358:
Wheeler, Kathleen E.; Grilli, Ryan; Centofanti, John E.; Martin, Janet; Gelinas, Celine; Szumita, Paul M.; Devlin, John W.; Chanques, Gerald; Alhazzani, Waleed; Skrobik, Yoanna; Kho, Michelle E.; Nunnally, Mark E.; Gagarine, Andre; Ergan, Begum A.; Fernando, Shannon (July 2020).
207:
used for pain with different mechanisms of action. Muscle relaxants often have sedating effect that contributes to analgesia and improved relaxation. Experts disagree over whether muscle relaxants are useful for acute musculoskeletal pain.
90:
work through blockade of sodium and calcium ion channels to reduce glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter) release. Nociceptor hyper-excitability, due to damage to pain-transmitting neurons, results in chronic
103:(sodium channel blocker). There is some evidence that anticonvulsants may also help with inflammatory pain through reduction of nociceptor hyper-excitability originally due to damage to surrounding tissue.
145:
neurotransmitter metabolism. Descending serotonin pathways in the spinal cord are implicated in modulation of pain perception, especially in chronic pain. Common agents used are
2792:
931:
1391:
579:
Olmos, Andrea V.; Steen, Sasha; Boscardin, Christy K.; Chang, Joyce M.; Manahan, Genevieve; Little, Anthony R.; Lee, Man-Cheung; Liu, Linda L. (2021-07-01).
1113:
903:
2787:
360:
146:
1690:
520:
Kaye, AlanDavid; Urman, RichardD; Rappaport, Yury; Siddaiah, Harish; Cornett, ElyseM; Belani, Kumar; Salinas, OrlandoJ; Fox, CharlesJ (2019).
1638:
261:
are traditionally used to treat hypertension via inhibition of norepinephrine release. Central alpha-2 adrenergic activation in the
806:"DailyMed - TEGRETOL- carbamazepine suspension TEGRETOL- carbamazepine tablet TEGRETOL XR- carbamazepine tablet, extended release"
805:
2533:
1141:
2149:
1710:
1678:
2782:
2742:
2550:
2903:
62:
Multimodal analgesia refers to the use of multiple classes of medications in order to treat pain from different
2589:
581:"Increasing the use of multimodal analgesia during adult surgery in a tertiary academic anaesthesia department"
882:
829:
Chen, Jiatong (Steven); Kandle, Patricia F.; Murray, Ian V.; Fitzgerald, Lauren A.; Sehdev, Jasjit S. (2023),
2709:
2675:
2005:
1648:
861:
254:
2972:
1668:
751:
409:
1114:
WHO Guidelines on the
Pharmacological Treatment of Persisting Pain in Children with Medical Illnesses
522:"Multimodal analgesia as an essential part of enhanced recovery protocols in the ambulatory settings"
203:(involuntary muscle contractions) which may contribute to pain. There are several different types of
750:
Tomić, Maja; Pecikoza, Uroš; Micov, Ana; Vučković, Sonja; Stepanović-Petrović, Radica (2018-12-01).
3013:
2941:
2383:
2344:
1134:
150:
2538:
2254:
1658:
1314:
165:
are all FDA-approved for chronic musculoskeletal pain, peripheral neuropathy, and fibromyalgia).
752:"Antiepileptic drugs as analgesics/adjuvants in inflammatory pain: current preclinical evidence"
2302:
1258:
2987:
2875:
2704:
2061:
1755:
1673:
1663:
1375:
1318:
465:"Analysis of opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence from cell culture to human"
35:
638:"Effects of antiepileptic drugs on GABA release from rat and human neocortical synaptosomes"
3008:
2898:
2272:
2233:
2066:
2056:
2051:
1878:
1683:
1599:
1241:
954:
8:
3028:
3023:
2021:
1653:
1482:
1383:
1322:
1209:
1198:
1127:
71:
66:
at once. Prolonged use of higher doses of opioids is associated with increased risk of
3033:
3018:
2652:
2582:
2026:
1924:
1595:
1453:
1387:
1088:
1053:
1029:
996:
787:
727:
692:
673:
613:
556:
521:
497:
464:
445:
385:
340:
580:
2977:
2957:
2850:
2243:
2098:
2086:
1973:
1379:
1093:
1075:
1034:
1016:
974:
966:
838:
779:
771:
767:
732:
714:
665:
657:
637:
618:
600:
561:
543:
502:
484:
480:
449:
437:
429:
390:
361:"Adjuvant Analgesic Use in the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
344:
332:
324:
955:"Should Muscle Relaxants Be Used as Adjuvants in Patients With Acute Low Back Pain?"
