Anchiornis - Knowledge

4763: 122: 722: 849: 4770: 6183: 4007: 1568: 5744: 916:(except for the claws) were completely covered in feathers, though these were much shorter than the ones making up the hindwing. Some specimens have preserved scales on the toes, tarsus, and even lower leg (tibia), suggesting that scales existed beneath the feathers. The underside of the toes were formed into fleshy pads with distinct creases at the joints. The foot pads were covered in small, pebble-like scales. Scales were also present on the top of the feet but these are very hard to see in all known fossils. 566: 5749: 4756: 143: 978:

melanosomes were seen. The scientists who conducted this second study suggested several possible explanations for this discrepancy. First, the different preservation of melanosomes or different investigative techniques might have influenced the results of the original study. Second, because the Beijing Museum specimen was smaller, it is possible that the rufous color was replaced as these animals aged. Third, it is possible that there were regional differences or even different species of

641: 4001: 3995: 6243: 925: 437: 1515: 6189: 691:: down feathers made up of filaments attached at their bases, and more complex down feathers with barbs attached along a central quill. Long, simple feathers covered almost the entire head and neck, torso, upper legs, and the first half of the tail. The rest of the tail bore pennaceous tail feathers (rectrices). Long feathers on the head (crown) may have formed a crest. While the first specimen of 970:

larger coverts of the wing were also white with gray or black tips, forming rows of darker dots along mid-wing. These took the form of dark stripes or even rows of dots on the outer wing (primary feather coverts) but a more uneven array of speckles on the inner wing (secondary coverts). The shanks of the legs were gray other than the long hindwing feathers, and the feet and toes were black.

428:, about 160 million years ago. It is known from hundreds of specimens, and given the exquisite preservation of some of these fossils, it became the first Mesozoic dinosaur species for which almost the entire life appearance could be determined, and an important source of information on the early evolution of birds. 977:

fossil at the Yizhou Fossil & Geology Park was subjected to a similar study that included a survey of melanosome shapes across all the feathers. In contrast to the 2010 study, only gray-black type melanosomes were found. Even when the crown feathers were examined, none of the rounder, rufous-type

708:

had body plumage that consisted of short quills with long and independent, flexible barbs. These barbs stuck out from the quills at low angles on two opposing blades. This also gave each feather an overall forked shape and resulted in the theropod possessing a softer textured and "shaggier" appearing

601:

feather microstructure. The study also examined the well-preserved melanosomes of the feathers to determine their color. The scientists involved in the study found that the coloration found for this specimen was different than the color reported for BMNHC PH828, and they noted that the BMNHC specimen

816:

fossils, on the other hand, several layers of covert feathers seem to extend down to cover most of the wing's surface, so that the wing is essentially made of multiple layers of feathers, rather than a layer of broad feathers with only their bases hidden by layers of coverts. This multi-layered wing

712:

The holotype, belonging to a subadult or young adult individual, measured 34 centimetres (1.12 ft) long and weighed 110 grams (3.9 oz). The largest specimens measured 60–62 centimetres (1.97–2.03 ft) in total body length, nearly 57.4 centimetres (1.88 ft) in wingspan and weighed

576:

While only a few specimens have been described in detail, many more have been identified and are held in both private collections and museums. One of these, a nearly complete skeleton missing the tail, also preserving extensive feather remains, was reported in 2010. This fossil also showed evidence

1555:

specimens may have been able to use their wings to assist running up an incline, and could possibly have achieved flapping flight if a very high-angle flapping wing stroke was used, the larger adult specimens would not have gained any aerodynamic benefit from their wings—they were simply too heavy

1627:

exhibited a complex pattern of coloration with different colors in speckled patterns across the body and wings, or "within- and among-feather plumage coloration." In modern birds, such color patterning is used in communication and display, either to members of the same species (e.g. for mating or

969:

with a gray base and front, and the face had rufous speckles among predominantly black head feathers. The forewing and hindwing feathers were white with black tips. The coverts (shorter feathers covering the bases of the long wing feathers) were gray, contrasting the mainly white main wings. The

825:

was functionally two-fingered. These bound fingers were incorporated into a post-patagium, or flap of skin and other tissues that helped support the bases of the main wing feathers. Like the toes, the skin around the bottom of the fingers was covered in tiny, rounded scales. Unlike the toes, the

826:

flesh around the underside of the finger bones was twice as thick as the bones themselves and lacked distinct pads; instead, the fingers were straight and smooth without any major creases at the joints. Scales and skin around the fingers is very rarely preserved in fossils of early

1556:

compared to their total wing area. The same study found that flapping the wings while running would have resulted in a small (10%) increase to its running speed. Similarly, use of the wings during leaping would have resulted in a 15 to 20% increase in height and distance. Notably,

888:

had very long legs, which is usually an indication that an animal is a strong runner. However, the extensive leg feathers indicate that this may be a vestigial trait, as running animals tend to have reduced, not increased, hair or feathers on their legs. Like most paravians,

681:. It had long, wing-bearing arms, long legs, and a long tail. Like all paravians, it was covered in feathers, though it also had scales on certain parts of the body. The wings, legs, and tail supported long but relatively narrow vaned feathers. Two types of simpler, 538:. Two scientists visited the site in order to compare the new fossil with the rock types found there, and were able to confirm that the new specimen probably did come from the area the farmer described. They were able to dig up several fish fossils and a third 2070:

Lindgren, J.; Sjövall, P.; Carney, R. M.; Cincotta, A.; Uvdal, P.; Hutcheson, S. W.; Gustafsson, O.; Ulysse Lefèvre, U.; François Escuillié, F.; Heimdal, J.; Anders Engdahl, A.; Gren, J.A.; Kear, B.P.; Wakamatsu, K.; Yans, J.; Godefroit, P. (2015).

1578:

has hindleg proportions more like those of more primitive theropod dinosaurs than avialans, with long legs indicating a fast-running lifestyle. However, while long legs normally indicate a fast runner, the legs and even feet and toes of

757:

were about as long as the secondaries, and formed a rounded wing. The wing feathers had curved but symmetrical central quills, with small and thin relative size, and rounded tips, all indicating poor aerodynamic ability. In the related

2756:

Cau, A.; Beyrand, V.; Voeten, D.; Fernandez, V.; Tafforeau, P.; Stein, K.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P.; Godefroit, P. (2017). "Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs".

533:

by a local farmer when they were excavating at the Yaolugou dig site. According to the farmer, this second specimen had been found nearby in the area of Daxishan, also from Tiaojishan Formation rocks of about the same age as the first

621:

in its collections in 2010. Among their collection is a very well preserved fossil with visible color patterns, catalogued as STM 0-214. While this specimen has yet to be fully described, it was photographed for a 2011 article in

709:

plumage than is seen in modern birds. 'Shaggy' contour feathers probably influenced thermoregulatory and water repellence abilities, and, in combination with open-vaned wing feathers, would have decreased aerodynamic efficiency.

1599:, suggesting that they were used mainly for display rather than flight. However, they might still have granted the animal some kind of aerodynamic advantage, even if their primary purpose was for display or some other function. 2573:

Lefèvre, Ulysse; Cau, Andrea; Cincotta, Aude; Hu, Dongyu; Chinsamy, Anusuya; Escuillié, François; Godefroit, Pascal (2017). "A new Jurassic theropod from China documents a transitional step in the macrostructure of feathers".

2292: 1429:

dinosaurs, though the earliest and most primitive members of all three groups are extremely similar to each other, which makes it difficult to sort out exactly which of these three main paravian branches they belong to.

947:, the pigment cells that give feathers their color. By studying the types of melanosomes and comparing them with those of modern birds, the scientists were able to map the specific colors and patterning present on this 699:

specimens using laser fluorescence have revealed not only more details of the feathers, but also of the skin and muscle tissue. Taken together, this evidence has given scientists a nearly complete picture of

820:

The wing included three clawed fingers; however, unlike in some more primitive theropods, the longest two fingers were not separate, but were bound together by the skin and other tissue forming the wing, so

2128: 961:

became the first Mesozoic dinosaur for which almost the entire life coloration was known (note that the tail of this specimen was not preserved). The study found that most of the body feathers of this

1469:

and other four-winged paravians in a group he called "Tetrapterygidae", just outside the Avialae, though this was not supported with a phylogenetic analysis. More comprehensive studies suggested that

812:

than in birds and more advanced paravians. In modern birds, the coverts usually cover only the upper portion of the wing, with most of the wing surface made up of uncovered flight feathers. In some

1964:

Xu, X; Zhao, Q.; Norell, M.; Sullivan, C.; Hone, D.; Erickson, G.; Wang, X.; Han, F.; Guo, Y. (2009). "A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin".

