Anesthesia - Knowledge

2330:. For the experience of child birth itself, chloroform met all the Queen's expectations; she stated it was "delightful beyond measure". Chloroform was not without fault though. The first fatality directly attributed to chloroform administration was recorded on 28 January 1848 after the death of Hannah Greener. This was the first of many deaths to follow from the untrained handling of chloroform. Surgeons began to appreciate the need for a trained anesthetist. The need, as Thatcher writes, was for an anesthetist to "(1) Be satisfied with the subordinate role that the work would require, (2) Make anesthesia their one absorbing interest, (3) not look at the situation of anesthetist as one that put them in a position to watch and learn from the surgeons technique (4) accept the comparatively low pay and (5) have the natural aptitude and intelligence to develop a high level of skill in providing the smooth anesthesia and relaxation that the surgeon demanded" These qualities of an anesthetist were often found in submissive 2201: 2354:"The question of anaesthesia is a most important one. We have regular anaesthetists whom we can depend so that I can devote my entire attention to the surgical work." Magaw kept thorough records of her cases and recorded these anesthetics. In her publication reviewing more than 14,000 surgical anesthetics, Magaw indicates she successfully provided anesthesia without an anesthetic-related death. Magaw describes in another article, "We have administered an anesthetic 1,092 times; ether alone 674 times; chloroform 245 times; ether and chloroform combined 173 times. I can report that out of this number, 1,092 cases, we have not had an accident". Magaw's records and outcomes created a legacy defining that the delivery of anesthesia by nurses would serve the surgical community without increasing the risks to patients. In fact, Magaw's outcomes would eclipse those of practitioners today. 1756: 2189: 1826:

development of children's brains." The warning was criticized by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, which pointed out the absence of direct evidence regarding use in pregnant women and the possibility that "this warning could inappropriately dissuade providers from providing medically indicated care during pregnancy." Patient advocates noted that a randomized clinical trial would be unethical, that the mechanism of injury is well-established in animals, and that studies had shown exposure to multiple uses of anesthetic significantly increased the risk of developing learning disabilities in young children, with a

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someone less than 60 years old. Having an ASA score of 3, 4 or 5 places the person at 10.7 times greater risk than someone with an ASA score of 1 or 2. Other variables include age greater than 80 (3.3 times risk compared to those under 60), gender (females have a lower risk of 0.8), urgency of the procedure (emergencies have a 4.4 times greater risk), experience of the person completing the procedure (less than 8 years experience and/or less than 600 cases have a 1.1 times greater risk) and the type of anesthetic (regional anesthetics are lower risk than general anesthetics).

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is the health of the patient. These statistics can also be compared to the first such study on mortality in anesthesia from 1954, which reported a rate of death from all causes at 1:75 and a rate attributed to anesthesia alone at 1:2680. Direct comparisons between mortality statistics cannot reliably be made over time and across countries because of differences in the stratification of risk factors, however, there is evidence that anesthetics have made a significant improvement in safety but to what degree is uncertain.

1378: 970: 1917: 1214:(ASA) has established minimum monitoring guidelines for patients receiving general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or sedation. These include electrocardiography (ECG), heart rate, blood pressure, inspired and expired gases, oxygen saturation of the blood (pulse oximetry), and temperature. In the UK the Association of Anaesthetists (AAGBI) have set minimum monitoring guidelines for general and regional anesthesia. For minor surgery, this generally includes monitoring of 1053: 1364: 1158:, an anesthetic breathing circuit, waste gas scavenging system and pressure gauges. The purpose of the anesthetic machine is to provide anesthetic gas at a constant pressure, oxygen for breathing and to remove carbon dioxide or other waste anesthetic gases. Since inhalational anesthetics are flammable, various checklists have been developed to confirm that the machine is ready for use, that the safety features are active and the electrical hazards are removed. 7418: 6696: 5897: 6726: 6736: 5907: 1880:(immediate post-operative confusion) and early cognitive dysfunction (diminished cognitive function in the first post-operative week). Although the three entities (delirium, early POCD and long-term POCD) are separate, the presence of delirium post-operatively predicts the presence of early POCD. There does not appear to be an association between delirium or early POCD and long-term POCD. According to a recent study conducted at the 60: 986: 1691:(pain sensation) is not hard-wired into the body. Instead, it is a dynamic process wherein persistent painful stimuli can sensitize the system and either make pain management difficult or promote the development of chronic pain. For this reason, preemptive acute pain management may reduce both acute and chronic pain and is tailored to the surgery, the environment in which it is given (in-patient/out-patient) and the individual. 1884:, the brain navigates its way through a series of activity clusters, or "hubs" on its way back to consciousness. Andrew Hudson, an assistant professor in anesthesiology states, "Recovery from anesthesia is not simply the result of the anesthetic 'wearing off,' but also of the brain finding its way back through a maze of possible activity states to those that allow conscious experience. Put simply, the brain reboots itself." 1774:. The faster the surgery was, the lower the rate of complications (leading to reports of very quick amputations). The advent of anesthesia allowed more complicated and life-saving surgery to be completed, decreased the physiologic stress of the surgery, but added an element of risk. It was two years after the introduction of ether anesthetics that the first death directly related to the use of anesthesia was reported. 1547:

anesthetic required to affect the nerve, the maximum dose of local anesthetic has to be considered. Nerve blocks are also used as a continuous infusion, following major surgery such as knee, hip and shoulder replacement surgery, and may be associated with lower complications. Nerve blocks are also associated with a lower risk of neurologic complications compared to the more central epidural or spinal neuraxial blocks.

7442: 6716: 7430: 6706: 1662: 1862:, shivering and confusion are also common in the immediate post-operative period because of the lack of muscle movement (and subsequent lack of heat production) during the procedure. Furthermore, the rare manifestation in the post-anesthetic period may be the occurrence of functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD). 1402:, it is generally referred to as regional anesthesia. There are many types of regional anesthesia either by injecting into the tissue itself, a vein that feeds the area or around a nerve trunk that supplies sensation to the area. The latter are called nerve blocks and are divided into peripheral or central nerve blocks. 943:. After determining the health of the patient undergoing anesthesia and the endpoints that are required to complete the procedure, the type of anesthetic can be selected. Choice of surgical method and anesthetic technique aims to reduce risk of complications, shorten time needed for recovery and minimize the 1009:. In the early days of anesthesia, anesthetics could reliably achieve the first two, allowing surgeons to perform necessary procedures, but many patients died because the extremes of blood pressure and pulse caused by the surgical insult were ultimately harmful. Eventually, the need for blunting of the 2185:

wanted excised. But fearing the pain of surgery, Venable kept putting the operation off. Hence, Long suggested that he have his operation while under the influence of ether. Venable agreed, and on 30 March 1842 he underwent a painless operation. However, Long did not announce his discovery until 1849.

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Long noticed that his friends felt no pain when they injured themselves while staggering around under the influence of diethyl ether. He immediately thought of its potential in surgery. Conveniently, a participant in one of those "ether frolics", a student named James Venable, had two small tumors he

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Long-term POCD is a subtle deterioration in cognitive function, that can last for weeks, months, or longer. Most commonly, relatives of the person report a lack of attention, memory and loss of interest in activities previously dear to the person (such as crosswords). In a similar way, people in the

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also administer anesthesia in 109 nations. In the US, 35% of anesthetics are provided by physicians in solo practice, about 55% are provided by anesthesia care teams (ACTs) with anesthesiologists medically directing certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) or anesthesiologist assistants, and

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Discovered in 1831 by an American physician Samuel Guthrie (1782–1848), and independently a few months later by Frenchman Eugène Soubeiran (1797–1859) and Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) in Germany, chloroform was named and chemically characterized in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800–1884). In 1842,

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of each contributing factor, consider that the rate of deaths totally attributed to the patient's health is 1:870. Compare that to the rate of deaths totally attributed to surgical factors (1:2860) or anesthesia alone (1:185,056) illustrating that the single greatest factor in anesthetic mortality

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Alice Magaw, born in November 1860, is often referred to as "The Mother of Anesthesia". Her renown as the personal anesthesia provider for William and Charles Mayo was solidified by Mayo's own words in his 1905 article in which he described his satisfaction with and reliance on nurse anesthetists:

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On 14 December 2016, the Food and Drug Administration issued a Public Safety Communication warning that "repeated or lengthy use of general anesthetic and sedation drugs during surgeries or procedures in children younger than 3 years or in pregnant women during their third trimester may affect the

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Rather than stating a flat rate of morbidity or mortality, many factors are reported as contributing to the relative risk of the procedure and anesthetic combined. For instance, an operation on a person who is between the ages of 60–79 years old places the patient at 2.3 times greater risk than

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A trained, vigilant anesthesia provider should continually care for the patient; where the provider is not an anesthesiologist, they should be locally directed and supervised by an anesthesiologist, and in countries or settings where this is not feasible, care should be led by the most qualified

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Anesthesia is unique in that it is not a direct means of treatment; rather, it allows the clinician to do things that may treat, diagnose, or cure an ailment which would otherwise be painful or complicated. The best anesthetic, therefore, is the one with the lowest risk to the patient that still

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decided to find out by experimenting on himself. To his astonishment he found that nitrous oxide made him laugh, so he nicknamed it "laughing gas". In 1800 Davy wrote about the potential anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide in relieving pain during surgery, but nobody at that time pursued the

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to perform a dental procedure on a Miss Lonsdale. This was the first case of an operator-anesthetist. On the same day, 19 December 1846, in Dumfries Royal Infirmary, Scotland, a Dr. Scott used ether for a surgical procedure. The first use of anesthesia in the Southern Hemisphere took place in

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or electrical stimulation. Evidence supports the use of ultrasound guidance alone, or in combination with peripheral nerve stimulation, as superior for improved sensory and motor block, a reduction in the need for supplementation and fewer complications. Because of the large amount of local

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The risks of complications during or after anesthesia are often difficult to separate from those of the procedure for which anesthesia is being given, but in the main they are related to three factors: the health of the individual, the complexity and stress of the procedure itself, and the

1714:(PCA). PCA has been shown to provide slightly better pain control and increased patient satisfaction when compared with conventional methods. Common preemptive approaches include epidural neuraxial blockade or nerve blocks. One review which looked at pain control after 1254:, and neuromuscular function. In addition, the operating room environment must be monitored for ambient temperature and humidity, as well as for accumulation of exhaled inhalational anesthetic agents, which might be deleterious to the health of operating room personnel. 1111:

general anesthetics. The drugs used in combination offered a better risk profile to the subject under anesthesia and a quicker recovery. A combination of drugs was later shown to result in lower odds of dying in the first seven days after anesthetic. For instance,

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is through the use of inhaled general anesthetics. Each anesthetic has its own potency, which is correlated to its solubility in oil. This relationship exists because the drugs bind directly to cavities in proteins of the central nervous system, although several

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In preparing for a medical or veterinary procedure, the clinician chooses one or more drugs to achieve the types and degree of anesthesia characteristics appropriate for the type of procedure and the particular patient. The types of drugs used include

682:. Diagnosing the patient's pre-operative physical status allows the clinician to minimize anesthetic risks. A well completed medical history will arrive at the correct diagnosis 56% of the time which increases to 73% with a physical examination. 1752:(death that results from anesthesia). Quantifying how anesthesia contributes to morbidity and mortality can be difficult because the patient's health prior to surgery and the complexity of the surgical procedure can also contribute to the risks. 391:

block transmission of nerve impulses from a specific part of the body. Depending on the situation, this may be used either on its own (in which case the individual remains fully conscious), or in combination with general anesthesia or sedation.