791:
2815:
2665:
2320:
1794:
1083:
1065:
1054:"Clonidine for management of chronic pain: A brief review of the current evidences"
1024:
1008:
763:
722:
704:
677:
649:
608:
592:
551:
533:
492:
476:
421:
380:
372:
316:
92:
2918:
2885:
2870:
2504:
2423:
2405:
2218:
1983:
1968:
1909:
1292:
1193:
997:"Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: A Review of Current Clinical Applications"
376:
262:
215:
204:
63:
51:
1158:
1154:
269:
has been shown to have some efficacy when treating both acute and chronic pain.
74:, so there is a growing trend in the use of multimodal analgesia to treat pain.
2962:
2865:
2732:
2544:
2499:
2262:
2142:
2117:
1993:
1978:
1448:
1328:
1279:
1246:
830:
425:
142:
134:
87:
67:
1012:
653:
596:
538:
3002:
2860:
2825:
2777:
2737:
2575:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2348:
2310:
1768:
1543:
1473:
1333:
1302:
1251:
1079:
1070:
1020:
970:
775:
718:
709:
661:
636:
Kammerer, M.; Rassner, M. P.; Freiman, T. M.; Feuerstein, T. J. (July 2011).
604:
547:
488:
433:
328:
220:
182:
162:
120:
100:
96:
304:
2772:
2757:
2752:
2438:
2413:
2171:
2076:
1960:
1747:
1735:
1725:
1700:
1568:
1558:
1488:
1363:
1358:
1269:
1097:
1038:
978:
842:
783:
736:
669:
622:
565:
506:
441:
394:
336:
235:
1119:
16:
Medication used for other purposes that additionally has analgesic effects
2982:
2908:
2893:
2855:
2810:
2767:
2762:
2660:
2634:
2484:
2464:
2373:
2282:
2213:
2205:
2166:
2091:
2041:
2036:
1935:
1871:
1799:
1643:
1628:
1619:
1553:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1463:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1402:
1397:
1353:
1338:
1307:
1286:
1264:
1052:
Kumar, Anil; Maitra, Souvik; Khanna, Puneet; Baidya, Dalim Kumar (2014).
177:
158:
2931:
2845:
2683:
2619:
2514:
2509:
2454:
2391:
2334:
2315:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2228:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2132:
2127:
2109:
2046:
2031:
2016:
1950:
1930:
1861:
1851:
1820:
1774:
1761:
1730:
1695:
1578:
1573:
1548:
1498:
1493:
1468:
1423:
1348:
410:"Systemic adjunct analgesics for cesarean delivery: a narrative review"
281:
225:
196:
172:
154:
115:
110:
31:
320:
2967:
2936:
2926:
2820:
2747:
2727:
2719:
2691:
2642:
2629:
2519:
2479:
2474:
2328:
2176:
2137:
2081:
2011:
1945:
1940:
1917:
1899:
1884:
1856:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1784:
1740:
1528:
1503:
1368:
1297:
1225:
1150:
276:
266:
258:
138:
43:
2624:
2489:
2368:
2363:
2223:
2122:
1894:
1889:
1866:
1815:
1789:
1779:
1588:
1583:
1563:
1478:
1458:
1407:
1220:
1205:
995:
Giovannitti, Joseph A.; Thoms, Sean M.; Crawford, James J. (2015).
