Simulation hypothesis

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Dainton modifies Bostrom's trilemma by substituting "neural ancestor simulations" (ranging from literal brains in a vat, to far-future humans with induced high-fidelity hallucinations that they are their own distant ancestors) for Bostrom's "ancestor simulations", on the grounds that every philosophical school of thought can agree that sufficiently high-tech neural ancestor simulation experiences would be indistinguishable from non-simulated experiences. Even if high-fidelity computer Sims are never conscious, Dainton's reasoning leads to the following conclusion: either the fraction of human-level civilizations that reach a posthuman stage and are able and willing to run large numbers of neural ancestor simulations is close to zero, or some kind of (possibly neural) ancestor simulation exists.

989:". Bostrom states he personally sees no strong argument as to which of the three trilemma propositions is the true one: "If (1) is true, then we will almost certainly go extinct before reaching posthumanity. If (2) is true, then there must be a strong convergence among the courses of advanced civilizations so that virtually none contains any individuals who desire to run ancestor-simulations and are free to do so. If (3) is true, then we almost certainly live in a simulation. In the dark forest of our current ignorance, it seems sensible to apportion one's credence roughly evenly between (1), (2), and (3)... I note that people who hear about the simulation argument often react by saying, 'Yes, I accept the argument, and it is obvious that it is possibility # 1451:, made him aware of a strong objection to the simulation hypothesis. The objection claims that the common trait that all hypothetical high-fidelity simulated universes possess is the ability to produce high-fidelity simulated universes. And since our current world does not possess this ability, it would mean that either humans are in the real universe, and therefore simulated universes have not yet been created, or that humans are the last in a very long chain of simulated universes, an observation that makes the simulation hypothesis seem less probable. Regarding this objection, Tyson remarked "that changes my life". 840:

super-powerful computers is run detailed simulations of their forebears or of people like their forebears. Because their computers would be so powerful, they could run a great many such simulations. Suppose that these simulated people are conscious (as they would be if the simulations were sufficiently fine-grained and if a certain quite widely accepted position in the philosophy of mind is correct). Then it could be the case that the vast majority of minds like ours do not belong to the original race but rather to people simulated by the advanced descendants of an original race.

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know that you are not currently dreaming? Morpheus raises a similar question: 'Have you ever had a dream, Neo, that you were so sure was real. What if you were unable to wake from that dream? How would you know the difference between the dream world and the real world?' ... I think this case is analogous to the Evil Genius Hypothesis: it's just that the role of the "evil genius" is played by a part of my own cognitive system! If my dream-generating system simulates all of space-time, we have something like the original Matrix Hypothesis.

3499:"There is no logical impossibility in the supposition that the whole of life is a dream, in which we ourselves create all the objects that come before us. But although this is not logically impossible, there is no reason whatever to suppose that it is true; and it is, in fact, a less simple hypothesis, viewed as a means of accounting for the facts of our own life, than the common-sense hypothesis that there really are objects independent of us, whose action on us causes our sensations." 1096: 4766: 1421:, Musk said "If you assume any rate of improvement at all, games will eventually be indistinguishable from reality" before concluding "that it's most likely we're in a simulation". At various other press conferences and events, Musk has also speculated that the likelihood of us living in a simulated reality or computer made by others is about 99.9%, and stated in a 2016 interview that he believed there was "a one in billion chance we're in base reality". 47: 1693: 728: 1348:

about computing as arising from faulty components, it seems as if the abstraction that uses perfectly operating computers is unlikely to exist as anything but a platonic ideal. Another critique of such a point of view is that there is no evidence for the kind of digitization that characterizes computers nor are there any predictions made by those who advocate such a view that have been experimentally confirmed.

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constrained. They are local; they don't change in time; they don't change in place. In a programmed environment, there's no reason to obey any of those constraints... And then there's the embarrassing question of, okay if this is a simulated world, what is the thing in which it is simulated made out of? What are the laws for that? So it begs the question.

1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1294:, existing as conscious beings within a simulated environment, even if consciousness cannot be simulated. It has been suggested that whereas virtual reality would enable a participant to experience only three senses (sight, sound and optionally smell), simulated reality would enable all five (including taste and touch). 1103: 1258:. It is relevant to the simulation hypothesis in that it illustrates how a simulation could contain conscious subjects, as required by a "virtual people" simulation. For example, it is well known that physical systems can be simulated to some degree of accuracy. If computationalism is correct and if there is no 3675:

Evil Genius Hypothesis: I have a disembodied mind and an evil genius is feeding me sensory inputs to give the appearance of an external world. This is René Descartes's classical skeptical hypothesis... Dream Hypothesis: I am now and have always been dreaming. Descartes raised the question: how do you

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objects to the notion that posthumans would have a reason to run simulated universes: "...being so advanced they would have collected enough knowledge about their past to have little interest in this kind of simulation. ...They may have virtual-reality museums, where they could go and experience the

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explores the idea of the world being a simulation, with an infinite or near-infinite number of "world layers" of simulations running inside other simulations. The main problem with this system is that in some of these "world layers", both above and below the one the characters find themselves living

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saying: "You are living in a simulation. Click here for more information". However, imperfections in a simulated environment might be difficult for the native inhabitants to identify and for purposes of authenticity, even the simulated memory of a blatant revelation might be purged programmatically.

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A comparable civilization reaching aforementioned technological status will likely not produce a significant number of simulated realities (one that might push the probable existence of digital entities beyond the probable number of "real" entities in a Universe) for any of a number of reasons, such

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In many respects this point of view may be nothing more than a result of the fact that the notion of computation is the disease of our age—everywhere we look today we see examples of computers, computation, and information theory and thus we extrapolate this to our laws of physics. Indeed, thinking

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argues that a self-interested occupant of a high-fidelity simulation should strive to be entertaining and praiseworthy in order to avoid being turned off or being shunted into a non-conscious low-fidelity part of the simulation. Hanson additionally speculates that someone who is aware that he might

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Some point out that there is currently no proof of technology that would facilitate the existence of sufficiently high-fidelity ancestor simulation. Additionally, there is no proof that it is physically possible or feasible for a posthuman civilization to create such a simulation, and therefore for

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has argued that the future humans of our universe cannot be the ones performing the simulation, since the simulation argument considers our universe to be the one being simulated. In other words, it has been argued that the probability that humans live in a simulated universe is not independent of