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help in diagnosis but only in 3% of cases, underscoring the need for a full history and physical examination prior to anesthetics. Incorrect pre-operative assessments or preparations are the root cause of 11% of all adverse anesthetic events.

1296:, and centrally produced muscle-relaxing properties. From the perspective of the person giving the sedation, the patient appears sleepy, relaxed and forgetful, allowing unpleasant procedures to be more easily completed. Sedatives such as 1106:

The ideal anesthetic drug would provide hypnosis, amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation without undesirable changes in blood pressure, pulse or breathing. In the 1930s, physicians started to augment inhaled general anesthetics with

5801: 2072:, hemlock juice, and other substances. The sponge was then dried and stored; just before surgery the sponge was moistened and then held under the patient's nose. When all went well, the fumes rendered the individual unconscious. 1809:, vomiting, readmission). There is usually overlap in the contributing factors that lead to morbidity and mortality between the health of the patients, the type of surgery being performed and the anesthetic. To understand the 2341:

John Snow of London published articles from May 1848 onwards "On Narcotism by the Inhalation of Vapours" in the London Medical Gazette. Snow also involved himself in the production of equipment needed for the administration of

1428:: local anesthetic is injected near a nerve that provides sensation to particular portion of the body. There is significant variation in the speed of onset and duration of anesthesia depending on the potency of the drug (e.g. 2369:. This book served as the standard reference for the specialty for decades and included details on the history of anesthesia as well as the physiology and techniques of inhalation, rectal, intravenous, and spinal anesthesia. 1508:. Low quality evidence was found 3 to 12 months following breast cancer surgery. This review acknowledges certain limitations that impact its applicability beyond the surgeries and regional anesthesia techniques reviewed. 525:. In a pharmacological context, the word hypnosis usually has this technical meaning, in contrast to its more familiar lay or psychological meaning of an altered state of consciousness not necessarily caused by drugs—see 2149:

Hanaoka's success in performing this painless operation soon became widely known, and patients began to arrive from all parts of Japan. Hanaoka went on to perform many operations using tsūsensan, including resection of

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uses larger doses of anesthetic infused through an indwelling catheter which allows the anesthetic to be augmented should the effects begin to dissipate. Epidural anesthesia does not typically affect muscle control.

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workforce may report an inability to complete tasks at the same speed they could previously. There is good evidence that POCD occurs after cardiac surgery and the major reason for its occurrence is the formation of

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Whitaker Chair DK, Booth H, Clyburn P, Harrop-Griffiths W, Hosie H, Kilvington B, et al. (March 2013). "Immediate post-anaesthesia recovery 2013: Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland".

698:, and doctors specialised in the field are termed anesthesiologists. Additional healthcare professionals involved in anesthesia provision have varying titles and roles depending on the jurisdiction, and include 1315:

From the perspective of the subject receiving a sedative, the effect is a feeling of general relaxation, amnesia (loss of memory) and time passing quickly. Many drugs can produce a sedative effect including

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Aside from the generalities of the patient's health assessment, an evaluation of specific factors as they relate to the surgery also need to be considered for anesthesia. For instance, anesthesia during

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was the first to demonstrate the anesthetic properties of chloroform on humans and helped to popularize the drug for use in medicine. This first supply came from local pharmacists, James Duncan and

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used similar mixtures along with opiates to induce unconsciousness, and treatment with the combined alkaloids proved a mainstay of anesthesia until the 19th century. Local anesthetics were used in

1128:(inhaled) during the procedure to maintain the effects. More recently, several intravenous drugs have been developed which, if desired, allow inhaled general anesthetics to be avoided completely. 2161:, and extremity amputations. Before his death in 1835, Hanaoka performed more than 150 operations for breast cancer. However, this finding did not benefit the rest of the world until 1854 as the 734:, highly recommend that anesthesia should be provided, overseen or led by anesthesiologists, with the exception of minimal sedation or superficial procedures performed under local anesthesia. 5847: 2402:

Almost all healthcare providers use anesthetic drugs to some degree, but most health professions have their own field of specialists in the field including medicine, nursing and dentistry.

1049:(MAC). The MAC is the percentage dose of anesthetic that will prevent a response to painful stimulus in 50% of subjects. The higher the MAC, generally, the less potent the anesthetic. 868:

is based on the patient's health. The American Society of Anesthesiologists has developed a six-tier scale that stratifies the patient's pre-operative physical state. It is called the

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European surgery and Chinese medicine. After years of research and experimentation, he finally developed a formula which he named tsūsensan (also known as mafutsu-san), which combined

2099:, may have been synthesized as early as the 8th century, but it took many centuries for its anesthetic importance to be appreciated, even though the 16th century physician and polymath 5125: 1433: 3825:

The earliest known mention of the poppy is in the language of the Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who descended from the uplands of Central Asia into Southern Mesopotamia ...

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apply regardless of the provider, including continuous clinical and biometric monitoring of tissue oxygenation, perfusion and blood pressure; confirmation of correct placement of

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found that epidural blockade provides better pain relief (especially during movement) in the period up to three postoperative days. It reduces the duration of postoperative

1458:: Local anesthetic is injected or infused in or around a portion of the central nervous system (discussed in more detail below in spinal, epidural and caudal anesthesia). 5648: 2372:

Of these first famous anesthetics, only nitrous oxide is still widely used today, with chloroform and ether having been replaced by safer but sometimes more expensive

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and inhaled general anesthetics. The advantage of sedation over a general anesthetic is that it generally does not require support of the airway or breathing (no

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can affect all of the endpoints. The goal of anesthesia is to achieve the endpoints required for the given surgical procedure with the least risk to the subject.

4181:"The Ancestors of Inhalational Anesthesia: The Soporific Sponges (XIth–XVIIth Centuries): How a Universally Recommended Medical Technique Was Abruptly Discarded" 1996:

whom historians considered the first verifiable historical figure to develop a type of mixture of anesthesia, though his recipe has yet to be fully discovered.

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anesthesia, can be performed in the region of the central nervous system itself, suppressing all incoming sensation from nerves supplying the area of the block.

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noted that chickens made to breathe it not only fell asleep but also felt no pain. By the early 19th century, ether was being used by humans, but only as a

3542:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women" 2251:. The previously skeptical Warren was impressed and stated, "Gentlemen, this is no humbug." In a letter to Morton shortly thereafter, physician and writer 1892:. POCD also appears to occur in non-cardiac surgery. Its causes in non-cardiac surgery are less clear but older age is a risk factor for its occurrence. 5867: 4343:

Izuo, Masaru (November 2004). "Medical history: Seishu hanaoka and his success in breast cancer surgery under general anesthesia two hundred years ago".

731: 4855: 319:) is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes. It may include some or all of 3570: 1037:

have been described. Inhalational anesthetics are thought to exact their effects on different parts of the central nervous system. For instance, the

1466:: local anesthetics that are specially formulated to diffuse through the mucous membranes or skin to give a thin layer of analgesia to an area (e.g. 2669:"World Health Organization-World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WHO-WFSA) International Standards for a Safe Practice of Anesthesia" 7984: 1606:

is a "one-shot" injection that provides rapid onset and profound sensory anesthesia with lower doses of anesthetic, and is usually associated with

2883: 1958:. The ancient Egyptians had some surgical instruments, as well as crude analgesics and sedatives, including possibly an extract prepared from the 670:

achieves the endpoints required to complete the procedure. The first stage in anesthesia is the pre-operative risk assessment consisting of the

3000:"Local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia versus conventional analgesia for preventing persistent postoperative pain in adults and children" 7480: 4715: 638:

will reliably produce amnesia through general suppression of the nuclei at doses below those required for loss of consciousness. Drugs like

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Klomp T, van Poppel M, Jones L, Lazet J, Di Nisio M, Lagro-Janssen AL (September 2012). "Inhaled analgesia for pain management in labour".

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Anesthesia is a combination of the endpoints (discussed above) that are reached by drugs acting on different but overlapping sites in the

1234:, and inhalational anesthetic agents. For more invasive surgery, monitoring may also include temperature, urine output, blood pressure, 6225: 5832: 3098:"Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block versus parenteral analgesia for postoperative pain relief after major shoulder surgery" 6566: 5877: 5484: 5400: 2389: 1760: 869: 763: 7392: 5229: 2240: 1045:

whereas sedation, hypnosis and amnesia involve sites in the brain. The potency of an inhalational anesthetic is quantified by its

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under anesthesia or are conscious of the procedure despite giving no indication of this during it. An estimated 22% of people do

7402: 6165: 5862: 4934: 1881: 4075:(1884). "Über die Verwendung des Kokains zur Anästhesierung am Auge" [On the use of cocaine for anesthesia on the eye]. 2412:, including perioperative care, development of an anesthetic plan, and the administration of anesthetics are known in the US as 1755: 6997: 6982: 5780: 2434: 1175: 1034: 3555:"Practice Advisory: FDA Warnings Regarding Use of General Anesthetics and Sedation Drugs in Young Children and Pregnant Women" 2196:

operation conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital. The daguerreotype was taken by Southworth & Hawes on July 3, 1847.

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for his substance, but news of the successful anesthetic spread quickly by late 1846. Respected surgeons in Europe including

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prevented Hanaoka's achievements from being publicized until after the isolation ended. Nearly forty years would pass before

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There are many circumstances when anesthesia needs to be altered for special circumstances due to the procedure (such as in

1842:. Emergence from general anesthesia or sedation requires careful monitoring because there is still a risk of complication. 350:

in a non-anesthetized individual, or would otherwise be technically unfeasible. Three broad categories of anesthesia exist:

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Morton at first attempted to hide the actual nature of his anesthetic substance, referring to it as Letheon. He received a

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Pain management is classified into either pre-emptive or on-demand. On-demand pain medications typically include either

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Toski JA, Bacon DR, Calverley RK (2001). "The history of Anesthesiology". In Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK (eds.).

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Brill S, Gurman GM, Fisher A (September 2003). "A history of neuraxial administration of local analgesics and opioids".

1412:: a small amount of local anesthetic is injected in a small area to stop any sensation (such as during the closure of a 7368: 6601: 5943: 5760: 5559: 4775: 1992:

and surgeon who reportedly used general anesthesia for surgical procedures. Despite this, it was the Chinese physician

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or tail end of the spinal cord). Spinal and epidural are the most commonly used forms of central neuraxial blockade.