305:"A Practical Approach to Using Adjuvant Analgesics in Older Adults"
241:
230:
54:, where one of the intentions is to minimize the need for opioids.
20:
265:
and spinal cord induce sedation and pain modulation respectively.
2696:
2494:
2469:
2339:
2324:
2071:
2001:
1633:
1605:
1428:
1343:
1188:
47:
635:
1274:
1176:
1167:
693:"Current Status of the New Antiepileptic Drugs in Chronic Pain"
137:
act (as treatment for both depression and pain) by modulating
1508:
1215:
1180:
357:
200:
2598:
932:"A Review of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants for Pain Management"
39:
828:
749:
519:
463:
Morgan, Michael M; Christie, MacDonald J (October 2011).
2793:
congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis
994:
578:
2567:
1051:
95:. Common anticonvulsants used to treat neuropathic are
238:: also active centrally and reduces perception of pain
883:"EFFEXOR XR® (venlafaxine Extended-Release) Capsules"
953:Schoonover, Julie; Rubin, Susan E. (March 2022).
195:Over-excitation of skeletal muscle can result in
3000:
2788:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
526:Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology
952:
837:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
407:
869:FDA Highlights of Drug Prescribing Information
862:"Cymbalta (duloxetine hydrochloride) capsules"
642:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
462:
249:
2583:
1135:
930:Fudin, Jeffrey; Mena, Raouf (11 April 2017).
691:Sidhu, Harpreet S.; Sadhotra, Akshay (2016).
690:
414:International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia
147:serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
1149:
2590:
2576:
1142:
1128:
904:"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, USP"
309:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
1087:
1069:
1028:
929:
890:FDA Highlights of Prescribing Information
726:
708:
612:
555:
537:
496:
384:
408:Hamburger, J.; Beilin, Y. (2019-11-01).
302:
123:: FDA-approved for trigeminal neuralgia
3001:
42:control but provides control of pain (
2571:
1123:
990:
988:
925:
923:
1116:, (2012), World Health Organization
303:Portenoy, Russell K. (April 2020).
284:: also considered a muscle relaxant
190:
50:. This is often part of multimodal
13:
985:
920:
129:
82:
14:
3045:
2234:Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)
1107:
2783:Congenital insensitivity to pain
2743:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
768:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.002
481:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01335.x
1045:
946:
896:
875:
854:
822:
798:
756:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
469:British Journal of Pharmacology
199:(increased muscle tone) and/or
99:(calcium channel blockers) and
2002:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
743:
684:
629:
572:
513:
456:
401:
351:
296:
1:
290:
1058:Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia
377:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000157
57:
7:
1644:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
250:Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists
34:that is typically used for
10:
3050:
426:10.1016/j.ijoa.2019.06.009
365:Critical Care Explorations
18:
2950:
2917:
2884:
2838:
2803:
2718:
2674:
2651:
2612:
2605:
2528:
2447:
2404:
2382:
2345:Tricyclic antidepressants
2301:
2253:
2242:
2204:
2159:
2108:
1992:
1959:
1908:
1844:
1808:
1718:
1709:
1618:
1416:
1234:
1175:
1166:
1013:10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31
959:American Family Physician
936:Practical Pain Management
697:Frontiers in Pharmacology
654:10.1007/s00210-011-0636-8
597:10.1136/bmjoq-2020-001320
539:10.4103/joacp.JOACP_51_18
151:tricyclic antidepressants
2597:
1679:+propyphenazone/caffeine
1071:10.4103/1658-354X.125955
710:10.3389/fphar.2016.00276
77:
2904:Posteromarginal nucleus
2839:Measurement and testing
1529:Pethidine (meperidine)
908:www.accessdata.fda.gov
2988:Drug-seeking behavior
2876:Visual analogue scale
2150:+paracetamol/caffeine
2128:Metamizole (dipyrone)
2062:Morpholine salicylate