1738:"High-precision U-Pb geochronology of the Jurassic Yanliao Biota from Jianchang (western Liaoning Province, China): Age constraints on the rise of feathered dinosaurs and eutherian mammals" 556:. It is larger and much more complete than the first specimen, and preserved long wing feathers on the hands, arms, legs and feet, showing that it was a four-winged dinosaur similar to 1926:

Liu, Y.-Q.; Kuang, H.-W.; Jiang, X.-J.; Peng, N.; Xu, H.; Sun, H.-Y. (2012). "Timing of the earliest known feathered dinosaurs and transitional pterosaurs older than the Jehol Biota".

610: 586: 553: 2652:

Godefroit, P.; Cau, A.; Dong-Yu, H.; Escuillié, F.; Wenhao, W.; Dyke, G. (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds".

1712:, one of the largest specimens PKUP V1068 had a wing length of more than 27.3 centimetres (0.90 ft), resulting in a wingspan of nearly 57.4 centimetres (1.88 ft). 777:, the longest wing feathers were those nearest the wrist, making the wing broadest in the middle and tapering near the tip for a more rounded, less flight-adapted profile. 491: 1525:

is notable for its proportionally long forelimbs, which measured 80% of the total length of the hindlimbs. This is similar to the condition in early avians such as

2138: 2934:

Zheng, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wei, G.; Wang, S.; Xu, X. (2013). "Hind wings in basal birds and the evolution of leg feathers".

4762: 589:

and catalogued there as YTGP-T5199. This fossil, a nearly complete skeleton, was prepared and studied by scientists at the Geology Park and identified as an

6105: 909:, the hindwing feathers were longest closer to the body, with the foot feathers being short and directed downward, almost perpendicular to the foot bones. 585:

with the specimen number BMNHC PH828. Another specimen from the same fossil quarry as the type specimen was found by a local fossil dealer and sold to the

6076: 526:

words for "nearby" and "bird", because it was interpreted as important in filling a gap in the transition between the body plans of birds and dinosaurs.

1928: 951:

when it was alive. Though this technique had been used and described for isolated bird feathers and portions of other dinosaurs (such as the tail of

695:

preserved only faint traces of feathers around the preserved portion of the body, many more well-preserved fossils have since been found. Studies of

882:

did not have the shape or arrangement expected from flight feathers, and it is likely that their primary role was in display rather than flight.

1591:. In modern birds, especially those that live on the ground, the lower legs tend to show reduction or even loss of feathers. The hind wings of 6133: 4831: 4982: 4922: 1547:, with relatively short primary feathers that had rounded, symmetrical tips, unlike the pointed, aerodynamically proportioned feathers of 6033: 5417: 1473:

may have been an avialan after all, though new finds and updated versions of the same study later reversed this finding, concluding that

817:

arrangement might have helped strengthen the wing, considering that the primary and secondary feathers themselves were narrow and weak.

6504: 5329: 1612:, which appears to have been a capable runner due to its uncurved rear claws and absence of flight feathers on its tail or lower legs. 905:, and were made up of 12 to 13 flight feathers anchored to the tibia (lower leg) and 10 to 11 to the tarsus (upper foot). Also unlike 1477:

was most likely a basal member of the clade Paraves, just outside the clade that includes dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and avialans.

1535:

also had a more avian wrist than other non-avialan theropods. The authors initially speculated that it would have been possible for

6479: 6405: 6310: 773:, the longest wing feathers were closest to the tip of the wing, making the wings appear relatively long and pointed. However, in 6499: 3153: 2636: 3174: 1788:

Li, Q.; Gao, K.-Q.; Vinther, J.; Shawkey, M. D.; Clarke, J. A.; d'Alba, L.; Meng, Q.; Briggs, D. E. G.; Prum, R. O. (2010).

1736:

Chu, Z.; He, H.; Ramezani, J.; Bowring, S.A.; Hu, D.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, S.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Z.; Deng, C.; Guo, J. (2016).

1708:(2016) which states that the wingspan of the paravians in the study would have been 2.1 times the wing length. In case of 6509: 800:

which smoothed the wing and covered the gaps between the larger primary and secondary feathers. However, unlike modern

1437:

was more complete than the first, and preserved several features which led Hu Dongyu and his colleagues to reclassify

6494: 940: 582: 130: 4006: 6182: 6514: 581:

had a feathered crest on its head, and was used to determine the animal's life coloration. It is housed in the

5743: 6469: 4769: 6464: 6383: 594: 4755: 3046:""Bizarre structures" point to dromaeosaurs as parasites and a new theory for the origin of avian flight" 935:

In 2010, a team of scientists examined numerous points among the feathers of an extremely well-preserved

3070:

Xu, X.; Li, F.; Wang, Y.; Sullivan, C.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; Sullivan, C.; Wang, X.; Zheng, X. (2018).

808:

were not arranged in tracts or rows. The arrangement of the covert feathers was also more primitive in

530: 142: 5748: 2436:"The wings before the bird: an evaluation of flapping-based locomotory hypotheses in bird antecedents" 792:, a flap of skin connecting the wrist to the shoulder and rounding out the front edge of the wing. In 542:

fossil. The farmer's fossil underwent study which was published on September 24, 2009, in the journal

6489: 3946: 3146: 2956: 2535:

O'Connor, J.K.; Chang, H. (2015). "Hindlimb feathers in paravians: primarily "wings" or ornaments?".

2325: 1421:. Members of Avialae, called avialans, are all more closely related to modern birds than they are to 4000: 1583:

were covered in feathers, including long feathers on the legs, similar to those in the hindwings of

4299: 3244: 1966: 725:

Wing of STM-0-144 including the skin outline (white areas) and remains of the feathers (dark areas)

486: 481: 464:. These rocks have been difficult to date, but most studies have concluded that they belong to the 259: 3045: 6484: 6474: 5868: 4703: 3994: 2707:"Re-evaluation of the Haarlem Archaeopteryx and the radiation of maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs" 2485:

Xu, X.; Zhou, Z.; Dudley, R.; Mackem, S.; Chuong, C.M.; Erickson, G.M.; Varricchio, D.J. (2014).

2273: 529:

A second specimen came to light around the same time, and was given to a team of scientists from

339: 6436: 6341: 2396:"11 — High Flyer or High Fashion? A Comparison of Flight Potential among Small-Bodied Paravians" 1551:. A 2016 study of potential flight performance in early paravians concluded that while juvenile 6263: 6246: 5845: 5789: 2951: 495: 121: 6431: 6423: 6336: 6328: 4325: 3890: 286: 6392: 6301: 3139: 3083: 3008: 2943: 2888: 2829: 2766: 2663: 2583: 2304: 2293:"Additional information on the primitive contour and wing feathering of paravian dinosaurs" 2229: 2084: 2023: 1975: 1933: 1884: 1806: 1749: 1637: 1564:), which may have been made of cartilage rather than bone, as in more primitive theropods. 750: 721: 465: 417: 6188: 606:, as it was described before similar species from the same formation had been discovered. 8: 5077: 4602: 4468: 4103: 1680: 1045: 893:

had four toes on the foot, with the third and fourth toes the longest. The first toe, or

746: 624: 503: 403: 3087: 3012: 2947: 2892: 2833: 2770: 2667: 2587: 2308: 2233: 2088: 2027: 2010:

Wang, X.; Pittman, M.; Zheng, X.; Kaye, T.G.; Falk, A.R.; Hartman, S.A.; Xu, X. (2017).

1979: 1937: 1888: 1810: 1753: 1628:

territorial threat display) or to threaten and warn off competing or predatory species.