7473: 7002: 6772: 5770: 5678: 5193: 5117: 2505: 2314:, and its use spread quickly, with 750,000 doses weekly in Britain by 1895. Simpson arranged for Flockhart to supply 1822:, the very young and the very old are all at greater risk of complication so extra precautions may need to be taken. 1802: 719: 143: 398:

is simple infiltration by the clinician directly onto the region of interest (e.g. numbing a tooth for dental work).

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Ruetsch YA, Böni T, Borgeat A (August 2001). "From cocaine to ropivacaine: the history of local anesthetic drugs".

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Toby, Ronald P. (1977). "Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu".

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and even members of the public. More often, surgeons sought out nurses to provide anesthesia. By the time of the

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prepared with medications that are expected to be used during an operation under general anesthesia maintained by

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is injected around a larger diameter nerve that transmits sensation from an entire region it is referred to as a

1440: 884: 610:) is created by action of drugs on multiple (but specific) regions of the brain. Memories are created as either 4523:(1849). "An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anesthetic in Surgical Operations". 1846:

and vomiting are reported at 9.8% but will vary with the type of anesthetic and procedure. There is a need for

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quickly undertook numerous operations with ether. An American-born physician, Boott, encouraged London dentist

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leaves and performed operations on the skull while spitting into the wounds they had inflicted to anesthetize.

1046: 81: 3396:"Anesthesia safety: model or myth? A review of the published literature and analysis of current original data" 997:. General anesthesia (as opposed to sedation or regional anesthesia) has three main goals: lack of movement ( 738:

local individual within a regional or national anesthesiologist-led framework. The same minimum standards for

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Rudolph JL, Marcantonio ER, Culley DJ, Silverstein JH, Rasmussen LS, Crosby GJ, Inouye SK (September 2008).

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A 2018 Cochrane review found moderate quality evidence that regional anesthesia may reduce the frequency of

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to medical students at the same venue. Morton, who was unaware of Long's previous work, was invited to the

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To achieve the goals of anesthesia, drugs act on different but interconnected parts of the nervous system.

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Lewis, Sharon R; Price, Anastasia; Walker, Kevin J; McGrattan, Ken; Smith, Andrew F (11 September 2015).

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Safe anesthesia care depends greatly on well-functioning teams of highly trained healthcare workers. The

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The Pain Clinic IV: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, 18-21 November 1990

3838: 2064:(1180–1258) in the 13th century. The sponge was promoted and described by Ugo's son and fellow surgeon, 8169: 7363: 6962: 6195: 5750: 5612: 5524: 3631:

D'Souza RS, Vogt MN, Rho EH. "Post-operative functional neurological symptom disorder after anesthesia"

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Weinstein EJ, Levene JL, Cohen MS, Andreae DA, Chao JY, Johnson M, Hall CB, Andreae MH (20 June 2018).

2892: 2430: 1710:. On demand drugs can be administered by a clinician ("as needed drug orders") or by the patient using 707: 92: 4992:

Abenstein JP, Long KH, McGlinch BP, Dietz NM (March 2004). "Is physician anesthesia cost-effective?".

4491:"An Account of the First Use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anæsthetic in Surgical Operations" 4022:(1994). "The Biography of Hua-t'o from the "History of the Three Kingdoms"". In Victor H. Mair (ed.). 2424:. All anesthetics in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Japan are administered by doctors. 1021:. This led to the development of other drugs that could blunt the response, leading to lower surgical 6885: 6854: 6624: 5658: 5364: 2569: 2271: 2252: 2057: 1239: 727: 408: 2239:

to demonstrate his new technique for painless surgery. After Morton had induced anesthesia, surgeon

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Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It

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The "soporific sponge" ("sleep sponge") used by Arabic physicians was introduced to Europe by the

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anesthesia in 1898. Romanian surgeon Nicolae Racoviceanu-Piteşti (1860–1942) was the first to use

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anaesthetic technique. Of these factors, the individual's health has the greatest impact. Major

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helps quantify the impact of anything found in the medical history in addition to lab tests.

715: 479: 167: 3344:"Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid-based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery" 642:

produce amnesia through different pathways by blocking the formation of long-term memories.

630:) the strength of which is determined by the strength of connections between neurons termed 8095: 7718: 7667: 7323: 7303: 7179: 7034: 6659: 6619: 6486: 6300: 6295: 6275: 6210: 6062: 5709: 5643: 5638: 5572: 5549: 5453: 4620:

Defalque, R. J.; Wright, A. J. (April 2004). "The short, tragic life of Robert M. Glover".

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Jones L, Othman M, Dowswell T, Alfirevic Z, Gates S, Newburn M, et al. (March 2012).

2667:

Gelb AW, Morriss WW, Johnson W, Merry AF, Abayadeera A, Belîi N, et al. (June 2018).

2029:

was later isolated and became the first effective local anesthetic. It was first used in

284: 8: 8205: 7636: 7617: 7358: 7154: 7139: 7134: 7084: 6739: 6681: 6664: 6323: 6040: 5567: 5425: 5415: 5306: 5296: 5261: 5256: 5200: 5183: 5142: 3848: 3842: 2366: 2347: 2307: 2135: 1771: 1767: 1719: 1611: 1479: 1384: 1333: 1141: 956: 699: 631: 557: 549: 435: 3877: 3784:

The origins and ancient history of wine (Food and nutrition in history and anthropology)

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Mallinson, Tom (2 April 2019). "Fascia iliaca compartment block: a short how-to guide".

2118:. Initially, people thought this gas to be lethal, even in small doses, like some other 1534:

is blocked for procedures on the lower teeth. With larger diameter nerves (such as the

117: 7849: 7779: 7318: 7232: 7099: 7089: 6957: 6942: 6869: 6629: 6586: 6576: 6365: 6318: 6285: 6280: 6030: 6008: 5653: 5509: 5379: 5291: 5276: 5239: 5224: 5217: 5060: 5017: 5005: 4916: 4809: 4792: 4645: 4471: 4411: 4399: 4368: 4210: 4161: 4118: 3977: 3952: 3933: 3807:

Evans TC (1928). "The opium question, with special reference to Persia (book review)".

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Recommendations for Standards of Monitoring During Anaesthesia and Recovery 4th Edition

2847: 2820: 2796: 2769: 2745: 2720: 2698: 2563: 2425: 2373: 2335: 2178: 2166: 1959: 1950: 1877: 1786: 1642: 1634: 1589: 1565: 1556: 1539: 1462: 1195: 1155: 1147: 1029: 960: 940: 896: 726:. International standards for the safe practice of anesthesia, jointly endorsed by the 654: 611: 565: 483: 424: 415: 355: 347: 346:

Anesthesia enables the painless performance of procedures that would otherwise require

3820: 270: 8174: 8154: 8047: 7512: 7383: 7313: 7242: 7237: 7159: 7074: 7054: 6859: 6725: 6699: 6581: 6551: 6530: 6493: 6476: 6391: 6355: 6345: 6240: 6160: 6104: 6067: 6052: 5993: 5960: 5929: 5755: 5582: 5577: 5468: 5395: 5301: 5052: 5048: 5009: 4908: 4904: 4870: 4771: 4748: 4697: 4637: 4633: 4602: 4506: 4434: 4403: 4360: 4305: 4291: 4267: 4240: 4202: 4197: 4153: 4054: 3982: 3925: 3883: 3852: 3787: 3760: 3695: 3681: 3634: 3605: 3541: 3523: 3474: 3417: 3412: 3395: 3373: 3324: 3275: 3226: 3175: 3127: 3078: 3029: 2979: 2940: 2935: 2918: 2852: 2801: 2750: 2690: 2640: 2474: 2397: 2311: 2143: 2104: 2096: 2014: 1989: 1970: 1851: 1847: 1603: 1505: 1399: 1305: 1219: 1171: 743: 703: 691: 619: 615: 5064: 4649: 4415: 4386:

Ogata, Tomio (November 1973). "Seishu Hanaoka and his anaesthesiology and surgery".

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in London discovered the anaesthetic qualities of chloroform on laboratory animals.

2287:, that same year. Drawbacks with ether such as excessive vomiting and its explosive 2255:

proposed naming the state produced "anesthesia", and the procedure an "anesthetic".

2131: 1944:

thousands of years ago. The Sumerians are said to have cultivated and harvested the

872:. The scale assesses risk as the patient's general health relates to an anesthetic. 571: 8012: 7862: 7743: 7733: 7566: 7524: 7422: 7378: 7343: 7338: 7328: 7199: 7149: 7129: 7079: 7069: 6972: 6819: 6758: 6709: 6401: 6386: 6263: 6138: 6094: 5745: 5534: 5494: 5207: 5044: 5021: 5001: 4920: 4900: 4804: 4688:

Worlin, P. M. (1998). "Duncan and Flockhart: the Story of Two Men and a Pharmacy".

4629: 4592: 4502: 4463: 4395: 4352: 4214: 4192: 4145: 4110: 4046: 4000:

Guo, Qulian (December 2004). "Anesthesia in mainland China: its past and present".

3972: 3964: 3917: 3816: 3750: 3742: 3685: 3677: 3648: 3641: 3617: 3597: 3513: 3505: 3464: 3456: 3407: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3216: 3206: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3019: 3015: 3011: 2967: 2930: 2842: 2832: 2791: 2781: 2740: 2732: 2680: 2478: 2393: 2377: 2134:, a Japanese doctor, became the first person to successfully perform surgery using 2111: 2006: 1641:. The physiologic effects are much greater when the block is placed above the 5th 1569: 1531: 1530:

or regional nerve blockade. Nerve blocks are commonly used in dentistry, when the

1523: 1489: 1251: 1190: 1163: 791: 623: 596: 510:

The purpose of anesthesia can be distilled down to three basic goals or endpoints:

439: 387: 380: 308: 183: 2736: 8115: 8082: 8067: 7753: 7519: 7333: 7224: 7029: 6934: 6928: 6829: 6729: 6674: 6535: 6520: 6503: 6443: 6438: 6382: 6360: 6057: 6003: 5983: 5499: 5374: 5334: 5129: 5082: 3574: 2685: 2541: 2525: 2515: 2482: 2446: 2409: 1715: 1535: 1388: 1010: 1002: 944: 876: 865: 843: 671: 542: 455: 336: 316: 256: 5134: 4891:

Cope DK (March 1993). "James Tayloe Gwathmey: seeds of a developing specialty".

2971: 969: 8159: 8062: 7929: 7682: 7632: 7550: 7247: 7189: 7124: 7064: 7049: 6992: 6987: 6824: 6561: 6515: 6328: 6258: 6077: 5607: 5602: 5514: 5169: 4019: 3968: 3460: 2635:

Miller RD (2010). Erikson LI, Fleisher LA, Wiener-Kronish JP, Young WL (eds.).

