2256:
1740:
The sum of molar concentrations gives the total molar concentration, namely the density of the mixture divided by the molar mass of the mixture or by another name the reciprocal of the molar volume of the mixture. In an ionic solution, ionic strength is proportional to the sum of the molar
2405:
346:
1408:
1725:
712:" (symbol M) has the same symbol. However, the prefix is never used alone, so "M" unambiguously denotes molar. Sub-multiples, such as "millimolar" (mM) and "nanomolar" (nM), consist of the unit preceded by an
1898:
1259:
1625:
1810:
1509:
149:
978:
1106:
1289:
485:
1008:
440:
1941:
1050:
1961:
1820:
The molar concentration depends on the variation of the volume of the solution due mainly to thermal expansion. On small intervals of temperature, the dependence is
1547:
1446:
1309:
1198:
1136:
922:
552:
If a molecule or salt dissociates in solution, the concentration refers to the original chemical formula in solution, the molar concentration is sometimes called
1160:
508:
413:
389:
369:
261:
1318:
A simpler relation can be obtained by considering the total molar concentration, namely, the sum of molar concentrations of all the components of the mixture:
269:
2961:
2343:
223:. Molarity is often depicted with square brackets around the substance of interest; for example, the molarity of the hydrogen ion is depicted as .
2067:
is approximately 1000 g/L and its molar mass is 18.02 g/mol (or 1/18.02 = 0.055 mol/g). Therefore, the molar concentration of water is
2047:
A typical task in chemistry is the preparation of 100 mL (= 0.1 L) of a 2 mol/L solution of NaCl in water. The mass of salt needed is
2330:
1324:
1639:
2663:
2277:
1826:
17:
2464:
2011:
The volume of such a solution is 104.3mL (volume is directly observable); its density is calculated to be 1.07 (111.6g/104.3mL)
1206:
1555:
1755:
2432:
1454:
2708:
2388:
2306:
113:
2656:
2247:
641:
2060:, dissolved in some water, then followed by the addition of more water until the total volume reaches 100 mL.
517:, the use of molar concentration is often not convenient because the volume of most solutions slightly depends on
2798:
2514:
1023:
930:
2174:, may have about 60 copies, and the volume of a bacterium is about 10 L. Thus, the number concentration
1964:
637:
243:
of solute per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, represented by lowercase
2951:
1058:
2881:
2649:
2457:
2936:
106:
3027:
2828:
2579:
2549:
1419:
1267:
463:
2813:
2748:
986:
418:
2768:
2534:
2255:
1906:
3022:
2866:
2861:
2718:
2450:
1028:
2966:
2946:
1946:
2680:
2672:
1525:
1424:
1294:
1176:
1114:
900:
895:
236:
184:
8:
2763:
2615:
2554:
240:
188:
341:{\displaystyle c={\frac {n}{V}}={\frac {N}{N_{\text{A}}\,V}}={\frac {C}{N_{\text{A}}}}.}
2493:
2324:
1145:
493:
398:
374:
354:
246:
2437:
2971:
2930:
2833:
2625:
2488:
2384:
2312:
2302:
1011:
522:
443:
2353:
1744:
2906:
2901:
2733:
2693:
2620:
2605:
2360:
2348:
2170:
2130:
2057:
176:
215:
in SI units. A solution with a concentration of 1 mol/L is said to be 1
2891:
2876:
2808:
2773:
2758:
2753:
2738:
2703:
2589:
2569:
541:
392:
537:
231:
Molar concentration or molarity is most commonly expressed in units of moles of
2941:
2896:
2886:
2803:
2698:
2688:
2610:
2097:
514:
488:
3016:
2986:
2823:
2783:
2728:
2630:
2544:
2352:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
2316:
1171:
172:
2364:
2843:
2838:
2584:
2498:
2996:
2911:
2564:
2473:
1403:{\displaystyle x_{i}={\frac {c_{i}}{c}}={\frac {c_{i}}{\sum _{j}c_{j}}}.}
693:
685:
677:
661:
653:
645:
529:, or by using a temperature-independent measure of concentration such as
526:
525:. This problem is usually resolved by introducing temperature correction
518:
208:
200:
540:
quantity represents the dilution (volume) which can appear in
Ostwald's
2991:
2981:
2976:
2853:
2559:
2438:
Experiment to determine the molar concentration of vinegar by titration
2041:
1720:{\displaystyle b_{i}={\frac {c_{i}}{\rho -\sum _{j\neq i}c_{j}M_{j}}}.}
1139:
1735:
3001:
2956:
2871:
2641:
2165:
713:
705:
689:
657:
212:
196:
2818:
2574:
2524:
2272:
1520:
530:
35:
31:
1981:
is dissolved in 100 g of water. The final mass concentration
2921:
2723:
2713:
2539:
1745:
Sum of products of molar concentrations and partial molar volumes
1630:
where the solvent is substance 1, and the solute is substance 2.