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tells the unfinished story of a simulation scenario in which multiple persons find themselves in a circumstance of multiplicities and simultaneities. The storyline involves an amnesia, seemingly to protect the integrity of the simulation, as suggested would be necessary by the philosopher Preston

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it follows that humans probably live in a simulation. Some philosophers disagree, proposing that perhaps "Sims" do not have conscious experiences the same way that unsimulated humans do, or that it can otherwise be self-evident to a human that they are a human rather than a Sim. Philosopher Barry

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Many works of science fiction as well as some forecasts by serious technologists and futurologists predict that enormous amounts of computing power will be available in the future. Let us suppose for a moment that these predictions are correct. One thing that later generations might do with their

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and his companions. A secret Vatican document describes the truth about the simulated reality by inviting its reader to choose any series of numbers at random. The document lists the same numbers on the next page since the simulated program cannot produce a truly random event. The simulation is

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is set in a simulated reality known as the Neo World Program, which in this instance simulates a class trip to Jabberwock Island which, while initially peaceful, turns into a "killing game" involving the students in the simulation killing each other and trying to not be found guilty. Similarly,

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raises an empirical objection, saying that the laws of the universe have hidden complexity which is "not used for anything" and the laws are constrained by time and location – all of this being unnecessary and extraneous in a simulation. He further argues that the simulation argument amounts to

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The laws that we observe just don't look like a competently programmed simulation... They have a lot of hidden complexity. So when you dig deeper you find that there's a hidden structure that's not used for anything. Why would you do that, if you're simulating a world? Also, the laws are very

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Once Zhuangzi dreamt he was a butterfly, a butterfly flitting and fluttering around, happy with himself and doing as he pleased. He didn't know he was Zhuangzi. Suddenly he woke up and there he was, solid and unmistakable Zhuangzi. But he didn't know if he was Zhuangzi who had dreamt he was a

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Rizwan Virk, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a founder of PlayLabs, and author of the novel, "The Simulation Hypothesis". A story about Virk trying on a virtual reality headset and forgetting he was in an empty room makes him wonder if the real world was created by more tech-savvy

1765:) tells the story of a virtual city developed as a computer simulation for market research purposes, in which the simulated inhabitants possess consciousness; all but one of the inhabitants are unaware of the true nature of their world. The book was made into a German made-for-TV film called 949:

The trilemma points out that a technologically mature "posthuman" civilization would have enormous computing power; if even a tiny percentage of them were to run "ancestor simulations" (that is, "high-fidelity" simulations of ancestral life that would be indistinguishable from reality to the

1895:, the universe is a simulated universe run by The Atlas. According to in-game lore, many vastly different iterations of the universe existed, with very different histories and races. As the Atlas AI became more and more corrupted, the universes became more and more similar to each other. 1067:

argues that the simulation hypothesis leads to a contradiction: if humans are typical, as it is assumed, and not capable of performing simulations, this contradicts the arguer's assumption that it is easy for us to foresee that other civilizations can most likely perform simulations.

1120:. This argument runs as follows: if there were a near-infinite multiverse, there would be posthuman civilizations running ancestor simulations, which would lead to the untenable and scientifically self-defeating conclusion that humans live in a simulation; therefore, by 1146:

universe? Sounds like a colossal waste of time". Gleiser also points out that there is no plausible reason to stop at one level of simulation, so that the simulated ancestors might also be simulating their ancestors, and so on, creating an infinite regress akin to the

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magazine, March 2013, pages 43–45. Interview with physicist Silas Beane of the University of Bonn discussing a proposed test for simulated reality evidence. Three pages, three photos, including one of Beane and a computer-generated scene from the film

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that, if observed, would be consistent with the simulation hypothesis according to these physicists. In 2017, Campbell et al. proposed several experiments aimed at testing the simulation hypothesis in their paper "On Testing the Simulation Theory".

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René Descartes, Meditations on the First Philosophy, from Descartes, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, trans. Elizabeth S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911 – reprinted with corrections 1931), Volume I,

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are comparable or equivalent to those of a naturally occurring human consciousness, and that one or more levels of simulation within simulations would be feasible given only a modest expenditure of computational resources in the real world.

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that he called "the simulation argument". Despite its name, the "simulation argument" does not directly argue that humans live in a simulation; instead, it argues that one of three unlikely-seeming propositions is almost certainly true:

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of their environment, when in fact these mental lives are simulated separately (and are thus, in fact, not governed by the simulated physics). Chalmers claims that they might eventually find that their thoughts fail to be physically

1553:, he states "... there are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep", and goes on to conclude that "It is possible that I am dreaming right now and that all of my perceptions are false". 910:

First, if one assumes that humans will not be destroyed nor destroy themselves before developing such a technology, and that human descendants will have no overriding legal restrictions or moral compunctions against simulating

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or their own historical biosphere, then, Bostrom argues it would be unreasonable to count ourselves among the small minority of genuine organisms who, sooner or later, will be vastly outnumbered by artificial simulations.

1167:: that if anyone in the Universe should actually work out 'The Meaning of Life, the Universe and Everything', it would instantly disappear and be immediately replaced with something "even more complex and inexplicable". 1329:

has explored the simulation hypothesis and has argued for a kind of mathematical Platonism according to which every object (including, for example, a stone) can be regarded as implementing every possible computation.

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In physics, the view of the universe and its workings as the ebb and flow of information was first observed by Wheeler. Consequently, two views of the world emerged: the first one proposes that the universe is a

1365:), and Zohreh Davoudi and Martin J. Savage from the University of Washington, Seattle. Under the assumption of finite computational resources, the simulation of the universe would be performed by dividing the 1290:'s simulation argument; humans cannot be a simulated consciousness, if consciousness, as humans understand it, cannot be simulated. The skeptical hypothesis remains intact, however, and humans could still be 1099: 980:

claim about the world is true", the third of the three disjunctive propositions being that humans are almost certainly living in a simulation. Thus, Bostrom, and writers in agreement with Bostrom such as

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interview that the hypothesis was correct, giving "better than 50–50 odds" and adding, "I wish I could summon a strong argument against it, but I can find none". However, in a subsequent interview with

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Some scholars accept the trilemma, and argue that the first or second of the propositions are true, and that the third proposition (the proposition that humans live in a simulation) is false. Physicist

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Therefore, if we don't think that we are currently living in a computer simulation, we are not entitled to believe that we will have descendants who will run lots of such simulations of their forebears.