2331: 2323: 2211:

conducted the first public demonstration of the inhalational anesthetic at the

2119: 2061: 1974: 1790: 1739: 1630: 1377: 1317: 1297: 1293: 1277: 1247: 1231: 1223: 1022: 847: 751: 739: 695: 627: 553: 502:, can be more directly attributed to specific anesthetic drugs and techniques. 43: 4149: 3921: 2087:(1800), pp. 556 and 557 (right), outlining potential anesthetic properties of 1744:

Risks and complications as they relate to anesthesia are classified as either

1542:

block for lower limbs) the nerve and position of the needle is localized with

1488:: local anesthetics are given systemically (orally or intravenous) to relieve 977:

holds a liquid anesthetic and converts it to gas for inhalation (in this case

8199: 8057: 8022: 7974: 7934: 7772: 7194: 7114: 6864: 6804: 6644: 6433: 6428: 6290: 6230: 6133: 5729: 5617: 5519: 5344: 4520: 4050: 3780:"Chapter 9: Wine and the vine in ancient Mesopotamia: the cuneiform evidence" 3652: 3195:"Role of ketamine in acute postoperative pain management: a narrative review" 3193:

Radvansky BM, Shah K, Parikh A, Sifonios AN, Le V, Eloy JD (1 October 2015).

2837: 2786: 2263: 2232: 2220: 2193: 2174: 2170: 2115: 2088: 2038: 1810: 1703: 1666: 1167: 1018: 518: 475: 5035:

Rosenbach ML, Cromwell J (May 1989). "When do anesthesiologists delegate?".

4597: 4580: 3887: 3492:

Braz LG, Braz DG, Cruz DS, Fernandes LA, Módolo NS, Braz JR (October 2009).

2668: 2338:, many nurses had been professionally trained with the support of surgeons. 1916: 824: 7969: 7954: 7949: 7748: 7558: 6649: 6634: 6460: 6185: 6035: 6020: 5966: 5592: 5420: 5405: 5013: 4874: 4701: 4641: 4364: 4206: 4157: 4058: 3764: 3699: 3638: 3609: 3527: 3478: 3421: 3377: 3328: 3279: 3230: 3179: 3131: 3082: 3033: 2891:. Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Archived from 2856: 2805: 2754: 2694: 2530: 2510: 2454: 2288: 2208: 2158: 2123: 2080: 1827: 1638: 1626: 1597: 1581: 747: 683: 679: 447: 5056: 4912: 4752: 4606: 4407: 3986: 3929: 3586: 3211: 2944: 758:; and safe onward transfer of the patient's care following the procedure. 375:

suppresses the central nervous system to a lesser degree, inhibiting both

8179: 8105: 8090: 8052: 8007: 7964: 7959: 7857: 7831: 7728: 7672: 7573: 7204: 6508: 6453: 6350: 6205: 6180: 5998: 5796: 5504: 5458: 5246: 4973:. Silver Spring, Maryland: International Federation of Nurse Anesthetists 4094: 3873: 3746: 2495: 2053:

for intrathecal analgesia; he presented his experience in Paris in 1901.

2046: 2042: 2030: 1941: 1859: 1855: 1819: 1688: 1678: 1573: 1527: 1517: 1501: 1424: 1159: 1125: 1076: 1060: 1052: 1042: 978: 661:". It is not known whether animals dream while under general anesthesia. 403: 264: 32: 5123:

A Comprehensive Guide to Anesthetic Drugs and Their Mechanisms of Action

3295:"Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews" 1478:: a large amount of very dilute local anesthetics are injected into the 1206:

Patients under general anesthesia must undergo continuous physiological

1146:

The core instrument in an inhalational anesthetic delivery system is an

8042: 7880: 7816: 7698: 6596: 6481: 6448: 6220: 6170: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6128: 6118: 5544: 5339: 4356: 4114: 3666:"Delirium is associated with early postoperative cognitive dysfunction" 3601: 2470: 2458: 2292: 2275: 2248: 2151: 2100: 2085:

Researches chemical and philosophical: chiefly concerning nitrous oxide

1929: 1766:

Prior to the introduction of anesthesia in the early 19th century, the

1646: 1449: 1445: 1413: 1363: 1325: 1285: 1215: 1108: 1090: 924: 892: 839: 376: 340: 36: 7458: 4475: 3568:"Anesthesia in Pregnant Women And Young Children: The FDA Versus ACOG" 3170: 1448:): dilute local anesthetic is infused to a limb through a vein with a 1182:

systems that decrease the odds of catastrophic misuse of the machine.

657:, and one or two cases in a thousand have some consciousness, termed " 294: 27:

State of medically-controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness

8164: 8133: 8123: 8017: 7944: 7924: 7916: 7888: 7839: 7826: 7642: 7592: 7531: 6669: 6411: 6406: 6270: 6248: 6123: 6087: 2500: 2466: 2405: 2259: 2018: 1925: 1873: 1782: 1682: 1585: 1309: 1301: 1179: 1121: 1085: 1072: 1038: 998: 639: 592: 532: 467: 328: 320: 278: 4098: 2429:

about 10% are provided by CRNAs in solo practice. There can also be

411:

to anesthetize an isolated part of the body, such as an entire limb.

59: 7821: 7708: 7703: 7677: 7662: 7647: 7504: 6175: 5952: 5489: 5188: 4581:"The first European trial of anaesthetic ether: the Dumfries claim" 4467: 3663: 2069: 1966: 1937: 1889: 1770:

from surgery caused significant complications and many deaths from

1707: 1674: 1670: 1650: 1633:

is common. This drop is largely dictated by the venous side of the

1619: 1593: 1329: 1321: 1281: 1263: 1117: 1113: 1081: 1066: 985: 580: 526: 514: 463: 451: 443: 371: 5107: 3809:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

1592:), epidural (injection outside of the subarachnoid space into the 7893: 7657: 7652: 6781: 6654: 6114: 6082: 5975: 5081:. American Academy of Anesthesiologist Assistants. Archived from 4832: 3908:

Pahor AL (August 1992). "Ear, nose and throat in ancient Egypt".

2536: 2139: 2026: 2001: 1993: 1933: 1911: 1745: 1577: 1308:

or both) because they do not, by themselves, provide significant

1289: 1056: 900: 888: 828: 802: 607: 561: 332: 4964:"Nurse anesthesia worldwide: practice, education and regulation" 548:

Different types of anesthesia affect the endpoints differently.

7599: 7542: 7104: 4101:[Experiments on the cocainization of the spinal cord]. 3882:(in German). Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Leipzig: Bei S. Hirzel. 2216: 2162: 2050: 1843: 1806: 1695: 1623: 1227: 936: 928: 904: 646: 603: 522: 495: 487: 5838:

American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians

4545:. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution 4239:(4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3. 3557:, ACOG Website, 21 December 2016. Retrieved on 3 January 2017. 1344:

which may add to a greater margin of safety in some patients.

234: 207: 7723: 7586: 7265: 4429:

Hyodo, M.; Oyama, T.; Oyama, Tsutomu; Swerdlow, Mark (1992).

4259: 3544:, FDA Website, 14 December 2016. Retrieved on 3 January 2017. 2173:, who is titled as the inventor of modern anesthetics in the 2154: 1945: 932: 650: 588: 3713:

How brain 'reboots' itself to consciousness after anesthesia

3292: 2247:. This occurred in the surgical amphitheater now called the 1041:

effect of inhaled anesthetics results from an effect on the

204: 7795: 7613: 7536: 5921: 4793:"On Narcotism by the Inhalation of Vapours by John Snow MD" 3192: 2997: 2224: 2138:. Hanaoka learned traditional Japanese medicine as well as 2022: 1722:

by roughly half. The occurrence of prolonged postoperative

813: 324: 237: 228: 225: 216: 213: 6750: 5802:

Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology

5649:

Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain

4991: 1702:

but can also make use of novel approaches such as inhaled

1452:

placed to prevent the drug from diffusing out of the limb.

363:

activity and results in unconsciousness and total lack of

5853:

Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland

3147: 3046: 2357:

The first comprehensive medical textbook on the subject,

1955: 1876:

after surgery. It may also be variably used to describe

1661: 1550: 858:

Suffix added for patients undergoing emergency procedure

195: 189: 7990:

congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis

4024:

The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature

2639:(Seventh ed.). US: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2223:

was improperly administered and the person cried out in

1999:

Throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas, a variety of

1748:(a disease or disorder that results from anesthesia) or 1645:. An ineffective block is most often due to inadequate 1588:. It is divided into either spinal (injection into the 1420:

or "freezing" a tooth). The effect is almost immediate.

7764: 4428: 3953:"The identity and work of the ancient Egyptian surgeon" 2666: 1924:

The first attempts at general anesthesia were probably

1102:(here under trade name "Robinul"), reducing secretions 5883:

European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care

4260:

Hademenos GJ, Murphree S, Zahler K, Warner JM (2008).

3243: 3491: 3049:"Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks" 2770:"Anaesthesia machine: checklist, hazards, scavenging" 2561: 812:

Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to

222: 210: 198: 192: 186: 4716:"Queen Victoria uses chloroform in childbirth, 1853" 4179:

Juvin, Phillippe; Desmonts, Jean-Marie (July 2000).

3553:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

1405:

The following are the types of regional anesthesia:

583:, for instance, is generated through actions on the 5868:

Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists

4234: 3633:. Bosn J of Basic Med Sci. 2020Aug.3;20(3):381–88. 1872:and post-anesthetic confusion) is a disturbance in 1398:When pain is blocked from a part of the body using 1116:(injection) might be used to start the anesthetic, 1028:The most common approach to reach the endpoints of 732:

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists

494:. Some conditions, like local anesthetic toxicity, 201: 84:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4856:"Alice Magaw: A Model for Evidence-Based Practice" 4723: 4036: 3731:"Postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction" 2767: 2725:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2562: 1170:. There are also many smaller instruments used in 827:person who is not expected to survive without the 5164: 5034: 4135: 3728: 2818: 2122:. However, in 1799, British chemist and inventor 1174:and monitoring the patient. The common thread to 989:A patient receiving anesthesia through inhalation 927:must consider not only the mother but the baby. 8197: 7985:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis 3442: 3244:McNicol ED, Ferguson MC, Hudcova J (June 2015). 2761: 2721:"The ASA classification and peri-operative risk" 2318:. Chloroform gained royal approval in 1853 when 2009:was used for anesthesia. In 13th-century Italy, 1854:(more common in those over 50 years of age) and 2875: 2361:, was authored in 1914 by anesthesiologist Dr. 1300:are usually given with pain relievers (such as 1120:(injection) used to blunt the stress response, 4961: 4770:. St. Louis Missouri: Elsevier. pp. 2–4. 4619: 4285: 4283: 4099:"Versuche über cocainisirung des rückenmarkes" 3782:. In McGovern PE, Fleming SJ, Katz SH (eds.). 3580: 3494:"Mortality in anesthesia: a systematic review" 3445:"Amputations at the London Hospital 1852–1857" 3095: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 1838:The immediate time after anesthesia is called 1830:of 2.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.26–3.54). 1387:through a spinal needle after puncture of the 1226:, and inspired and expired concentrations for 7780: 7474: 6766: 5937: 5150: 4985: 4178: 4026:. Columbia University Press. pp. 688–96. 3847:. London: Simon & Schuster, Ltd. p. 3443:Chaloner EJ, Flora HS, Ham RJ (August 2001). 2951: 2812: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2045:(1861–1949) was the first to use cocaine for 5530:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring 4566:"The painful story behind modern anesthesia" 3944: 3335: 2919:"The benzodiazepines as adjuvant analgesics" 2416:and in the UK, Canada, Australia, and NZ as 879:aims to discover genetic disorders (such as 343:drugs is referred to as being anesthetized. 4280: 4030: 4002:The Hong Kong College of Anaesthesiologists 3800: 3657: 3348:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3299:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3250:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3150:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3102:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3096:Ullah H, Samad K, Khan FA (February 2014). 2768:Goneppanavar U, Prabhu M (September 2013). 2714: 2712: 2653: 1653:rather than a failure of the block itself. 7787: 7773: 7481: 7467: 6773: 6759: 6226:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 5944: 5930: 5833:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 5157: 5143: 4065: 3901: 3771: 3729:Deiner S, Silverstein JH (December 2009). 3389: 3387: 2819:Subrahmanyam M, Mohan S (September 2013). 2718: 2589: 1733: 1618:Because central neuraxial blockade causes 907:) and any coexisting diseases (especially 6567:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 5878:International Anesthesia Research Society 5485:ASA physical status classification system 4808: 4765: 4596: 4196: 4129: 3976: 3865: 3830: 3754: 3689: 3517: 3468: 3411: 3367: 3318: 3269: 3220: 3210: 3169: 3121: 3072: 3023: 2957: 2934: 2916: 2881: 2870:Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring 2846: 2836: 2795: 2785: 2744: 2684: 2390:Anesthesia provision in the United States 1017:, who injected local anesthetic prior to 915:) that might impact the anesthetic. The 764:ASA physical status classification system 367:, using either injected or inhaled drugs. 144:Learn how and when to remove this message 5230:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia 5028: 4797:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4738: 4513: 4087: 3957:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 3950: 3449:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 3436: 3341: 3143: 3141: 2821:"Safety features in anaesthesia machine" 2709: 2199: 2187: 2074: 1954:) in lower Mesopotamia as early as 3400 1915: 1754: 1660: 1656: 1340:) and can have less of an effect on the 1189: 1124:(injection) given to ensure amnesia and 1051: 984: 968: 575:The anesthetic area of an operating room 570: 556:-type sedatives (used for sedation, or " 172:A child preparing to go under anesthesia 7488: 5863:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists 4957: 4955: 4578: 4332:. Oxford University Press. p. 529. 4327: 4323: 4321: 4289: 3577:, Website, Retrieved on 3 January 2017. 3393: 3384: 3237: 3053:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2473:) or special circumstances (such as in 2291:led to its replacement in England with 1882:David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 1730:is also reduced by epidural analgesia. 14: 8198: 6983:Nursing credentials and certifications 5108:NICE Guidelines on pre-operative tests 4687: 4563: 4253: 4228: 4071: 3910:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 3777: 3722: 2923:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2634: 2440: 2383: 2231:gave a successful demonstration using 2110:Meanwhile, in 1772, English scientist 1596:space) and caudal (injection into the 1551:Spinal, epidural and caudal anesthesia 1347: 7768: 7462: 6754: 5925: 5843:American Society of Anesthesiologists 5138: 5118:DMOZ link to anesthesia society sites 4886: 4884: 4853: 4790: 4525:Southern Medical and Surgical Journal 4385: 4039:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 3907: 3871: 3836: 3806: 3286: 3138: 3089: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2227:. On 16 October 1846, Boston dentist 1700:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1369:Sonography guided femoral nerve block 1212:American Society of Anesthesiologists 1035:theories of general anesthetic action 950: 591:. The effect is to make people less 535:(lack of sensation which also blunts 383:without resulting in unconsciousness. 339:. An individual under the effects of 7429: 7271:Nursing Interventions Classification 6705: 6466:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 5848:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care 5071: 4952: 4890: 4543:"Miniature Portrait of Horace Wells" 4535: 4519: 4488: 4453: 4342: 4318: 4300:. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 4093: 4018: 3485: 2910: 2863: 2583:participating institution membership 2533:– a post opioid anesthesia condition 2435:physicians' assistants (anaesthesia) 1500:(PPP) from 3 to 18 months following 694:centred around anesthesia is called 587:and is similar to the activation of 82:adding citations to reliable sources 53: 7441: 6715: 5873:Australian Society of Anaesthetists 5781:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia) 5684:Postoperative residual curarization 4138:European Journal of Anaesthesiology 3999: 1866:Postoperative cognitive dysfunction 1637:which holds 75% of the circulating 1244:pulmonary artery occlusion pressure 552:, for instance, affects analgesia; 24: 6602:Medical Scientist Training Program 5761:Operating department practitioners 5113:ASA Physical Status Classification 5006:10.1213/01.ANE.0000100945.56081.AC 4881: 4722:. 28 November 2017. Archived from 4656: 4400:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1973.tb00549.x 4103:Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie 2986: 2917:Reddy S, Patt RB (November 1994). 1162:anesthetic is delivered either by 1138:Instruments used in anesthesiology 870:ASA physical status classification 720:operating department practitioners 25: 8222: 5771:Certified anesthesia technologist 5679:Postoperative nausea and vomiting 5194:Procedural sedation and analgesia 5101: 4854:Goode, Victoria (February 2015). 4739:Wawersik J (1 January 1997). "". 4077:Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 2506:Fluorescence image-guided surgery 2437:(UK) who assist with anesthesia. 2243:removed a tumor from the neck of 2091:in relieving pain during surgery. 1210:to ensure safety. In the US, the 488:postoperative nausea and vomiting 7980:Congenital insensitivity to pain 7940:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder 7440: 7428: 7417: 7416: 6734: 6724: 6714: 6704: 6695: 6694: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5312:Transverse abdominis plane block 5049:10.1097/00005650-198905000-00002 5000:(3): 750–57, table of contents. 4905:10.1213/00000539-199303000-00035 4741:Anaesthesiologie und Reanimation 4634:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03671.x 4507:10.1097/00132586-199112000-00049 4198:10.1097/00000542-200007000-00037 3682:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05523.x 3413:10.1097/00000542-200212000-00038 2376:, and cocaine by more effective 2060:in the late 12th century and by 1376: 1362: 899:), physical attributes (such as 875:The more detailed pre-operative 773: 486:whereas minor risks can include 182: 166: 58: 42:For the medical speciality, see 7281:Nursing Outcomes Classification 7276:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) 6948:Associate of Science in Nursing 6735: 5906: 5812:History of neuraxial anesthesia 5766:Certified anesthesia technician 5588:Double-lumen endobronchial tube 5449:Blood–gas partition coefficient 5282:Intravenous regional anesthesia 4927: 4847: 4817: 4784: 4759: 4732: 4708: 4681: 4613: 4572: 4557: 4482: 4447: 4422: 4379: 4336: 4172: 4012: 3993: 3706: 3624: 3560: 3547: 3534: 3510:10.1590/S1807-59322009001000011 3342:Guay J, Kopp S (January 2016). 3186: 3040: 2306:In 1847, Scottish obstetrician 1906:History of neuraxial anesthesia 1665:A patient-controlled analgesia 1561:History of neuraxial anesthesia 1511: 1441:Intravenous regional anesthesia 1434:Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block 885:pseudocholinesterase deficiency 505: 69:needs additional citations for 6953:Bachelor of Science in Nursing 6592:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 6026:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 5858:Royal College of Anaesthetists 5817:History of tracheal intubation 5464:Minimum alveolar concentration 5401:Anesthesia provision in the US 4962:McAuliffe MS, Henry B (2010). 4585:British Journal of Anaesthesia 4330:Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia 3735:British Journal of Anaesthesia 3360:10.1002/14651858.CD005059.pub4 3311:10.1002/14651858.CD009234.pub2 3262:10.1002/14651858.CD003348.pub3 3162:10.1002/14651858.CD009351.pub2 3114:10.1002/14651858.CD007080.pub2 3065:10.1002/14651858.CD006459.pub3 3016:10.1002/14651858.CD007105.pub4 2555: 2237:Massachusetts General Hospital 2213:Massachusetts General Hospital 1268:Sedation (also referred to as 1047:minimum alveolar concentration 323:(relief from or prevention of 13: 1: 7175:Psychiatric and mental health 5807:History of general anesthesia 5319:Total intravenous anaesthesia 5267:Inferior alveolar nerve block 5213:Continuous wound infiltration 4489:Long, C. W. (December 1991). 3821:10.1016/S0035-9203(28)90031-0 3540:Food and Drug Administration 3199:BioMed Research International 2960:Journal of Paramedic Practice 2882:Birks RJS, ed. (March 2007). 