Anaerobic digestion

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dry digesters are continuous vertical plug flow and batch tunnel horizontal digesters. Continuous vertical plug flow digesters are upright, cylindrical tanks where feedstock is continuously fed into the top of the digester, and flows downward by gravity during digestion. In batch tunnel digesters, the feedstock is deposited in tunnel-like chambers with a gas-tight door. Neither approach has mixing inside the digester. The amount of pretreatment, such as contaminant removal, depends both upon the nature of the waste streams being processed and the desired quality of the digestate. Size reduction (grinding) is beneficial in continuous vertical systems, as it accelerates digestion, while batch systems avoid grinding and instead require structure (e.g. yard waste) to reduce compaction of the stacked pile. Continuous vertical dry digesters have a smaller footprint due to the shorter effective retention time and vertical design. Wet digesters can be designed to operate in either a high-solids content, with a

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the discharge of digester liquids are a liability. The wetter the material, the more suitable it will be to handling with standard pumps instead of energy-intensive concrete pumps and physical means of movement. Also, the wetter the material, the more volume and area it takes up relative to the levels of gas produced. The moisture content of the target feedstock will also affect what type of system is applied to its treatment. To use a high-solids anaerobic digester for dilute feedstocks, bulking agents, such as compost, should be applied to increase the solids content of the input material. Another key consideration is the carbon:nitrogen ratio of the input material. This ratio is the balance of food a microbe requires to grow; the optimal C:N ratio is 20–30:1. Excess N can lead to ammonia inhibition of digestion.

1202: 1073:(spread across several batches) to handle the same amount of waste as a continuous process digester. Higher heat energy is required in a thermophilic system compared to a mesophilic system, but the thermophilic system requires much less time and has a larger gas output capacity and higher methane gas content, so one has to consider that trade-off carefully. For solids content, low will handle up to 15% solid content. Above this level is considered high solids content and can also be known as dry digestion. In a single stage process, one reactor houses the four anaerobic digestion steps. A multistage process utilizes two or more reactors for digestion to separate the methanogenesis and hydrolysis phases. 1057: 1351:

keep the reaction stable. A TAN concentration above 1700– 1800 mg/L inhibits methane production and yield decreases at greater TAN concentrations. High TAN concentrations cause the reaction to turn acidic and lead to a domino effect of inhibition. Total ammonia nitrogen is the combination of free ammonia and ionized ammonia. TAN is produced through degrading material high in nitrogen, typically proteins and will naturally build in anaerobic digestion. This is depending on the organic feed stock fed to the system. In typical wastewater treatment practices, TAN reduction is done with via

1234:(one-stage), all of the biological reactions occur within a single, sealed reactor or holding tank. Using a single stage reduces construction costs, but results in less control of the reactions occurring within the system. Acidogenic bacteria, through the production of acids, reduce the pH of the tank. Methanogenic archaea, as outlined earlier, operate in a strictly defined pH range. Therefore, the biological reactions of the different species in a single-stage reactor can be in direct competition with each other. Another one-stage reaction system is an 1265:(UASB), hydraulic residence times can be as short as 1 hour to 1 day, and solid retention times can be up to 90 days. In this manner, a UASB system is able to separate solids and hydraulic retention times with the use of a sludge blanket. Continuous digesters have mechanical or hydraulic devices, depending on the level of solids in the material, to mix the contents, enabling the bacteria and the food to be in contact. They also allow excess material to be continuously extracted to maintain a reasonably constant volume within the digestion tanks. 22: 1305: 1469: 1167:

Mesophilic systems are, therefore, considered to be more stable than thermophilic digestion systems. In contrast, while thermophilic digestion systems are considered less stable, their energy input is higher, with more biogas being removed from the organic matter in an equal amount of time. The increased temperatures facilitate faster reaction rates, and thus faster gas yields. Operation at higher temperatures facilitates greater pathogen reduction of the digestate. In countries where legislation, such as the

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acidogenesis tanks prior to the methanogenic reactor can provide a buffer to the rate at which feedstock is added. Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste. In this instance, there may be a pasteurisation or sterilisation stage prior to digestion or between the two digestion tanks. Notably, it is not possible to completely isolate the different reaction phases, and often some biogas is produced in the hydrolysis or acidogenesis tanks.

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This contamination issue does not occur with dry digestion or solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) plants, since SSAD handles dry, stackable biomass with a high percentage of solids (40-60%) in gas-tight chambers called fermenter boxes. It is with this understanding that mechanical biological treatment plants are designed. The higher the level of pretreatment a feedstock requires, the more processing machinery will be required, and, hence, the project will have higher capital costs.

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UK, there are about 80 MW total of such generation, with the potential to increase to 150 MW, which is insignificant compared to the average power demand in the UK of about 35,000 MW. The scope for biogas generation from nonsewage waste biological matter – energy crops, food waste, abattoir waste, etc. - is much higher, estimated to be capable of about 3,000 MW. Farm biogas plants using animal waste and energy crops are expected to contribute to reducing CO

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it. Therefore, many digesters operate with codigestion of two or more types of feedstock. For example, in a farm-based digester that uses dairy manure as the primary feedstock, the gas production may be significantly increased by adding a second feedstock, e.g., grass and corn (typical on-farm feedstock), or various organic byproducts, such as slaughterhouse waste, fats, oils and grease from restaurants, organic household waste, etc. (typical off-site feedstock).

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composting stage may be employed after digestion. Lignin and other materials are available for degradation by aerobic microorganisms, such as fungi, helping reduce the overall volume of the material for transport. During this maturation, the ammonia will be oxidized into nitrates, improving the fertility of the material and making it more suitable as a soil improver. Large composting stages are typically used by dry anaerobic digestion technologies.

2103: 1355:. Nitrification is an aerobic process where TAN is consumed by aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. These bacteria release nitrate and nitrite which are later converted to nitrogen gas through the denitrification process. Hydrolysis and acidogenesis can also be impacted by TAN concentration. In mesophilic conditions, inhibition for hydrolysis was found to occur at 5500 mg/L TAN, while acidogenesis inhibition occurs at 6500 mg/L TAN. 2479: 961: 2248: 6817: 1046:. Here, methanogens use the intermediate products of the preceding stages and convert them into methane, carbon dioxide, and water. These components make up the majority of the biogas emitted from the system. Methanogenesis is sensitive to both high and low pHs and occurs between pH 6.5 and pH 8. The remaining, indigestible material the microbes cannot use and any dead bacterial remains constitute the digestate. 1999: 1673:. In contrast, carbon in fossil fuels has been sequestered in the earth for many millions of years, the combustion of which increases the overall levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Power generation through anaerobic digestors is best suited to large-scale operations, rather than small farms, as large operations have the volume of manure that is able to make the systems financially viable. 2159: 1449:

for digester design and operation. Methane yield can be estimated from the elemental composition of substrate along with an estimate of its degradability (the fraction of the substrate that is converted to biogas in a reactor). In order to predict biogas composition (the relative fractions of methane and carbon dioxide) it is necessary to estimate

1245:(multistage), different digestion vessels are optimised to bring maximum control over the bacterial communities living within the digesters. Acidogenic bacteria produce organic acids and more quickly grow and reproduce than methanogenic archaea. Methanogenic archaea require stable pH and temperature to optimise their performance. 2259:; an early form of anaerobic digester and model wastewater treatment system throughout the early 20th century. After 1920, closed tank systems began to replace the previously common use of anaerobic lagoons – covered earthen basins used to treat volatile solids. Research on anaerobic digestion began in earnest in the 1930s. 1552: 1551: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1669:. The carbon released into the atmosphere from the combustion of biogas has been removed by plants for them to grow in the recent past, usually within the last decade, but more typically within the last growing season. If the plants are regrown, taking the carbon out of the atmosphere once more, the system will be 1222:

digesters. There are benefits associated with operation in a liquid environment, as it enables more thorough circulation of materials and contact between the bacteria and their food. This enables the bacteria to more readily access the substances on which they are feeding, and increases the rate of gas production.

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associated with the moisture. High solids digesters also require correction of conventional performance calculations (e.g. gas production, retention time, kinetics, etc.) originally based on very dilute sewage digestion concepts, since larger fractions of the feedstock mass are potentially convertible to biogas.

2142:(COD). These measures of the reactivity of the effluent indicate an ability to pollute. Some of this material is termed 'hard COD', meaning it cannot be accessed by the anaerobic bacteria for conversion into biogas. If this effluent were put directly into watercourses, it would negatively affect them by causing 1557: 2291:

became unsure of the market's potential. The German government responded by amending FIT four times between 2000 and 2011, increasing tariffs and improving the profitability of anaerobic digestion, and resulting in reliable returns for biogas production and continued high adoption rates across the country.