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could be considered a type of simulation capable of fooling someone who is asleep. As a result, Bertrand Russell has argued that the "dream hypothesis" is not a logical impossibility, but that

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In 2019, philosopher Preston Greene suggested that it may be best not to find out if we are living in a simulation, since, if it were found to be true, such knowing might end the simulation.

1343:, while the other one proposes that the system performing the simulation is distinct from its simulation (the universe). Of the former view, quantum-computing specialist Dave Bacon wrote: 848:

It is then possible to argue that, if this were the case, we would be rational to think that we are likely among the simulated minds rather than among the original biological ones.

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is not necessarily as problematic of a philosophical view as is commonly supposed, though he does not endorse it. Similar arguments have been made for philosophical views about

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has not been solved, dooming the world to end on January 19, 2038 at 3:14:07 am UTC. The characters have to hack all the way into the highest world layer, the real world that

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Bostrom attempted to assess the probability of our reality being a simulation. His argument states that at least one of the following statements is very likely to be true:

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Besides attempting to assess whether the simulation hypothesis is true or false, philosophers have also used it to illustrate other philosophical problems, especially in

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Some critics propose that the simulation could be in the first generation, and all the simulated people that will one day be created do not yet exist, in accordance with

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It is nothing more than a moral prejudice that truth is worth more than semblance; it is, in fact, the worst proved supposition in the world.... Why might not the world

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Lucid dreaming is characterized as an idea where the elements of dreaming and waking are combined to a point where the user knows they are dreaming, or waking perhaps.

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As a corollary to the trilemma, Bostrom states that "Unless we are now living in a simulation, our descendants will almost certainly never run an ancestor-simulation".

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Bostrom's argument rests on the premise that given sufficiently advanced technology, it is possible to represent the populated surface of the Earth without recourse to

939:"The fraction of human-level civilizations that reach a posthuman stage (that is, one capable of running high-fidelity ancestor simulations) is very close to zero", or 890:

Humans will have no way of knowing that they live in a simulation because they will never reach the technological capacity to realize the marks of a simulated reality.

942:"The fraction of posthuman civilizations that are interested in running simulations of their evolutionary history, or variations thereof, is very close to zero", or 985:, argue there might be empirical reasons for the "simulation hypothesis", and that therefore the simulation hypothesis is not a skeptical hypothesis but rather a " 1126:, existing multiverse theories are likely false. (Unlike Bostrom and Chalmers, Davies (among others) considers the simulation hypothesis to be self-defeating.) 4448: 3095:

Wheeler, J.A. (1990) Information, Physics, Quantum. In: Zurek, W.H., Ed., Complexity, Entropy, and the Physics of Information, Addison-Wesley, Boston, 354–368.

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Nonetheless, should any evidence come to light, either for or against the skeptical hypothesis, it would radically alter the aforementioned probability.

602:, it could generate so many simulated beings that a randomly chosen conscious entity would almost certainly be in a simulation. The argument presents a 749: 742: 2678: 1828:, which depicted a world in which artificially intelligent robots enslaved humanity within a simulation set in the contemporary world. The 2012 play 1266:

or cognition, it would establish the theoretical possibility of a simulated reality. Nevertheless, the relationship between cognition and phenomenal

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categorically reject—or are uninterested in—anthropic reasoning, dismissing it as "merely philosophical", unfalsifiable, or inherently unscientific.

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scenario). In both cases, the claim is that all this would require is hooking up the mental lives to the simulated physics in a different way.

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as diversion of computational processing power for other tasks, ethical considerations of holding entities captive in simulated realities, etc.

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be in a simulation might care less about others and live more for today: "your motivation to save for retirement, or to help the poor in

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Science fiction has highlighted themes such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence and computer gaming for more than fifty years.

4859: 4781: 4441: 71: 4016:, December 2013, pages 24–25. Subtitle: "Physicists have proposed tests to reveal whether we are part of a giant computer simulation". 3541:

Alva H. Katsoulis: The Limit of Knowledge, Wittgenstein's certain defeat of skepticism. Uppsala University, 2021. Available online at

1034:, who considers that it is physically impossible to simulate the universe without producing measurable inconsistencies, and called it 3618: 2206: 922:, it is not impossible for humans to tell whether they are living in a simulation. For example, Bostrom suggests that a window could 792: 4804: 2013: 3780: 764: 3371: 2863:"Are We Living in a Computer Simulation? Let's Not Find Out – Experimental findings will be either boring or extremely dangerous" 1385:), several observational consequences of a grid-like space-time have been studied in their work. Among proposed signatures is an 614:

not to create them; or we are almost certainly living in one. This assumes that consciousness is not uniquely tied to biological

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A method to test one type of simulation hypothesis was proposed in 2012 in a joint paper by physicists Silas R. Beane from the

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Humans are living in a reality in which post-humans have not developed yet, and current humans are actually living in reality.

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likened existing things to a scene-painting and supposed them to resemble the impressions experienced in sleep or madness.

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continuum into a discrete set of points, which may result in observable effects. In analogy with the mini-simulations that

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likened existing things to a scene-painting and supposed them to resemble the impressions experienced in sleep or madness.

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Human history is full of thinkers who observed the difference between how things seem and how they might actually be, with

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philosophically formalized these epistemic doubts, to be followed by a large literature with subsequent variations like

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There is a long philosophical and scientific history to the underlying thesis that reality is an illusion. This

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rule against it. One of the first philosophers to question the distinction between reality and dreams was

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The hypothesis is preceded by many earlier versions, and variations on the idea have also been featured in

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A version of the simulation hypothesis was theorized as a part of a philosophical argument on the part of

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in which the sentient beings themselves are constructs. There has been much debate over this topic in the

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the third proposition is the one of those three that is true, and almost all people live in simulations,

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capable of producing simulated realities, or such simulations are physically impossible to construct.

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chastised philosophers for seeking to find the true world behind the deceptive world of appearances.

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that say that an individual could have been another human being in the past, as well as views about

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lives and tribulations of their ancestors. But a full-fledged, resource-consuming simulation of an

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Campbell, T., Owhadi, H., Sauvageau, J. and Watkinson, D. (2017) On Testing the Simulation Theory.

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In 2015, Kent Forbes published a documentary named "The Simulation Hypothesis", notably featuring

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butterfly or a butterfly dreaming he was Zhuangzi. Between Zhuangzi and a butterfly there must be

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that a computer cannot provide and that simulated people, while behaving appropriately, would be

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been dreaming, in which case the objects he perceives actually exist, albeit in his imagination.