2006:+paracetamol/caffeine
2899:Anterolateral system
2273:Gabapentin enacarbil
2067:Potassium salicylate
2057:Magnesium salicylate
2052:Imidazole salicylate
1879:Indometacin farnesil
1275:Diamorphine (heroin)
1242:Acetyldihydrocodeine
810:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
64:molecular mechanisms
19:For other uses, see
2022:Carbasalate calcium
1001:Anesthesia Progress
72:opioid use disorder
2978:Philosophy of pain
2653:Respiratory system
2555:Never to phase III
2460:Analgesic adjuvant
2361:1.7/1.8-selective:
2027:Choline salicylate
1454:Dextropropoxyphene
831:"Physiology, Pain"
255:Alpha-2 adrenergic
46:) in some painful
28:analgesic adjuvant
2996:
2995:
2851:Cold pressor test
2834:
2833:
2565:
2564:
2400:
2399:
2384:Potassium openers
2321:Local anesthetics
2263:Alcohol (ethanol)
2200:
2199:
2099:methyl salicylate
2087:Sodium salicylate
1974:Meclofenamic acid
1649:+aspirin/caffeine
1614:
1613:
321:10.1111/jgs.16340
257:agonists such as
3041:
2951:Related concepts
2942:Pain eradication
2700:
2687:
2638:
2610:
2609:
2606:By region/system
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2255:Calcium blockers
2251:
2250:
2147:
2096:
1922:
1910:COX-2 inhibitors
1876:
1795:Tiaprofenic acid
1766:
1753:
1745:
1716:
1715:
1593:
1373:
1312:
1284:
1256:
1173:
1172:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1073:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1032:
992:
983:
982:
950:
944:
943:
927:
918:
917:
915:
914:
900:
894:
893:
887:
879:
873:
872:
866:
858:
852:
851:
850:
849:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
802:
796:
795:
747:
741:
740:
730:
712:
688:
682:
681:
633:
627:
626:
616:
585:BMJ Open Quality
576:
570:
569:
559:
541:
517:
511:
510:
500:
475:(4): 1322–1334.
460:
454:
453:
405:
399:
398:
388:
355:
349:
348:
300:
205:muscle relaxants
191:Muscle relaxants
93:neuropathic pain
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3014:Sensory systems
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2946:
2913:
2886:Pathophysiology
2880:
2871:Tail flick test
2830:
2799:
2714:
2698:
2685:
2676:Musculoskeletal
2670:
2647:
2636:
2601:
2596:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2545:Clinical trials
2524:
2505:Phenazopyridine
2443:
2424:Cyclobenzaprine
2396:
2378:
2360:
2303:Sodium blockers
2297:
2245:
2238:
2196:
2155:
2145:
2104:
2094:
1988:
1984:Tolfenamic acid
1969:Flufenamic acid
1955:
1920:
1904:
1874:
1840:
1804:
1764:
1751:
1743:
1705:
1669:+metoclopramide
1610:
1591:
1412:
1371:
1310:
1293:Dihydromorphine
1282:
1254:
1230:
1162:
1148:
1110:
1105:
1050:
1046:
993:
986:
951:
947:
928:
921:
912:
910:
902:
901:
897:
885:
881:
880:
876:
864:
860:
859:
855:
847:
845:
827:
823:
814:
812:
804:
803:
799:
748:
744:
689:
685:
634:
630:
577:
573:
518:
514:
461:
457:
406:
402:
356:
352:
301:
297:
293:
252:
216:Cyclobenzaprine
193:
135:Antidepressants
132:
130:Antidepressants
88:Anticonvulsants
85:
83:Anticonvulsants
80:
60:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3047:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Pain tolerance
2960:
2958:Pain threshold
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Hot plate test
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Pain asymbolia
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Methoxyflurane
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2143:Propyphenazone
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:Aminophenazone
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:Mefenamic acid
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1759:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:Dextromoramide
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1329:Hydromorphinol
1326:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1280:Dihydrocodeine
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1249:
1247:Benzylmorphine
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1185:
1183:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:External links
1106:
1104:
1103:
1044:
984:
945:
919:
895:
874:
853:
821:
797:
742:
683:
628:
591:(3): e001320.