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Substrate composition is a major factor in determining the methane yield and methane production rates from the digestion of biomass. Techniques to determine the compositional characteristics of the feedstock are available, while parameters such as solids, elemental, and organic analyses are important

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After sorting or screening to remove any physical contaminants from the feedstock, the material is often shredded, minced, and mechanically or hydraulically pulped to increase the surface area available to microbes in the digesters and, hence, increase the speed of digestion. The maceration of solids

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Anaerobic digesters were originally designed for operation using sewage sludge and manures. Sewage and manure are not, however, the material with the most potential for anaerobic digestion, as the biodegradable material has already had much of the energy content taken out by the animals that produced

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demonstrated that the bacterial community changes in composition under the influence of pressure. Individual bacteria species have their optimum circumstances in which they grow and replicate the fastest. Commonly known are pH, temperature, salinity etc. but pressure is also one of them. Some species

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In most cases, biomass is made up of large organic polymers. For the bacteria in anaerobic digesters to access the energy potential of the material, these chains must first be broken down into their smaller constituent parts. These constituent parts, or monomers, such as sugars, are readily available

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were enacted in 1991, also known as FIT, providing long-term contracts compensating investments in renewable energy generation. Consequently, between 1991 and 1998 the number of anaerobic digester plants in Germany grew from 20 to 517. In the late 1990s, energy prices in Germany varied and investors

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Today, anaerobic digesters are commonly found alongside farms to reduce nitrogen run-off from manure, or wastewater treatment facilities to reduce the costs of sludge disposal. Agricultural anaerobic digestion for energy production has become most popular in Germany, where there were 8,625 digesters

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In countries such as Switzerland, Germany, and Sweden, the methane in the biogas may be compressed for it to be used as a vehicle transportation fuel or input directly into the gas mains. In countries where the driver for the use of anaerobic digestion are renewable electricity subsidies, this route

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is currently codigested with primary and secondary municipal wastewater solids and other high-strength wastes. Compared to municipal wastewater solids digestion alone, food waste codigestion has many benefits. Anaerobic digestion of food waste pulp from the EBMUD food waste process provides a higher

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to produce electrical power, some or all of which can be used to run the sewage works. Some waste heat from the engine is then used to heat the digester. The waste heat is, in general, enough to heat the digester to the required temperatures. The power potential from sewage works is limited – in the

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A second consideration related to the feedstock is moisture content. Drier, stackable substrates, such as food and yard waste, are suitable for digestion in tunnel-like chambers. Tunnel-style systems typically have near-zero wastewater discharge, as well, so this style of system has advantages where

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Under typical circumstances, hydrolysis, acetogenesis, and acidogenesis occur within the first reaction vessel. The organic material is then heated to the required operational temperature (either mesophilic or thermophilic) prior to being pumped into a methanogenic reactor. The initial hydrolysis or

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High solids (dry) digesters are designed to process materials with a solids content between 25 and 40%. Unlike wet digesters that process pumpable slurries, high solids (dry – stackable substrate) digesters are designed to process solid substrates without the addition of water. The primary styles of

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harvested from "mud from a frozen lake in Alaska" has produced 200–300 litres of methane per day, about 20 to 30% of the output from digesters in warmer climates. Mesophilic species outnumber thermophiles, and they are also more tolerant to changes in environmental conditions than thermophiles.

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temperature conditions, high vs. low portion of solids, and single stage vs. multistage processes. Continuous process requires more complex design, but still, it may be more economical than batch process, because batch process requires more initial building money and a larger volume of the digesters

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feedstock. In the case of most clean and source-separated biodegradable waste streams, the levels of PTEs will be low. In the case of wastes originating from industry, the levels of PTEs may be higher and will need to be taken into consideration when determining a suitable end use for the material.

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tree of life to bacteria), and is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with a small amount hydrogen and trace hydrogen sulfide. (As-produced, biogas also contains water vapor, with the fractional water vapor volume a function of biogas temperature). Most of the biogas is produced during the middle of

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In countries that collect household waste, the use of local anaerobic digestion facilities can help to reduce the amount of waste that requires transportation to centralized landfill sites or incineration facilities. This reduced burden on transportation reduces carbon emissions from the collection

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Additional pre-treatment can be used to reduce the necessary retention time to produce biogas. For example, certain processes shred the substrates to increase the surface area or use a thermal pretreatment stage (such as pasteurisation) to significantly enhance the biogas output. The pasteurisation

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arrangement where the electricity and waste heat generated are used to warm the digesters or to heat buildings. Excess electricity can be sold to suppliers or put into the local grid. Electricity produced by anaerobic digesters is considered to be renewable energy and may attract subsidies. Biogas

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Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) has been shown to inhibit production of methane. Furthermore, it destabilises the microbial community, impacting the synthesis of acetic acid. Acetic acid is one of the driving forces in methane production. At an excess of 5000 mg/L TAN, pH adjustment is needed to

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The residence time in a digester varies with the amount and type of feed material, and with the configuration of the digestion system. In a typical two-stage mesophilic digestion, residence time varies between 15 and 40 days, while for a single-stage thermophilic digestion, residence times is

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Low solids (wet) digesters can transport material through the system using standard pumps that require significantly lower energy input. Low solids digesters require a larger amount of land than high solids due to the increased volumes associated with the increased liquid-to-feedstock ratio of the

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The second byproduct (acidogenic digestate) is a stable, organic material consisting largely of lignin and cellulose, but also of a variety of mineral components in a matrix of dead bacterial cells; some plastic may be present. The material resembles domestic compost and can be used as such or to

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can also contaminate the biogas; such compounds are frequently found in household waste and wastewater. In digestion facilities accepting these materials as a component of the feedstock, low-molecular-weight siloxanes volatilise into biogas. When this gas is combusted in a gas engine, turbine, or

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If the feedstock to the digesters has significant levels of physical contaminants, such as plastic, glass, or metals, then processing to remove the contaminants will be required for the material to be used. If it is not removed, then the digesters can be blocked and will not function efficiently.

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The length of time required for anaerobic digestion depends on the chemical complexity of the material. Material rich in easily digestible sugars breaks down quickly, whereas intact lignocellulosic material rich in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers can take much longer to break down. Anaerobic

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The final output from anaerobic digestion systems is water, which originates both from the moisture content of the original waste that was treated and water produced during the microbial reactions in the digestion systems. This water may be released from the dewatering of the digestate or may be

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Digesters processing dedicated energy crops can achieve high levels of degradation and biogas production. Slurry-only systems are generally cheaper, but generate far less energy than those using crops, such as maize and grass silage; by using a modest amount of crop material (30%), an anaerobic

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The most important initial issue when considering the application of anaerobic digestion systems is the feedstock to the process. Almost any organic material can be processed with anaerobic digestion; however, if biogas production is the aim, the level of putrescibility is the key factor in its

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Digestate is the solid remnants of the original input material to the digesters that the microbes cannot use. It also consists of the mineralised remains of the dead bacteria from within the digesters. Digestate can come in three forms: fibrous, liquor, or a sludge-based combination of the two

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After upgrading with the above-mentioned technologies, the biogas (transformed into biomethane) can be used as vehicle fuel in adapted vehicles. This use is very extensive in Sweden, where over 38,600 gas vehicles exist, and 60% of the vehicle gas is biomethane generated in anaerobic digestion

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The anaerobic digestion process can be inhibited by several compounds, affecting one or more of the bacterial groups responsible for the different organic matter degradation steps. The degree of the inhibition depends, among other factors, on the concentration of the inhibitor in the digester.

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pattern over time. Operators can use this fact to determine when they believe the process of digestion of the organic matter has completed. There can be severe odour issues if a batch reactor is opened and emptied before the process is well completed. A more advanced type of batch approach has

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Populations of anaerobic microorganisms typically take a significant period of time to establish themselves to be fully effective. Therefore, common practice is to introduce anaerobic microorganisms from materials with existing populations, a process known as "seeding" the digesters, typically

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in 2014. In the United Kingdom, there were 259 facilities by 2014, and 500 projects planned to become operational by 2019. In the United States, there were 191 operational plants across 34 states in 2012. Policy may explain why adoption rates are so different across these countries.

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Digestate typically contains elements, such as lignin, that cannot be broken down by the anaerobic microorganisms. Also, the digestate may contain ammonia that is phytotoxic, and may hamper the growth of plants if it is used as a soil-improving material. For these two reasons, a maturation or

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has increased the application of anaerobic digestion as a process for reducing waste volumes and generating useful byproducts. It may either be used to process the source-separated fraction of municipal waste or alternatively combined with mechanical sorting systems, to process residual mixed

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The third byproduct is a liquid (methanogenic digestate) rich in nutrients, which can be used as a fertiliser, depending on the quality of the material being digested. Levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) should be chemically assessed. This will depend upon the quality of the original

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The solid, fibrous component of the digested material can be used as a soil conditioner to increase the organic content of soils. Digester liquor can be used as a fertiliser to supply vital nutrients to soils instead of chemical fertilisers that require large amounts of energy to produce and

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High solids (wet) digesters process a thick slurry that requires more energy input to move and process the feedstock. The thickness of the material may also lead to associated problems with abrasion. High solids digesters will typically have a lower land requirement due to the lower volumes

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normally faster and takes around 14 days. The plug-flow nature of some of these systems will mean the full degradation of the material may not have been realised in this timescale. In this event, digestate exiting the system will be darker in colour and will typically have more odour.

1789:, which produces the bacteria required for decomposing, cooking gas is generated. The organic waste like fallen leaves, kitchen waste, food waste etc. are fed into a crusher unit, where it is mixed with a small amount of water. The mixture is then fed into the bio-digester, where the 1554: 1793:

decomposes it to produce cooking gas. This gas is piped to kitchen stove. A 2 cubic meter bio-digester can produce 2 cubic meters of cooking gas. This is equivalent to 1 kg of LPG. The notable advantage of using a bio-digester is the sludge which is a rich organic manure.

1395:, for dedicated biogas production. In Germany and continental Europe, these facilities are referred to as "biogas" plants. A codigestion or cofermentation plant is typically an agricultural anaerobic digester that accepts two or more input materials for simultaneous digestion. 2274:

sparked interest in anaerobic digestion. In addition to high energy prices, factors affecting the adoption of anaerobic digestion systems include receptivity to innovation, pollution penalties, policy incentives, and the availability of subsidies and funding opportunities.