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Chalmers (2003) discusses the dream hypothesis and notes that this comes in two distinct forms:

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but can arise from any system that implements the right computational structures and processes.

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lives in, to synchronize all the world layers and solve the Year 2038 problem in all of them.

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The dream hypothesis is also used to develop other philosophical concepts, such as Valberg's

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simulated ancestor), the total number of simulated ancestors, or "Sims", in the universe (or

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Any entities with our general set of experiences are almost certainly living in a simulation.

484: 476: 462: 417: 242: 227: 91: 76: 2477:"The Simulation Argument: Why the Probability that You Are Living in a Matrix is Quite High" 4561: 4526: 4352: 4321: 4141: 3247: 3044: 2769: 2097: 2083: 1781: 1665: 1576: 1475: 1448: 1370: 1302: 1283: 1122: 1077: 973: 697: 452: 333: 314: 200: 1524:, a Chinese philosopher of the 4th century BC. He phrased the problem as the well-known " 8: 4824: 4536: 4260: 4250: 4159: 4077: 4012: 3846: 3824: 3376: 2635: 2122: 2033: 1881: 1629: 1591: 1525: 1517: 1425: 1031: 1009: 977: 573: 519: 323: 278: 232: 165: 145: 96: 81: 3251: 3048: 2773: 1537:

distinction! This is called the Transformation of Things. (2, tr. Burton Watson 1968:49)

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created due to technological limitations or self-destruction; or advanced civilizations

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finally revealed to be a practice world for aliens intent on real-world domination.

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the present, the first proposition must be taken to be true. Additionally there are

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Campbell, Tom; Owhadi, Houman; Sauvageau, Joe; Watkinson, David (June 17, 2017).

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Some theorists have argued that if the "consciousness-is-computation" version of

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uses Bostrom's trilemma as part of one possible argument against a near-infinite

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Human civilization or a comparable civilization is unlikely to reach a level of

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would contain every algorithm, including those that implement consciousness.

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the prior probability that is assigned to the existence of other universes.

4736: 4705: 4695: 4613: 4521: 4426: 4331: 4030: 3918: 3804:(Documentary), Paul Davies, James Gates, Max Tegmark, Top Documentary Films 2889: 2182:"Do we live in a simulation? The problem with this mind-bending hypothesis" 2043: 1836: 1753: 1633: 1587: 1509: 1326: 1287: 1271: 1189: 1173: 954:, if it exists) would greatly exceed the total number of actual ancestors. 919: 832: 588: 384: 328: 3899:

Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos

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was partially inspired by the Bostrom essay on the simulation hypothesis.

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dreaming, in which case many of his beliefs about the world are incorrect;

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Jaeger, Gregg (2018). "Clockwork Rebooted: Is the Universe a Computer?".

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Both the dream argument and the simulation hypothesis can be regarded as

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The philosophical underpinnings of this argument are also brought up by

625:, appearing as a central plot device in many stories and films, such as 4680: 4372: 4301: 4286: 4270: 4215: 4184: 4100: 4039:"The Implantation Argument: Simulation Theory is Proof that God Exists" 3990: 3977: 3892: 2529: 2149:"Opinion | We Might Be in a Simulation. How Much Should That Worry Us?" 1900: 1824: 1494: 1434: 1390: 1386: 1221:

that say that colors could have appeared differently than they do (the

1117: 951: 707: 676: 627: 599: 577: 407: 38: 4038: 3529: 2934:"Reality+ by David J Chalmers review – are we living in a simulation?" 2919: 2491: 4665: 4531: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4225: 4189: 4179: 3970: 3679: 3309: 3025:

Hut, P.; Alford, M.; Tegmark, M. (2006). "On Math, Matter and Mind".

1917: 1776: 1660: 1580: 1542: 1418: 1402: 1366: 1251: 1206: 1170: 1043: 1027: 912: 596: 581: 565: 4164: 3002: 727: 595:, which suggests that if a civilization becomes capable of creating 46: 4174: 4026: 3435:"Are we living in a simulated universe? Here's what scientists say" 2972: 2088: 2008: 1429: 1424:

Another high-profile proponent of the hypothesis is astrophysicist

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A 2017 episode of the long-running British science fiction series

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https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1631134/FULLTEXT01.pdf

3415: 1498: 1201: 1107:

Simulation down to molecular level of very small sample of matter

1091:

Arguments, within the trilemma, against the simulation hypothesis

1050: 680: 3461:"You're living in a computer simulation, and the math proves it" 3307: 2679:"Maybe We Do Not Live in a Simulation: The Resolution Conundrum" 2278:"You're living in a computer simulation, and the math proves it" 651:

providing poetic and philosophical metaphors. For example, the "

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theorized that the world was a painting or book written by the

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Bostrom claims his argument goes beyond the classical ancient "

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theorized that the world was a painting or book written by the

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from the original on 2021-12-15 – via www.youtube.com.

3353:"Joe Rogan & Elon Musk – Are We in a Simulated Reality?" 3224:

Beane, Silas R.; Davoudi, Zohreh; J. Savage, Martin (2014).

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and thus admits of simulation. This argument states that a "

1196:

has argued that simulated beings might wonder whether their

2750:

Davies, P. C. W. (2004). "Multiverse Cosmological Models".

2551:

Dainton, Barry (2012). "On singularities and simulations".

1628:(1685–1753) with his "immaterialism" (later referred to as 1197: 2958:

Conitzer, Vincent (2019). "A Puzzle about Further Facts".

3411:"Neil deGrasse Tyson Explains the Simulation Hypothesis" 1413:, stated that the argument for the simulation theory is 3226:"Constraints on the universe as a numerical simulation" 2833:"Why Reality Is Not a Video Game — and Why It Matters" 1478:

can be traced back to antiquity; for example, to the "

27:

Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation

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A History of Philosophy, Volume IV: Modern Philosophy

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Guan, Chong; Mou, Jian; Jiang, Zhiying (2020-12-01).

3372:"Do We Live in a Simulation? Chances Are about 50–50" 3223: 993:

that obtains.' But different people pick a different

1785:(1999) was also loosely based on both this book and 1352: 969:

humans are almost certainly living in a simulation.

