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5781:, p. 2: "First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term "Sea Peoples" encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). Footnote: The modern term "Sea Peoples" refers to peoples that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from "islands"... The use of quotation marks in association with the term "Sea Peoples" in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term. It is noteworthy that the designation "of the sea" appears only in relation to the Sherden, Shekelesh, and Eqwesh. Subsequently, this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms, including the Philistines, who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses III."
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5787:, pp. 48–61: "The thesis that a great "migration of the Sea Peoples" occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, "eins ist aber sicher: Nach den agyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer 'Volkerwanderung' zu tun." Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation."
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Yet despite difficult problems, local leaders, owing no tribute to the king, used their new-found independence to establish a thriving culture in the provinces. Once in control of their own resources, the provinces became economically richer—which was demonstrated by larger and better burials among all social classes. In bursts of creativity, provincial artisans adopted and adapted cultural motifs formerly restricted to the royalty of the Old
Kingdom, and scribes developed literary styles that expressed the
1071:
2199:, over which the vizier or pharaoh presided. Plaintiffs and defendants were expected to represent themselves and were required to swear an oath that they had told the truth. In some cases, the state took on both the role of prosecutor and judge, and it could torture the accused with beatings to obtain a confession and the names of any co-conspirators. Whether the charges were trivial or serious, court scribes documented the complaint, testimony, and verdict of the case for future reference.
3607:
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4294:'s Punt, expedition onto the open ocean. Some of the site's most evocative evidence for the ancient Egyptians' seafaring prowess include large ship timbers and hundreds of feet of ropes, made from papyrus, coiled in huge bundles. In 2013, a team of Franco-Egyptian archaeologists discovered what is believed to be the world's oldest port, dating back about 4500 years, from the time of King Khufu, on the Red Sea coast, near Wadi el-Jarf (about 110 miles south of
11697:
3725:
brought out for public worship. Normally, the god's domain was sealed off from the outside world and was only accessible to temple officials. Common citizens could worship private statues in their homes, and amulets offered protection against the forces of chaos. After the New
Kingdom, the pharaoh's role as a spiritual intermediary was de-emphasized as religious customs shifted to direct worship of the gods. As a result, priests developed a system of
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4580:. Archaeological and historical evidence support interactions between Egyptian and Nubian populations more than 5000 years ago, with socio-political dynamics between Egyptians and Nubians ranging from peaceful coexistence to variably successful attempts of conquest. A study on sixty-six ancient Nubian individuals revealed significant contact with ancient Egyptians, characterized by the presence of
2562:, or by the more labor-intensive process of grinding and washing gold-bearing quartzite. Iron deposits found in upper Egypt were used in the Late Period. High-quality building stones were abundant in Egypt; the ancient Egyptians quarried limestone all along the Nile valley, granite from Aswan, and basalt and sandstone from the wadis of the Eastern Desert. Deposits of decorative stones such as
1993:
1861:
4641:, caution that a wider sampling area is needed and argue that the current data is inconclusive on the origin of ancient Egyptians. They also point out issues with the previously used methodology such as the sampling size, comparative approach and a "biased interpretation" of the genetic data. They argue in favor for a link between Ancient Egypt and the northern
4000:, and a colorant, typically copper. The material was used to make beads, tiles, figurines, and small wares. Several methods can be used to create faience, but typically production involved application of the powdered materials in the form of a paste over a clay core, which was then fired. By a related technique, the ancient Egyptians produced a pigment known as
1908:, under the control of a prefect appointed by the emperor, quelled rebellions, strictly enforced the collection of heavy taxes, and prevented attacks by bandits, which had become a notorious problem during the period. Alexandria became an increasingly important center on the trade route with the orient, as exotic luxuries were in high demand in Rome.