6262: 1720:. The raw biogas has to be previously upgraded to biomethane. This upgrading implies the removal of contaminants such as hydrogen sulphide or siloxanes, as well as the carbon dioxide. Several technologies are available for this purpose, the most widely implemented being 1081:

Anaerobic digestion can be performed as a batch process or a continuous process. In a batch system, biomass is added to the reactor at the start of the process. The reactor is then sealed for the duration of the process. In its simplest form batch processing needs

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to other bacteria. The process of breaking these chains and dissolving the smaller molecules into solution is called hydrolysis. Therefore, hydrolysis of these high-molecular-weight polymeric components is the necessary first step in anaerobic digestion. Through

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If the putrescible waste processed in anaerobic digesters were disposed of in a landfill, it would break down naturally and often anaerobically. In this case, the gas will eventually escape into the atmosphere. As methane is about 20 times more potent as a

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the digestion, after the bacterial population has grown, and tapers off as the putrescible material is exhausted. The gas is normally stored on top of the digester in an inflatable gas bubble or extracted and stored next to the facility in a gas holder.

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and India have both had large, government-backed schemes for adaptation of small biogas plants for use in the household for cooking and lighting. At present, projects for anaerobic digestion in the developing world can gain financial support through the

1277:(AHPD). This technique produces a biogas with a elevated methane content. The produced carbon dioxide in biogas dissolves more into the water phase under pressure then methane does. Hence the produced biogas is richer in methane. Research at the 1099:

before it is opened As the batch digestion is simple and requires less equipment and lower levels of design work, it is typically a cheaper form of digestion. Using more than one batch reactor at a plant can ensure constant production of biogas.

2363:) (though few of them were 'serious' with direct consequences for the human population). Fortunately, according to one source, 'less than a dozen of them had consequences on humans'- for example, the incident at Rhadereistedt, Germany (4 dead). 6208:

Environment Agency, 29 July 2021, accessed 18 October 2022 Note: The North Devon company that caused a pollution incident leading to a devastating fish kill on the River Mole near South Molton has been fined £2,000 and ordered to pay £9,836 in

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have adapted to life in the deep oceans where pressure is much higher than at sea level. This makes it possible in similar vein as other process parameters such as Temperature, Retention Time, pH to influence the anaerobic digestion process.

1107:; first in – first out). Here, the end products are constantly or periodically removed, resulting in constant production of biogas. A single or multiple digesters in sequence may be used. Examples of this form of anaerobic digestion include 7246: 4232: 5302: 880:

Gaseous oxygen is excluded from the reactions by physical containment. Anaerobes utilize electron acceptors from sources other than oxygen gas. These acceptors can be the organic material itself or may be supplied by inorganic

5572: 1736:, resulting in a reduction of losses in the transportation of energy. Typical energy losses in natural gas transmission systems range from 1–2%, whereas the current energy losses on a large electrical system range from 5–8%. 2076:), which deposits internally in the machine, increasing wear and tear. Practical and cost-effective technologies to remove siloxanes and other biogas contaminants are available at the present time. In certain applications, 6237:, 1 October 2020, accessed 18 October 2022 Note: In July (2020), several miles of the Afon Llynfi at the northern edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park was stripped of all life by a sudden and severe pollution incident. 5682:

Dosta, Joan; Galí, Alexandre; Macé, Sandra; Mata-Álvarez, Joan (February 2007). "Modelling a sequencing batch reactor to treat the supernatant from anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste".

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fractions. In two-stage systems, different forms of digestate come from different digestion tanks. In single-stage digestion systems, the two fractions will be combined and, if desired, separated by further processing.

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does not contribute to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations because the gas is not released directly into the atmosphere and the carbon dioxide comes from an organic source with a short carbon cycle.

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vehicles. If localized anaerobic digestion facilities are embedded within an electrical distribution network, they can help reduce the electrical losses associated with transporting electricity over a national grid.

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Deligiannis, Michalis; Gkalipidou, Evdokia; Gatidou, Georgia; Kostakis, Marios G.; Triantafyllos Gerokonstantis, Dimitrios; Arvaniti, Olga S.; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Vyrides, Ioannis; Hale, Sarah E. (August 2024).

2851: 1158:, with anaerobic digestion in temperature working conditions of less than 10 °C. The anaerobic process is very slow, taking more than three times the normal mesophilic time process. In experimental work at 2899: 1553: 5409: 1238:. These lagoons are pond-like, earthen basins used for the treatment and long-term storage of manures. Here the anaerobic reactions are contained within the natural anaerobic sludge contained in the pool. 1347:

Potential inhibitors are ammonia, sulfide, light metal ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al), heavy metals, some organics (chlorophenols, halogenated aliphatics, N-substituted aromatics, long chain fatty acids), etc.

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N. Eldem, Ö. Akgiray, İ. Öztürk, E. Soyer, B. Çallı (2004). "Ammonia and pH inhibition in anaerobic treatment of wastewaters, Part II: Model development." J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A. Vol.A39, No.9.

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Song, Y.C.; Kwon, S.J.; Woo, J.H. (April 2004). "Mesophilic and thermophilic temperature co-phase anaerobic digestion compared with single-stage mesophilic- and thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge".

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two workers at a wastewater treatment plant were re-draining a sewage digester when an explosion lifted the 30-ton floating cover, killing both workers instantly; Southwest Wastewater Treatment Plant in

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Acetate and hydrogen produced in the first stages can be used directly by methanogens. Other molecules, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with a chain length greater than that of acetate must first be

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International Paper's containerboard mill in Cantonment, Florida experienced an explosion from a pulp digester that scattered wood fiber, water and pulping liquor over the surrounfing area. 27 Jan 2017

843:, anaerobic digestion has in recent years received increased attention among governments in a number of countries, among these the United Kingdom (2011), Germany, Denmark (2011), and the United States. 6230: 4316: 1708:

normalized energy benefit, compared to municipal wastewater solids: 730 to 1,300 kWh per dry ton of food waste applied compared to 560 to 940 kWh per dry ton of municipal wastewater solids applied.

5503: 1095:. In this approach inoculation takes place through the use of recirculated degasified percolate. After anaerobic digestion has completed, the biomass is kept in the reactor which is then used for 6221:, accessed 18 October 2022 Note: Around 18,000 fish are thought to have been killed on a five-mile stretch of the Teifi when 44,000 gallons of pollutant leaked from an anaerobic digestion plant. 893:, and organic acids, plus carbon dioxide. In the presence of specialised methanogens, the intermediates are converted to the 'final' end products of methane, carbon dioxide, and trace levels of 4396:

Hafner, Sasha D.; Rennuit, Charlotte; Triolo, Jin M.; Richards, Brian K. (December 2015). "Validation of a simple gravimetric method for measuring biogas production in laboratory experiments".

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Niu, Q., Qiao, W., Qiang, H., Hojo, T., & Li, Y. Y. (2013). Mesophilic methane fermentation of chicken manure at a wide range of ammonia concentration: stability, inhibition and recovery.

2146:. As such, further treatment of the wastewater is often required. This treatment will typically be an oxidation stage wherein air is passed through the water in a sequencing batch reactors or 3558:

Lorenzo, Jose M.; Munekata, Paulo E.; Dominguez, Ruben; Pateiro, Mirian; Saraiva, Jorge A.; Franco, Daniel (2018). "Main Groups of Microorganisms of Relevance for Food Safety and Stability".

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Casson Moreno, Valeria; Papasidero, Salvatore; Scarponi, Giordano Emrys; Guglielmi, Daniele; Cozzani, Valerio (October 2016). "Analysis of accidents in biogas production and upgrading".

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Casson Moreno, Valeria; Papasidero, Salvatore; Scarponi, Giordano Emrys; Guglielmi, Daniele; Cozzani, Valerio (October 2016). "Analysis of accidents in biogas production and upgrading".

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Yue, Zhengbo; Teater, Charles; Liu, Yan; MacLellan, James; Liao, Wei (2010). "A sustainable pathway of cellulosic ethanol production integrating anaerobic digestion with biorefining".

5569: 3678: 4772: 1460:, and substrate composition) and a chemical speciation model. Direct measurements of biomethanation potential are also made using gas evolution or more recent gravimetric assays. 2050:, put strict limits on the levels of gases containing hydrogen sulfide, and, if the levels of hydrogen sulfide in the gas are high, gas scrubbing and cleaning equipment (such as 1175:

process can also be used to reduce the pathogenic concentration in the digestate, leaving the anaerobic digester. Pasteurisation may be achieved by heat treatment combined with

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Griffin, ME; McMahon, KD; Mackie, RI; Raskin, L (1998). "Methanogenic population dynamics during start-up of anaerobic digesters treating municipal solid waste and biosolids".

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anaerobes (lignin consumers) or high temperature pretreatment, such as pyrolysis, can be used to break lignin down. Anaerobic digesters can also be fed with specially grown

3967: 2996: 2710: 1032:. Here, simple molecules created through the acidogenesis phase are further digested by acetogens to produce largely acetic acid, as well as carbon dioxide and hydrogen. 4835: 4816: 2439: 885:

from within the input material. When the oxygen source in an anaerobic system is derived from the organic material itself, the 'intermediate' end products are primarily

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Roubík, Hynek; Mazancová, Jana; Banout, Jan; Verner, Vladimír (20 January 2016). "Addressing problems at small-scale biogas plants: a case study from central Vietnam".