6459: 5205: 5154: 4571: 3794: 3271: 3112: 3071: 2977: 2911: 2876: 2852: 2809: 2790: 2733: 2706: 2687: 2607: 2552: 2514: 2486: 2462: 2435: 2413: 2373: 2330: 2255: 2105: 2072: 2044: 2011: 1908: 1830: 1789: 1685: 848: 738: 315: 137: 1457:

were considered more primitive than dromeosaurids, troodontids, or avialans. In 2015,

6418: 6323: 5985: 5184: 4457: 4242: 3846: 3213: 3117: 3099: 3026: 2981: 2969: 2916: 2857: 2782: 2738: 2679: 2632: 2599: 2506: 2467: 2417: 2259: 2247: 2193: 2110: 2049: 1912: 1900: 1834: 1822: 1797: 1458: 1450: 473: 421: 353: 34: 2611: 2556: 2518: 2395: 2377: 2334: 6216: 6141: 6083: 5676: 5567: 5321: 5214: 4912: 4646: 4625: 3935: 3869: 3776: 3413: 3107: 3091: 3016: 2997:"Reduced plumage and flight ability of a new Jurassic paravian theropod from China" 2961: 2906: 2896: 2847: 2837: 2794: 2774: 2728: 2718: 2691: 2671: 2654: 2591: 2544: 2498: 2457: 2447: 2403: 2365: 2320: 2312: 2237: 2183: 2133: 2100: 2092: 2039: 2031: 1983: 1941: 1892: 1875: 1814: 1757: 1661: 1012: 687: 544: 453: 1704:

The wingspan estimate is based on the equation presented in the study by Dececchi

6286: 6163: 6156: 6119: 6040: 6024: 5604: 5576: 5163: 4821: 4680: 4611: 4483: 4446: 4288: 4273: 4192: 4148: 4127: 3904: 3783: 3740: 3565: 3496: 3229: 2995:

Godefroit, P.; Demuynck, H.; Dyke, G.; Hu, D.; Escuillié, F.; Claeys, P. (2012).

2877:"Comment on the absence of ossified sternal elements in basal paravian dinosaurs" 2626: 1945: 1503: 1422: 1307: 953: 662: 239: 860:

had long, vaned feathers on the hind legs. This has led many scientists to call

565: 6206: 6148: 6112: 6009: 5941: 5916: 5889: 5857: 5501: 5471: 5276: 5115: 5033: 4932: 4692: 4618: 4581: 4079: 3876: 3635: 3531: 3470: 3449: 3095: 797: 498:

skeleton missing the skull, part of the tail, and the right forelimb. The name

407: 2723: 2595: 2548: 2408: 2369: 2188: 2163: 1987: 1620:, suggesting different niches and a complex picture for the origin of flight. 1567: 6453: 6368: 6226: 6221: 6090: 5950: 5834: 5778: 5457: 5376: 5343: 5307: 5260: 5230: 5177: 5170: 5056: 5047: 4861: 4841: 4384: 4373: 4259: 4228: 4185: 4134: 4120: 3814: 3546: 3524: 3509: 3427: 3103: 1527: 1482: 1441:

as a troodontid. Several more studies using similar analyses have also found

1417: 1270: 1087: 769: 614: 523: 449: 440:

The Beijing specimen (BMNHC PH828) which had its colouration examined in 2010

425: 72: 30: 2965: 2901: 2842: 2502: 1818: 1531:, and the authors pointed out that long forelimbs are necessary for flight. 510:, and one of the first to propose a close evolutionary relationship between 6236: 6098: 5825: 5699: 5692: 5631: 5549: 5336: 5222: 5101: 5013: 4942: 4901: 4851: 4669: 4522: 4507: 4492: 4426: 4314: 4266: 4178: 4068: 3923: 3883: 3862: 3855: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3768: 3753: 3689: 3646: 3607: 3477: 3456: 3387: 3365: 3121: 3072:"Exceptional dinosaur fossils reveal early origin of avian-style digestion" 3030: 2973: 2920: 2861: 2786: 2742: 2683: 2603: 2510: 2471: 2251: 2197: 2114: 2053: 2012:"Basal paravian functional anatomy illuminated by high-detail body outline" 1904: 1826: 1608: 1587:. Long leg feathers on the lower legs may have slowed the running speed of 1492: 1426: 1408: 1291: 1214: 998: 827: 682: 666: 640: 388: 325: 6377: 6295: 6061: 5971: 5906: 5647: 5597: 5528: 5480: 5245: 5191: 5139: 5086: 4972: 4952: 4891: 4655: 4405: 4395: 4058: 3897: 3662: 3621: 3592: 3585: 3553: 3463: 3397: 3337: 3324: 3283: 3162: 2808:

Zheng, X.; O'Connor, J.; Wang, X.; Wang, M.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2014).

1762: 1737: 1595:

were smaller and made of more curved, symmetrical feathers than those of

836: 781: 763: 558: 47: 2778: 2675: 2073:"Molecular composition and ultrastructure of Jurassic paravian feathers" 2035: 1896: 6410: 6315: 6126: 5994: 5801: 5685: 5655: 5622: 5590: 5556: 5542: 5535: 5359: 5269: 5063: 5023: 4962: 4871: 4800: 4787: 4715: 4662: 4538: 4515: 4500: 4436: 4363: 4251: 4221: 4214: 4113: 3807: 3696: 3680: 3669: 3628: 3614: 3578: 3539: 3517: 3021: 2996: 2452: 2316: 1543:, while well-developed, were short when compared to later species like 1498: 1445:

to be a troodontid, though there have been exceptions. One study found

1196: 1069: 924: 652: 200: 92: 57: 2096: 1873:

troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".

436: 6231: 6211: 6047: 6002: 5964: 5957: 5514: 5447: 5427: 5407: 5397: 5387: 5297: 5131: 5124: 5093: 4588: 4415: 4207: 4089: 3761: 3703: 3655: 3599: 3485: 3354: 3256: 3204: 2162:

Longrich, N.R.; Vinther, J.; Meng, Q.; Li, Q.; Russell, A.P. (2012).

1653: 1514: 1144: 874: 655: 507: 213: 154: 97: 41: 6257: 2402:. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History. pp. 295–320. 2349: 2242: 2217: 840:, which had similar thick, scaly fingers associated with its wings. 6362: 6280: 6054: 5926: 5583: 5521: 5283: 5237: 4881: 4632: 4556: 4200: 4164: 3710: 3442: 3195: 3186: 1674: 1162: 928: 865: 789: 759: 658: 515: 469: 457: 384: 187: 174: 87: 82: 67: 62: 52: 2394:

Dececchi, T.A.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Pittman, M.; Habib, M.B. (2020).

2354:(Theropoda: Paraves) from the Late Jurassic of Northeastern China" 1393:

Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Lefèvre

6397: 6068: 5814: 5662: 5487: 5002: 4342: 4171: 4037: 4024: 3958: 2400:

Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs: Past Progress and New Frontiers

1561: 1539:

to fly or glide. However, further finds showed that the wings of

1412: 1331: 1024: 730: 670: 381: 226: 102: 77: 1411:

analysis and concluded that it was an early member of the group

5639: 5437: 5314: 4992: 3376: 3180: 2348:

Pei, R.; Li, Q.; Meng, Q.; Norell, Mark A.; Gao, K.-Q. (2017).

1657: 966: 894: 661:

with a triangular skull bearing several details in common with

164: 3131: 3434: 2069: 1518:

Photograph of specimen YTGP-T5199 and diagram showing plumage

965:

specimen were gray and black. The crown feathers were mainly

461: 377: 2818:(Aves) and the complex early evolution of the avian sternum" 2651: 2291:

Saitta, Evan T.; Gelernter, Rebecca; Vinther, Jakob (2018).

1648:

were even preserved with pellets still inside their bodies.

897:, was not reversed as in perching species. The hindwings of 617:, China, for example, was reported to hold 255 specimens of 490:

in 2009. The specimen is currently in the collection of the

5766: 5711: 3037: 2393: 801: 678: 511: 394:, named for its similarity to modern birds. The Latin name 685:(plumaceous) feathers covered the rest of the body, as in 492:

Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology

2807: 2755: 1403:

When it was first discovered, the scientists who studied

2274:"Feathered dinosaurs were even fluffier than we thought" 2994: 2487:"An integrative approach to understanding bird origins" 2290: 1656:

known to have produced pellets. The pellets contained

2434:

Dececchi, T.A.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Habib, M.B. (2016).

2161: 1616:

shared a similar body plan and the same ecosystem as

982:

which had different color patterns in their plumage.

632:

covert feathers and wing anatomy the following year.