1312:
62:
2442:
1893:{\displaystyle c_{i}={\frac {c_{i,T_{0}}}{1+\alpha \Delta T}},}
628:) = 1 mol/L because the salt dissociates into these ions.
232:
192:
180:
2743:
2064:
2014:
The molar concentration of NaCl in the solution is therefore
709:
697:
681:
665:
649:
204:
199:, the most commonly used unit for molarity is the number of
2529:
1978:
1633:
For solutions with more than one solute, the conversion is
1254:{\displaystyle x_{i}=c_{i}{\frac {\overline {M}}{\rho }},}
1749:
The sum of products between these quantities equals one:
2056:
To create the solution, 11.6 g NaCl is placed in a
1620:{\displaystyle b_{2}={\frac {c_{2}}{\rho -c_{1}M_{1}}},}
547:
1943:
is the molar concentration at a reference temperature,
652:. However, most chemical literature traditionally uses
1949:
1909:
1829:
1758:
1642:
1558:
1528:
1457:
1427:
1327:
1297:
1270:
1209:
1179:
1148:
1117:
1061:
1031:
989:
933:
903:
496:
466:
421:
401:
377:
357:
272:
249:
116:
2962:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
1805:{\displaystyle \sum _{i}c_{i}{\overline {V_{i}}}=1.}
239:. For use in broader applications, it is defined as
1736:
Sum of molar concentrations – normalizing relations
30:"Molarity" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1955:
1935:
1892:
1804:
1719:
1619:
1541:
1504:{\displaystyle w_{i}=c_{i}{\frac {M_{i}}{\rho }}.}
1503:
1440:
1402:
1303:
1283:
1253:
1192:
1154:
1130:
1100:
1044:
1002:
972:
916:
502:
479:
434:
407:
383:
363:
340:
255:
143:
3014:
578:). For example, if a sodium carbonate solution (
2296:
604:) = 1 mol/L, the molar concentrations are
144:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}^{-3}{\mathsf {N}}}
2378:
2657:
2458:
2053:(NaCl) = 2 mol/L × 0.1 L × 58 g/mol = 11.6 g.
219:, commonly designated as 1 M or 1
1291:is the average molar mass of the solution,
2664:
2650:
2465:
2451:
2397:
2329:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
672:and denoted by the letter M, for example:
668:. This traditional unit is often called a
2374:
2372:
2278:Orders of magnitude (molar concentration)
2037:/ 104.3 mL = 0.00192 mol/mL = 1.92 mol/L.
308:
973:{\displaystyle C_{i}=c_{i}N_{\text{A}},}
700:= 10 M = 1 mM = 1 mmol/L.
2433:Molar Solution Concentration Calculator
2337:
2301:(Fifth ed.). Boston. p. 457.
1815:
1519:For binary mixtures, the conversion to
889:
14:
3015:
2671:
2403:
2369:
371:is the amount of the solute in moles,
136:
120:
27:Measure of concentration of a chemical
2645:
2446:
1101:{\displaystyle \rho _{i}=c_{i}M_{i},}
1017:
884:
548:Formality or analytical concentration
2133:(molar mass = 254.23 g/mol) is
24:
2349:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2297:Tro, Nivaldo J. (6 January 2014).
2100:(molar mass = 2.02 g/mol) is
1878:
207:, having the unit symbol mol/L or
25:
3039:
2472:
2426:
2299:Introductory chemistry essentials
2250:, sorted by molar concentration:
415:(in litres) of the solution, and
2254:
2248:Reference ranges for blood tests
1413:
1165:
589:) has a formal concentration of
446:, since 2019 defined as exactly
2096:Likewise, the concentration of
1284:{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}}
2290:
480:{\displaystyle {\frac {N}{V}}}
13:
1:
2283:
1965:thermal expansion coefficient
1730:
638:International System of Units
226:
2952:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
2404:Harvey, David (2020-06-15).