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in the European Union, requires digestate to meet certain levels of pathogen reduction there may be a benefit to using thermophilic temperatures instead of mesophilic.

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Anaerobic digesters can be designed and engineered to operate using a number of different configurations and can be categorized into batch vs. continuous process mode,

4217: 2907: 4584:"Study on the fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances during thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and the role of granular activated carbon addition" 5413: 5851:"Anaerobic Digestion as a Renewable Energy Source and Waste Management Technology: What Must be Done for This Technology to Realize Success in the United States?" 2042:, a toxic product formed from sulfates in the feedstock, is released as a trace component of the biogas. National environmental enforcement agencies, such as the 3660: 3280: 1010:

results in further breakdown of the remaining components by acidogenic (fermentative) bacteria. Here, VFAs are created, along with ammonia, carbon dioxide, and

2925: 824:, and traces of other 'contaminant' gases. This biogas can be used directly as fuel, in combined heat and power gas engines or upgraded to natural gas-quality 4947: 3741: 7303: 1646:

In developing countries, simple home and farm-based anaerobic digestion systems offer the potential for low-cost energy for cooking and lighting. From 1975,

1141:

takes place optimally around 30 to 38 °C, or at ambient temperatures between 20 and 45 °C, where mesophiles are the primary microorganisms present.

6594: 5001: 1585:. Anaerobic digestion, a simple process, can greatly reduce the amount of organic matter which might otherwise be destined to be dumped at sea, dumped in 7239: 5510: 4247: 1641: 925:. The overall process can be described by the chemical reaction, where organic material such as glucose is biochemically digested into carbon dioxide (CO 5181: 5436:

Richards, B.; Herndon, F. G.; Jewell, W. J.; Cummings, R. J.; White, T. E. (1994). "In situ methane enrichment in methanogenic energy crop digesters".

2080:

treatment can be used to increase the methane purity by reducing the offgas carbon dioxide content, purging the majority of it in a secondary reactor.

1150:

takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.

4900: 897:. In an anaerobic system, the majority of the chemical energy contained within the starting material is released by methanogenic archaea as methane. 4556: 3453:

Jewell, W.; Cummings, R.; Richards, B. (1993). "Methane fermentation of energy crops: Maximum conversion kinetics and in situ biogas purification".

6218: 3513:

Richards, B.; Cummings, R.; White, T.; Jewell, W. (1991). "Methods for kinetic analysis of methane fermentation in high solids biomass digesters".

7545: 6518: 4927: 5941:

Wagenhals; et al. (1924). "Sewage treatment in the United States: A report on the study of 15 representative sewage treatment plants".

4317:

Economic Assessment of Anaerobic Digestion Technology & its Suitability to UK Farming & Waste Systems (Report, 2nd Edition), NNFCC 10-010

2394: 5316:

Meyer-Jens, T.; Matz, G.; Märkl, H. (June 1995). "On-line measurement of dissolved and gaseous hydrogen sulphide in anaerobic biogas reactors".

4721: 1103:

In continuous digestion processes, organic matter is constantly added (continuous complete mixed) or added in stages to the reactor (continuous

5102: 3675: 3261: 1786: 6246: 3158:"Comparative Evaluation of Batch and Continuous Anaerobic Digesters in Biogas Production from Municipal Solid Waste using Mathematical Models" 2255:

By the early 20th century, anaerobic digestion systems began to resemble the technology as it appears today. In 1906, Karl Imhoff created the

7224: 6205: 5721: 4080: 2877: 2404: 2043: 4667: 4176:

Richards, B.; Cummings, R. J.; Jewell, W. J.; Herndon, F. G. (1991). "High solids anaerobic methane fermentation of sorghum and cellulose".

6342: 4769: 4686: 4005: 682: 5128: 4540: 7485: 2551:

Koyama, Tadashiro (1963). "Gaseous metabolism in lake sediments and paddy soils and the production of atmospheric methane and hydrogen".

6040:"Agent heterogeneity in adoption of anaerobic digestion technology: Integrating economic, diffusion, and behavioral innovation theories" 5380: 3635: 3101: 1187:

In a typical scenario, three different operational parameters are associated with the solids content of the feedstock to the digesters:

7071: 6595:"Introduction to Biogas and Anaerobic Digestion], information from eXtension's Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center" 1661:

Methane and power produced in anaerobic digestion facilities can be used to replace energy derived from fossil fuels, and hence reduce

3605: 7851: 5749:

Trasatti, Sergio (18 January 1999). "1799–1999: Alessandro Volta's 'Electric Pile': Two hundred years, but it doesn't seem like it".

3388: 2526: 2454: 1375:

Feedstocks can include biodegradable waste materials, such as waste paper, grass clippings, leftover food, sewage, and animal waste.

1329: 1262: 6295: 5258: 8015: 5020: 4916: 3311: 2961: 1131:

The two conventional operational temperature levels for anaerobic digesters determine the species of methanogens in the digesters:

4647: 4508: 4464: 7995: 7333: 5872: 4131:

Richards, B.; Cummings, R. J.; Jewell, W. J. (1991). "High rate low solids methane fermentation of sorghum, corn and cellulose".

1086:

with already processed material to start the anaerobic digestion. In a typical scenario, biogas production will be formed with a

5646: 2114:

make low-grade building products, such as fibreboard. The solid digestate can also be used as feedstock for ethanol production.

7565: 3964: 3434: 2993: 2721: 1274: 177: 6326: 4832: 4813: 4110: 3071: 2266:, production from biofuels slowed as petroleum production increased and its uses were identified. While fuel shortages during 2084:

of treatment is less likely, as energy is required in this processing stage and reduces the overall levels available to sell.

7560: 7234: 7081: 4353: 3920: 3766: 3708: 3575: 2659: 1424:

The level of contamination of the feedstock material is a key consideration when using wet digestion or plug-flow digestion.

4214: 3985: 2587: 1777:, where many soils are organically depleted, the markets for the digested solids can be equally as important as the biogas. 1407:

digestion plant can increase energy output tenfold for only three times the capital cost, relative to a slurry-only system.

1372:

successful application. The more putrescible (digestible) the material, the higher the gas yields possible from the system.

7457: 7348: 5904:"Technology overview of biogas production in anaerobic digestion plants: A European evaluation of research and development" 5210: 4568: 6358: 3739:

ArrowBio process integrates preprocessing and advanced anaerobic digestion to recover recyclables and generate electricity

1700: 7091: 8005: 7846: 7414: 7409: 6126:

Auer; et al. (2017). "Agricultural anaerobic digestion power plants in Ireland and Germany: Policy and practice".

5850: 3590: 2823: 6503: 5736: 5069: 4917:

Petersson A., Wellinger A. (2009). Biogas upgrading technologies - developments and innovations. IEA Bioenergy Task 37

4742: 3915:

8030: 8020: 7716: 7066: 6669: 5588: 4450: 3656: 3277: 964:

Anaerobic Digestion Process Flow: All process flows are dependent on the balance of between proteins, carbs and fats.

504: 324: 45: 3184:"COMPARING OF MESOPHILIC AND THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC FERMENTED SEWAGE SLUDGE BASED ON CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL TESTS" 1492:

Using anaerobic digestion technologies can help to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in a number of key ways:

1379:

wastes are the exception, because they are largely unaffected by digestion, as most anaerobes are unable to degrade

7328: 6487: 6472: 6377: 4978: 4955: 4084: 3738: 2409: 2270:

re-popularized anaerobic digestion, interest in the technology decreased again after the war ended. Similarly, the

675: 112: 5998: 7806: 7776: 7746: 7131: 7121: 7036: 6886: 6636: 1112: 1108: 368: 7520: 6598: 5481: 3784:"Hydraulic retention time and pressure affect anaerobic digestion process treating synthetic glucose wastewater" 1273:

A recent development in anaerobic reactor design is High-pressure anaerobic digestion (HPAD) also referred to a

7229: 7106: 7061: 4210: 2903: 2530: 1429: 1168: 1159: 6084:"Policy incentives and adoption of agricultural anaerobic digestion: A survey of Europe and the United States" 4244: 718:

used industrially to produce food and drink products, as well as home fermentation, uses anaerobic digestion.

7796: 7620: 7580: 7126: 7086: 7051: 5189: 5040: 2429: 197: 6231:

Natural Resources Wales to make decision 'soon' on whether to prosecute over River Llynfi pollution incident

4853: 2054:) will be needed to process the biogas to within regionally accepted levels. Alternatively, the addition of 8010: 7990: 7424: 7419: 7214: 7151: 7141: 5352: 4743:"RETHINKING MANURE BIOGAS: Policy Considerations to Promote Equity and Protect the Climate and Environment" 4432: 1120: 1116: 5527: 4897: 2675:

MacGregor, A. N.; Keeney, D.R. (1973). "Methane formation by lake sediments during in vitro incubations".

2359:), plus In Europe, there were about 800 accidents on biogas plants between 2005 and 2015, e.g. in France ( 1399:

microorganisms are generally unable to break down lignin, the recalcitrant aromatic component of biomass.

7721: 7338: 7308: 7161: 7056: 7046: 7041: 6891: 6709: 3853:

Chen, Ye; Cheng, Jay J.; Creamer, Kurt S. (2008). "Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: A review".

2167: 1655: 715: 668: 5666: 3413: 2006:

Biogas is the ultimate waste product of the bacteria feeding off the input biodegradable feedstock (the

1201: 7861: 7628: 7192: 7166: 7156: 7146: 7116: 7096: 6926: 5095:"Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Manual of Practice-MOP 11 Fifth Edition (Abstract)" 4492: 4022: 2399: 2287: 538: 5297: 5234: 1440:

to transfer the feedstock material into the airtight digester, where anaerobic treatment takes place.