986:, to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the king after his death. Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic vitality of Egypt, and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration. As the power of the kings diminished, regional governors called
3358:, show richly decorated walls and floors with scenes of people, birds, water pools, deities and geometric designs. Important structures such as temples and tombs that were intended to last forever were constructed of stone instead of mudbricks. The architectural elements used in the world's first large-scale stone building,
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the financial obligations of the husband to his wife and children should the marriage end. Compared with their counterparts in ancient Greece, Rome, and even more modern places around the world, ancient
Egyptian women had a greater range of personal choices, legal rights, and opportunities for achievement. Women such as
3752:. The heart, rather than the brain, was considered the seat of thoughts and emotions. After death, the spiritual aspects were released from the body and could move at will, but they required the physical remains (or a substitute, such as a statue) as a permanent home. The ultimate goal of the deceased was to rejoin his
728:, which continued into the early dynastic period and beyond. Over a period of about 1,000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley. Establishing a power center at
3805:. The arid, desert conditions were a boon throughout the history of ancient Egypt for burials of the poor, who could not afford the elaborate burial preparations available to the elite. Wealthier Egyptians began to bury their dead in stone tombs and use artificial mummification, which involved removing the
4011:
The ancient
Egyptians could fabricate a wide variety of objects from glass with great skill, but it is not clear whether they developed the process independently. It is also unclear whether they made their own raw glass or merely imported pre-made ingots, which they melted and finished. However, they
3925:
and his sons, did do so. However, it has also been argued that "kings of this period did not personally act as frontline war leaders, fighting alongside their troops". Soldiers were recruited from the general population, but during, and especially after, the New
Kingdom, mercenaries from Nubia, Kush,
3511:
lines, shapes, and flat areas of color combined with the characteristic flat projection of figures with no indication of spatial depth—created a sense of order and balance within a composition. Images and text were intimately interwoven on tomb and temple walls, coffins, stelae, and even statues. The
3510:
The ancient
Egyptians produced art to serve functional purposes. For over 3500 years, artists adhered to artistic forms and iconography that were developed during the Old Kingdom, following a strict set of principles that resisted foreign influence and internal change. These artistic standards—simple
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with the addition of some
Demotic signs. Although formal hieroglyphs were used in a ceremonial role until the fourth century, towards the end only a small handful of priests could still read them. As the traditional religious establishments were disbanded, knowledge of hieroglyphic writing was mostly
2117:
system. Artists and craftsmen were of higher status than farmers, but they were also under state control, working in the shops attached to the temples and paid directly from the state treasury. Scribes and officials formed the upper class in ancient Egypt, known as the "white kilt class" in reference
1257:, who successfully waged a series of campaigns that permanently eradicated the Hyksos' presence in Egypt. He established a new dynasty and, in the New Kingdom that followed, the military became a central priority for the kings, who sought to expand Egypt's borders and attempted to gain mastery of the
3322:
retains some striking similarities to the cuisine of the ancients. The staple diet consisted of bread and beer, supplemented with vegetables such as onions and garlic, and fruit such as dates and figs. Wine and meat were enjoyed by all on feast days while the upper classes indulged on a more regular
3280:
has resulted in one of the most thoroughly documented accounts of community life in the ancient world, which spans almost four hundred years. There is no comparable site in which the organization, social interactions, and working and living conditions of a community have been studied in such detail.
3181:
served as household wares for the storage, preparation, transport, and consumption of food, drink, and raw materials. Walls were painted white and could be covered with dyed linen wall hangings. Floors were covered with reed mats, while wooden stools, beds raised from the floor and individual tables
2346:
growing on the banks of the Nile River was used to make paper. Vegetables and fruits were grown in garden plots, close to habitations and on higher ground, and had to be watered by hand. Vegetables included leeks, garlic, melons, squashes, pulses, lettuce, and other crops, in addition to grapes that
1218:. The king was treated as a vassal and expected to pay tribute. The Hyksos ('foreign rulers') retained Egyptian models of government and identified as kings, thereby integrating Egyptian elements into their culture. They and other invaders introduced new tools of warfare into Egypt, most notably the
1179:
later in his reign, strained the economy and precipitated the slow decline into the Second
Intermediate Period during the later Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties. During this decline, the Canaanite settlers began to assume greater control of the Delta region, eventually coming to power in Egypt as
3724:
Gods were worshiped in cult temples administered by priests acting on the king's behalf. At the center of the temple was the cult statue in a shrine. Temples were not places of public worship or congregation, and only on select feast days and celebrations was a shrine carrying the statue of the god
2211:
played a major role in the legal system, dispensing justice in both civil and criminal cases. The procedure was to ask the god a "yes" or "no" question concerning the right or wrong of an issue. The god, carried by a number of priests, rendered judgement by choosing one or the other, moving forward
2137:
in the workplace. Both men and women had the right to own and sell property, make contracts, marry and divorce, receive inheritance, and pursue legal disputes in court. Married couples could own property jointly and protect themselves from divorce by agreeing to marriage contracts, which stipulated
1935:
introduced legislation that banned pagan rites and closed temples. Alexandria became the scene of great anti-pagan riots with public and private religious imagery destroyed. As a consequence, Egypt's native religious culture was continually in decline. While the native population continued to speak
1016:
collapsed at the end of the Old
Kingdom, the administration could no longer support or stabilize the country's economy. Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis, and the ensuing food shortages and political disputes escalated into famines and small-scale civil wars.