2825:Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2774:Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2737:10.1308/rcsann.2011.93.3.185a 2548: 2451:cardiothoracic anesthesiology 2177:, used general anesthesia in 1982: 1902:History of general anesthesia 1759:Anesthesia-related deaths by 1504:and 3 to 12 months following 1498:persistent postoperative pain 1185: 939:create special challenges to 756:WHO Surgical Safety Checklist 664: 388:Regional and local anesthesia 6968:Master of Science in Nursing 6572:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 6339:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 5951: 5370:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs 4579:Baillie TW (December 1965). 4564:Morkel H (16 October 2013). 3394:Lagasse RS (December 2002). 2936:10.1016/0885-3924(94)90112-0 2686:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002927 2346:, the forerunner of today's 2326:when she was in labor with 2095:The most famous anesthetic, 1712:patient-controlled analgesia 1576:to provide analgesia in the 1566:Central neuraxial anesthesia 1202:of several vital parameters. 1198:with integrated systems for 1178:in this field is the use of 1131: 618:memories in several stages ( 460:neuromuscular-blocking drugs 7: 6780: 5705:Critical emergency medicine 4456:Journal of Japanese Studies 4266:. McGraw-Hill. p. 39. 2972:10.12968/jpar.2019.11.4.154 2719:Fitz-Henry J (April 2011). 2521:List of surgical procedures 2488: 2457:), the patient (such as in 2431:anesthesiologist assistants 2380:with less abuse potential. 2229:William Thomas Green Morton 2192:Historic image of an early 1940:and it was used in ancient 1936:is one of the oldest known 1833: 1257: 1013:response was identified by 708:anesthesiologist assistants 645:Nevertheless, a person can 48:Anesthesia (disambiguation) 10: 8227: 6963:Doctor of Nursing Practice 5751:Anesthesiologist assistant 5613:Relative analgesia machine 3969:10.1177/014107689608900813 3951:Sullivan R (August 1996). 3461:10.1177/014107680109400812 3004:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2485:or extreme environments). 2387: 2058:Salerno school of medicine 2005:species containing potent 1988:) was a legendary Chinese 1909: 1899: 1895: 1737: 1610:(loss of muscle control). 1554: 1515: 1486:Systemic local anesthetics 1351: 1261: 1135: 954: 770: 29: 8147: 8114: 8081: 8035: 8000: 7915: 7871: 7848: 7809: 7802: 7691: 7625: 7608: 7496: 7412: 7289: 7256: 7223: 7120:Women's Health Care Nurse 7011: 6927: 6878: 6855:Clinical nurse specialist 6847: 6838: 6797: 6788: 6690: 6612: 6550: 6311: 6239: 6194: 6103: 5974: 5959: 5891: 5825: 5789: 5738: 5692: 5659:Local anesthetic toxicity 5626: 5558: 5477: 5441: 5388: 5327: 5176: 4664:"Sir James Young Simpson" 4150:10.1017/S026502150300111X 3922:10.1017/S0022215100120560 3839:"The discovery of dreams" 2570:Oxford English Dictionary 2253:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 2163:national isolation policy 1538:block for upper limbs or 1240:pulmonary artery pressure 935:that occupy the lungs or 728:World Health Organization 478:risks can include death, 291: 277: 263: 249: 177: 165: 160: 7794: 7299:International Nurses Day 6815:Licensed practical nurse 6526:Transplantation medicine 6417:Clinical neurophysiology 6334:Obstetric anesthesiology 6254:Interventional radiology 6014:Digestive system surgery 5674:Postanesthetic shivering 5540:Neuromuscular monitoring 5431:Rapid sequence induction 5360:Inhalational anesthetics 4994:Anesthesia and Analgesia 4893:Anesthesia and Analgesia 4690:Pharmaceutical Historian 4495:Survey of Anesthesiology 4051:10.2174/1568026013395335 3653:10.17305/bjbms.2020.4646 2838:10.4103/0019-5049.120143 2787:10.4103/0019-5049.120151 2673:Anesthesia and Analgesia 2344:inhalational anesthetics 1777:Morbidity can be major ( 1716:abdominal aortic surgery 1391:during spinal anesthesia 724:anesthesia technologists 636:Inhalational anesthetics 31:Not to be confused with 8101:Posteromarginal nucleus 8036:Measurement and testing 6978:Nurse Licensure Compact 6397:Intensive care medicine 6371:Mass gathering medicine 6216:Maternal–fetal medicine 5725:Oral sedation dentistry 5715:Intensive care medicine 5669:Perioperative mortality 5525:Guedel's classification 5272:Intercostal nerve block 4668:Encyclopædia Britannica 2575:Oxford University Press 2037:, at the suggestion of 1734:Risks and complications 1410:Infiltrative anesthesia 1270:dissociative anesthesia 1236:central venous pressure 965:Inhalational anesthetic 712:anaesthetic technicians 7580:Mandragora officinarum 5989:Cardiothoracic surgery 5776:Anaesthetic technician 5664:Malignant hyperthermia 5079:"Five facts about AAs" 2471:obstetrical anesthesia 2301:Robert Mortimer Glover 2219:in 1845. However, the 2205: 2204:Morton's ether inhaler 2197: 2092: 1921: 1850:in 6.8%, there can be 1795:chronic kidney disease 1763: 1724:mechanical ventilation 1685: 1608:neuromuscular blockade 1425:Peripheral nerve block 1338:mechanical ventilation 1203: 1103: 1100:Glycopyrronium bromide 1095:neuromuscular blockade 1005:, and blunting of the 995:central nervous system 990: 982: 881:malignant hyperthermia 846:are being removed for 754:detection; use of the 716:anaesthesia associates 576: 521:and with it a loss of 500:malignant hyperthermia 407:use drugs targeted at 361:central nervous system 335:(loss of memory), and 46:. For other uses, see 8185:Drug-seeking behavior 8073:Visual analogue scale 7210:Travel health nursing 6810:Clinical nurse leader 6640:Personalized medicine 6499:Reproductive medicine 6424:Occupational medicine 6378:Evolutionary medicine 5598:Laryngeal mask airway 5442:Scientific principles 5411:Dogliotti's principle 5287:Occipital nerve block 5252:Brachial plexus block 4791:Zorab J (June 1992). 4598:10.1093/bja/37.12.952 2388:Further information: 2363:James Tayloe Gwathmey 2245:Edward Gilbert Abbott 2203: 2191: 2130:On 14 November 1804, 2078: 1919: 1799:cognitive dysfunction 1779:myocardial infarction 1758: 1728:myocardial infarction 1664: 1657:Acute pain management 1555:Further information: 1516:Further information: 1354:Conduction anesthesia 1352:Further information: 1342:cardiovascular system 1262:Further information: 1193: 1136:Further information: 1055: 988: 972: 955:Further information: 595:and less reactive to 574: 517:(a temporary loss of 331:(muscle relaxation), 8096:Anterolateral system 7035:Correctional nursing 6660:Traditional medicine 6620:Alternative medicine 6487:Addiction psychiatry 6301:Transfusion medicine 6296:Medical microbiology 6211:Gynecologic oncology 6063:Reproductive surgery 5644:Drug-induced amnesia 5639:Anesthesia awareness 5573:Anesthetic vaporizer 5550:Thyromental distance 5454:Concentration effect 5328:Pharmacologic agents 5297:Pudendal nerve block 5085:on 26 September 2006 4766:Nagelhout J (2018). 4728:on 10 December 2022. 3573:14 July 2018 at the 2459:pediatric anesthesia 2365:and the chemist Dr. 2316:Florence Nightingale 2285:Launceston, Tasmania 2144:Korean morning glory 2127:matter any further. 2066:Theodoric Borgognoni 2011:Theodoric Borgognoni 1568:is the injection of 1480:subcutaneous tissues 1475:Tumescent anesthesia 917:physical examination 913:respiratory diseases 676:physical examination 659:anesthesia awareness 492:hospital readmission 78:improve this article 7490:Ancient anaesthesia 7369:Republic of Ireland 7145:Occupational health 7135:Nursing informatics 6911:Psych/mental health 6682:History of medicine 6665:Veterinary medicine 6472:Preventive medicine 6324:Adolescent medicine 6166:Infectious diseases 5568:Anaesthetic machine 5426:Tracheal intubation 5416:Intravenous therapy 5355:General anesthetics 5307:Sciatic nerve block 5262:Femoral nerve block 5257:Fascia iliaca block 5235:Epidural anesthesia 5201:Twilight anesthesia 5128:3 July 2023 at the 4328:Hardman JG (2017). 4290:Fenster JM (2001). 4237:Clinical Anesthesia 3741:(Suppl 1): i41–46. 3212:10.1155/2015/749837 2637:Miller's Anesthesia 2573:(Online ed.). 2441:Special populations 2384:Society and culture 2374:general anesthetics 2367:Charles Baskerville 2348:anesthesia machines 2322:administered it to 2308:James Young Simpson 2241:John Collins Warren 2114:discovered the gas 1720:tracheal intubation 1612:Epidural anesthesia 1482:during liposuction. 1456:Central nerve block 1418:continuous infusion 1385:cerebrospinal fluid 1348:Regional anesthesia 1334:tracheal intubation 1274:twilight anesthesia 1142:Anaesthetic machine 957:General anaesthesia 767: 632:synaptic plasticity 585:nuclei in the brain 566:general anesthetics 558:twilight anesthesia 550:Regional anesthesia 436:general anesthetics 8175:Philosophy of pain 7850:Respiratory system 7233:Nursing assessment 7095:Legal consultation 6958:Diploma in Nursing 6943:Nightingale Pledge 6870:Nurse practitioner 6630:Molecular oncology 6587:Doctor of Medicine 6577:Master of Medicine 6494:Radiation oncology 6366:Emergency medicine 6319:Addiction medicine 6286:Clinical chemistry 6281:Clinical pathology 6073:Transplant surgery 6031:Orthopedic surgery 6009:Colorectal surgery 5654:Emergence delirium 5634:Allergic reactions 5510:Entropy monitoring 5292:Paracervical block 5277:Interpleural block 5240:Spinal anaesthesia 5225:Neuraxial blockade 4835:on 3 December 2016 4829:patinaa.blogfa.com 4357:10.1007/BF02968037 4263:McGraw-Hill's PCAT 4115:10.1007/BF02792160 3778:Powell MA (1996). 3747:10.1093/bja/aep291 3602:10.1111/anae.12146 2426:Nurse anesthetists 2422:anaesthesiologists 2206: 2198: 2179:Jefferson, Georgia 2167:Tokugawa shogunate 2136:general anesthesia 2093: 1951:Papaver somniferum 1922: 1878:emergence delirium 1805:) or minor (minor 1787:pulmonary embolism 1768:physiologic stress 1764: 1686: 1673:administration of 1635:circulatory system 1590:subarachnoid space 1557:Neuraxial blockade 1463:Topical anesthesia 1204: 1196:anesthetic machine 1148:anesthetic machine 1104: 1030:general anesthesia 991: 983: 961:General anesthetic 951:General anesthesia 941:general anesthesia 761: 704:nurse anesthetists 655:general anesthesia 577: 537:autonomic reflexes 484:pulmonary embolism 416:Neuraxial blockade 381:long-term memories 356:General anesthesia 348:physical restraint 8193: 8192: 8048:Cold pressor test 8031: 8030: 7762: 7761: 7562:(devil's trumpet) 7513:Atropa belladonna 7456: 7455: 7243:Nursing care plan 7238:Nursing diagnosis 6923: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6891:Adult-gerontology 6879:NPs by population 6860:Nurse anesthetist 6840:Advanced practice 6748: 6747: 6582:Master of Surgery 6546: 6545: 6531:Tropical medicine 6477:Prison healthcare 6392:Hospital medicine 6356:Disaster medicine 6346:Aviation medicine 6161:Hospital medicine 6068:Surgical oncology 6053:Pediatric surgery 6047: 5994:Endocrine surgery 5919: 5918: 5756:Nurse anesthetist 5583:Bronchial blocker 5578:Arterial catheter 5469:Second gas effect 5396:Airway management 5365:Local anesthetics 5302:Retrobulbar block 4939:anaesthetists.org 4825:"Anesthesia LAND" 4440:978-90-6764-147-0 4311:978-0-06-019523-6 4273:978-0-07-160045-3 4246:978-0-7817-2268-1 3872:Stern LC (1889). 3858:978-0-312-20667-3 3793:978-90-5699-552-2 2646:978-0-443-06959-8 2581:(Subscription or 2414:anesthesiologists 2398:Nurse anesthetist 2378:local anesthetics 2312:William Flockhart 2146:and other herbs. 