:8227545
1533:bonobos
1479:trypsin
1445:ptyalon
1439:πτύαλον
1434:ptyalin
1420:History
1405:fluid.
1361:of the
1325:fungi.
1235:) into
1221:ethanol
1181:chhaang
1157:ethanol
1141:brewing
1108:glucose
1100:amylose
1036:maltose
971:animals
944:glucose
940:amylose
936:maltose
921:calcium
858:Glucose
851:, etc.
849:dextrin
845:Maltose
813:Tissue
799:Source
761:glucose
723:) into
717:(Latin
667:amylase
609:QuickGO
574:profile
557:MetaCyc
492:CAS no.
485:3.2.1.3
410:QuickGO
375:profile
358:MetaCyc
293:CAS no.
286:3.2.1.2
190:QuickGO
155:profile
138:MetaCyc
73:CAS no.
66:3.2.1.1
35:calcium
3757:Saliva
3707:Portal
3649:Lyases
3279:Klotho
2885:Lipase
2511:Sodium
2452:
2442:
2401:
2391:
2303:
2293:
2153:17 May
2055:7 July
2041:Record
2003:
1993:
1947:
1887:
1879:
1844:
1806:
1739:17 May
1714:
1706:
1670:
1598:Yakuts
1596:, and
1367:lipase
1248:asthma
1193:Brazil
1189:kasiri
1185:chicha
1145:starch
1122:, and
1063:Animal
1032:plants
1030:, and
729:saliva
725:sugars
720:amylum
715:starch
703:enzyme
637:PubMed
619:Search
605:AmiGO
593:PDBsum
533:ExPASy
521:BRENDA
509:IntEnz
480:EC no.
438:PubMed
420:Search
406:AmiGO
394:PDBsum
334:ExPASy
322:BRENDA
310:IntEnz
281:EC no.
262:barley
218:PubMed
200:Search
186:AmiGO
174:PDBsum
114:ExPASy
102:BRENDA
90:IntEnz
61:EC no.
3601:Types
3388:3.2.2
3372:HPSE2
3257:Alpha
3186:Other
3076:3.2.1
3010:Other
2273:eLife
1956:(PDF)
1933:(PDF)
1885:S2CID
1712:S2CID
1594:Datog
1590:Biaka
1573:AMY2B
1567:AMY2A
1561:AMY1C
1555:AMY1B
1549:AMY1A
1475:]
1399:urine
1395:mumps
1383:ileus
1356:acute
1306:aid.
1217:Yeast
1213:flour
1153:yeast
1147:. In
1044:fruit
1028:fungi
950:from
938:from
705:that
569:PRIAM
370:PRIAM
150:PRIAM
3693:list
3686:EC7
3680:list
3673:EC6
3667:list
3660:EC5
3654:list
3647:EC4
3641:list
3634:EC3
3628:list
3621:EC2
3615:list
3608:EC1
3350:HEXB
3345:HEXA
3323:NAGA
3262:Beta
3235:NEU4
3230:NEU3
3225:NEU2
3220:NEU1
3148:Acid
3069:3.2)
2541:Urea
2450:PMID
2399:PMID
2301:PMID
2155:2015
2057:2013
2001:PMID
1945:PMID
1915:2015
1877:PMID
1842:PMID
1804:ISBN
1781:2013
1741:2015
1704:PMID
1668:PMID
1621:AMY1
1617:AMY1
1610:AMY1
1605:AMY1
1585:AMY1
1581:AMY1
1544:AMY1
1540:AMY2
1531:and
1506:AMY2
1455:and
1401:and
1393:and
1323:mold
1304:diet
1223:and
1195:and
1169:mash
1130:Uses
1120:MGAM
1102:and
987:and
946:and
934:and
755:and
739:and
737:rice
709:the
649:NCBI
590:PDBe
545:KEGG
450:NCBI
391:PDBe
346:KEGG
267:2xfr
230:NCBI
171:PDBe
126:KEGG
47:1SMD
2971:LFT
2845:GGT
2833:AST
2828:ALT
2816:ALP
2718:HDL
2713:LDL
2440:PMC
2430:doi
2426:117
2389:PMC
2381:doi
2332:doi
2291:PMC
2281:doi
2094:doi
1991:PMC
1983:doi
1869:doi
1834:doi
1696:doi
1658:doi
1319:pig
1258:In
1246:or
1191:in
1092:exo
1042:of
997:).
962:).
913:CAS
911:) (
713:of
665:An
625:PMC
581:PDB
426:PMC
382:PDB
206:PMC
162:PDB
38:ion
3733::
3401::
3078::
3067:EC
2596:CO
2448:.
2438:.
2424:.
2420:.
2397:.
2387:.
2377:39
2375:.
2371:.
2355:^
2328:98
2326:.
2322:.
2299:.
2289:.
2279:.
2275:.
2271:.
2259:^
2238:.
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2217:.
2178:53
2141:.
2123:21
2121:.
2107:98
2092:.
2082:22
2080:.
2043:.
2039:.
2021:.
1999:.
1989:.
1979:58
1977:.
1973:.
1939:.
1935:.
1883:.
1875:.
1865:39
1863:.
1840:.
1830:29
1828:.
1772:.
1732:.
1710:.
1702:.
1690:.
1666:.
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1652:.
1648:.
1600:.
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1570:,
1564:,
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1481:.
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1448:.
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1385:,
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1085:EC
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1026:,
1013:EC
906:EC
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691:eɪ
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3709::
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3669:)
3665:(
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2432::
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2100:.
2096::
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2007:.
1985::
1941:9
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1812:.
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