6021: 5982: 5938: 5922: 5912: 5902: 5673: 5619: 5498: 5468: 5453: 5443: 5433: 5423: 5413: 5403: 5393: 5383: 5372: 5294: 5257: 5202: 5151: 5112: 5074: 5044: 5029: 5019: 5009: 4998: 4988: 4978: 4968: 4958: 4948: 4938: 4928: 4918: 4908: 4897: 4887: 4877: 4867: 4857: 4847: 4837: 4827: 4817: 4689: 4643: 4599: 4568: 4551: 4480: 4464: 4453: 4442: 4432: 4422: 4411: 4401: 4391: 4380: 4369: 4359: 4311: 4285: 4239: 4145: 4100: 4085: 4075: 4064: 4054: 3932: 3737: 3410: 3393: 3383: 3372: 3361: 3350: 2572: 2433: 2009: 1963: 1735: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1787: 1490:was found to be in a group with other genera, like 398:derives from a Greek word meaning "near bird", and 2933: 2484: 2358:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1869:Hu, D.; Hou, L.; Zhang, L.; Xu, X. (2009). "A pre- 931:based on the color pattern of the Beijing specimen 2628:The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution 2534: 1929:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1925: 6451: 3069: 2631:(2nd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. 2429: 2427: 2218:"Palaeontology: Feathered dinosaurs in a tangle" 2065: 2063: 1994: 1864: 494:with the catalogue number IVPP V14378. It is an 2881:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2822:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2347: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1790:"Plumage color patterns of an extinct dinosaur" 3228: 2618: 2530: 2528: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1919: 3147: 2568: 2566: 2424: 2060: 2927: 2868: 1868: 1841: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1731: 1729: 878:. However, the feathers on the hind legs in 502:was chosen by Xu and colleagues in honor of 480:was studied and described by paleontologist 2749: 2525: 2129:"China has world's largest dinosaur museum" 2121: 1952: 852:Skeletal restoration by Scott Hartman, 2017 3335: 3154: 3140: 3043: 2704: 2624: 2563: 2478: 2420:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library. 741:attached to the arm and hand. The wing of 704:anatomy. Additional studies indicate that 484:and colleagues in a paper accepted to the 476:age), 160.89 to 160.25 million years old. 120: 4798: 3111: 3020: 2955: 2910: 2900: 2851: 2841: 2732: 2722: 2461: 2451: 2407: 2326:1983/61351c6d-1517-4101-bac8-50cbb733761d 2324: 2241: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2187: 2157: 2155: 2104: 2043: 1770: 1761: 1726: 912:Unlike many other paravians, the feet of 2645: 1566: 1513: 923: 847: 720: 713:about 0.6–1 kilogram (1.3–2.2 lb). 639: 564: 435: 431: 2810:"On the absence of sternal elements in 2801: 2164:"Primitive wing feather arrangement in 1480:In a 2017 re-evaluation of the Haarlem 796:, this part of the wing was covered in 548:. It was assigned the catalogue number 6452: 4035: 3063: 2389: 2387: 2215: 2204: 2152: 6262: 6261: 5765: 5764: 4785: 4022: 3322: 3173: 3135: 2341: 452:) was dug up in the Yaolugou area of 2874: 2698: 1742:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 830:, the only notable exceptions being 416:fossils have been found only in the 3053:Journal of Paleontological Sciences 2398:. In Pittman, M.; Xing, X. (eds.). 2384: 1560:seems to have lacked a breastbone ( 506:, an early proponent of biological 387:, with only one known species, the 13: 868:, along with similar animals like 129:Fossil specimen on display at the 14: 6526: 6505:Taxa named by Gregory M. Erickson 2705:Foth, C.; Rauhut, O.W.M. (2017). 985: 941:Beijing Museum of Natural History 583:Beijing Museum of Natural History 131:Beijing Museum of Natural History 6242: 6241: 6187: 6181: 5747: 5742: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4005: 3999: 3993: 901:were also shorter than those of 856:In addition to the front wings, 611:Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature 587:Yizhou Fossil & Geology Park 141: 45: 6480:Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia 3323: 3161: 2988: 2284: 2266: 2137:. 4 August 2010. Archived from 1698: 1509: 1502:, and was placed in the family 677:was small, about the size of a 554:Liaoning Paleontological Museum 424:, China, in rocks dated to the 4786: 943:to survey the distribution of 673:. Like other early paravians, 635: 1: 6500:Fossil taxa described in 2009 1719: 1946:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.017 1506:along with other relatives. 595:scanning electron microscope 7: 4023: 2166:Archaeopteryx lithographica 1667: 737:had large wings made up of 628:and was used in a study of 468:of rocks dated to the late 10: 6531: 3096:10.1038/s41598-018-32202-x 1631: 1602:The skeletal structure of 753:. The primary feathers in 644:Size compared with a human 531:Shenyang Normal University 444:The first known fossil of 16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs 6510:Taxa named by Mark Norell 6352: 6270: 6201: 6179: 6020: 5981: 5937: 5898: 5887: 5856: 5833: 5824: 5809: 5800: 5777: 5773: 5760: 5740: 5710: 5672: 5618: 5566: 5509: 5497: 5467: 5368: 5357: 5293: 5256: 5201: 5150: 5111: 5073: 5043: 4813: 4809: 4794: 4781: 4752: 4714: 4688: 4679: 4642: 4598: 4567: 4547: 4536: 4479: 4355: 4351: 4340: 4310: 4284: 4238: 4144: 4099: 4050: 4046: 4031: 4018: 3991: 3957: 3931: 3922: 3845: 3802: 3793: 3748: 3736: 3732: 3679: 3645: 3573: 3564: 3504: 3495: 3422: 3408: 3346: 3331: 3318: 3282: 3264: 3255: 3237: 3224: 3169: 2724:10.1186/s12862-017-1076-y 2596:10.1007/s00114-017-1496-y 2549:10.1134/s1062359015070079 2409:10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1 2370:10.1206/0003-0090-411.1.1 2189:10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.052 1988:10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6 1571:Fossil exhibited in Japan 1329: 1304: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1253: 1246: 1210: 1192: 1185: 1158: 1140: 1133: 1126: 1119: 1083: 1065: 1058: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1009: 1002: 804:, the covert feathers of 593:. It was then used for a 522:comes from combining the 321: 314: 292: 285: 138:Scientific classification 136: 128: 119: 23: 6495:Paleontology in Liaoning 3049:(Automatic PDF download) 2711:BMC Evolutionary Biology 1967:Chinese Science Bulletin 1691: 1623:Like many modern birds, 919: 716: 487:Chinese Science Bulletin 2966:10.1126/science.1228753 2902:10.1073/pnas.1419023111 2843:10.1073/pnas.1411070111 2625:Chatterjee, S. (2015). 2503:10.1126/science.1253293 1819:10.1126/science.1186290 1644:specimens; some of the 1433:The second specimen of 843: 340:Eosinopteryx brevipenna 2216:Witmer, L. M. (2009). 1636:A 2018 study reported 1572: 1519: 932: 853: 726: 645: 573: 441: 380:of small, four-winged 6515:Taxa named by Xu Xing 6432:Paleobiology Database 6337:Paleobiology Database 3891:Paralitherizinosaurus 3001:Nature Communications 2576:The Science of Nature 2016:Nature Communications 1570: 1517: 927: 851: 724: 643: 568: 439: 432:Discovery and history 6470:Transitional fossils 1763:10.1002/2016GC006529 1640:in association with 1453:, and it along with 466:Tiaojishan Formation 418:Tiaojishan Formation 406:, a contemporary of 6465:Feathered dinosaurs 5078:Patagopterygiformes 4603:Confuciusornithidae 4469:Scansoriopterygidae 4104:Scansoriopterygidae 3088:2018NatSR...814217Z 3044:Fraser, G. (2014). 3013:2013NatCo...4.1394G 2948:2013Sci...339.1309Z 2942:(6125): 1309–1312. 2893:2014PNAS..111E5334F 2834:2014PNAS..11113900Z 2828:(38): 13900–13905. 2779:10.1038/nature24679 2771:2017Natur.552..395C 2676:10.1038/nature12168 2668:2013Natur.498..359G 2588:2017SciNa.104...74L 2309:2018Palgy..61..273S 2234:2009Natur.461..601W 2089:2015NatSR...513520L 2036:10.1038/ncomms14576 2028:2017NatCo...814576W 1980:2009SciBu..54..430X 1938:2012PPP...323....1L 1897:10.1038/nature08322 1889:2009Natur.461..640H 1811:2010Sci...327.1369L 1805:(5971): 1369–1372. 