4544:
The currently most advanced full genome analyses was made on three ancient specimens recovered from the Nile River Valley, Abusir el-Meleq, Egypt. Two of the individuals were dated to the Pre-Ptolemaic Period (New
Kingdom to Late Period), and one individual to the Ptolemaic Period, spanning around
3530:
Ancient Egyptian artisans used stone as a medium for carving statues and fine reliefs, but used wood as a cheap and easily carved substitute. Paints were obtained from minerals such as iron ores (red and yellow ochres), copper ores (blue and green), soot or charcoal (black), and limestone (white).
2980:
BC, and is composed of hundreds of symbols. A hieroglyph can represent a word, a sound, or a silent determinative; and the same symbol can serve different purposes in different contexts. Hieroglyphs were a formal script, used on stone monuments and in tombs, that could be as detailed as individual
1911:
Although the Romans had a more hostile attitude than the Greeks towards the Egyptians, some traditions such as mummification and worship of the traditional gods continued. The art of mummy portraiture flourished, and some Roman emperors had themselves depicted as pharaohs, though not to the extent
3209:
Music and dance were popular entertainments for those who could afford them. Early instruments included flutes and harps, while instruments similar to trumpets, oboes, and pipes developed later and became popular. In the New Kingdom, the Egyptians played on bells, cymbals, tambourines, drums, and
4417:
was decimal, and based on hieroglyphic signs for each power of ten up to one million. Each of these could be written as many times as necessary to add up to the desired number; so to write the number eighty or eight hundred, the symbol for ten or one hundred was written eight times respectively.
4038:
parasites, which caused liver and intestinal damage. Dangerous wildlife such as crocodiles and hippos were also a common threat. The lifelong labors of farming and building put stress on the spine and joints, and traumatic injuries from construction and warfare all took a significant toll on the
1151:
With the kings having secured the country militarily and politically and with vast agricultural and mineral wealth at their disposal, the nation's population, arts, and religion flourished. In contrast to elitist Old Kingdom attitudes towards the gods, the Middle Kingdom displayed an increase in
8998:
D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Risi, Flavia; Ravasini, Francesco; Montinaro, Francesco; Hajiesmaeil, Mogge; Bonucci, Biancamaria; Pistacchia, Letizia; Amoako-Sakyi, Daniel; Bonito, Maria; Onidi, Sara; Colombo, Giulia; Semino, Ornella; Destro Bisol, Giovanni; Anagnostou, Paolo; Metspalu, Mait (18 December
3393:
is a series of stone mastabas stacked on top of each other. Pyramids were built during the Old and Middle Kingdoms, but most later rulers abandoned them in favor of less conspicuous rock-cut tombs. The use of the pyramid form continued in private tomb chapels of the New Kingdom and in the royal
3341:
and the temples at Thebes. Building projects were organized and funded by the state for religious and commemorative purposes, but also to reinforce the wide-ranging power of the pharaoh. The ancient Egyptians were skilled builders; using only simple but effective tools and sighting instruments,
912:
tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified king after his death. The strong institution of kingship developed by the kings served to legitimize state control over the land, labor, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient
2539:
was the first mineral collected and used to make tools, and flint handaxes are the earliest pieces of evidence of habitation in the Nile valley. Nodules of the mineral were carefully flaked to make blades and arrowheads of moderate hardness and durability even after copper was adopted for this
3349:
The domestic dwellings of elite and ordinary Egyptians alike were constructed from perishable materials such as mudbricks and wood, and have not survived. Peasants lived in simple homes, while the palaces of the elite and the pharaoh were more elaborate structures. A few surviving New Kingdom
4540:
The genetic history of Ancient Egypt remains a developing field, and is relevant for the understanding of population demographic events connecting Africa and Eurasia. To date, the amount of genome-wide aDNA analyses on ancient specimens from Egypt and Sudan remain scarce, although studies on
4332:. The importance of mathematics to an educated Egyptian is suggested by a New Kingdom fictional letter in which the writer proposes a scholarly competition between himself and another scribe regarding everyday calculation tasks such as accounting of land, labor, and grain. Texts such as the
1815:
did not supplant native Egyptian culture, as the Ptolemies supported time-honored traditions in an effort to secure the loyalty of the populace. They built new temples in Egyptian style, supported traditional cults, and portrayed themselves as pharaohs. Some traditions merged, as Greek and
4272:. In fact one of the earliest Egyptian words for a seagoing ship is a "Byblos Ship", which originally defined a class of Egyptian seagoing ships used on the Byblos run; however, by the end of the Old Kingdom, the term had come to include large seagoing ships, whatever their destination.