8045: 8040: 8035: 7633: 7209: 7136: 7101: 7076: 5115: 2414: 2229: 2135: 1721: 641: 217: 3488: 2780: 7550: 7450: 2379: 1662: 1337: 590: 528: 202: 157: 147: 77: 6446:

Lubos Kotek; Petr Travnicek; Petr Blecha (2015). "Accident analysis of european biogas stations".

5717: 5222: 4631: 3157: 3043: 801:

into the atmosphere. Anaerobic digesters can also be fed with purpose-grown energy crops, such as

7821: 7761: 7688: 7530: 7251: 6392: 6278: 4664: 2470: 2419: 1677: 1582: 1278: 655: 533: 523: 227: 162: 4683: 4002: 3258: 1456:

between the aqueous and gas phases, which requires additional information (reactor temperature,

797:. As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of 782:, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide amongst other compounds. Finally, 7678: 7673: 7638: 6961: 6265:"...explosion at the Androscoggin Mill ...remarkably, nobody was injured. — on April 15, 2020" 5136: 4537: 4526:

Anaerobic digestion, storage, olygolysis, lime, heat and aerobic treatment of livestock manures

3208: 2139: 2134:

The wastewater exiting the anaerobic digestion facility will typically have elevated levels of

2065: 1733: 1562: 1211: 619: 428: 413: 361: 222: 142: 4369:

Hill, D. T.; Barth, C. L. (1977). "A Dynamic Model for Simulation of Animal Waste Digestion".

2951:

Fergusen, T. & Mah, R. (2006) Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49

2651: 2645: 6761: 6741: 5391: 4436:. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. 3109: 2344: 1453: 1144: 1069: 852: 463: 408: 398: 237: 152: 6312:

Digester Explosion Kills Two Workers at Wastewater Treatment Plant in Pennsylvania FACE 8733

4515:, juniper.co.uk, (Project funding supplied by Sita Environmental Trust). Retrieved 22.11.06. 3898:

Yenigün, O., & Demirel, B. (2013). Ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: a review.

2969: 16:

Processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen

7887: 7698: 7363: 7111: 6956: 6861: 6540: 6420: 6135: 6095: 5915: 5692: 5445: 5300:, "Removal of hydrogen sulfide from anaerobic digester gas", issued 2 November 1999 5155: 4595: 4525: 4405: 4289: 4185: 4140: 4052: 3862: 3798: 3602: 3522: 3462: 3338: 2684: 2602: 2560: 2352: 2023: 1578: 1096: 1092: 1056: 597: 492: 336: 242: 102: 3233: 2170:

produced by the natural decomposition of organic matter dates from the 17th century, when

839:

With the re-use of waste as a resource and new technological approaches that have lowered

8: 8050: 7801: 7786: 7741: 7540: 7443: 7323: 6911: 6776: 6674: 6661: 6629: 6614: 5969: 2389: 2356: 2348: 2327: 2316: 2271: 2022:

The methane in biogas can be burned to produce both heat and electricity, usually with a

1729: 1574: 1573:

Anaerobic digestion is particularly suited to organic material, and is commonly used for

1176: 1135: 1087: 1065: 886: 418: 284: 267: 212: 67: 55: 6544: 6521:

January 2013 Loss Prevention Bulletin via www.researchgate.net, accessed 19 October 2022

6424: 6311: 6139: 6099: 5919: 5696: 5449: 5159: 4599: 4409: 4334:

Jerger, D. & Tsao, G. (2006) Feed composition in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p65

4293: 4189: 4144: 4056: 3866: 3802: 3526: 3466: 3342: 3308: 2688: 2606: 2564: 1689:

emissions and strengthen the grid, while providing UK farmers with additional revenues.

1324:

in Germany, 2007 - the green, inflatable biogas holder is shown on top of the digester.

7927: 7892: 7836: 7756: 7731: 7500: 7480: 7393: 7368: 7313: 7219: 7008: 6978: 6694: 6169: 6059: 5626: 5333: 4644: 4505: 4461: 4378: 4114: 3822: 3567: 2748:"Importance of the methanogenic archaea populations in anaerobic wastewater treatments" 2696: 2498: 2384: 2366: 2051: 2047: 1770: 1725: 1647: 873:). These organisms promote a number of chemical processes in converting the biomass to 299: 127: 37: 5954: 5828: 5762: 5552: 1802:

The three principal products of anaerobic digestion are biogas, digestate, and water.

8025: 8000: 7966: 7751: 7648: 7495: 7272: 7202: 7197: 7182: 6973: 6941: 6936: 6916: 6856: 6781: 6488:

Risks and safety measures for anaerobic digestion: How can you make your plant safer?

6378:

Risks and safety measures for anaerobic digestion: How can you make your plant safer?

6161: 5880: 5797: 5643: 5618: 5457: 4613: 4349: 4197: 4152: 4108: 3916: 3878: 3826: 3814: 3762: 3714: 3704: 3639: 3571: 3534: 3474: 3354: 3165: 2931: 2900:"Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Fuels and Energy" 2655: 2640: 2635: 2335: 2312: 2304: 1823: 1818: 1670: 1609:

municipal waste. These facilities are called mechanical biological treatment plants.

1605: 1214:(TSS) concentration greater than ~20%, or a low-solids concentration less than ~15%. 373: 289: 6173: 6063: 5630: 3430: 3131: 2873: 1304: 793:

Anaerobic digestion is used as part of the process to treat biodegradable waste and

7882: 7841: 7826: 7726: 7706: 7256: 7187: 7028: 6998: 6988: 6946: 6921: 6901: 6896: 6736: 6704: 6699: 6679: 6653: 6548: 6455: 6428: 6151: 6143: 6103: 6051: 5950: 5923: 5824: 5789: 5758: 5700: 5610: 5461: 5453: 5410:"New Landfill Gas Treatment Technology Dramatically Lowers Energy Production Costs" 5325: 5163: 4608: 4603: 4583: 4480: 4417: 4413: 4297: 4193: 4156: 4148: 4060: 3874: 3870: 3810: 3806: 3759:

Biomass conversion: the interface of biotechnology, chemistry and materials science

3631: 3563: 3538: 3530: 3470: 3346: 3156:

A, Igoni Hilkia; Abowei, M. F. N.; Ayotamuno, M. J.; Eze, C. L. (16 January 2009).

3079: 2762: 2692: 2610: 2568: 2449: 2187: 2183: 2055: 2039: 1925: 1717: 1629: 1519: 1235: 1011: 894: 809: 754:, are broken down to soluble derivatives that become available for other bacteria. 733: 711: 480: 475: 309: 294: 255: 207: 182: 122: 5167: 5116:

Anaerobic Digestion – An Introduction and Commercial Status in the US – As of 2006

4451:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pgVFpgTQPzNlxiCiSMvI8Kem-YtEW81R/view?usp=sharing

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for feeding electricity onto the power grid to subsidize green energy production.

1468: 7917: 7791: 7505: 7358: 7282: 7018: 7013: 6983: 6881: 6866: 6771: 6766: 6726: 6552: 6432: 6108: 6083: 5725: 5670: 5650: 5576: 5337: 5055: 5044: 4934: 4904: 4839: 4820: 4776: 4728: 4710: 4690: 4671: 4651: 4544: 4512: 4468: 4323: 4251: 4221: 4009: 3989: 3982: 3971: 3745: 3703:(4th ed.), Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 3682: 3664: 3609: 3438: 3375:

Transfer of low-cost plastic biodigester technology at household level in Bolivia

3350: 3315: 3284: 3265: 3000: 2618: 2424: 2241: 2147: 1014:, as well as other byproducts. The process of acidogenesis is similar to the way 747: 728:, where it is usually referred to as "anaerobic activity". This is the source of 232: 187: 117: 21: 7942: 7922: 7912: 7907: 7897: 7877: 7816: 7711: 7643: 7585: 7570: 7515: 7404: 7277: 6951: 6931: 6841: 6801: 6689: 6622: 5927: 3296: 2369:

have included a 2016 study compiled a database of 169 accidents involving ADs.

2143: 2007: 1856: 1693: 1652: 1628:. A 2024 study has shown that anaerobic digestion, combined with adsorption in 1614: 1450: 1363: 1043: 922: 821: 699: 602: 575: 548: 516: 499: 378: 167: 137: 6039: 5777: 4302: 4277: 4065: 4036: 4023:

Money For Old Rope – An Anaerobic Digestion Article With Historic Significance

3948: 3374: 2614: 1230:

Digestion systems can be configured with different levels of complexity. In a

857:

Many microorganisms affect anaerobic digestion, including acetic acid-forming

7984: 7600: 7525: 7388: 7343: 7003: 6751: 4789: 4617: 4079: 4025:, waste-management-world.com. via anaerobic-digestion.com Retrieved 24.10.07. 3696: 3169: 2805: 2492: 2484: 2434: 2360: 2237: 2175: 1352: 1163: 840: 794: 722: 703: 614: 580: 487: 470: 351: 341: 192: 3676:

HIMET—A Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Process for Converting Waste to Energy

2572: 2182:

of streams and lakes released flammable gas. In 1778, the Italian physicist

2038:

Biogas may require treatment or 'scrubbing' to refine it for use as a fuel.