1754:2016GGG....17.3983C 1681:Dinosaur coloration 1046:Scansoriopterygidae 745:was composed of 11 739:pennaceous feathers 625:National Geographic 602:may not in fact be 572:specimen YTGP-T5199 518:. The generic name 504:Thomas Henry Huxley 404:Thomas Henry Huxley 40:160.89–160.25 6384:Anchiornis huxleyi 6354:Anchiornis huxleyi 5206:Songlingornithidae 5155:Hongshanornithidae 4572:Omnivoropterygidae 4484:Jeholornithiformes 3795:Therizinosauroidea 3076:Scientific Reports 3022:10.1038/ncomms2389 2453:10.7717/peerj.2159 2352:Anchiornis huxleyi 2350:"New Specimens of 2317:10.1111/pala.12342 2170:Anchiornis huxleyi 2077:Scientific Reports 1686:Smallest organisms 1573: 1520: 1449:to be a member of 973:In 2015, a second 933: 854: 751:secondary feathers 727: 649:Anchiornis huxleyi 646: 574: 500:Anchiornis huxleyi 442: 392:Anchiornis huxleyi 299:Anchiornis huxleyi 6447: 6446: 6419:Open Tree of Life 6324:Open Tree of Life 6264:Taxon identifiers 6255: 6254: 6197: 6196: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6077:Lutetodontopteris 5986:Gastornithiformes 5883: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5767:Aves / Neornithes 5756: 5755: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5712:Aves / Neornithes 5614: 5613: 5353: 5352: 5185:Parahongshanornis 4777: 4776: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4532: 4531: 4458:Archaeopterygidae 4336: 4335: 4243:Archaeopterygidae 4014: 4013: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3847:Therizinosauridae 3728: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3214:Maniraptoriformes 2765:(7685): 395–399. 2662:(7454): 359–362. 2638:978-1-4214-1590-1 2497:(6215): 1253293. 2228:(7264): 601–602. 2182:(23): 2262–2267. 2097:10.1038/srep13520 1932:. 323–325: 1–12. 1883:(7264): 640–643. 1459:Sankar Chatterjee 1451:Archaeopterygidae 1401: 1400: 1387: 1386: 1378: 1377: 1369: 1368: 1360: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1318: 1317: 1235: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1174: 1173: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1098: 729:Like other early 369: 368: 354:Serikornis sungei 266: 6522: 6490:Fossils of China 6440: 6439: 6427: 6426: 6414: 6413: 6401: 6400: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6345: 6344: 6332: 6331: 6319: 6318: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6259: 6258: 6245: 6244: 6217:Deinonychosauria 6192: 6191: 6185: 6142:Protodontopteryx 6084:Macrodontopteryx 6023: 5984: 5940: 5924: 5914: 5904: 5896: 5895: 5831: 5830: 5807: 5806: 5775: 5774: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5746: 5677:Cimolopterygidae 5675: 5621: 5568:Hesperornithidae 5507: 5506: 5500: 5470: 5455: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5415: 5405: 5395: 5385: 5374: 5366: 5365: 5296: 5259: 5204: 5153: 5114: 5076: 5046: 5031: 5021: 5011: 5000: 4990: 4980: 4970: 4960: 4950: 4940: 4930: 4920: 4910: 4899: 4889: 4879: 4869: 4859: 4849: 4839: 4829: 4819: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4796: 4795: 4783: 4782: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4647:Jinguofortisidae 4645: 4626:Eoconfuciusornis 4601: 4570: 4553: 4545: 4544: 4482: 4466: 4455: 4444: 4434: 4424: 4413: 4403: 4393: 4382: 4371: 4361: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4313: 4287: 4241: 4147: 4102: 4087: 4077: 4066: 4056: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4033: 4032: 4020: 4019: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3947:Oviraptorosauria 3936:Oviraptorosauria 3934: 3929: 3928: 3870:Nanshiungosaurus 3800: 3799: 3777:Jianchangosaurus 3746: 3745: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3571: 3570: 3502: 3501: 3420: 3419: 3414:Alvarezsauroidea 3412: 3395: 3385: 3374: 3363: 3352: 3344: 3343: 3333: 3332: 3320: 3319: 3262: 3261: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3171: 3170: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3115: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3050: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3024: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2959: 2957:10.1.1.1031.5732 2931: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2904: 2875:Foth, C (2014). 2872: 2866: 2865: 2855: 2845: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2726: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2537:Biology Bulletin 2532: 2523: 2522: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2465: 2455: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2411: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2328: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2278:sciencedaily.com 2270: 2264: 2263: 2245: 2213: 2202: 2201: 2191: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2007: 1992: 1991: 1961: 1950: 1949: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1866: 1839: 1838: 1794: 1785: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1733: 1713: 1702: 1652:is the earliest 1284: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1249: 1248: 1188: 1187: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1061: 1060: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1013:Oviraptorosauria 1005: 1004: 995: 994: 990: 989: 939:specimen in the 929:Life restoration 747:primary feathers 688:Sinornithosaurus 669:, and primitive 551: 454:Jianchang County 301: 297: 258: 251: 238: 146: 145: 124: 114: 44: 29:Temporal range: 21: 20: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6435: 6430: 6422: 6417: 6409: 6404: 6396: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6348: 6340: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6266: 6256: 6251: 6193: 6186: 6169: 6164:Tympanonesiotes 6157:Pseudodontornis 6120:Palaeochenoides 6041:Caspiodontornis 6025:Pelagornithidae 6016: 5977: 5933: 5875: 5852: 5820: 5796: 5769: 5752: 5726: 5706: 5668: 5610: 5605:Parahesperornis 5577:Asiahesperornis 5562: 5493: 5463: 5362: 5349: 5289: 5252: 5197: 5164:Archaeornithura 5146: 5107: 5069: 5039: 4822:Archaeorhynchus 4803: 4790: 4773: 4760: 4730: 4710: 4681:Ornithothoraces 4675: 4638: 4612:Changchengornis 4594: 4563: 4541: 4528: 4475: 4447:Anchiornithidae 4345: 4332: 4306: 4300:Dromaeosauridae 4289:Dromaeosauridae 4280: 4274:Anchiornithidae 4234: 4193:Liaoningvenator 4149:Anchiornithidae 4140: 4128:Scansoriopteryx 4095: 4040: 4027: 4010: 3973: 3953: 3910: 3905:Therizinosaurus 3841: 3789: 3784:Lingyuanosaurus 3741:Therizinosauria 3716: 3675: 3641: 3566:Parvicursorinae 3560: 3497:Alvarezsauridae 3491: 3416: 3404: 3340: 3327: 3298: 3278: 3251: 3245:Avemetatarsalia 3230:Avemetatarsalia 3220: 3176: 3175: 3165: 3160: 3130: 3129: 3068: 3064: 3048: 3042: 3038: 2993: 2989: 2932: 2928: 2873: 2869: 2806: 2802: 2754: 2750: 2703: 2699: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2571: 2564: 2533: 2526: 2483: 2479: 2432: 2425: 2392: 2385: 2346: 2342: 2289: 2285: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2243:10.1038/461601a 2214: 2205: 2176:Current Biology 2160: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2068: 2061: 2008: 1995: 1962: 1953: 1924: 1920: 1867: 1842: 1792: 1786: 1771: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1670: 1638:gastric pellets 1634: 1512: 1504:Anchiornithidae 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1319: 1308:Dromaeosauridae 1236: 1227: 1175: 1109: 1100: 988: 954:Sinosauropteryx 922: 846: 798:covert feathers 719: 638: 549: 434: 358: 344: 330: 310: 303: 295: 294: 281: 278:A. huxleyi 257: 249: 240:Anchiornithidae 236: 140: 115: 113: 112: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 39: 38: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6528: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6485:Jurassic China 6482: 6477: 6475:Oxfordian life 6472: 6467: 6462: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6428: 6415: 6402: 6389: 