2704:(Podcast). Sean Carroll. Event occurs at 0:53.37. 2427:"What is Simulation Theory and Why Does it Matter?" 1803:in April 1966, and was the basis for the 1990 film 580:discourse, and regarding practical applications in 3981:. Publisher: Immediate Media Company, Bristol, UK. 3896: 3831:. New York: Image Books (Doubleday). p. 160. 3829:A History of Philosophy, Volume I: Greece and Rome 3076: 3074: 3853:. New York: Image Books (Doubleday). p. 86. 3532:, Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona 4796: 3024: 2797:Quantum Foundations, Probability and Information 2608:"The multiverse: conjecture, proof, and science" 1026:The hypothesis has received criticism from some 696:In the Western philosophical tradition, Plato's 3071: 2856: 2854: 3720:(1886) II.34, Helen Zimmern translation (1906) 3640: 2638:. In Holder, Rodney D.; Mitton, Simon (eds.). 2636:"Multiverses, Science, and Ultimate Causation" 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 1594:has argued that such skeptical hypothesis are 4442: 4085: 3655:. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–158. 2393: 1822:The same theme was repeated in the 1999 film 1800:The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction 568:beings experience as the world is actually a 541: 4456: 3729: 3458: 3369: 3329: 3327: 3314:International Journal of Quantum Foundations 2920:"How Cartesian Dualism Might Have Been True" 2851: 2695: 2582:"The Simulation Hypothesis is Pseudoscience" 2579: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2275: 2253:"The Matrix: Are we living in a simulation?" 1161:' humorous idea presented in his 1979 novel 4010:Merali, Zeeya. "Do We Live in the Matrix?" 3736:International Journal of Innovation Studies 2372: 2179: 1458: 1447:, a professor of astrophysical sciences at 4449: 4435: 4092: 4078: 3781:"'World of Wires' at the Kitchen — Review" 2640:Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy 2580:Hossenfelder, Sabine (February 13, 2021). 2504: 2396:"Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?" 2350:"Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?" 2232:"Are You Living In a Computer Simulation?" 1605:: what this world would be internal to if 1004:Criticism of Bostrom's anthropic reasoning 548: 534: 3845: 3823: 3747: 3324: 3291:"Are We Living in a Computer Simulation?" 3288: 3241: 3192: 3118: 3038: 2971: 2763: 2564: 2336: 1737:Learn how and when to remove this message 1389:in the distribution of ultra-high-energy 812:Learn how and when to remove this message 3877:. London: Penguin Science (Allen Lane). 3778: 3646: 2957: 2917: 2014:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 1863:The 2014 episode of the animated sitcom 1717:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1094: 857:Are You Living in a Computer Simulation? 823: 4027:Are We Living in a Computer Simulation? 3867: 3631: 3590:International Journal of Dream Research 3553: 3370:Ananthaswamy, Anil (October 13, 2020). 3080: 2827: 2676: 2550: 2474: 2468: 2347: 2229: 14: 4797: 3917: 3797: 3580: 3514: 3512: 3390: 3113:. World Scientific. pp. 567–581. 3083:"Simulation, Consciousness, Existence" 2888: 2860: 2794: 2749: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2424: 2204: 2146: 1908:" features a simulated version of the 1793:" is a short story by American writer 748:Please improve this section by adding 717: 4430: 4073: 4036: 3891: 3606: 3174: 3104: 2718: 2630: 2605: 2462:"The Simulation Argument Website FAQ" 2103:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 1682: 4777: 3988:. Open access version of article in 3827:(1993) . "XIX Theory of Knowledge". 2489: 2091:, project to simulate the roundworm 1791:We Can Remember It for You Wholesale 1686: 1615: 1164:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 864: 721: 3939: 3697:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3509: 3391:Powell, Corey S. (3 October 2018). 2901:Journal of Evolution and Technology 2483: 2443: 2323:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1313:computation, which in principle is 1228: 24: 3962: 3779:Brantley, Ben (January 16, 2012). 3690: 3310:"On Testing the Simulation Theory" 3107:"The Universe as Quantum Computer" 2861:Greene, Preston (10 August 2019). 2316: 1209:, and argues that this means that 1157:Greene's suggestion is similar to 25: 4876: 4860:Thought experiments in philosophy 4020: 3968:"Are We Living in a Simulation?" 3289:Moskowitz, Clara (7 April 2016). 2696:Sean Carroll (January 18, 2021). 1518:inference to the best explanation 1463: 1363:University of Washington, Seattle 1353:Testing the hypothesis physically 957:Bostrom goes on to use a type of 515:Social and political philosophers 4776: 4765: 4764: 4545: 3621:from the original on 1999-10-11. 3423:from the original on 2021-12-15. 2918:Chalmers, David (January 1990). 2677:Carroll, Sean (22 August 2016). 2553:Journal of Consciousness Studies 2054:Mathematical universe hypothesis 1691: 1239:Mathematical universe hypothesis 726: 59: 45: 4805:Arguments in philosophy of mind 4411:List of skeptical organizations 3791: 3772: 3723: 3710: 3684: 3653:Philosophers Explore the Matrix 3625: 3607:Platt, Charles (October 1995). 3600: 3574: 3547: 3535: 3522: 3493: 3478: 3459:Grabianowski, Ed (7 May 2011). 3452: 3427: 3403: 3384: 3363: 3345: 3301: 3282: 3230:The European Physical Journal A 3217: 3168: 3159: 3098: 3089: 3018: 3007: 2996: 2951: 2926: 2911: 2882: 2821: 2788: 2743: 2712: 2689: 2670: 2624: 2599: 2573: 2544: 2498: 2418: 2276:Grabianowski, Ed (7 May 2011). 1551:Meditations on First Philosophy 1443:, Tyson shared that his friend 1309:) are true, then consciousness 4391:List of books about skepticism 4099: 4033:'s Simulation Argument webpage 3986:"A Puzzle About Further Facts" 3560:. Princeton University Press. 2425:Thomas, Mike (July 22, 2022). 2310: 2295: 2269: 2245: 2223: 2198: 2173: 2140: 1841:Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair 1486:, or the Indian philosophy of 1377:from the underlying theory of 606:: either such simulations are 13: 1: 4401:List of skeptical conferences 3849:(1994) . "II Descartes (I)". 3817: 3187:(December): 1895419.1920826. 3175:Bacon, Dave (December 2010). 2894:"How to live in a simulation" 2147:Manjoo, Farhad (2022-01-26). 1512:as well as considerations of 1333: 750:secondary or tertiary sources 3617:. Vol. 3, no. 10. 2648:10.1007/978-3-642-32254-9_11 1816:Overdrawn at the Memory Bank 1455:individuals, other than us. 1397: 930:In 2003, Bostrom proposed a 7: 4830:Internalism and externalism 4406:List of skeptical magazines 4396:List of scientific skeptics 3798:Forbes, Kent (2015-10-06), 3649:"The Matrix as Metaphysics" 2805:10.1007/978-3-319-74971-6_8 2510:The Philosophical Quarterly 2492:"The Matrix as Metaphysics" 2205:Sutter, Paul (2024-01-31). 