571:
532:(5): S40–S45.
512:
455:
400:
350:
315:(4): 691–698.
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
279:
263:locus ceruleus
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
233:
228:
223:
218:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
180:
175:
143:norepinephrine
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
118:
113:
97:gabapentinoids
84:
81:
79:
76:
59:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3046:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Grimace scale
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2826:Low back pain
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Referred pain
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Pain disorder
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:Delayed-onset
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:Head and neck
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Methocarbamol
2432:
2430:
2429:Mephenoxalone
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Chlorzoxazone
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:amitriptyline
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Carbamazepine
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:Dexketoprofen
1763:
1760:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Phenoperidine
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Ethoheptazine
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Hydromorphone
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Ethylmorphine
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1253:
1252:Buprenorphine
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:Semisynthetic
1233:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
989:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
941:
937:
933:
926:
924:
909:
905:
899:
891:
884:
878:
870:
863:
857:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
811:
807:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
738:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
624:
620:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
575:
567:
563:
558:
553:
549:
545:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
508:
504:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
404:
396:
392:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
354:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
299:
295:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
272:
271:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
243:
240:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
221:Methocarbamol
219:
217:
214:
213:
211:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:muscle spasms
198:
184:
183:Amitriptyline
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
164:
163:amitriptyline
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
122:
121:Carbamazepine
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
102:
101:carbamazapine
98:
94:
89:
75:
73:
69:
65:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2773:Phantom pain
2758:Hyperalgesia
2753:Chronic pain
2637:(swallowing)
2635:Odynophagia
2459:
2439:Orphenadrine
2414:Carisoprodol
2406:Myorelaxants
2356:
2206:Cannabinoids
2172:Floctafenine
2077:Salicylamide
1756:+paracetamol
1748:Dexibuprofen
1736:Flurbiprofen
1726:Benoxaprofen
1701:Propacetamol
1691:Parapropamol
1659:+hydrocodone
1600:+paracetamol
1569:Remifentanil
1559:Proheptazine
1489:Ketobemidone
1429:Alphaprodine
1376:+paracetamol
1364:Nicomorphine
1359:Nicodicodine
1315:+paracetamol
1287:+paracetamol
1270:Desomorphine
1199:+paracetamol
1064:(1): 92–96.
1061:
1057:
1047:
1007:(1): 31–38.
1004:
1000:
962:
958:
948:
939:
935:
911:. Retrieved
907:
898:
889:
877:
868:
856:
846:, retrieved
834:
824:
813:. Retrieved
809:
800:
759:
755:
745:
700:
696:
686:
648:(1): 47–57.
645:
641:
631:
588:
584:
574:
529:
525:
515:
472:
468:
458:
417:
413:
403:
371:(7): e0157.
368:
364:
353:
312:
308:
298:
253:
236:Carisoprodol
194:
149:(SNRIs) and
133:
86:
61:
27:
25:
3009:Nociception
2983:Cancer pain
2909:Substance P
2894:Nociception
2856:Dolorimeter
2811:Pelvic pain
2768:Hyperpathia
2763:Hypoalgesia
2684:Arthralgia
2666:Pleurodynia
2661:Sore throat
2541:from market
2485:Frunevetmab
2465:Bedinvetmab
2374:PF-05089771
2283:Mirogabalin
2244:Ion channel
2214:Cannabidiol
2167:Benzydamine
2110:Pyrazolones
2092:Wintergreen
2042:Ethenzamide
2037:Dipyrocetyl
1994:Salicylates
1936:Lumiracoxib
1872:Indometacin
1800:Zaltoprofen
1719:Propionates
1629:Acetanilide
1620:Paracetamol
1554:Piritramide
1539:Phenazocine
1534:Phenadoxone
1524:Pentazocine
1519:Oliceridine
1514:Norpipanone
1483:+fluanisone
1464:Dimenoxadol
1444:Carfentanil
1439:Bezitramide
1434:Anileridine
1403:Papaveretum
1398:Oxymorphone
1392:+naltrexone
1354:Nicocodeine
1339:Levorphanol
1308:Hydrocodone
1265:Butorphanol
1210:+naltrexone
420:: 101–118.