6374: 6358: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6333: 6320: 6307: 6292: 6276: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6207:Archaeornithes 6202: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6149:Protopelicanus 6145: 6138: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6113:Osteodontornis 6109: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6027: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6010:Dromornithidae 6006: 5999: 5990: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5944: 5942:Dromornithidae 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5920: 5917:Perplexicervix 5910: 5899: 5893: 5890:Incertae sedis 5885: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5869:Pangalliformes 5862: 5860: 5858:Pangalliformes 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5839: 5837: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5783: 5781: 5771: 5770: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5696: 5689: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5636: 5627: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5504: 5502:Hesperornithes 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5474: 5472:Ichthyornithes 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5441: 5431: 5421: 5411: 5401: 5391: 5381: 5369: 5363: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5301: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5277:Similiyanornis 5273: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5120: 5118: 5116:Ambiortiformes 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5082: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5034:Zhongjianornis 5027: 5017: 5007: 4996: 4986: 4976: 4966: 4956: 4946: 4936: 4933:Jianchangornis 4926: 4916: 4906: 4895: 4885: 4875: 4865: 4855: 4845: 4835: 4825: 4814: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4791: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4704:Enantiornithes 4697: 4695: 4693:Enantiornithes 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4619:Confuciusornis 4615: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4585: 4582:Omnivoropteryx 4577: 4575: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4548: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4462: 4451: 4440: 4430: 4420: 4409: 4399: 4389: 4378: 4367: 4356: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4319: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4107: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4080:Pneumatoraptor 4073: 4062: 4051: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4028: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4011: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3877:Neimongosaurus 3873: 3866: 3859: 3851: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3765: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3730: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3636:Trierarchuncus 3632: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3532:Bonapartenykus 3528: 3521: 3514: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3471:Shishugounykus 3467: 3460: 3453: 3450:Bonapartenykus 3446: 3439: 3431: 3423: 3417: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3391: 3381: 3370: 3359: 3347: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3328: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3062: 3036: 2987: 2926: 2867: 2814:(Paraves) and 2800: 2748: 2697: 2644: 2637: 2617: 2562: 2543:(7): 616–621. 2524: 2477: 2423: 2383: 2340: 2303:(2): 273–288. 2283: 2265: 2203: 2151: 2120: 2059: 1993: 1974:(3): 430–435. 1951: 1918: 1840: 1769: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1669: 1666: 1633: 1630: 1606:is similar to 1511: 1508: 1399: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1008: 1003: 1001: 993: 987: 986:Classification 984: 921: 918: 864:a four-winged 845: 842: 828:pennaraptorans 718: 715: 663:dromaeosaurids 637: 634: 433: 430: 408:Charles Darwin 367: 366: 365: 364: 350: 336: 319: 318: 312: 311: 304: 290: 289: 283: 282: 274: 272: 268: 267: 247: 243: 242: 234: 230: 229: 224: 217: 216: 211: 204: 203: 198: 191: 190: 185: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 134: 133: 126: 125: 117: 116: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6527: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6248: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227:Odontornithes 6225: 6223: 6222:Odontognathae 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6190: 6184: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5951:Barawertornis 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5846:Anserimorphae 5843: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5835:Anserimorphae 5832: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5790:Palaeognathae 5787: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5779:Palaeognathae 5776: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5750: 5745: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5458:Tingmiatornis 5452: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377:Antarcticavis 5371: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5356: 5346: 5345: 5344:Shuilingornis 5341: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5308:Changzuiornis 5305: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5261:Yanornithidae 5255: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5231:Songlingornis 5228: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5178:Longicrusavis 5175: 5173: 5172: 5171:Hongshanornis 5168: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5057:Mengciusornis 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5048:Schizoouridae 5042: 5036: 5035: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5008: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4862:Changzuiornis 4856: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4842:Brevidentavis 4836: 4834: 4833: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4757: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385:Cretaaviculus 4379: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4260:Archaeopteryx 4257: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4229:Yixianosaurus 4226: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4186:Fujianvenator 4183: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4121:Epidexipteryx 4118: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3815:Beipiaosaurus 3812: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3735: 3731: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3547:Heptasteornis 3544: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3525:Alvarezsaurus 3522: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3510:Achillesaurus 3507: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3428:Achillesaurus 3425: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3407: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2887:(50): E5334. 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2648: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364:(411): 1–67. 2363: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:Palaeontology 2294: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2158: 2156: 2141:on 2010-10-28 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871:Archaeopteryx 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1664:fish scales. 