2381:Principles of thermodynamics
1791:
1276:
1239:
1003:{\displaystyle N_{\text{A}}}
435:{\displaystyle N_{\text{A}}}
7:
2266:
2189:The molar concentration is
2040:Here, 58 g/mol is the
1970:
1936:{\displaystyle c_{i,T_{0}}}
1514:
718:
644:for molar concentration is
10:
3044:
2937:Acid dissociation constant
2383:. CRC Press. p. 213.
2129:The concentration of pure
2007:= 0.104 g/g = 10.4 %.
29:
2920:
2852:
2782:
2679:
2598:
2580:Thermodynamic temperature
2507:
2481:
1045:{\displaystyle \rho _{i}}
727:
724:
721:
105:
81:
71:
61:
48:
43:
2242:= 10 mol/L = 100 nmol/L.
1741:concentration of salts.
631:
569:analytical concentration
18:Analytical concentration
2902:Solubility table (data)
2769:Apparent molar property
2379:Kaufman, Myron (2002).
2365:10.1351/goldbook.A00295
1956:{\displaystyle \alpha }
847:(6 particles per 10 L)
660:, which is the same as
169:substance concentration
2867:Total dissolved solids
2862:Solubility equilibrium
2787:and related quantities
2354:amount concentration,
1957:
1937:
1894:
1806:
1721:
1621:
1543:
1505:
1442:
1404:
1305:
1285:
1255:
1194:
1156:
1132:
1102:
1046:
1004:
974:
918:
504:
481:
436:
409:
385:
365:
342:
257:
179:, in particular, of a
171:) is a measure of the
145:
2967:Partition coefficient
2947:Polar aprotic solvent
2164:A typical protein in
1958:
1938:
1895:
1807:
1722:
1622:
1544:
1542:{\displaystyle b_{2}}
1506:
1443:
1441:{\displaystyle w_{i}}
1405:
1306:
1304:{\displaystyle \rho }
1286:
1256:
1195:
1193:{\displaystyle x_{i}}
1157:
1133:
1131:{\displaystyle M_{i}}
1103:
1047:
1005:
975:
919:
917:{\displaystyle C_{i}}
612:) = 2 mol/L and
505:
482:
437:
410:
393:constituent particles
386:
366:
343:
258:
146:
2882:Enthalpy of solution
2809:Volume concentration
2804:Number concentration
2410:Chemistry LibreTexts
2406:"2.2: Concentration"
1947:
1907:
1827:
1816:Dependence on volume
1756:
1640:
1556:
1526:
1455:
1425:
1325:
1295:
1268:
1207:
1177:
1146:
1115:
1059:
1029:
987:
931:
901:
896:number concentration
890:Number concentration
554:formal concentration
494:
464:
419:
399:
375:
355:
270:
247:
165:amount concentration
114:
2794:Molar concentration
2764:Dilution (equation)
2555:Amount of substance
2520:Molar concentration
2508:Physical quantities
241:amount of substance
189:amount of substance
157:Molar concentration
44:Molar concentration
2834:Isotopic abundance
2799:Mass concentration
2673:Chemical solutions
2515:Mass concentration
2494:Boltzmann constant
1953:
1933:
1890:
1802:
1768:
1717:
1690:
1617:
1539:
1501:
1438:
1418:The conversion to
1400:
1383:
1301:
1281:
1251:
1190:
1170:The conversion to
1152:
1128:
1098:
1042:
1024:mass concentration
1022:The conversion to
1018:Mass concentration
1000:
970:
914:
894:The conversion to
885:Related quantities
500:
477:
432:
405:
395:present in volume
381:
361:
338:
253:
141:
3010:
3009:
2639:
2638:
2489:Avogadro constant
2183:= 60 / (10 L) = 6
1885:
1794:
1759:
1712:
1675:
1612:
1496:
1395:
1374:
1356:
1315:of the solution.