178:Venlafaxine
159:venlafaxine
38:other than
36:indications
3029:Analgesics
3024:Acute pain
3003:Categories
2932:Anesthesia
2919:Management
2846:Pain scale
2816:Proctalgia
2720:Neurologic
2620:Eye strain
2515:Rimazolium
2510:Proglumide
2455:Analgecine
2392:Flupirtine
2335:Mexiletine
2316:Lacosamide
2293:Ziconotide
2288:Pregabalin
2278:Leconotide
2268:Gabapentin
2246:modulators
2229:Nabiximols
2192:Proquazone
2187:Nimesulide
2182:Nabumetone
2133:Nifenazone
2047:Guacetisal
2032:Diflunisal
2017:Benorylate
1951:Valdecoxib
1931:Etoricoxib
1862:Diclofenac
1852:Acemetacin
1821:Lornoxicam
1775:Loxoprofen
1762:Ketoprofen
1731:Fenoprofen
1696:Phenacetin
1674:+oxycodone
1664:+ibuprofen
1596:+celecoxib
1579:Tapentadol
1574:Sufentanil
1549:Piminodine
1499:Meptazinol
1494:Lofentanil
1469:Dipipanone
1424:Alfentanil
1384:+ibuprofen
1349:Nalbuphine
1319:+ibuprofen
1151:Analgesics
965:(3): 221.
913:2023-11-08
848:2023-11-06
835:StatPearls
815:2023-11-08
291:References
282:Tizanidine
273:Examples:
226:Tizanidine
212:Examples:
197:spasticity
173:Duloxetine
169:Examples:
155:Duloxetine
116:Pregabalin
111:Gabapentin
107:Examples:
32:medication
3034:Adjuvants
3019:Suffering
2968:Suffering
2937:Cordotomy
2927:Analgesia
2748:Allodynia
2728:Neuralgia
2692:Bone pain
2643:Toothache
2551:Phase III
2539:Withdrawn
2520:Tanezumab
2480:Clonidine
2475:Capsaicin
2329:lidocaine
2177:Glafenine
2138:Phenazone
2082:Salsalate
2012:Aloxiprin
1961:Fenamates
1946:Rofecoxib
1941:Parecoxib
1925:+tramadol
1918:Celecoxib
1900:Zomepirac
1885:Ketorolac
1857:Bromfenac
1836:Tenoxicam
1831:Piroxicam
1826:Meloxicam
1785:Oxaprozin
1741:Ibuprofen
1684:+tramadol
1639:Butacetin
1504:Methadone
1417:Synthetic
1388:+naloxone
1369:Oxycodone
1298:Etorphine
1259:+naloxone
1226:Paregoric
1080:1658-354X
1021:0003-3006
971:1532-0650
776:0163-7258
762:: 42–64.
719:1663-9812
662:0028-1298
605:2399-6641
548:0970-9185
489:0007-1188
450:198378073
434:0959-289X
345:214683328
329:1532-5415
277:Clonidine
267:Clonidine
259:clonidine
139:serotonin
68:tolerance
58:Rationale
52:analgesia
44:analgesia
2973:SOCRATES
2699:(muscle)
2697:Myalgia
2625:Headache
2490:Ketamine
2369:Funapide
2364:DSP-2230
2224:Nabilone
2219:Cannabis
2123:Ampyrone
1895:Tolmetin
1890:Sulindac
1867:Etodolac
1845:Acetates
1816:Isoxicam
1790:Suprofen
1780:Naproxen
1654:+codeine
1589:Tramadol
1584:Tilidine
1564:Propiram
1479:Fentanyl
1459:Dezocine
1408:Thebacon
1380:+aspirin
1323:+aspirin
1221:Laudanum
1206:Morphine
1194:+aspirin
1098:24665248
1039:25849473
979:35289585
843:30969611
792:49291532
784:29909236
737:27610084
670:21533993
623:34281910
566:31142958
507:21434879
442:31350096
395:32696016
337:32216151
242:Diazepam
231:Baclofen
153:(TCAs).