3836:
statues that were believed to perform manual labor for them in the afterlife. Rituals in which the deceased was magically re-animated accompanied burials. After burial, living relatives were expected to occasionally bring food to the tomb and recite prayers on behalf of the deceased.
2189:
from ancient Egypt survive, court documents show that Egyptian law was based on a common-sense view of right and wrong that emphasized reaching agreements and resolving conflicts rather than strictly adhering to a complicated set of statutes. Local councils of elders, known as
3873:. The military protected mining expeditions to the Sinai during the Old Kingdom and fought civil wars during the First and Second Intermediate Periods. The military was responsible for maintaining fortifications along important trade routes, such as those found at the city of
10600:
Skoglund, Pontus; Thompson, Jessica C.; Prendergast, Mary E.; Mittnik, Alissa; Sirak, Kendra; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Salie, Tasneem; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Peltzer, Alexander; Heinze, Anja; Olalde, Iñigo; Ferry, Matthew; Harney, Eadaoin; Michel, Megan (September 2017).
2118:
to the bleached linen garments that served as a mark of their rank. The upper class prominently displayed their social status in art and literature. Below the nobility were the priests, physicians, and engineers with specialized training in their field. It is unclear whether
1530:
BC, founding the so-called Libyan or Bubastite dynasty that would rule for some 200 years. Shoshenq also gained control of southern Egypt by placing his family members in important priestly positions. Libyan control began to erode as a rival dynasty in the delta arose in
4088:, remained famous long after their deaths. Herodotus remarked that there was a high degree of specialization among Egyptian physicians, with some treating only the head or the stomach, while others were eye-doctors and dentists. Training of physicians took place at the
1845:
took great interest in the political situation in the country. Continued Egyptian revolts, ambitious politicians, and powerful opponents from the Near East made this situation unstable, leading Rome to send forces to secure the country as a province of its empire.
3197:
and chalk. Men shaved their entire bodies for cleanliness; perfumes and aromatic ointments covered bad odors and soothed skin. Clothing was made from simple linen sheets that were bleached white, and both men and women of the upper classes wore wigs, jewelry, and
2202:
Punishment for minor crimes involved either imposition of fines, beatings, facial mutilation, or exile, depending on the severity of the offense. Serious crimes such as murder and tomb robbery were punished by execution, carried out by decapitation, drowning, or
1438:, also known as Ramesses the Great, ascended the throne, and went on to build more temples, erect more statues and obelisks, and sire more children than any other pharaoh in history. A bold military leader, Ramesses II led his army against the Hittites in the
2985:, which was quicker and easier. While formal hieroglyphs may be read in rows or columns in either direction (though typically written from right to left), hieratic was always written from right to left, usually in horizontal rows. A new form of writing,
3515:, for example, displays figures that can also be read as hieroglyphs. Because of the rigid rules that governed its highly stylized and symbolic appearance, ancient Egyptian art served its political and religious purposes with precision and clarity.
1832:
forms of sculpture influenced traditional Egyptian motifs. Despite their efforts to appease the Egyptians, the Ptolemies were challenged by native rebellion, bitter family rivalries, and the powerful mob of Alexandria that formed after the death of
3816:
By the New Kingdom, the ancient Egyptians had perfected the art of mummification; the best technique took 70 days and involved removing the internal organs, removing the brain through the nose, and desiccating the body in a mixture of salts called
2154:
did not often take part in official roles in the administration, aside from the royal high priestesses, apparently served only secondary roles in the temples (not much data for many dynasties), and were not so probably to be as educated as men.