2105:recreational drug 2041:. German surgeon 2015:Inca civilization 2007:tropane alkaloids 1852:urinary retention 1669:, configured for 1643:thoracic vertebra 1604:Spinal anesthesia 1586:lower extremities 1540:psoas compartment 1400:local anesthetics 1306:local anesthetics 1252:cerebral activity 1220:oxygen saturation 1172:airway management 862: 861: 744:airway management 700:anesthetic nurses 692:medical specialty 543:muscle relaxation 440:local anesthetics 409:peripheral nerves 302: 301: 154: 153: 146: 128: 16:(Redirected from 8218: 8148:Related concepts 8139:Pain eradication 7897: 7884: 7835: 7807: 7806: 7803:By region/system 7789: 7782: 7775: 7766: 7765: 7567:Hyoscyamus niger 7497:Plants / animals 7483: 7476: 7469: 7460: 7459: 7444: 7443: 7432: 7431: 7420: 7419: 7110:Medical-surgical 7013:Specialties and 6973:Board of nursing 6845: 6844: 6820:Registered nurse 6795: 6794: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6738: 6737: 6728: 6718: 6717: 6708: 6707: 6698: 6697: 6402:Medical genetics 6387:General practice 6264:Nuclear medicine 6139:Gastroenterology 6095:Vascular surgery 6045: 5972: 5971: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5923: 5922: 5909: 5908: 5899: 5898: 5746:Anesthesiologist 5535:Mallampati score 5495:Bispectral index 5335:Anticholinergics 5159: 5152: 5145: 5136: 5135: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5032: 5026: 5025: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4968: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4831:. Archived from 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4768:Nurse Anesthesia 4763: 4757: 4756: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4600: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4292:"Power Struggle" 4287: 4278: 4277: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4200: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3844:Opium: A History 3837:Booth M (1996). 3834: 3828: 3827: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3758: 3726: 3720: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3661: 3655: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3584: 3578: 3566:Kennerly Loutey 3564: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3521: 3504:(10): 999–1006. 3489: 3483: 3482: 3472: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3415: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3273: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3214: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3173: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3125: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3076: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3027: 2995: 2984: 2983: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2938: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2890: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2850: 2840: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2799: 2789: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2748: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2688: 2664: 2651: 2650: 2632: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2566: 2559: 2479:prehospital care 2408:specializing in 2394:Anesthesiologist 2332:medical students 2157:, extraction of 2112:Joseph Priestley 1987: 1984: 1928:administered in 1797:, postoperative 1570:local anesthetic 1532:mandibular nerve 1524:local anesthetic 1490:neuropathic pain 1430:Mandibular block 1380: 1366: 1176:modern machinery 864:One part of the 801:Severe systemic 792:systemic disease 774:Physical status 768: 760: 396:Local anesthesia 379:and creation of 309:American English 295:edit on Wikidata 287: 273: 259: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 231: 230: 227: 224: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 188: 170: 158: 157: 149: 142: 138: 135: 129: 127: 86: 62: 54: 51: 40: 21: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8143: 8110: 8083:Pathophysiology 8077: 8068:Tail flick test 8027: 7996: 7911: 7895: 7882: 7873:Musculoskeletal 7867: 7844: 7833: 7798: 7793: 7763: 7758: 7687: 7621: 7604: 7492: 7487: 7457: 7452: 7408: 7285: 7258: 7257:Classification 7252: 7225:Nursing process 7219: 7060:Faith community 7025:Ambulatory care 7016: 7014: 7007: 6933: 6931: 6915: 6874: 6834: 6830:Nurse scientist 6790: 6784: 6779: 6749: 6744: 6686: 6675:Chief physician 6608: 6553: 6542: 6536:Travel medicine 6521:Sports medicine 6504:Sexual medicine 6444:Palliative care 6439:Pain management 6383:Family medicine 6361:Diving medicine 6307: 6235: 6197: 6190: 6106: 6099: 6058:Plastic surgery 6004:General surgery 5984:Cardiac surgery 5965: 5963: 5955: 5950: 5920: 5915: 5887: 5821: 5785: 5734: 5688: 5622: 5554: 5500:Body mass index 5473: 5437: 5384: 5350:Benzodiazepines 5323: 5172: 5163: 5130:Wayback Machine 5104: 5099: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5033: 5029: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4889: 4882: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4764: 4760: 4737: 4733: 4720:Financial Times 4714: 4713: 4709: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4618: 4614: 4577: 4573: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4518: 4514: 4487: 4483: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4427: 4423: 4384: 4380: 4341: 4337: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4177: 4173: 4134: 4130: 4109:(3–4): 361–69. 4092: 4088: 4070: 4066: 4035: 4031: 4020:Mair, Victor H. 4017: 4013: 3998: 3994: 3949: 3945: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3835: 3831: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3776: 3772: 3727: 3723: 3711: 3707: 3662: 3658: 3629: 3625: 3585: 3581: 3575:Wayback Machine 3565: 3561: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3490: 3486: 3441: 3437: 3392: 3385: 3354:(1): CD005059. 3340: 3336: 3305:(3): CD009234. 3291: 3287: 3256:(6): CD003348. 3242: 3238: 3191: 3187: 3156:(9): CD009351. 3146: 3139: 3108:(2): CD007080. 3094: 3090: 3059:(9): CD006459. 3045: 3041: 3010:(2): CD007105. 2996: 2987: 2956: 2952: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2817: 2813: 2766: 2762: 2717: 2710: 2665: 2654: 2647: 2633: 2590: 2580: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2542:Cardiac surgery 2516:Jet ventilation 2491: 2483:robotic surgery 2447:cardiac surgery 2443: 2410:anaesthesiology 2400: 2386: 2120:nitrogen oxides 1985: 1926:herbal remedies 1914: 1908: 1900:Main articles: 1898: 1868:(also known as 1836: 1742: 1736: 1659: 1563: 1553: 1520: 1514: 1444:(also called a 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1389:arachnoid mater 1381: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1356: 1350: 1318:benzodiazepines 1298:benzodiazepines 1266: 1260: 1188: 1144: 1134: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1064: 1023:mortality rates 1011:surgical stress 1007:stress response 1003:unconsciousness 967: 953: 945:surgical stress 903:or a difficult 877:medical history 866:risk assessment 782:Healthy person 672:medical history 667: 616:non-declarative 597:noxious stimuli 508: 337:unconsciousness 317:British English 298: 283: 269: 255: 233: 221: 185: 181: 173: 150: 139: 133: 130: 87: 85: 75: 63: 52: 41: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8224: 8214: 8213: 8211:Anesthesiology 8208: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8160:Pain tolerance 8157: 8155:Pain threshold 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8087: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8063:Hot plate test 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7930:Pain asymbolia 7927: 7921: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7891: 7886: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7804: 7800: 7799: 7792: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7589: 7584: 7576: 7571: 7563: 7555: 7551:Datura innoxia 7547: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7517: 7509: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7463: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7438: 7426: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7396: 7389:United Kingdom 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7248:Nursing theory 7245: 7240: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7165:Perianesthesia 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6993:Nurse registry 6990: 6988:Nursing school 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6901:Women's health 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6825:Graduate nurse 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6755: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6732: 6722: 6712: 6702: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6613:Related topics 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6562:Medical school 6558: 6556: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6516:Sleep medicine 6513: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6329:Anesthesiology 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6259:Neuroradiology 6256: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6196:Obstetrics and 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6080: 6078:Trauma surgery 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6041:Otolaryngology 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5969: 5967:subspecialties 5957: 5956: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5700:Cardiothoracic 5696: 5694: 5693:Subspecialties 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5608:Magill forceps 5605: 5603:Laryngeal tube 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5515:Fick principle 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5345:Butyrophenones 5342: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5170:anesthesiology 5162: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5102:External links 5100: 5097: 5096: 5070: 5027: 4984: 4951: 4926: 4880: 4846: 4816: 4783: 4777:978-0323443920 4776: 4758: 4731: 4707: 4680: 4655: 4628:(4): 394–400. 4612: 4591:(12): 952–57. 4571: 4556: 4534: 4512: 4481: 4468:10.2307/132115 4462:(2): 323–363. 4446: 4439: 4421: 4394:(6): 645–652. 4378: 4351:(4): 319–324. 4335: 4317: 4310: 4279: 4272: 4252: 4245: 4227: 4191:(1): 265–269. 4185:Anesthesiology 4171: 4128: 4086: 4064: 4029: 4011: 3992: 3943: 3900: 3864: 3857: 3829: 3799: 3792: 3770: 3721: 3719:(18 June 2014) 3705: 3656: 3623: 3579: 3559: 3546: 3533: 3484: 3435: 3406:(6): 1609–17. 3400:Anesthesiology 3383: 3334: 3285: 3236: 3185: 3137: 3088: 3039: 2985: 2966:(4): 154–155. 2950: 2909: 2898:on 13 May 2015 2874: 2862: 2811: 2760: 2708: 2679:(6): 2047–55. 