1321: 729: 7947: 7831: 7781: 7653: 7610: 7287: 6993: 6871: 6851: 6796: 6165: 5801: 5622: 4770:

38% HHV Caterpillar Bio-gas Engine Fitted to Sewage Works | Claverton Group

4276:

Achinas, Spyridon; Achinas, Vasileios; Euverink, Gerrit Jan Willem (2017).

3882: 3818: 3718: 3643: 3636:

10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980205)57:3<342::aid-bit11>3.0.co;2-i

3358: 2339: 2267: 2233: 2209: 2198: 2171: 2031: 2027: 2015: 1773:

than the use of anaerobic digester liquor fertiliser. In countries such as

1739:

In October 2010, Didcot Sewage Works became the first in the UK to produce

1666: 1497: 1437: 1295: 1029: 1007: 981: 918: 914: 798: 790:

populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments.

775: 755: 751: 553: 438: 107: 72: 6571:"Official Website of the Anaerobic Digestion and Bioresources Association" 5815:

Marsh, George (November–December 2008). "Rise of the Anaerobic Digestor".

5793: 4872: 4263: 4021:

Morton Barlaz, Amy Banister, Gary Hater, Jeffrey Chanton and Roger Green,

2585: 1617:

than carbon dioxide, this has significant negative environmental effects.

7937: 7932: 7856: 7811: 7771: 7668: 7575: 7318: 6968: 6806: 6721: 6684: 6247:

Anaerobic Digester Plant Explosions – Explosive Risk at Biogas Facilities

4970: 4433:

Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies - (2nd Revised Edition)

2331: 2308: 2263: 2256: 1987: 1744: 1632:

and voltage application can remove up to 61% of PFAS from sewage sludge.

1624:

Anaerobic digestion can be used for the remediation sludge polluted with

1597: 1590: 1388: 1384: 1083: 993: 779: 558: 433: 383: 346: 329: 314: 132: 6586: 6530: 6410: 6055: 4750:

Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Vermont Law and Graduate School

4684:

The Clean Development Mechanism in Nepal in The Tiempo Climate Newswatch

4382: 3841: 7902: 7766: 7466: 7373: 6731: 6716: 6459: 6393:

Explosion dans un méthaniseur d'une exploitation agricole: 4 April 2018

6206:

North Devon company fined for pollution that devastated fish population

6025:

Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable Organics in Municipal Solid Wastes

5329: 3591:

Biomethanation in advances in biochemical engineering and biotechnology

2444: 2323: 1748: 1740: 1704: 1681: 1536: 1512: 1481: 1473: 1042:

The terminal stage of anaerobic digestion is the biological process of

985: 977: 910: 870: 833: 825: 786:

convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide. The methanogenic

783: 778:. In acetogenesis, bacteria convert these resulting organic acids into 763: 743: 568: 393: 388: 356: 319: 304: 87: 6219:

Pollution from anaerobic digestion plant killed 18,000 fish in the ...

6156: 6147: 6037: 5704: 5614: 5466: 5002:"Grass-to-gas plant could be UK's answer to fracking, says Ecotricity" 4161: 3543: 3183: 2102: 1751:

plan to have digester fed by locally sourced grass fueling 6000 homes

1502:

Reducing or eliminating the energy footprint of waste treatment plants

7736: 7683: 7535: 7353: 6906: 6645: 5778:"Anaerobic digestion for sustainable development: a natural approach" 5489: 4430:

Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph., Zurbrügg, C. (2014)

2300: 2107: 2093: 1992: 1566: 1477: 1332:

digestion component of a mechanical biological treatment system near

1104: 1015: 829: 423: 403: 172: 82: 6579:"UK's Official Information Portal on Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas" 6445: 4580: 4506:

MBT: A Guide for Decision Makers – Processes, Policies & Markets

3431:

Feasibility study concerning anaerobic digestion in Northern Ireland

2464: 1367:

Anaerobic lagoon and generators at the Cal Poly Dairy, United States

650: 7663: 7555: 7490: 6876: 6836: 6756: 5903: 4851: 4557:

Global warming methane could be far more potent than carbon dioxide

2179: 2068: 1902: 1879: 1769:

transport. The use of manufactured fertilisers is, therefore, more

1586: 1333: 890: 862: 858: 767: 740: 725: 721:

Anaerobic digestion occurs naturally in some soils and in lake and

563: 448: 443: 97: 92: 62: 5570:

Oaktech Consultation Response to UK Source Segregation Requirement

5037: 1732:. As an alternative, the electricity and the heat can be used for 960: 901:

accomplished with the addition of sewage sludge or cattle slurry.

7590: 6846: 6570: 5248:"UK Biomass Strategy 2007: Working paper 3 - Anaerobic Digestion" 4538:

Haase Mechanical Biological Treatment and Wet Anaerobic Digestion

4343: 2478: 2247: 2236:. Also in England, in 1904, the first dual-purpose tank for both 2225: 2191: 2011: 1833: 1790: 1743:

gas supplied to the national grid, for use in up to 200 homes in

1530: 1205:

Design of a dry/solid-state anaerobic digestion (AD) biogas plant

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limited the odour issues by integrating anaerobic digestion with

866: 817: 787: 771: 585: 543: 279: 262: 6816: 6578: 2935: 1658:

if they are able to show they provide reduced carbon emissions.

7605: 7595: 6791: 6746: 5535: 3557: 2221: 2213: 2205: 2202: 1998: 1982: 1949: 1526: 1485: 1392: 1380: 874: 813: 707: 274: 6343:

Vice-Chancellor thanks staff for quick response to AD incident

6187:

Coker, C. (2017). "Status of organics recycling in the U.K.".

7510: 7435: 6786: 6649: 6473:

Hydrogen sulphide emissions in a biogas plant 8 November 2005

5662: 5435: 4278:"A Technological Overview of Biogas Production from Biowaste" 4215:

Farm-Scale Anaerobic Digestion Plant Efficiency, NNFCC 11-015

4175: 2322:

There have been explosions of Anaerobic Digesters in the US (

2217: 2062:

to the digestion tanks inhibits hydrogen sulfide production.

1774: 1692:

Some countries offer incentives in the form of, for example,

1601: 1317: 882: 802: 759: 710:. The process is used for industrial or domestic purposes to 509: 6519:

Lessons for safe design and operation of anaerobic digesters

2674: 2208:. The first known anaerobic digester was built in 1859 at a 1665:, because the carbon in biodegradable material is part of a 6504:

Anaerobic Digestion UK Including Regulations and Objectives

5149: 4665:

Biotechnology and Human Development in Developing Countries

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Anaerobic Digestion Initiative Advisory Committee (ADIAC).

3603:

Anaerobic Lagoons for Storage/Treatment of Livestock Manure

3512: 2440:

Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources

2326:

Pixelle Specialty Solutions' Androscoggin Mill; Pensacola (

2158: 2014:, a micro-organism on a distinctly different branch of the 1625: 1376: 607: 6644: 6573:. Anaerobic Digestion and Bioresources Association (ADBA). 5407: 5021:"Green energy plant could be UK's alternative to fracking" 3621: 1716:

Biogas grid-injection is the injection of biogas into the

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boiler, siloxanes are converted into silicon dioxide (SiO

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into compounds that can be directly used by methanogens.

4833:

CHP Feed-In Tariffs & Green Energy Financial Support

4264:

Anaerobic digestion of classified municipal solid wastes

2947: 2945: 2634: 2201:

proved the presence of methane in the gases produced by

1991:

Biogas holder with lightning protection rods and backup

7658: 5038:

Natural & bioGas Vehicle Association (NVGA). Sweden

4445:

Raio, M. (28 August 2018). Zero Waste Our New Future?.

3030:

Transitional bacteria in anaerobic digestion of biomass

2228:, where a septic tank was used to generate gas for the 1457: 5401: 5235:

GE Energy – Jenbacher Gas Engines for Power Generation

4971:"Oxfordshire town sees human waste used to heat homes" 4275: 4245:

Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and rice straw

4130: 3452: 2989: 2987: 2927:

Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants

6327:

2 Hurt in Tank Explosion at Missouri Wastewater Plant

5600: 4898:

Half Britain's homes could be heated by renewable gas

2942: 2586:

Pamatmat, Mario Macalalag; Bhagwat, Ashok M. (1973).