981:
With the rising importance of central administration in Egypt, a new class of educated scribes and officials arose who were granted estates by the king in payment for their services. Kings also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local
2302:
lasted from October to February. Farmers plowed and planted seeds in the fields, which were irrigated with ditches and canals. Egypt received little rainfall, so farmers relied on the Nile to water their crops. From March to May, farmers used
763:
The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, as well as societal personal-use items, which included combs, small statuary, painted pottery, high quality
1581:'s. Twenty-fifth Dynasty pharaohs built, or restored, temples and monuments throughout the Nile valley, including at Memphis, Karnak, Kawa, and Jebel Barkal. During this period, the Nile valley saw the first widespread construction of
3916:
that had earlier been introduced by the Hyksos invaders. Weapons and armor continued to improve after the adoption of bronze: shields were now made from solid wood with a bronze buckle, spears were tipped with a bronze point, and the
2272:
resulting from annual inundations of the Nile River. The ancient Egyptians were thus able to produce an abundance of food, allowing the population to devote more time and resources to cultural, technological, and artistic pursuits.
3202:. Children went without clothing until maturity, at about age 12, and at this age males were circumcised and had their heads shaved. Mothers were responsible for taking care of the children, while the father provided the family's
875:
The transition to a unified state happened more gradually than ancient Egyptian writers represented, and there is no contemporary record of Menes. Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have been the king
4814:
3688:
who had supernatural powers and were called on for help or protection. However, the gods were not always viewed as benevolent, and Egyptians believed they had to be appeased with offerings and prayers. The structure of this
4794:
3561:
Despite the homogeneity of ancient Egyptian art, the styles of particular times and places sometimes reflected changing cultural or political attitudes. After the invasion of the Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period,
780:, which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines. During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols that eventually were developed into a full system of
1522:, who recognized Smendes in name only. During this time, Libyans had been settling in the western delta, and chieftains of these settlers began increasing their autonomy. Libyan princes took control of the delta under
4587:% Neolithic/Bronze Age Levantine ancestry in these individuals. Such geneflow of Levantine-like ancestry corresponds with archaeological and botanic evidence, pointing to a Neolithic movement around 7,000 years ago.
2619:, they established trade with Nubia to obtain gold and incense. They also established trade with Palestine, as evidenced by Palestinian-style oil jugs found in the burials of the First Dynasty pharaohs. An Egyptian
2456:
observed that the Egyptians were the only people to keep their animals with them in their houses. During the Late Period, the worship of the gods in their animal form was extremely popular, such as the cat goddess
2194:
in the New Kingdom, were responsible for ruling in court cases involving small claims and minor disputes. More serious cases involving murder, major land transactions, and tomb robbery were referred to the
4518:
Estimates of the size of the population range from 1–1.5 million in the 3rd millennium BC to possibly 2–3 million by the 1st millennium BC, before growing significantly towards the end of that millennium.
3046:
institution or the House of Life. The latter comprised offices, libraries (called House of Books), laboratories and observatories. Some of the best-known pieces of ancient Egyptian literature, such as the
2133:
and his court for redress. Although slaves were mostly used as indentured servants, they were able to buy and sell their servitude, work their way to freedom or nobility, and were usually treated by
1912:
that the Ptolemies had. The former lived outside Egypt and did not perform the ceremonial functions of Egyptian kingship. Local administration became Roman in style and closed to native Egyptians.
3442:
4016:
to control the color of the finished glass. A range of colors could be produced, including yellow, red, green, blue, purple, and white, and the glass could be made either transparent or opaque.