1947: 1545:, who was one of the first 10: 4881: 4599:Computational neuroscience 4502:Intelligence amplification 4416:List of skeptical podcasts 4037:Grupp, Jeff (2021-09-01). 3923:The Physics of Immortality 3749:10.1016/j.ijis.2020.09.001 3557:Dream, Death, and the Self 3505:The Problems of Philosophy 3260:10.1140/epja/i2014-14148-0 3129:10.1142/9789814374309_0029 3109:. In Zenil, Hector (ed.). 3105:Lloyd, Seth (2011-10-24). 2698:"SEAN CARROLL'S MINDSCAPE" 2508:(2003). "Are You a Sim?". 2257:BBC Science Focus Magazine 2180:Paul Sutter (2022-01-21). 1549:philosophers to do so. In 1528:," which went as follows: 1467: 1232: 1200:lives are governed by the 1149:problem of the First Cause 1007: 634: 4760: 4724: 4648: 4622: 4581: 4554: 4543: 4464: 4381: 4340: 4279: 4198: 4152: 4107: 4007:, April 25, 2019, page 6. 3801:The Simulation Hypothesis 3530:The Matrix as Metaphysics 3057:10.1007/s10701-006-9048-x 2982:10.1007/s10670-018-9979-6 2837:13.7 Cosmos & Culture 2782:10.1142/S021773230401357X 2108:Philosophy of information 1649:Aztec philosophical texts 1632:by others), and later by 687:Aztec philosophical texts 262:Middle Eastern philosophy 4810:Concepts in epistemology 4458:Brain–computer interface 4317:Problem of the criterion 3647:Chalmers, David (2005). 2752:Modern Physics Letters A 2702:Preposterousuniverse.com 2683:PreposterousUniverse.com 2134: 2049:Margolus–Levitin theorem 1773:Rainer Werner Fassbinder 1492:Ancient Greek philosophy 1459:Other uses in philosophy 1437:on a YouTube episode of 1264:artificial consciousness 1058:philosophical presentism 673:ancient Greek philosophy 4815:Concepts in metaphysics 3194:10.1145/1895419.1920826 2522:10.1111/1467-9213.00323 2412:10.1111/1467-9213.00309 2400:Philosophical Quarterly 2366:10.1111/1467-9213.00309 2354:Philosophical Quarterly 2239:Philosophical Quarterly 1999:Computational sociology 1891:In the 2016 video game 1371:lattice-gauge theorists 1286:. This would undermine 987:metaphysical hypothesis 904:simulated consciousness 761:"Simulation hypothesis" 4855:Science fiction themes 4594:Cognitive neuroscience 4307:Five-minute hypothesis 4199:Skeptical philosophers 4153:Skeptical philosophies 3632:Moravec, Hans (1992). 3581:Hobson, Allan (2009). 3554:Valberg, J.J. (2007). 3081:Moravec, Hans (1998). 3027:Foundations of Physics 2606:Ellis, George (2012). 2475:Bostrom, Nick (2003). 2394:Bostrom, Nick (2003). 2348:Bostrom, Nick (2003). 2230:Bostrom, Nick (2003). 2093:Caenorhabditis elegans 2084:Tipler's "Omega point" 1871:M. Night Shaym-Aliens! 1680: 1539: 1383:quantum chromodynamics 1373:run today to build up 1350: 1307:mathematical Platonism 1274:. It is possible that 1108: 875:technological maturity 862: 844:Bostrom's conclusion: 842: 829: 737:relies excessively on 485:Aesthetic philosophers 4850:Philosophical debates 4835:Limits of computation 4742:Simulation hypothesis 4327:Simulation hypothesis 3874:The Fabric of Reality 3488:Against the Logicians 3111:A Computable Universe 2305:Against the Logicians 2113:Simulation video game 2039:Holographic principle 1797:, first published in 1704:synthesis of material 1672: 1530: 1468:Further information: 1345: 1284:philosophical zombies 1132:limits of computation 1106: 1008:Further information: 846: 837: 827: 587:In 2001, philosopher 562:simulation hypothesis 66:Philosophy portal 4562:Electrocorticography 4555:Scientific phenomena 4527:Sensory substitution 4353:Semantic externalism 4322:Problem of induction 4312:Münchhausen trilemma 4055:10.1515/mp-2020-0014 3847:Copleston, Frederick 3825:Copleston, Frederick 3718:Beyond Good and Evil 3716:Friedrich Nietzsche 3651:. In C. Grau (ed.). 3634:"Pigs in Cyberspace" 3355:. 6 September 2018. 2098:Perennial philosophy 1782:The Thirteenth Floor 1761:(alternative title: 1666:Beyond Good and Evil 1577:skeptical hypotheses 1476:skeptical hypothesis 1449:Princeton University 1417:. In a podcast with 1315:platform independent 1303:mathematical realism 1270:of consciousness is 1250:theory stating that 1123:reductio ad absurdum 1078:begging the question 1014:Bostrom argues that 974:skeptical hypothesis 828:Nick Bostrom in 2014 698:allegory of the cave 510:Philosophers of mind 4537:Synthetic telepathy 4358:Process reliabilism 4280:Skeptical scenarios 4160:Academic Skepticism 4108:Types of skepticism 3984:Conitzer, Vincent. 3377:Scientific American 3295:Scientific American 3252:2014EPJA...50..148B 3049:2006FoPh...36..765H 2774:2004MPLA...19..727D 2731:on December 8, 2020 2632:Ellis, George F. R. 2490:Chalmers, Davis J. 2123:Theory of knowledge 2034:Fine-tuned universe 1882:Neil degrasse Tyson 1771:(1973) directed by 1630:subjective idealism 1592:Ludwig Wittgenstein 1426:Neil Degrasse Tyson 1379:strong interactions 1032:Sabine Hossenfelder 1010:Anthropic principle 959:anthropic reasoning 718:Simulation argument 593:simulation argument 574:computer simulation 564:proposes that what 520:Women in philosophy 250:Indigenous American 33:Part of a series on 18:Ancestor simulation 4752:Walk Again Project 4671:J. C. R. Licklider 4609:Neural engineering 3999:Life in the Matrix 3945:Summa Technologiae 3785:The New York Times 3693:"Aztec Philosophy" 2868:The New York Times 2719:Eggleston, Brian. 2319:"Aztec Philosophy" 2153:The New York Times 2079:Monte Carlo method 2029:Experience machine 1979:Artificial society 1714:to the main topic. 1708:verifiably mention 1702:possibly contains 1683:In popular culture 1676:which concerns us⁠ 1609:were all a dream. 1590:, the philosopher 1359:University of Bonn 1248:philosophy of mind 1109: 1047:George F. R. Ellis 830: 213:Eastern philosophy 4792: 4791: 4732:Human enhancement 4661:Douglas Engelbart 4589:Cognitive science 4424: 4423: 4363:Epistemic closure 3954:978-3-518-37178-7 3932:978-0-385-46799-5 3910:978-1-4000-4092-6 3884:978-0-14-014690-5 3860:978-0-385-47041-4 3838:978-0-385-46843-5 3419:. 17 March 2020. 3138:978-981-4374-29-3 2831:(March 9, 2017). 2814:978-3-319-74970-9 2657:978-3-642-32253-2 2506:Weatherson, Brian 2118:Social simulation 2004:Consensus reality 1956:Calculating Space 1916:The 2022 Netflix 1888:and James Gates. 