48:diseases
21:adjuvant
2686:(joint)
2495:Menthol
2470:Camphor
2347:(e.g.,
2340:Nefopam
2325:cocaine
2323:(e.g.,
2072:Salicin
1809:Oxicams
1634:Bucetin
1606:Viminol
1344:Metopon
1189:Codeine
1177:Opiates
1168:Opioids
1089:3950462
1030:4389556
892:. 2017.
871:. 2010.
728:4996999
703:: 276.
678:1388805
614:8291327
557:6515722
498:3229764
386:7340332
2534:WHO-EM
2448:Others
2160:Others
2146:
2095:
1921:
1875:
1765:
1752:
1744:
1711:NSAIDs
1592:
1372:
1311:
1283:
1255:
1096:
1086:
1078:
1037:
1027:
1019:
977:
969:
841:
790:
782:
774:
735:
725:
717:
676:
668:
660:
621:
611:
603:
564:
554:
546:
505:
495:
487:
448:
440:
432:
393:
383:
343:
335:
327:
161:, and
2804:Other
2705:Acute
1622:-type
1509:NFEPP
1216:Opium
1181:opium
886:(PDF)
865:(PDF)
788:S2CID
674:S2CID
446:S2CID
341:S2CID
78:Types
30:is a
2821:Back
2630:Neck
2599:Pain
1159:N02B
1155:N02A
1094:PMID
1076:ISSN
1035:PMID
1017:ISSN
975:PMID
967:ISSN
942:(5).
839:PMID
780:PMID
772:ISSN
733:PMID
715:ISSN
666:PMID
658:ISSN
619:PMID
601:ISSN
562:PMID
544:ISSN
503:PMID
485:ISSN
438:PMID
430:ISSN
391:PMID
333:PMID
325:ISSN
141:and
70:and
40:pain
1084:PMC
1066:doi
1025:PMC
1009:doi
963:105
764:doi
760:192
723:PMC
705:doi
650:doi
646:384
609:PMC
593:doi
552:PMC
534:doi
493:PMC
477:doi
473:164
422:doi
381:PMC
373:doi
317:doi
26:An
3005::
2547::
2357:Na
2327:,
1598:,
1390:,
1386:,
1382:,
1378:,
1321:,
1317:,
1157:,
1092:.
1082:.
1074:.
1060:.
1056:.
1033:.
1023:.
1015:.
1005:62
1003:.
999:.
987:^
973:.
961:.
957:.
940:16
938:.
934:.
922:^
906:.
888:.
867:.
833:,
808:.
786:.
778:.
770:.
758:.
754:.
731:.
721:.
713:.
699:.
695:.
672:.
664:.
656:.
644:.
640:.
617:.
607:.
599:.
589:10
587:.
583:.
560:.
550:.
542:.
530:35
528:.
524:.
501:.
491:.
483:.
471:.
467:.
444:.
436:.
428:.
418:40
416:.
412:.
389:.
379:.
367:.
363:.
339:.
331:.
323:.
313:68
311:.
307:.
157:,
2591:e
2584:t
2577:v
2359:v
2351:)
2331:)
2152:)
2148:(
2101:)
2097:(
2008:)
2004:(
1927:)
1923:(
1881:)
1877:(
1771:)
1767:(
1758:)
1754:(
1750:)
1746:(
1602:)
1594:(
1485:)
1481:(
1394:)
1374:(
1325:)
1313:(
1289:)
1285:(
1261:)
1257:(
1212:)
1208:(
1179:/
1161:)
1153:(
1143:e
1136:t
1129:v
1100:.
1068::
1062:8
1041:.
1011::
981:.
916:.
818:.
794:.
766::
739:.
707::
701:7
680:.
652::
625:.
595::
568:.
536::
509:.
479::
452:.
424::
397:.
375::
369:2
347:.
319::
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.