2181:
The head of the legal system was officially the pharaoh, who was responsible for enacting laws, delivering justice, and maintaining law and order, a concept the ancient Egyptians referred to as
2425:, and they were responsible for plowing the fields and trampling seed into the soil. The slaughter of a fattened ox was also a central part of an offering ritual. Horses were introduced by the
1175:
into the Delta region to provide a sufficient labor force for his especially active mining and building campaigns. These ambitious building and mining activities, however, combined with severe
3063:
administrative documents, love poetry and tales, as well as in Demotic and Coptic texts. During this period, the tradition of writing had evolved into the tomb autobiography, such as those of
852:
to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today. He began his official history with the king named "Meni" (or Menes in Greek), who was believed to have united the two kingdoms of
2298:(harvesting). The flooding season lasted from June to September, depositing on the river's banks a layer of mineral-rich silt ideal for growing crops. After the floodwaters had receded, the
1112:
The kings of the Middle Kingdom restored the country's stability and prosperity, thereby stimulating a resurgence of art, literature, and monumental building projects. Mentuhotep II and his
2338:
plants, uprooted before they started flowering, were grown for the fibers of their stems. These fibers were split along their length and spun into thread, which was used to weave sheets of
3801:, performing burial ceremonies, and interring with the body goods the deceased would use in the afterlife. Before the Old Kingdom, bodies buried in desert pits were naturally preserved by
2077: sacks (250 kg or 550 lb). Prices were fixed across the country and recorded in lists to facilitate trading; for example a shirt cost five copper deben, while a cow cost 140
1612:, were filled with constant conflict with the Assyrians, against whom Egypt enjoyed several victories. Ultimately, the Assyrians pushed the Kushites back into Nubia, occupied Memphis, and
13282:
9318:
4704:
with both adopting Egyptian religious and architectural norms (hundreds of pyramids (6–30 meters high) were built in Egypt/Sudan), as well as using Egyptian writing as the basis of the
3821:. The body was then wrapped in linen with protective amulets inserted between layers and placed in a decorated anthropoid coffin. Mummies of the Late Period were also placed in painted
3369:
The earliest preserved ancient Egyptian temples, such as those at Giza, consist of single, enclosed halls with roof slabs supported by columns. In the New Kingdom, architects added the
4131:. Moldy bread, honey, and copper salts were also used to prevent infection from dirt in burns. Garlic and onions were used regularly to promote good health and were thought to relieve
3797:
The ancient Egyptians maintained an elaborate set of burial customs that they believed were necessary to ensure immortality after death. These customs involved preserving the body by
595:
3921:
was adopted from Asiatic soldiers. The pharaoh was usually depicted in art and literature riding at the head of the army; it has been suggested that at least a few pharaohs, such as
3825:
mummy cases. Actual preservation practices declined during the Ptolemaic and Roman eras, while greater emphasis was placed on the outer appearance of the mummy, which was decorated.
10255:
The Nile Delta in Transition: 4th.–3rd. Millennium B.C.: Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Cairo, 21–24 October 1990, at the Netherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic Studies
2921:
in nominal and adverbial sentences. The subject can be moved to the beginning of sentences if it is long and is followed by a resumptive pronoun. Verbs and nouns are negated by the
593:
351:
unfolded as a series of stable kingdoms interspersed by periods of relative instability known as "Intermediate Periods". The various kingdoms fall into one of three categories: the
3588:
2650:
for essential quantities of tin as well as supplementary supplies of copper, both metals being necessary for the manufacture of bronze. The ancient Egyptians prized the blue stone
1044:, took control of Upper Egypt in the south. As the Intefs grew in power and expanded their control northward, a clash between the two rival dynasties became inevitable. Around 2055
597:
3626:
4344:, and division—use fractions, calculate the areas of rectangles, triangles, and circles and compute the volumes of boxes, columns and pyramids. They understood basic concepts of
2406:, and the size of a herd reflected the prestige and importance of the estate or temple that owned them. In addition to cattle, the ancient Egyptians kept sheep, goats, and pigs.
12983:
3177:
designed to remain cool in the heat of the day. Each home had a kitchen with an open roof, which contained a grindstone for milling grain and a small oven for baking the bread.
72:
4834:
3381:
hall to the front of the temple's sanctuary, a style that was standard until the Greco-Roman period. The earliest and most popular tomb architecture in the Old Kingdom was the
2631:
in present-day Gaza was established as an Egyptian settlement in the late 4th millennium BC, and is theorised to have been the main Egyptian colonial site in the region.