1854:Year 2038 Problem 1763:Counterfeit World 1759:Daniel F. Galouye 1747: 1746: 1739: 1616:Modern philosophy 1428:, who said in an 1323:ultimate ensemble 1223:inverted spectrum 1215:personal identity 1211:Cartesian dualism 1104: 920:Epistemologically 902:experienced by a 865:Expanded argument 822: 821: 814: 796: 665:Indian philosophy 570:simulated reality 558: 557: 366: 365: 16:(Redirected from 4872: 4780: 4779: 4768: 4767: 4691:Miguel Nicolelis 4630:Brain transplant 4549: 4512:Neuroprosthetics 4451: 4444: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4348:Here is one hand 4256:Sextus Empiricus 4236:Philo of Larissa 4094: 4087: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4004:Haaretz Magazine 3958: 3936: 3914: 3902: 3888: 3864: 3842: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3751: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3587: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3501:Bertrand Russell 3497: 3491: 3485:Sextus Empiricus 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3245: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3196: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3122: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3042: 3022: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2975: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2898: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2829:Gleiser, Marcelo 2825: 2819: 2818: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2767: 2765:astro-ph/0403047 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2727:. Archived from 2721:"Bostrom Review" 2716: 2710: 2709: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2516:(212): 425–431. 2502: 2496: 2495: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2406:(211): 243–255. 2391: 2370: 2369: 2360:(211): 243–255. 2345: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2314: 2308: 2302:Sextus Empiricus 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2167: 2144: 2024:Interface theory 1984:Avatamsaka Sutra 1742: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1603:personal horizon 1341:quantum computer 1299:computationalism 1244:Computationalism 1235:Computationalism 1229:Computationalism 1105: 1063:The cosmologist 860: 817: 810: 806: 803: 797: 795: 754: 730: 722: 550: 543: 536: 255:Aztec philosophy 134:Ancient Egyptian 116: 115: 68: 64: 63: 62: 49: 30: 29: 21: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4865:Virtual reality 4795: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4756: 4720: 4644: 4618: 4577: 4573:Neuroplasticity 4568:Neural ensemble 4550: 4541: 4517:Neurotechnology 4472:Biomechatronics 4460: 4455: 4425: 4420: 4377: 4336: 4275: 4194: 4148: 4103: 4098: 4023: 3965: 3963:Further reading 3955: 3933: 3911: 3885: 3861: 3839: 3820: 3815: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3792: 3777: 3773: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3691:Maffie, James. 3689: 3685: 3663: 3645: 3641: 3630: 3626: 3609:"Superhumanism" 3605: 3601: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3397:www.nbcnews.com 3389: 3385: 3368: 3364: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3306: 3302: 3287: 3283: 3222: 3218: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3149: 3139: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3079: 3072: 3040:physics/0510188 3023: 3019: 3014:Russel Standish 3012: 3008: 3001: 2997: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2916: 2912: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2859: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2793: 2789: 2758:(10): 727–743. 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2717: 2713: 2694: 2690: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2578: 2574: 2566:10.1.1.374.7434 2549: 2545: 2503: 2499: 2488: 2484: 2473: 2469: 2460: 2459: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2423: 2419: 2392: 2373: 2346: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2317:Maffie, James. 2315: 2311: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2259: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2213: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2178: 2174: 2165: 2163: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128:Virtual reality 2064:Maya (religion) 2019:Digital physics 1989:Boltzmann brain 1974:Artificial life 1969:Advaita Vedanta 1950: 1928:science fiction 1811:its 2012 remake 1787:World on a Wire 1768:World on a Wire 1743: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1716: 1706:which does not 1696: 1692: 1685: 1626:George Berkeley 1618: 1526:Butterfly Dream 1480:Butterfly Dream 1472: 1466: 1461: 1445:J. Richard Gott 1400: 1355: 1336: 1280:vital substrate 1241: 1233:Main articles: 1231: 1139:Marcelo Gleiser 1095: 1093: 1084:Brian Eggleston 1065:Sean M. Carroll 1012: 1006: 961:to claim that, 896:digital physics 867: 861: 854: 849: 818: 807: 801: 798: 755: 753: 747: 743:primary sources 731: 720: 653:Butterfly Dream 637: 623:science fiction 554: 525: 524: 490:Epistemologists 480: 479: 468: 467: 404: 380: 379: 368: 367: 113: 112: 101: 60: 58: 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4878: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4774: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4656:Charles Stross 4652: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4640:Mind uploading 4637: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4507:Isolated brain 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4297:Dream argument 4294: 4292:Brain in a vat 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4266:René Descartes 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4049:(2): 189–221. 4034: 4022: 4021:External links 4019: 4018: 4017: 4008: 3995: 3982: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3953: 3941:Lem, Stanislaw 3937: 3931: 3915: 3909: 3889: 3883: 3869:Deutsch, David 3865: 3859: 3843: 3837: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3790: 3771: 3742:(4): 134–147. 3722: 3709: 3683: 3661: 3639: 3624: 3599: 3573: 3566: 3546: 3534: 3528:Chalmers, J., 3521: 3508: 3492: 3477: 3451: 3426: 3402: 3383: 3362: 3344: 3341:. 2 June 2016. 3323: 3300: 3281: 3216: 3167: 3158: 3137: 3097: 3088: 3070: 3033:(6): 765–794. 3017: 3006: 2995: 2966:(3): 727–739. 2950: 2925: 2910: 2881: 2850: 2820: 2813: 2787: 2742: 2711: 2688: 2669: 2656: 2623: 2598: 2572: 2543: 2497: 2482: 2467: 2442: 2417: 2371: 2335: 2309: 2294: 2268: 2244: 2222: 2197: 2172: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2074:Mind uploading 2071: 2066: 2061: 2059:Matrix defense 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1994:Brain in a vat 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1910:Twelfth Doctor 1866:Rick and Morty 1848:Anonymous;Code 1830:World of Wires 1795:Philip K. Dick 1745: 1744: 1699: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1678:—be a fiction? 