1279:
1246:
1242:
1155:{\displaystyle i}
1012:Avogadro constant
997:
964:
882:
881:
523:thermal expansion
503:{\displaystyle C}
475:
444:Avogadro constant
429:
408:{\displaystyle V}
391:is the number of
384:{\displaystyle N}
364:{\displaystyle n}
333:
330:
313:
305:
287:
256:{\displaystyle c}
154:
153:
16:(Redirected from
3035:
3028:Molar quantities
2907:Solubility chart
2734:Phase separation
2694:Aqueous solution
2666:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2621:Combined gas law
2616:Gay-Lussac's law
2467:
2460:
2453:
2444:
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2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2401:
2395:
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2334:
2328:
2320:
2294:
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2241:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2186:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2131:osmium tetroxide
2125:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2058:volumetric flask
2036:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1967:of the mixture.
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1931:
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1929:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
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1867:
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1844:
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1811:
1809:
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1803:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:
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1700:
1699:
1689:
1667:
1666:
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1652:
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1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
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1600:
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1583:
1582:
1573:
1568:
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1540:
1538:
1537:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
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1491:
1482:
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1479:
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1444:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1218:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1071:
1070:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
998:
995:
979:
977:
976:
971:
966:
965:
962:
956:
955:
943:
942:
923:
921:
920:
915:
913:
912:
719:
627:
626:
625:
622:
611:
603:
588:
509:
507:
506:
501:
486:
484:
483:
478:
476:
468:
459:
457:
454:
451:
441:
439:
438:
433:
431:
430:
427:
414:
412:
411:
406:
390:
388:
387:
382:
370:
368:
367:
362:
347:
345:
344:
339:
334:
332:
331:
328:
319:
314:
312:
307:
306:
303:
293:
288:
280:
262:
260:
259:
254:
195:of solution. In
177:chemical species
150:
148:
147:
142:
140:
139:
133:
132:
124:
123:
101:
85:other quantities
83:Derivations from
56:
41:
40:
21:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2916:
2877:Solvation shell
2848:
2786:
2778:
2774:Miscibility gap
2759:Serial dilution
2754:Supersaturation
2704:Buffer solution
2675:
2670:
2640:
2635:
2594:
2590:Specific volume
2570:Particle number
2503:
2477:
2471:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2377:
2370:
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2338:
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2309:
2295:
2291:
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2269:
2264:
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2234:
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2224:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2184:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2063:The density of
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1977:11.6 g of
1973:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1733:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:of constituent
1122:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1020:
994:
990:
988:
985:
984:
961:
957:
951:
947:
938:
934:
932:
929:
928:
908:
904:
902:
899:
898:
892:
887:
846:
634:
623:
620:
619:
617:
609:
602:
598:
594:
587:
583:
579:
577:
566:
550:
542:law of dilution
495:
492:
491:
467:
465:
462:
461:
455:
452:
449:
447:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
400:
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396:
376:
373:
372:
356:
353:
352:
327:
323:
318:
302:
298:
297:
292:
279:
271:
268:
267:
248:
245:
244:
229:
135:
134:
125:
119:
118:
117:
115:
112:
111:
89:
86:
84:
74:
54:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Protic solvent
2939:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Lattice energy
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Eutectic point
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Solid solution
2696:
2691:
2689:Ideal solution
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2626:Avogadro's law
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2427:External links
2425:
2422:
2421:
2396:
2389:
2368:
2336:
2307:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2211:
2188:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2128:
2127:
2107:
2098:solid hydrogen
2095:
2094:
2074:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2009:
2008:
2002:11.6 g + 100 g
1974:
1972:
1969:
1952:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
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1729:
1728:
1727:
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1698:
1694:
1688:
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1665:
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1655:
1650:
1646:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1598:
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1590:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1536:
1532:
1516:
1513:
1512:
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1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1435:
1431:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1300:
1278:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1187:
1183:
1167:
1164:
1151:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1039:
1035:
1019:
1016:
993:
981:
980:
969:
960:
954:
950:
946:
941:
937:
911:
907:
891:
888:
886:
883:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
866:
865:
862:
859:
856:
852:
851:
848:
843:
840:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
794:
793:
790:
787:
784:
780:
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
765:
762:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
737:
734:
730:
729:
728:Concentration
726:
723:
702:
701:
633:
630:
600:
596:
585:
581:
575:
564:
549:
546:
515:thermodynamics
499:
489:number density
474:
471:
425:
404:
380:
360:
349:
348:
337:
326:
322:
317:
311:
301:
296:
291:
286:
283:
278:
275:
252:
228:
225:
187:, in terms of
152:
151:
138:
131:
128:
122:
109:
103:
102:
87:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
65:
59:
58:
52:
50:Common symbols
49:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3040:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Concentration
3021:
3020:
3018:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Mass fraction
2827:
2825:
2824:Mole fraction
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:Concentration
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Phase diagram
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Flory–Huggins
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2632:
2631:Ideal gas law
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Charles's law
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Mass fraction
2548:
2546:
2545:Mole fraction
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2390:0-8247-0692-7
2386:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:9780321919052
2304:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:= 20.1 mol/L.