2652: 2645: 2588: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2526:Surgical drain 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2442: 2439: 2385: 2382: 2328:Prince Leopold 2324:Queen Victoria 2280:James Robinson 2159:bladder stones 2140:Dutch-imported 2132:Hanaoka Seishū 2062:Ugo Borgognoni 1986: 300 BCE 1897: 1894: 1848:airway support 1835: 1832: 1791:kidney failure 1740:Patient safety 1735: 1732: 1681:postoperative 1679:bupivacainefor 1658: 1655: 1631:blood pressure 1552: 1549: 1513: 1510: 1494: 1493: 1483: 1471: 1459: 1453: 1437: 1421: 1382: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1346: 1294:anticonvulsant 1259: 1256: 1248:cardiac output 1232:carbon dioxide 1224:blood pressure 1187: 1184: 1133: 1130: 1019:hernia repairs 1015:Harvey Cushing 952: 949: 860: 859: 856: 852: 851: 836: 832: 831: 821: 817: 816: 810: 806: 805: 799: 795: 794: 788: 784: 783: 780: 776: 775: 772: 752:carbon dioxide 740:patient safety 696:anesthesiology 666: 663: 554:benzodiazepine 546: 545: 540: 530: 507: 504: 431: 430: 429: 428: 412: 399: 384: 368: 300: 299: 292: 289: 288: 281: 275: 274: 267: 261: 260: 253: 247: 246: 179: 175: 174: 171: 163: 162: 152: 151: 66: 64: 57: 44:Anesthesiology 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8223: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8058:Grimace scale 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8024: 8023:Low back pain 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7975:Referred pain 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7935:Pain disorder 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7907:Delayed-onset 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810:Head and neck 7808: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7785: 7783: 7778: 7776: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7554:(thorn-apple) 7553: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7479: 7477: 7472: 7470: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7449: 7448: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7404: 7400: 7399:United States 7397: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7185:Public health 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7170:Perioperative 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7040:Critical care 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7010: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:Nurse midwife 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6805:Student nurse 6803: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6741: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6721: 6713: 6711: 6703: 6701: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:Public health 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6625:Allied health 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6549: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Oral medicine 6432: 6430: 6429:Ophthalmology 6427: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6291:Cytopathology 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6231:Urogynecology 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6134:Endocrinology 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5940: 5935: 5933: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5912: 5904: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826:Organizations 5824: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5730:Pain medicine 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627:Complications 5625: 5619: 5618:Tracheal tube 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5520:Goldman index 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5148: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043:(5): 453–65. 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4956: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4899:(3): 642–47. 4898: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4747:(6): 144–52. 4746: 4742: 4735: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4560: 4544: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345:Breast Cancer 4339: 4331: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4144:(9): 682–89. 4143: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4105:(in German). 4104: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4082: 4079:(in German). 4078: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045:(3): 175–82. 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3963:(8): 467–73. 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3916:(8): 677–87. 3915: 3911: 3904: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3879:Papyrus Ebers 3875: 3868: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3815:(4): 339–40. 3814: 3810: 3803: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3717:Science Daily 3714: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3676:(9): 941–47. 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3596:(3): 288–97. 3595: 3591: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3455:(8): 409–12. 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2929:(8): 510–14. 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2894: 2887: 2886: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2831:(5): 472–80. 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2780:(5): 533–40. 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2731:(3): 185–87. 2730: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2564:"anaesthesia" 2558: 2554: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:anaesthetists 2415: 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risk 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704:nitrous oxide 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:infusion pump 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1365: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:infusion pump 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 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Retrieved 2893:the original 2884: 2877: 2865: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2728: 2724: 2676: 2672: 2636: 2568: 2557: 2531:Wooden chest 2511:Hypnosurgery 2455:neurosurgery 2444: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2404: 2401: 2371: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2340: 2305: 2297: 2289:flammability 2257: 2209:Horace Wells 2207: 2183: 2148: 2129: 2124:Humphry Davy 2109: 2094: 2084: 2081:Humphry Davy 2055: 2000: 1998: 1978: 1964: 1949: 1923: 1886: 1869: 1864: 1837: 1828:hazard ratio 1824: 1816: 1776: 1765: 1743: 1693: 1687: 1639:blood volume 1629:, a drop in 1627:vasodilation 1617: 1602: 1598:cauda equina 1564: 1536:interscalene 1521: 1512:Nerve blocks 1495: 1485: 1473: 1468:EMLA patches 1461: 1455: 1439: 1423: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1383:Backflow of 1314: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1205: 1166:doses or an 1145: 1105: 1039:immobilizing 1027: 992: 921: 874: 863: 762: 748:auscultation 736: 689: 668: 644: 628:long-lasting 601: 578: 547: 509: 506:Medical uses 480:heart attack 472: 432: 414: 404:nerve blocks 401: 395: 386: 370: 354: 345: 312: 304: 303: 155: 140: 131: 121: 114: 107: 100: 93:"Anesthesia" 88: 76:Please help 71:verification 68: 8180:Cancer pain 8106:Substance P 8091:Nociception 8053:Dolorimeter 8008:Pelvic pain 7965:Hyperpathia 7960:Hypoalgesia 7881:Arthralgia 7863:Pleurodynia 7858:Sore throat 7739:Sabuncuoğlu 7729:Hippocrates 7719:Dioscorides 7673:Hyoscyamine 7637:medical use 7618:medical use 7574:Lactucarium 7525:medical use 7447:WikiProject 7364:Philippines 7349:New Zealand 7205:Telenursing 7155:Orthopedics 7085:Home health 6798:Generalists 6720:Wikiproject 6509:Venereology 6454:Neonatology 6351:Dermatology 6206:Gynaecology 6198:gynaecology 6181:Pulmonology 5999:Eye surgery 5961:Specialties 5797:ACE mixture 5739:Professions 5560:Instruments 5505:Capnography 5459:Fink effect 5340:Antiemetics 5247:Nerve block 5089:25 November 4622:Anaesthesia 4388:Anaesthesia 4083:: 1276–309. 3670:Anaesthesia 3590:Anaesthesia 2902:21 February 2496:Biomaterial 2268:Dieffenbach 2047:intrathecal 2043:August Bier 2035:Karl Koller 2033:in 1884 by 2031:eye surgery 1979:Pien Ch'iao 1942:Mesopotamia 1890:microemboli 1860:Hypothermia 1856:hypotension 1820:Obstetrical 1689:Nociception 1574:spinal cord 1572:around the 1528:nerve block 1518:Nerve block 1502:thoracotomy 1310:pain relief 1160:Intravenous 1156:ventilators 1126:sevoflurane 1109:intravenous 1077:hypotension 1061:sevoflurane 1043:spinal cord 979:sevoflurane 897:alcohol use 887:), habits ( 838:A declared 746:devices by 612:declarative 402:Peripheral 359:suppresses 313:anaesthesia 265:MedlinePlus 33:paresthesia 18:Anaesthesia 8206:Anesthesia 8200:Categories 8129:Anesthesia 8116:Management 8043:Pain scale 8013:Proctalgia 7917:Neurologic 7817:Eye strain 7683:Salicylate 7596:(saw-wort) 7583:(mandrake) 7291:By country 7160:Pediatrics 7140:Obstetrics 7100:Management 7090:Hyperbaric 7075:Geriatrics 6896:Pediatrics 6789:Levels of 6482:Psychiatry 6468:(PM&R) 6461:Phlebology 6449:Pediatrics 6276:Anatomical 6241:Diagnostic 6221:Obstetrics 6171:Nephrology 6156:Hematology 6151:Geriatrics 6144:Hepatology 6129:Cardiology 6119:Immunology 5545:Pain scale 5389:Techniques 5166:Anesthesia 4944:17 October 4839:2 December 4803:(6): 371. 4568:. pbs.org. 4501:(6): 375. 4220:15 January 3205:: 749837. 3171:1871/48559 2585:required.) 2549:References 2359:Anesthesia 2293:chloroform 2249:Ether Dome 2101:Paracelsus 2070:mandragora 1975:Wade–Giles 1965:In China, 1930:prehistory 1910:See also: 1858:in 2.7%. 1761:ASA status 1738:See also: 1647:anxiolysis 1544:ultrasound 1450:tourniquet 1446:Bier block 1414:laceration 1326:thiopental 1286:anxiolytic 1276:) creates 1216:heart rate 1208:monitoring 1200:monitoring 1186:Monitoring 1152:vaporizers 1091:Atracurium 947:response. 925:childbirth 840:brain-dead 771:ASA class 665:Techniques 620:short-term 498:trauma or 468:analgesics 341:anesthetic 305:Anesthesia 271:anesthesia 161:Anesthesia 104:newspapers 37:anesthetic 8165:Suffering 8134:Cordotomy 8124:Analgesia 7945:Allodynia 7925:Neuralgia 7889:Bone pain 7840:Toothache 7744:Sushrutha 7699:Abulcasis 7643:Aconitine 7626:Compounds 7593:Saussurea 7570:(henbane) 7546:(hemlock) 7532:Castoreum 7508:(aconite) 7324:Hong Kong 7304:Australia 7115:Midwifery 7055:Emergency 7050:Education 7015:areas of 6935:licensure 6929:Education 6670:Physician 6554:education 6412:Neurology 6407:Narcology 6271:Pathology 6249:Radiology 6124:Angiology 6088:Andrology 5720:Obstetric 5710:Geriatric 5380:Sedatives 4971:Downloads 4673:23 August 4531:: 705–13. 2980:145859649 2501:Endoscopy 2467:bariatric 2463:geriatric 2336:Civil War 2320:John Snow 2260:US patent 2152:malignant 1990:internist 1938:sedatives 1874:cognition 1840:emergence 1783:pneumonia 1750:mortality 1746:morbidity 1683:analgesia 1506:caesarean 1302:narcotics 1180:fail-safe 1150:. It has 1132:Equipment 1122:midazolam 1086:analgesia 1073:Ephedrine 999:paralysis 975:vaporizer 850:purposes 829:operation 684:Lab tests 680:lab tests 640:midazolam 624:long-term 560:") favor 533:analgesia 464:narcotics 452:sedatives 444:hypnotics 419:, mainly 365:sensation 329:paralysis 321:analgesia 279:eMedicine 134:July 2022 8170:SOCRATES 7896:(muscle) 7894:Myalgia 7822:Headache 7709:Avicenna 7704:Avenzoar 7678:Morphine 7663:Hyoscine 7648:Atropine 7520:Cannabis 7505:Aconitum 7423:Category 7359:Pakistan 7353:timeline 7308:timeline 7200:Surgical 7150:Oncology 7130:Neonatal 7125:Military 7080:Holistic 7070:Forensic 7017:practice 6906:Neonatal 6791:practice 6700:Category 6176:Oncology 6107:medicine 6105:Internal 5953:Medicine 5901:Category 5490:Baricity 5189:Sedation 5126:Archived 5065:26298329 5014:14980932 4875:25842634 4702:11620310 4650:46428403 4642:15023112 4416:31352880 4373:43428862 4365:15604985 4207:10861170 4166:46735940 4158:12974588 4123:41966814 4097:(1899). 4073:Koller K 4059:11895133 3938:35712860 3888:14785083 3765:20007989 3700:18547292 3639:32070267 3610:23384257 3571:Archived 3528:19841708 3479:11461989 3430:32903609 3422:12459692 3378:26731032 3329:22419342 3280:26035341 3231:26495312 3180:22972140 3132:24492959 3083:26361135 3034:29926477 2857:24249880 2806:24249887 2755:21477427 2703:13688396 2695:29734240 2489:See also 2433:(US) or 1967:Bian Que 1960:mandrake 1834:Recovery 1708:ketamine 1675:fentanyl 1671:epidural 1651:sedation 1620:arterial 1594:epidural 1330:ketamine 1322:propofol 1282:sedative 1278:hypnotic 1264:Sedation 1258:Sedation 1118:fentanyl 1114:propofol 1082:Fentanyl 1067:Propofol 1057:Syringes 825:moribund 730:and the 602:Loss of 581:Hypnosis 527:hypnosis 515:hypnosis 456:adjuncts 421:epidural 372:Sedation 7883:(joint) 7658:Coniine 7653:Cocaine 7633:Ethanol 7435:Commons 7403:history 7393:history 7319:Germany 7259:systems 7030:Cardiac 6782:Nursing 6740:Outline 6710:Commons 6655:Therapy 6552:Medical 6115:Allergy 6083:Urology 5976:Surgery 5911:Outline 5790:History 5375:Opioids 5218:Topical 5184:General 5057:2725080 5022:7907307 4977:13 June 4921:7574462 4913:8452281 4810:1293529 4753:9487785 4607:5323141 4549:30 June 4521:Long CW 4433:. 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