1677: 1671: 1670: 1657: 1656: 1645: 1644: 1641:René Descartes 1622:René Descartes 1617: 1614: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1470:Dream argument 1465: 1464:Dream argument 1462: 1460: 1457: 1415:"quite strong" 1399: 1396: 1354: 1351: 1335: 1332: 1319:Platonic realm 1262:in generating 1230: 1227: 1194:David Chalmers 1092: 1089: 1005: 1002: 983:David Chalmers 947: 946: 943: 940: 892: 891: 888: 885: 882: 878: 866: 863: 855:Nick Bostrom, 852: 820: 819: 734: 732: 725: 719: 716: 712:brain in a vat 704:René Descartes 649:hallucinations 636: 633: 556: 555: 553: 552: 545: 538: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 517: 512: 507: 505:Metaphysicians 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 475: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 433:Metaphilosophy 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 403: 402: 397: 392: 387: 381: 375: 374: 373: 370: 369: 364: 363: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 318: 317: 311: 310: 309: 308: 307: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 271: 270: 269: 259: 258: 257: 247: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 210: 209: 208: 203: 198: 185: 184: 178: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 168: 158: 153: 148: 143: 142: 141: 136: 123: 122: 114: 108: 107: 106: 103: 102: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 54: 51: 50: 42: 41: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4877: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4840:Mixed reality 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4785: 4784: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747:Transhumanism 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4716:Edward Boyden 4714: 4712: 4711:Yoky Matsuoka 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4686:Merlin Donald 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676:Kevin Warwick 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477:Brain implant 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4368:Contextualism 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4115:Philosophical 4113: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3997:Lev, Gid'on. 3996: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3966: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925:. Doubleday. 3924: 3920: 3919:Tipler, Frank 3916: 3912: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3803: 3802: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3662:9780195181067 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3567:9780691128597 3563: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3481: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3162: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3092: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3010: 3004: 3003:Bruno Marchal 2999: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2890:Hanson, Robin 2885: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2609: 2602: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2493: 2486: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2298: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2240: 2233: 2226: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2139: 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1646: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405:, the CEO of 1404: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1292:vatted brains 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:consciousness 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254:is a form of 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1159:Douglas Adams 1155: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1073:Frank Wilczek 1069: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:pseudoscience 1033: 1029: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1001: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 944: 941: 938: 937: 936: 933: 928: 925: 921: 917: 914: 908: 905: 901: 897: 889: 886: 883: 879: 876: 872: 871: 870: 858: 851: 845: 841: 836: 834: 826: 816: 813: 805: 802:December 2023 794: 791: 787: 784: 780: 777: 773: 770: 766: 763: – 762: 758: 757:Find sources: 751: 745: 744: 740: 735:This section 733: 729: 724: 723: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661:ancient China 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 632: 630: 629: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 598: 594: 591:proposed the 590: 585: 583: 579: 578:philosophical 575: 571: 567: 563: 551: 546: 544: 539: 537: 532: 531: 529: 528: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 478: 472: 471: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 448:Phenomenology 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 378: 372: 371: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 320: 319: 316: 313: 312: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 275: 272: 268: 265: 264: 263: 260: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 214: 211: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 188: 187: 186: 183: 180: 179: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 140: 139:Ancient Greek 137: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 126: 125: 124: 121: 118: 117: 111: 105: 104: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 67: 56: 55: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 32: 31: 19: 4845:Nick Bostrom 4820:Hyperreality 4782: 4769: 4741: 4737:Neurohacking 4706:Vernor Vinge 4696:Peter Kyberd 4614:Neuroscience 4522:Optogenetics 4465:Technologies 4332:Wax argument 4326: 4046: 4042: 4031:Nick Bostrom 4011: 4003: 3989: 3976: 3969: 3947:. Suhrkamp. 3944: 3922: 3898: 3873: 3850: 3828: 3806:, retrieved 3800: 3793: 3784: 3774: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3700:. Retrieved 3696: 3686: 3674: 3652: 3642: 3627: 3612: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3576: 3556: 3549: 3537: 3524: 3504: 3495: 3487: 3480: 3468:. Retrieved 3464: 3454: 3443:. Retrieved 3441:. 2019-07-06 3438: 3429: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3386: 3375: 3365: 3347: 3339:www.vice.com 3338: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3294: 3284: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3161: 3150:. Retrieved 3110: 3100: 3091: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3009: 2998: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2942:. Retrieved 2940:. 2022-01-19 2938:The Guardian 2937: 2928: 2913: 2904: 2900: 2884: 2872:. Retrieved 2866: 2841:. Retrieved 2836: 2823: 2796: 2790: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2733:. Retrieved 2729:the original 2725:stanford.edu 2724: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2682: 2672: 2661:. Retrieved 2639: 2626: 2614:. Retrieved 2601: 2589:. Retrieved 2586:BackReAction 2585: 2575: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2485: 2470: 2434:. 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Opinion. 2069:Metaphysics 1935:created by 1886:Paul Davies 1878:Max Tegmark 1779:. 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