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2126:= 43.7 mol/L.
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2093:≈ 55.5 mol/L.
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1950:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1799:
1796:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1420:mass fraction
1414:Mass fraction
1397:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1298:
1273:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1172:mole fraction
1166:Mole fraction
1163:
1149:
1141:
1123:
1119:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1015:
1013:
991:
967:
958:
952:
948:
944:
939:
935:
927:
926:
925:
909:
905:
897:
877:
874:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
849:
844:
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
795:
791:
788:
785:
782:
781:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
735:
732:
731:
725:Abbreviation
720:
717:
715:
711:
707:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:coherent unit
639:
629:
615:
607:
592:
574:
570:
563:
559:
555:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
497:
490:
472:
469:
445:
423:
402:
394:
378:
358:
335:
324:
320:
315:
309:
299:
294:
289:
284:
281:
276:
273:
266:
265:
264:
250:
242:
238:
235:per litre of
234:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:concentration
170:
166:
162:
159:(also called
158:
129:
126:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
76:
70:
66:
64:
60:
53:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2892:Raoult's law
2844:Ternary plot
2839:Mixing ratio
2793:
2585:Molar volume
2519:
2499:Gas constant
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2399:
2380:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2298:
2292:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2154:254.23 g/mol
2136:
2103:
2070:
2050:
2018:
2013:
2010:
1988:
1982:
1902:
1819:
1748:
1739:
1632:
1629:
1518:
1448:is given by
1417:
1317:
1263:
1200:is given by
1169:
1110:
1052:is given by
1021:
982:
924:is given by
893:
869:quectomolar
703:
669:
635:
613:
605:
590:
572:
568:
561:
557:
553:
551:
535:
512:
460:. The ratio
350:
230:
220:
216:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:
98:
94:
90:
63:SI unit
2997:Lyonium ion
2912:Miscibility
2897:Henry's law
2611:Boyle's law
2565:Atomic mass
2088:18.02 g/mol
855:rontomolar
839:yoctomolar
825:zeptomolar
797:femtomolar
755:micromolar
741:millimolar
519:temperature
458:10 mol
73:Other units
3017:Categories
2992:Amphiphile
2987:Lipophilic
2982:Hydrophile
2977:Hydrophobe
2854:Solubility
2749:Saturation
2719:Suspension
2560:Molar mass
2415:2021-12-15
2284:References
2168:, such as
2121:2.02 g/mol
2042:molar mass
1985:(NaCl) is
1731:Properties
1140:molar mass
811:attomolar
783:picomolar
769:nanomolar
640:(SI), the
538:reciprocal
227:Definition
3002:Lyate ion
2957:Solvation
2872:Solvation
2814:Normality
2482:Constants
2325:cite book
2317:857356651
2021:(NaCl) =
1991:(NaCl) =
1951:α
1879:Δ
1876:α
1792:¯
1761:∑
1684:≠
1677:∑
1673:−
1670:ρ
1589:−
1586:ρ
1494:ρ
1376:∑
1299:ρ
1277:¯
1244:ρ
1240:¯
1064:ρ
1034:ρ
714:SI prefix
706:SI prefix
558:formality
197:chemistry
191:per unit
127:−
107:Dimension
2972:Polarity
2931:Category
2819:Molality
2681:Solution
2575:Pressure
2525:Molality
2476:concepts
2273:Molality
2267:See also
2166:bacteria
2148:5.1 kg/L
2082:1000 g/L
2044:of NaCl.