1508:

Displacing industrially produced chemical fertilizers

3162:

Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal

2460: 6038:Bishop, C.; Shumway, C.; Wandschneider, P. (2010). 5315: 3209:"Low and High Solid Anaerobic Digestion Technology" 3155: 2984: 2677:

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

2588:"Anaerobic metabolism in Lake Washington sediments" 2278: 1642:

Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms

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The nutrient-rich 598:Personal transporter 493:Wind-powered vehicle 337:Marine current power 243:Zero-energy building 103:Efficient energy use 8011:Hydrogen production 7991:Anaerobic digestion 7802:Secondary treatment 7787:Membrane bioreactor 7742:Constructed wetland 7541:Infiltration/Inflow 7324:Eco-industrial park 6912:appliance recycling 6832:Anaerobic digestion 6777:Post-consumer waste 6675:Biodegradable waste 6601:on 25 December 2010 6545:2016REne...96.1127C 6492:www.biogasworld.com 6425:2016REne...96.1127C 6381:www.biogasworld.com 6267:newscentermaine.com 6235:www.countryfile.com 6140:2017JSFA...97..719A 6100:2016REne...97..559B 6056:10.3368/le.86.3.585 5920:2017RSERv..80...44L 5697:2007JCTB...82..158D 5492:on 15 October 2007. 5450:1994BmBe....6..275R 5186:biogas-digester.com 5160:2016JCPro.112.2784R 4838:7 July 2011 at the 4819:7 July 2011 at the 4600:2024BiTec.40631013D 4462:Anaerobic Digestion 4410:2015BmBe...83..297H 4294:2017Engin...3..299A 4220:14 May 2011 at the 4190:1991BmBe....1...47R 4145:1991BmBe....1..249R 4057:1989LimOc..34..647B 3970:7 July 2011 at the 3867:2008BiTec..99.4044C 3803:2023BiTec.37028531Z 3562:. pp. 53–107. 3527:1991BmBe....1...65R 3467:1993BmBe....5..261J 3343:2004WatRe..38.1653S 3278:Anaerobic digestion 3259:aikantechnology.com 2994:Anaerobic digestion 2689:1973JAWRA...9.1153M 2607:1973LimOc..18..611P 2565:1963JGR....68.3971K 2390:Avonmouth explosion 2357:Newport, Shropshire 2334:failure March 2013 2317:Avonmouth explosion 2272:1970s energy crisis 2262:Around the time of 1814: 1730:membrane separation 1606:developed countries 1575:industrial effluent 1088:normal distribution 1077:Batch or continuous 984:, amino acids, and 756:Acidogenic bacteria 696:Anaerobic digestion 285:Carbon-neutral fuel 213:Sustainable habitat 68:Building insulation 56:Energy conservation 32:Part of a series on 7967:Category: Sewerage 7928:Septic drain field 7893:Infiltration basin 7837:Stabilization pond 7757:Facultative lagoon 7621:Quality indicators 7501:Blackwater (waste) 7481:Acid mine drainage 7369:Waste minimisation 7314:Cleaner production 6979:Reusable packaging 6892:Mechanical sorting 6695:Construction waste 6460:10.3303/CET1543323 5557:Climate Generation 5330:10.1007/BF00172836 5192:on 10 January 2016 5139:on 6 January 2010. 5025:Hydrogen Fuel News 4907:, nationalgrid.com 4709:9 May 2013 at the 4524:Svoboda, I (2003) 3491:. 13 November 2014 3112:on 11 October 2016 3106:greenthefuture.com 3082:on 12 October 2007 2972:on 2 December 2010 2962:"The biogas plant" 2854:. 29 December 2011 2499:Environment portal 2385:Anaerobic organism 2253: 2164: 2111: 2052:amine gas treating 2048:Environment Agency 2004: 1996: 1810: 1734:on-site generation 1571: 1525:Reducing usage of 1490: 1369: 1261:In the case of an 1207: 1062: 966: 300:Geothermal heating 128:Energy saving lamp 38:Sustainable energy 27: 7975: 7974: 7752:Extended aeration 7699:Treatment options 7649:Oxygen saturation 7496:Blackwater (coal) 7474:Sources and types 7433: 7432: 7364:Waste legislation 7273:Sanitation worker 7247:London Convention 7183:Bamako Convention 6974:Resource recovery 6942:textile recycling 6937:plastic recycling 6917:battery recycling 6857:Ecological design 6782:Radioactive waste 6589:. 9 October 2018. 6329:12 February 2019 6249:21 December 2020 6148:10.1002/jsfa.8005 5877:Water.me.vccs.edu 5705:10.1002/jctb.1645 5663:Kompogas Homepage 5615:10.1002/bit.22627 4952:Energy Dictionary 4377:(10): 2129–2143. 4355:978-0-07-234553-7 3921:978-0-07-340118-8 3861:(10): 4044–4064. 3768:978-3-642-28418-2 3710:978-0-9631172-1-2 3624:Biotechnol Bioeng 3577:978-0-12-811031-7 2852:"Jyllands-Posten" 2810:clarke-energy.com 2785:clarke-energy.com 2727:on 5 October 2011 2661:978-0-471-01902-2 2559:(13): 3971–3973. 2336:Aumsville, Oregon 2305:River Mole, Devon 1979: 1978: 1558: 929:) and methane (CH 758:then convert the 732:as discovered by 730:marsh gas methane 693: 692: 290:Geothermal energy 8058: 8046:Renewable energy 8041:Gas technologies 8036:Water technology 7964: 7963: 7883:Evaporation pond 7871:Disposal options 7842:Trickling filter 7827:Sewage treatment 7727:Carbon filtering 7707:Activated sludge 7460: 7453: 7446: 7437: 7436: 7402: 7401: 7392: 7391: 7257:OSPAR Convention 7188:Basel Convention 6999:Waste collection 6989:Sewage treatment 6947:timber recycling 6922:bottle recycling 6902:Reclaimed lumber 6897:Photodegradation 6819: 6737:Industrial waste 6705:Electronic waste 6700:Demolition waste 6680:Biomedical waste 6654:waste management 6639: 6632: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6597:. Archived from 6590: 6582: 6574: 6557: 6556: 6533:Renewable Energy 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6501: 6495: 6485: 6479: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6413:Renewable Energy 6408: 6399: 6390: 6384: 6375: 6366: 6356: 6350: 6340: 6334: 6324: 6318: 6309: 6303: 6293: 6287: 6284:/www.papnews.com 6276: 6270: 6260: 6254: 6244: 6238: 6233:Fergus Collins, 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6159: 6123: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6088:Renewable Energy 6079: 6068: 6067: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6003:The Conversation 5997:Black, Brian C. 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5974: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5883:on 13 April 2020 5879:. Archived from 5869: 5863: 5862: 5855:UMass Law Review 5846: 5833: 5832: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5679: 5673: 5660: 5654: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5360:scsengineers.com 5357: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5282:. Archived from 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5257:. Archived from 5252: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5135:. Archived from 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5101:. Archived from 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4944: 4938: 4925: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4849: 4843: 4842:, www.alfagy.com 4830: 4824: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4786: 4780: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4732: 4719: 4713: 4700: 4694: 4681: 4675: 4661: 4655: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4611: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4459: 4453: 4443: 4437: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4113:. Archived from 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4089:Morning Ag Clips 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4013: 3999: 3993: 3980: 3974: 3962: 3956: 3946: 3940: 3929: 3923: 3913: 3907: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3788: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3755: 3749: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3692: 3686: 3673: 3667: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3619: 3613: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3461:(3–4): 261–278. 3450: 3441: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3325: 3319: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3078:. Archived from 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3010: 3004: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2968:. Archived from 2958: 2952: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2910:on 20 July 2011. 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2828: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2761:(8): 1214–1225. 2752: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2720:. Archived from 2715: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2683:(6): 1153–1158. 2672: 2666: 2665: 2643: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2617:. Archived from 2592: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2523: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2450:Sewage treatment 2188:electrochemistry 2184:Alessandro Volta 2174:(1627-1691) and 2056:ferrous chloride 2040:Hydrogen sulfide 1964: 1963: 1962: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1926:Hydrogen sulfide 1917: 1916: 1915: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1815: 1809: 1771:carbon-intensive 1718:natural gas grid 1636:Power generation 1630:activated carbon 1559: 1411:Moisture content 1307: 1298: 1236:anaerobic lagoon 1012:hydrogen sulfide 895:hydrogen sulfide 816:, consisting of 810:renewable energy 748:organic polymers 734:Alessandro Volta 685: 678: 671: 658: 654: 653: 644: 639: 638: 476:Electric vehicle 325:Run-of-the-river 310:Hydroelectricity 295:Geothermal power 256:Renewable energy 208:Sustainable city 183:Low-energy house 123:Energy recycling 48: 29: 28: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8055: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7971: 7952: 7918:Reclaimed water 7866: 7792:Reverse osmosis 7693: 7615: 7581:Reverse osmosis 7506:Boiler blowdown 7469: 7464: 7434: 7429: 7405:Category: Waste 7386: 7378: 7359:Waste hierarchy 7292: 7283:Waste collector 7261: 7252:Oslo Convention 7171: 7023: 7019:Waste-to-energy 7014:Waste treatment 6984:Right to repair 6882:Landfill mining 6867:Illegal dumping 6820: 6811: 6772:Packaging waste 6767:Open defecation 6727:Hazardous waste 6656: 6643: 6613: 6604: 6602: 6593: 6585: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6502: 6498: 6486: 6482: 6471: 6467: 6444: 6440: 6409: 6402: 6391: 6387: 6376: 6369: 6357: 6353: 6341: 6337: 6325: 6321: 6310: 6306: 6294: 6290: 6277: 6273: 6261: 6257: 6245: 6241: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6204: 6200: 6185: 6181: 6124: 6117: 6080: 6071: 6036: 6032: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5939: 5935: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5847: 5836: 5813: 5809: 5788:(10): 321–328. 5774: 5770: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5726:Wayback Machine 5716: 5712: 5680: 5676: 5671:Wayback Machine 5661: 5657: 5651:Wayback Machine 5642: 5638: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5577:Wayback Machine 5568: 5564: 5551: 5550: 5543: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5434: 5430: 5419: 5417: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5148: 5144: 5133:www.kolumbus.fi 5127: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5045:Wayback Machine 5036: 5032: 5017: 5013: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4967: 4963: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4935:Wayback Machine 4926: 4922: 4915: 4911: 4905:Wayback Machine 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4840:Wayback Machine 4831: 4827: 4821:Wayback Machine 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4777:Wayback Machine 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4729:Wayback Machine 4720: 4716: 4711:Wayback Machine 4701: 4697: 4691:Wayback Machine 4682: 4678: 4672:Wayback Machine 4662: 4658: 4652:Wayback Machine 4642: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4545:Wayback Machine 4536: 4532: 4523: 4519: 4513:Wayback Machine 4504:Juniper (2005) 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4469:Wayback Machine 4460: 4456: 4449:Retrieved from 4444: 4440: 4429: 4425: 4394: 4390: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324:Wayback Machine 4315: 4311: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4252:Wayback Machine 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4222:Wayback Machine 4209: 4205: 4174: 4170: 4129: 4122: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4078: 4074: 4033: 4029: 4020: 4016: 4010:Wayback Machine 4000: 3996: 3990:Wayback Machine 3981: 3977: 3972:Wayback Machine 3963: 3959: 3947: 3943: 3930: 3926: 3914: 3910: 3906:(5-6), 901-911. 