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1528:Archaeopteryx 1524: 1516: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1483:Archaeopteryx 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:Archaeopteryx 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423:dromaeosaurid 1420: 1419: 1418:Archaeopteryx 1415:, along with 1414: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1271:Eumaniraptora 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088:Yixianosaurus 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1006: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 991: 983: 981: 976: 971: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 930: 926: 917: 915: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 883: 881: 877: 876: 871: 867: 863: 859: 850: 841: 839: 838: 833: 829: 824: 818: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:maniraptorans 778: 776: 772: 771: 770:Archaeopteryx 766: 765: 761: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 723: 714: 710: 707: 703: 698: 694: 690: 689: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657: 654: 651:was a small, 650: 642: 633: 631: 627: 626: 620: 616: 615:Pingyi County 612: 607: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 571: 567: 563: 561: 560: 555: 550:LPM – B00 169 547: 546: 541: 537: 532: 527: 525: 524:Ancient Greek 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 450:type specimen 447: 438: 429: 427: 426:Late Jurassic 423: 419: 415: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 390: 386: 383: 379: 375: 374: 362: 356: 355: 351: 348: 342: 341: 337: 334: 328: 327: 323: 322: 320: 317: 313: 308: 302: 300: 291: 288: 287:Binomial name 284: 280: 279: 273: 270: 269: 264: 261: 256: 255: 248: 245: 244: 241: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 135: 132: 127: 123: 118: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 43: 36: 32: 31:Late Jurassic 26: 22: 19: 6353: 6271: 6237:Unenlagiidae 6162: 6155: 6147: 6140: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6099:Odontopteryx 6097: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5925: 5915: 5905: 5888: 5826:Galloanserae 5813: 5700:Lamarqueavis 5698: 5693:Cimolopteryx 5691: 5684: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5638: 5632:Australornis 5630: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5555: 5550:Pasquiaornis 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5486: 5479: 5456: 5446: 5436: 5426: 5416: 5406: 5396: 5386: 5375: 5342: 5337:Khinganornis 5335: 5328: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5244: 5236: 5229: 5223:Piscivoravis 5221: 5213: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5138: 5130: 5123: 5102:Patagopteryx 5100: 5092: 5085: 5062: 5055: 5032: 5022: 5014:Xinghaiornis 5012: 5001: 4991: 4981: 4971: 4961: 4951: 4943:Jiuquanornis 4941: 4931: 4921: 4911: 4902:Gargantuavis 4900: 4890: 4880: 4870: 4860: 4852:Changmaornis 4850: 4840: 4830: 4820: 4759: 4670:Jinguofortis 4668: 4661: 4654: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4587: 4580: 4554: 4523:Neimengornis 4521: 4514: 4508:Jixiangornis 4506: 4499: 4493:Dalianraptor 4491: 4467: 4456: 4445: 4435: 4427:Yandangornis 4425: 4414: 4404: 4394: 4383: 4372: 4362: 4326:Troodontidae 4315:Troodontidae 4272: 4267:Wellnhoferia 4265: 4258: 4250: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4184: 4179:Eosinopteryx 4177: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4088: 4078: 4069:Palaeopteryx 4067: 4057: 3998: 3924:Pennaraptora 3903: 3896: 3889: 3884:Nothronychus 3882: 3875: 3868: 3863:Erlikosaurus 3861: 3856:Erliansaurus 3854: 3836:Suzhousaurus 3834: 3829:Martharaptor 3827: 3822:Enigmosaurus 3820: 3813: 3806: 3782: 3775: 3769:Fukuivenator 3767: 3760: 3754:Eshanosaurus 3752: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3690:Albertonykus 3688: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647:Ceratonykini 3634: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3608:Nemegtonykus 3606: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3484: 3478:Tugulusaurus 3476: 3469: 3462: 3457:Haplocheirus 3455: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3426: 3396: 3388:Migmanychion 3386: 3375: 3366:Fukuivenator 3364: 3353: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3082:(1): 14217. 3079: 3075: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3039: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2627: 2620: 2582:(9–10): 74. 2579: 2575: 2540: 2536: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2443: 2439: 2399: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2343: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2225: 2221: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2143:. Retrieved 2139:the original 2132: 2123: 2080: 2076: 2019: 2015: 1971: 1965: 1927: 1921: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1802: 1796: 1748:(10): 3983. 1745: 1741: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1673: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1624: 1622: 1618:Eosinopteryx 1617: 1613: 1609:Eosinopteryx 1607: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1510:Paleobiology 1497: 1493:Eosinopteryx 1491: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1416: 1409:phylogenetic 1407:conducted a 1404: 1402: 1394: 1330: 1305: 1292:Troodontidae 1289: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1215:Eosinopteryx 1213: 1211: 1195: 1193: 1161: 1159: 1143: 1141: 1086: 1084: 1068: 1066: 1043: 1010: 999:Pennaraptora 979: 974: 972: 962: 958: 952: 948: 944: 936: 934: 913: 911: 906: 902: 898: 890: 885: 884: 879: 873: 869: 861: 857: 855: 835: 831: 822: 819: 813: 809: 805: 793: 785: 779: 774: 768: 762: 754: 742: 734: 728: 711: 705: 701: 696: 692: 686: 674: 648: 647: 629: 623: 618: 608: 603: 598: 590: 578: 575: 569: 557: 543: 539: 535: 528: 519: 499: 485: 477: 445: 443: 413: 412: 399: 395: 391: 389:type species 372: 371: 370: 360: 352: 346: 338: 332: 326:Aurornis xui 324: 306: 298: 293: 277: 276: 262: 253: 252: 220: 207: 194: 181: 24: 18: 6378:Wikispecies 6296:Wikispecies 6134:Proceriavis 6106:Odontoptila 6062:Gigantornis 5972:Ilbandornis 5907:Asteriornis 5648:Neogaeornis 5598:Hesperornis 5529:Chupkaornis 5481:Ichthyornis 5246:Yixianornis 5192:Tianyuornis 5140:Palintropus 5087:Alamitornis 4973:Meemannavis 4953:Juehuaornis 4892:Eogranivora 4832:Bellulornis 4656:Chongmingia 4406:Overoraptor 4396:Fukuipteryx 4059:Imperobator 3898:Segnosaurus 3663:Ceratonykus 3622:Parvicursor 3593:Khulsanurus 3586:Jaculinykus 3554:Patagonykus 3464:Patagonykus 3398:Yaverlandia 3338:Maniraptora 3325:Maniraptora 3284:Maniraptora 3163:Maniraptora 1662:ptycholepid 1597:Microraptor 1585:Microraptor 1549:Microraptor 1545:Microraptor 1467:Microraptor 1465:along with 945:melanosomes 907:Microraptor 903:Microraptor 870:Microraptor 837:Caudipteryx 780:Like other 764:Microraptor 667:troodontids 636:Description 559:Microraptor 496:articulated 6454:Categories 6302:Anchiornis 6272:Anchiornis 6205:See also: 6127:Pelagornis 5995:Brontornis 5802:Neognathae 5721:see below↓ 5686:Ceramornis 5656:Polarornis 5623:Vegaviidae 5591:Fumicollis 5557:Potamornis 5543:Judinornis 5536:Enaliornis 5360:Ornithurae 5270:Abitusavis 5064:Schizooura 5024:Yumenornis 4983:Platanavis 4963:Kaririavis 4923:Horezmavis 4872:Chaoyangia 4801:Euornithes 4788:Euornithes 4725:see below↓ 4716:Euornithes 4663:Cratonavis 4539:Pygostylia 4516:Kompsornis 4501:Jeholornis 4437:Zhongornis 4364:Alcmonavis 4252:Alcmonavis 4222:Xiaotingia 4215:Serikornis 4158:Anchiornis 4114:Ambopteryx 3968:see below↓ 3808:Alxasaurus 3697:Linhenykus 3681:Mononykini 3670:Xixianykus 3629:Qiupanykus 3615:Ondogurvel 3579:Dzharaonyx 3540:Bradycneme 3518:Alnashetri 3293:see below↓ 3196:Dinosauria 2812:Anchiornis 2717:(1): 236. 