2032:58 g/mol
1971:Examples
1521:molality
1515:Molality
736:(mol/m)
733:(mol/L)
531:molality
237:solution
185:solution
161:molarity
36:Morality
32:Molality
2922:Solvent
2724:Colloid
2714:Mixture
2540:Density
2240:
2220:
2216:
2197:
2171:E. coli
2157:
2145:
2124:
2112:
2091:
2079:
2035:
2023:
2005:
1993:
1963:is the
1313:density
1311:is the
1138:is the
1010:is the
636:In the
527:factors
521:due to
487:is the
442:is the
2535:Volume
2387:
2315:
2305:
2237:10 mol
2115:88 g/L
2026:11.6 g
1996:11.6 g
1903:where
1264:where
1111:where
983:where
351:Here,
233:solute
193:volume
181:solute
2744:Alloy
2344:IUPAC
2187:10 L.
2077:O) =
2065:water
750:10=1
722:Name
692:= 10
684:= 10
670:molar
632:Units
567:) or
448:6.022
217:molar
205:liter
201:moles
183:in a
175:of a
77:mol/L
67:mol/m
2599:Laws
2530:Mass
2474:Mole
2385:ISBN
2331:link
2313:OCLC
2303:ISBN
2227:10 L
2143:) =
2139:(OsO
2110:) =
1979:NaCl
710:mega
704:The
536:The
203:per
2361:doi
2359:".
2178:is
1549:is
878:10
875:10
872:qM
864:10
861:10
858:rM
850:10
842:yM
834:10
831:10
828:zM
820:10
817:10
814:aM
806:10
803:10
800:fM
792:10
789:10
786:pM
778:10
775:10
772:nM
764:10
761:10
758:μM
747:10
744:mM
694:mol
686:mol
678:mol
662:mol
654:mol
646:mol
556:or
513:In
450:140
209:mol
167:or
34:or
3019::
2408:.
2371:^
2346:,
2327:}}
2323:{{
2311:.
2218:=
2195:=
2106:(H
2073:(H
1800:1.
1162:.
1014:.
845:10
716::
690:dm
676:1
658:dm
621:2−
618:CO
610:Na
599:CO
595:Na
584:CO
580:Na
544:.
533:.
510:.
453:76
263::
213:dm
163:,
93:=
57:,
2933:)
2929:(
2665:e
2658:t
2651:v
2466:e
2459:t
2452:v
2418:.
2393:.
2363::
2356:c
2333:)
2319:.
2235:×
2233:6
2230:/
2225:×
2223:6
2212:A
2209:N
2205:/
2201:C
2193:c
2185:×
2181:C
2176:C
2151:/
2141:4
2137:c
2118:/
2108:2
2104:c
2085:/
2075:2
2071:c
2051:m
2029:/
2019:c
1999:/
1989:ρ
1983:ρ
1927:0
1923:T
1919:,
1916:i
1912:c
1888:,
1882:T
1873:+
1870:1
1862:0
1858:T
1854:,
1851:i
1847:c
1841:=
1836:i
1832:c
1797:=
1787:i
1783:V
1775:i
1771:c
1765:i
1715:.
1707:j
1703:M
1697:j
1693:c
1687:i
1681:j
1664:i
1660:c
1654:=
1649:i
1645:b
1615:,
1607:1
1603:M
1597:1
1593:c
1580:2
1576:c
1570:=
1565:2
1561:b
1535:2
1531:b
1499:.
1489:i
1485:M
1477:i
1473:c
1469:=
1464:i
1460:w
1434:i
1430:w
1398:.
1390:j
1386:c
1380:j
1369:i
1365:c
1359:=
1354:c
1349:i
1345:c
1339:=
1334:i
1330:x
1274:M
1249:,
1237:M
1229:i
1225:c
1221:=
1216:i
1212:x
1186:i
1182:x
1150:i
1124:i
1120:M
1096:,
1091:i
1087:M
1081:i
1077:c
1073:=
1068:i
1038:i
996:A
992:N
968:,
963:A
959:N
953:i
949:c
945:=
940:i
936:C
910:i
906:C
708:"
698:L
696:/
688:/
682:m
680:/
666:L
664:/
656:/
650:m
648:/
624:3
616:(
614:c
608:(
606:c
601:3
597:2
593:(
591:c
586:3
582:2
576:A
573:c
571:(
565:A
562:F
560:(
498:C
473:V
470:N
456:×
428:A
424:N
403:V
379:N
359:n
336:.
329:A
325:N
321:C
316:=
310:V
304:A
300:N
295:N
290:=
285:V
282:n
277:=
274:c
251:c
221:M
211:/
137:N
130:3
121:L
99:V
97:/
95:n
91:c
55:c
38:.
20:)
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