3897: 3890: 3851: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3746:Wayback Machine 3736: 3732: 3723: 3721: 3711: 3693: 3689: 3683:Wayback Machine 3674: 3670: 3665:Wayback Machine 3655: 3651: 3620: 3616: 3610:Wayback Machine 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3556: 3552: 3511: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3451: 3444: 3439:Wayback Machine 3429: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3366: 3326: 3322: 3316:Wayback Machine 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3285:Wayback Machine 3276: 3272: 3266:Wayback Machine 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3011: 3007: 3001:Wayback Machine 2992: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2919: 2915: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2525: 2524: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2425:Methane capture 2375: 2367:Safety analyses 2297: 2281: 2242:Hampton, London 2162:Gas street lamp 2156: 2148:reverse osmosis 2128: 2096: 2090: 2075: 2061: 1985: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1808: 1800: 1783: 1766: 1757: 1726:amine scrubbing 1714: 1694:feed-in tariffs 1688: 1644: 1638: 1548: 1546: 1520:electrical grid 1496:Replacement of 1466: 1446: 1422: 1413: 1361: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1300: 1299: 1288: 1271: 1255: 1228: 1185: 1179:of the solids. 1129: 1079: 1054: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 932: 928: 907: 855: 849: 689: 648: 647: 634: 627: 626: 466: 456: 455: 258: 248: 247: 233:Waste-to-energy 188:Microgeneration 118:Energy recovery 58: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8064: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7943:Surface runoff 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7923:Sanitary sewer 7920: 7915: 7913:Marine outfall 7910: 7908:Marine dumping 7905: 7900: 7898:Injection well 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7878:Combined sewer 7874: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7817:Settling basin 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7712:Aerated lagoon 7709: 7703: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7644:Coliform index 7641: 7636: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7586:Sanitary sewer 7583: 7578: 7573: 7571:Produced water 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7516:Combined sewer 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7463: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7396: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7278:Street sweeper 7275: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7162:United Kingdom 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6952:tire recycling 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6932:land recycling 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6842:Biodegradation 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6802:Surface runoff 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6690:Chemical waste 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6642: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6612: 6611: 6591: 6583: 6575: 6566: 6564: 6563:External links 6561: 6559: 6558: 6523: 6511: 6496: 6480: 6465: 6438: 6400: 6385: 6367: 6351: 6335: 6319: 6304: 6300:www.tpomag.com 6288: 6271: 6255: 6239: 6223: 6211: 6198: 6179: 6134:(3): 719–723. 6115: 6069: 6050:(3): 585–608. 6044:Land Economics 6030: 6015: 5989: 5960: 5933: 5894: 5864: 5834: 5807: 5768: 5741: 5729: 5710: 5674: 5655: 5636: 5593: 5581: 5562: 5541: 5519: 5495: 5473: 5444:(4): 275–282. 5428: 5400: 5388:iea-biogas.net 5372: 5343: 5324:(2): 341–345. 5308: 5289: 5267: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5203: 5173: 5142: 5120: 5108: 5086: 5060: 5048: 5030: 5011: 4992: 4961: 4939: 4920: 4909: 4890: 4864: 4844: 4825: 4806: 4781: 4762: 4733: 4714: 4695: 4676: 4656: 4636: 4623: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4530: 4517: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4454: 4438: 4423: 4388: 4361: 4354: 4336: 4327: 4309: 4288:(3): 299–307. 4268: 4256: 4237: 4225: 4203: 4168: 4139:(5): 249–260. 4120: 4101: 4072: 4037:"Book Review: 4027: 4014: 3994: 3975: 3957: 3941: 3924: 3908: 3888: 3845: 3832: 3774: 3767: 3750: 3730: 3709: 3687: 3668: 3649: 3614: 3595: 3583: 3576: 3550: 3502: 3480: 3442: 3418: 3406: 3379: 3364: 3337:(7): 1653–62. 3320: 3301: 3289: 3270: 3251: 3225: 3200: 3175: 3148: 3123: 3102:"How It Works" 3093: 3063: 3035: 3020: 3005: 2983: 2953: 2941: 2913: 2891: 2865: 2843: 2815: 2797: 2772: 2738: 2702: 2667: 2660: 2627: 2601:(4): 611–627. 2578: 2543: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2488: 2474: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2296: 2293: 2280: 2277: 2155: 2152: 2144:eutrophication 2127: 2124: 2092:Main article: 2089: 2086: 2073: 2059: 2008:methanogenesis 1981:Main article: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1859: 1857:Carbon dioxide 1853: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1782: 1779: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1713: 1712:Grid injection 1710: 1686: 1671:carbon neutral 1653:United Nations 1637: 1634: 1615:greenhouse gas 1589:, or burnt in 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1465: 1462: 1451:carbon dioxide 1445: 1442: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1360: 1357: 1312: 1311: 1302: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1270: 1267: 1254: 1253:Residence time 1251: 1227: 1224: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1184: 1183:Solids content 1181: 1152: 1151: 1142: 1128: 1125: 1078: 1075: 1053: 1050: 1044:methanogenesis 1040: 1039: 1037:Methanogenesis 1026: 1025: 1004: 1003: 973: 972: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 935: 930: 926: 923:methanogenesis 906: 905:Process stages 903: 851:Main article: 848: 845: 822:carbon dioxide 700:microorganisms 691: 690: 688: 687: 680: 673: 665: 662: 661: 660: 659: 645: 629: 628: 625: 624: 623: 622: 612: 611: 610: 603:Rail transport 600: 595: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 576:Roller skating 573: 572: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 549:Cycle rickshaw 546: 536: 531: 521: 520: 519: 514: 513: 512: 505:Human-electric 500:Hybrid vehicle 497: 496: 495: 490: 485: 484: 483: 467: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 391: 386: 381: 379:Renewable heat 376: 371: 366: 365: 364: 359: 354: 344: 339: 334: 333: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 271: 270: 259: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 168:Green building 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 138:Energy storage 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 59: 54: 53: 50: 49: 41: 40: 34: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8063: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7979: 7968: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7807:Sedimentation 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7601:Sewage sludge 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7526:Cooling water 7524: 7522: 7521:Cooling tower 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7486:Ballast water 7484: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7449: 7447: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7426: 7425:Organizations 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7397: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7344:Landfill fire 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7193:EU directives 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7167:United States 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7004:Waste sorting 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752:Marine debris 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6539:: 1127–1134. 6538: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6477: 6474: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6419:: 1127–1134. 6418: 6414: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6120: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6019: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5943:Public Health 5937: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5691:(2): 158–64. 5690: 5686: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5609:(6): 1031–9. 5608: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5486:nfuonline.com 5483: 5477: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5376: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5299: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5280:afbini.gov.uk 5277: 5271: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4894: 4879:. 8 June 2015 4878: 4874: 4868: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4795: 4791: 4790:"METHAGEN AD" 4785: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4527: 4521: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4031: 4024: 4018: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630:(3): 342–55. 3629: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3507: 3490: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3447: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3415: 3410: 3394: 3393:New Scientist 3390: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3185: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3076:biotank.co.uk 3073: 3067: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3032:. p. 35. 3031: 3024: 3017:. p. 15. 3016: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2922: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2880:. 3 July 2019 2879: 2875: 2869: 2853: 2847: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2500: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2485:Energy portal 2480: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2435:Pasteur point 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2361:Saint-Fargeau 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2238:sedimentation 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:Stephen Hales 2173: 2169: 2160: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1803: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1761: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1441: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1420:Contamination 1417: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1365: 1356: 1354: 1353:nitrification 1348: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1297: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1203: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1180: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1164:psychrophiles 1161: 1157: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1058: 1052:Configuration 1049: 1047: 1045: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 995: 989: 987: 983: 982:simple sugars 979: 971: 968: 967: 962: 957: 934: 924: 920: 916: 912: 902: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 854: 844: 842: 841:capital costs 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 795:sewage sludge 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:organic acids 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752:carbohydrates 749: 745: 742: 737: 735: 731: 727: 724: 723:oceanic basin 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 704:biodegradable 701: 697: 686: 681: 679: 674: 672: 667: 666: 664: 663: 657: 652: 646: 643: 633: 632: 631: 630: 621: 618: 617: 616: 615:Rapid transit 613: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 599: 596: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 581:Skateboarding 579: 577: 574: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 525: 522: 518: 515: 511: 508: 507: 506: 503: 502: 501: 498: 494: 491: 489: 488:Solar vehicle 486: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 473: 472: 471:Green vehicle 469: 468: 465: 460: 459: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Tidal barrage 350: 349: 348: 345: 343: 342:Marine energy 340: 338: 335: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 269: 266: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 252: 251: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 193:Passive house 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 60: 57: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 39: 36: 35: 31: 30: 23: 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