2145:2010-11-06 1720:References 1710:Anchiornis 1660:bones and 1650:Anchiornis 1646:Anchiornis 1642:Anchiornis 1625:Anchiornis 1614:Anchiornis 1604:Anchiornis 1593:Anchiornis 1589:Anchiornis 1581:Anchiornis 1576:Anchiornis 1558:Anchiornis 1553:Anchiornis 1541:Anchiornis 1537:Anchiornis 1533:Anchiornis 1523:Anchiornis 1499:Xiaotingia 1488:Anchiornis 1486:specimen, 1475:Anchiornis 1471:Anchiornis 1463:Anchiornis 1447:Anchiornis 1443:Anchiornis 1439:Anchiornis 1435:Anchiornis 1427:troodontid 1405:Anchiornis 1258:Anchiornis 1197:Serikornis 1070:Xiaotingia 980:Anchiornis 975:Anchiornis 963:Anchiornis 959:Anchiornis 949:Anchiornis 937:Anchiornis 914:Anchiornis 899:Anchiornis 891:Anchiornis 886:Anchiornis 880:Anchiornis 862:Anchiornis 858:Anchiornis 832:Anchiornis 823:Anchiornis 814:Anchiornis 810:Anchiornis 806:Anchiornis 794:Anchiornis 786:Anchiornis 775:Anchiornis 755:Anchiornis 743:Anchiornis 735:Anchiornis 706:Anchiornis 702:Anchiornis 697:Anchiornis 693:Anchiornis 675:Anchiornis 630:Anchiornis 619:Anchiornis 604:Anchiornis 599:Anchiornis 591:Anchiornis 579:Anchiornis 570:Anchiornis 540:Anchiornis 536:Anchiornis 520:Anchiornis 478:Anchiornis 446:Anchiornis 414:Anchiornis 402:refers to 396:Anchiornis 373:Anchiornis 345:Godefroit 331:Godefroit 254:Anchiornis 201:Saurischia 188:Dinosauria 25:Anchiornis 6460:Paravians 6287:Q18511041 6232:Sauriurae 6212:Carinatae 6048:Cyphornis 6034:Aequornis 6003:Gastornis 5965:Genyornis 5958:Dromornis 5515:Baptornis 5448:Limenavis 5428:Iaceornis 5418:Guildavis 5408:Gallornis 5398:Cerebavis 5388:Apatornis 5298:Gansuidae 5132:Apsaravis 5125:Ambiortus 5094:Kuszholia 4589:Sapeornis 4416:Rahonavis 4208:Pedopenna 4090:Rahonavis 3762:Falcarius 3704:Mononykus 3656:Albinykus 3486:Xiyunykus 3355:Elopteryx 3272:Theropoda 3257:Theropoda 3205:Theropoda 3179:Kingdom: 3104:2045-2322 2982:206544531 2952:CiteSeerX 2816:Sapeornis 2446:: e2159. 2418:221692656 2260:205049989 2083:: 13520. 2022:: 14576. 1913:205218015 1835:206525132 1145:Pedopenna 875:Sapeornis 788:had a pro 760:dinosaurs 731:paravians 597:study of 516:dinosaurs 508:evolution 474:Oxfordian 385:dinosaurs 271:Species: 214:Theropoda 161:Kingdom: 155:Eukaryota 35:Oxfordian 6398:42332575 6363:Wikidata 6281:Wikidata 6247:Category 6055:Dasornis 5927:Qinornis 5584:Canadaga 5522:Brodavis 5330:Iteravis 5322:Hollanda 5284:Yanornis 5238:Yanornis 5215:Hollanda 4913:Hollanda 4882:Dingavis 4633:Yangavis 4557:Proornis 4201:Ostromia 4165:Aurornis 3711:Shuvuuia 3443:Bannykus 3187:Chordata 3185:Phylum: 3181:Animalia 3122:30242170 3031:23340434 3007:: 1394. 2974:23493711 2921:25480553 2862:25201982 2787:29211712 2743:29197327 2684:23719374 2612:32780661 2604:28831510 2557:15637177 2519:24228777 2511:25504729 2472:27441115 2378:90650697 2335:56104335 2252:19794481 2198:23177480 2115:26311035 2054:28248287 1905:19794491 1827:20133521 1675:Aurornis 1668:See also 1654:theropod 1397:, 2017. 1163:Aurornis 866:dinosaur 790:patagium 671:avialans 659:dinosaur 656:theropod 472:period ( 470:Jurassic 458:Liaoning 422:Liaoning 382:paravian 359:Lefèvre 316:Synonyms 233:Family: 175:Chordata 171:Phylum: 165:Animalia 151:Domain: 6424:6155702 6411:8692831 6369:Q131235 6329:4947132 6316:4822813 6069:Laornis 5815:Neoaves 5663:Vegavis 5488:Janavis 5003:Wyleyia 4343:Avialae 4172:Caihong 4038:Paraves 4025:Paraves 3959:Paraves 3113:6155034 3084:Bibcode 3059:: 1–27. 3009:Bibcode 2944:Bibcode 2936:Science 2912:4273336 2889:Bibcode 2853:4183337 2830:Bibcode 2795:4471941 2767:Bibcode 2734:5712154 2692:4364892 2664:Bibcode 2584:Bibcode 2491:Science 2463:4941780 2305:Bibcode 2230:Bibcode 2106:4550916 2085:Bibcode 2045:5339877 2024:Bibcode 1976:Bibcode 1934:Bibcode 1885:Bibcode 1807:Bibcode 1798:Science 1750:Bibcode 1632:Feeding 1562:sternum 1461:placed 1413:Avialae 1332:Avialae 1025:Paraves 749:and 10 653:bipedal 552:in the 482:Xu Xing 400:huxleyi 296:† 275:† 246:Genus: 227:Paraves 109:↓ 6437:155059 6342:155058 5640:Maaqwi 5438:Kookne 5315:Gansus 4993:Vorona 4374:Balaur 3377:Kakuru 3120: 3110: 3102: 3029: 2980: 2972: 2954: 2919: 2909: 2860: 2850: 2793: 2785: 2759:Nature 2741: 2731: 2690: 2682: 2655:Nature 2635: 2610: 2602: 2555: 2517: 2509: 2470: 2460: 2416: 2376: 2333: 2258: 2250: 2222:Nature 2196: 2113: 2103: 2052: 2042: 1911: 1903: 1876:Nature 1833: 1825: 1706:et al. 1658:lizard 1395:et al. 967:rufous 895:hallux 545:Nature 363:, 2017 361:et al. 349:, 2013 347:et al. 335:, 2013 333:et al. 309:, 2009 307:et al. 265:, 2009 263:et al. 3435:Aorun 3210:Clade 3201:Clade 3192:Clade 2978:S2CID 2791:S2CID 2688:S2CID 2608:S2CID 2553:S2CID 2515:S2CID 2440:PeerJ 2414:S2CID 2374:S2CID 2331:S2CID 2256:S2CID 1909:S2CID 1831:S2CID 1793:(PDF) 1692:Notes 920:Color 802:birds 717:Wings 683:downy 577:that 512:birds 462:China 448:(its 378:genus 376:is a 221:Clade 208:Clade 195:Clade 182:Clade 6406:GBIF 6311:GBIF 6091:Manu 5867:see 5844:see 5788:see 4702:see 4324:see 4298:see 3945:see 3270:see 3243:see 3118:PMID 3100:ISSN 3027:PMID 2970:PMID 2917:PMID 2858:PMID 2783:PMID 2739:PMID 2680:PMID 2633:ISBN 2600:PMID 2507:PMID 2468:PMID 2248:PMID 2194:PMID 2168:and 2134:Dawn 2111:PMID 2050:PMID 1901:PMID 1823:PMID 1425:and 872:and 844:Legs 834:and 767:and 679:crow 609:The 514:and 48:PreꞒ 6393:EoL 3600:Kol 3108:PMC 3092:doi 3017:doi 2962:doi 2940:339 2907:PMC 2897:doi 2885:111 2848:PMC 2838:doi 2826:111 2775:doi 2763:552 2729:PMC 2719:doi 2672:doi 2660:498 2592:doi 2580:104 2545:doi 2499:doi 2495:346 2458:PMC 2448:doi 2404:doi 2366:doi 2362:411 2321:hdl 2313:doi 2238:doi 2226:461 2184:doi 2101:PMC 2093:doi 2040:PMC 2032:doi 1984:doi 1942:doi 1893:doi 1881:461 1815:doi 1803:327 1758:doi 957:), 613:in 420:of 305:Xu 37:), 6456:: 6434:: 6421:: 6408:: 6395:: 6380:: 6365:: 6339:: 6326:: 6313:: 6298:: 6283:: 4135:Yi 3212:: 3203:: 3194:: 3116:. 3106:. 3098:. 3090:. 3078:. 3074:. 3055:. 3051:. 3025:. 3015:. 3003:. 2999:. 2976:. 2968:. 2960:. 2950:. 2938:. 2915:. 2905:. 2895:. 2883:. 2879:. 2856:. 2846:. 2836:. 2824:. 2820:. 2789:. 2781:. 2773:. 2761:. 2737:. 2727:. 2715:17 2713:. 2709:. 2686:. 2678:. 2670:. 2658:. 2606:. 2598:. 2590:. 2578:. 2565:^ 2551:. 2541:42 2539:. 2527:^ 2513:. 2505:. 2493:. 2489:. 2466:. 2456:. 2442:. 2438:. 2426:^ 2412:. 2386:^ 2372:. 2360:. 2356:. 2329:. 2319:. 2311:. 2301:61 2299:. 2295:. 2276:. 2254:. 2246:. 2236:. 2224:. 2220:. 2206:^ 2192:. 2180:22 2178:. 2174:. 2154:^ 2131:. 2109:. 2099:. 2091:. 2079:. 2075:. 2062:^ 2048:. 2038:. 2030:. 2018:. 2014:. 1996:^ 1982:. 1972:54 1970:. 1954:^ 1940:. 1907:. 1899:. 1891:. 1879:. 1843:^ 1829:. 1821:. 1813:. 1801:. 1795:. 1772:^ 1756:. 1746:17 1744:. 1740:. 1728:^ 1496:, 784:, 733:, 665:, 562:. 460:, 456:, 410:. 357:? 343:? 329:? 260:Xu 223:: 210:: 197:: 184:: 98:Pg 42:Ma 6152:? 6137:? 6094:? 6072:? 6022:† 6013:? 5998:? 5983:† 5939:† 5930:? 5923:† 5913:† 5903:† 5703:? 5674:† 5651:? 5643:? 5635:? 5620:† 5499:† 5469:† 5454:† 5444:† 5434:† 5424:† 5414:† 5404:† 5394:† 5384:† 5380:? 5373:† 5325:? 5300:? 5295:† 5258:† 5249:? 5241:? 5226:? 5218:? 5203:† 5152:† 5143:? 5135:? 5113:† 5097:? 5075:† 5045:† 5030:† 5020:† 5010:† 5006:? 4999:† 4989:† 4979:† 4969:† 4959:† 4949:† 4939:† 4929:† 4919:† 4909:† 4905:? 4898:† 4888:† 4878:† 4868:† 4858:† 4848:† 4838:† 4828:† 4818:† 4690:† 4644:† 4600:† 4574:? 4569:† 4559:" 4555:" 4552:† 4511:? 4496:? 4481:† 4472:? 4465:† 4461:? 4454:† 4450:? 4443:† 4433:† 4423:† 4419:? 4412:† 4402:† 4392:† 4388:? 4381:† 4377:? 4370:† 4360:† 4312:† 4286:† 4277:? 4255:? 4240:† 4196:? 4146:† 4106:? 4101:† 4086:† 4076:† 4072:? 4065:† 4055:† 3933:† 3772:? 3757:? 3738:† 3603:? 3557:? 3535:? 3513:? 3481:? 3438:? 3411:† 3401:? 3394:† 3384:† 3380:? 3373:† 3369:? 3362:† 3358:? 3351:† 3155:e 3148:t 3141:v 3124:. 3094:: 3086:: 3080:8 3057:6 3033:. 3019:: 3011:: 3005:4 2984:. 2964:: 2946:: 2923:. 2899:: 2891:: 2864:. 2840:: 2832:: 2797:. 2777:: 2769:: 2745:. 2721:: 2694:. 2674:: 2666:: 2641:. 2614:. 2594:: 2586:: 2559:. 2547:: 2521:. 2501:: 2474:. 2450:: 2444:4 2406:: 2380:. 2368:: 2337:. 2323:: 2315:: 2307:: 2280:. 2262:. 2240:: 2232:: 2200:. 2186:: 2172:" 2148:. 2117:. 2095:: 2087:: 2081:5 2056:. 2034:: 2026:: 2020:8 1990:. 1986:: 1978:: 1948:. 1944:: 1936:: 1915:. 1895:: 1887:: 1837:. 1817:: 1809:: 1766:. 1760:: 1752:: 1306:† 1290:† 1255:† 1212:† 1194:† 1160:† 1142:† 1085:† 1067:† 1044:† 1011:† 250:† 237:† 103:N 93:K 88:J 83:T 78:P 73:C 68:D 63:S 58:O 53:Ꞓ 33:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index