3422:
386:. After this period, it entered an era of slow decline. During the course of its history, ancient Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the
2997:
lost. Attempts to decipher them date to the Byzantine and Islamic periods in Egypt, but only in the 1820s, after the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and years of research by
10141:
3042:
Writing first appeared in association with kingship on labels and tags for items found in royal tombs. It was primarily an occupation of the scribes, who worked out of the
1919:
took root in Egypt and it was originally seen as another cult that could be accepted. However, it was an uncompromising religion that sought to win converts from the pagan
3809:, wrapping the body in linen, and burying it in a rectangular stone sarcophagus or wooden coffin. Beginning in the Fourth Dynasty, some parts were preserved separately in
2410:, such as ducks, geese, and pigeons, were captured in nets and bred on farms, where they were force-fed with dough to fatten them. The Nile provided a plentiful source of
1318:, a queen who established herself as pharaoh, launched many building projects, including the restoration of temples damaged by the Hyksos, and sent trading expeditions to
4127:
were used to relieve pain. The earliest records of burn treatment describe burn dressings that use the milk from mothers of male babies. Prayers were made to the goddess
2554:
at Gebel Rosas to make net sinkers, plumb bobs, and small figurines. Copper was the most important metal for toolmaking in ancient Egypt and was smelted in furnaces from
11263:
4784:
In the 20th century, the Egyptian Government and archaeologists alike recognized the importance of cultural respect and integrity in excavations. Since the 2010s, the
4708:. Meroitic is the oldest written language in Africa, other than Egyptian, and was used from the 2nd century BC until the early 5th century AD. The cult of the goddess
3646:
1368:
BC, the stability of the New Kingdom was threatened when Amenhotep IV ascended the throne and instituted a series of radical and chaotic reforms. Changing his name to
289:
264:
5663:
4622:
Modern Egyptians, like modern Nubians, underwent subsequent admixture events, contributing both "Sub-Saharan" African-like and West Asian-like ancestries, since the
599:
592:
10013:
4751:. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, European travelers and tourists brought back antiquities and wrote stories of their journeys, leading to a wave of
4054:. Despite the flattering physiques portrayed on tomb walls, the overweight mummies of many of the upper class show the effects of a life of overindulgence. Adult
3877:
on the way to Nubia. Forts also were constructed to serve as military bases, such as the fortress at Sile, which was a base of operations for expeditions to the
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and stories into a coherent system. These various conceptions of divinity were not considered contradictory but rather layers in the multiple facets of reality.
601:
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of travelers and writers for millennia. A newfound respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians has led to the
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4139:, and amputated diseased limbs, but they recognized that some injuries were so serious that they could only make the patient comfortable until death occurred.
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2000:
The pharaoh was the absolute monarch of the country and, at least in theory, wielded complete control of the land and its resources. The king was the supreme
12206:
10450:
5830:
Understanding of Egyptian mathematics is incomplete due to paucity of available material and lack of exhaustive study of the texts that have been uncovered (
2354:
A tomb relief depicts workers plowing the fields, harvesting the crops, and threshing the grain under the direction of an overseer, painting in the tomb of
588:
period, the arid climate of Northern Africa had become increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the river region.
4541:
uniparental haplogroups in ancient individuals have been carried out several times, pointing broadly to affinities with other African and Eurasian groups.
2872:. It has three long and three short vowels, which expanded in Late Egyptian to about nine. The basic word in Egyptian, similar to Semitic and Berber, is a
2004:
and head of the government, who relied on a bureaucracy of officials to manage his affairs. In charge of the administration was his second in command, the
8817:
3404:
3126:
BC, narrative stories and instructions, such as the popular Instructions of Onchsheshonqy, as well as personal and business documents were written in the
1361:. They also constructed monuments to glorify their own achievements, both real and imagined. The Karnak temple is the largest Egyptian temple ever built.
1237:, to the south. After years of vassalage, Thebes gathered enough strength to challenge the Hyksos in a conflict that lasted more than 30 years, until 1555
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13608:
1519:
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2600:
10544:
10253:
Porat, Naomi (1992). "An Egyptian colony in southern Palestine during the Late Predynastic/Early Dynastic period". In Edwin C. M. van den Brink (ed.).
5702:
4264:
Large seagoing ships are known to have been heavily used by the Egyptians in their trade with the city states of the eastern Mediterranean, especially
2989:, became the prevalent writing style, and it is this form of writing—along with formal hieroglyphs—that accompany the Greek text on the Rosetta Stone.
11011:
Mallory-Greenough, Leanne M. (December 2002). "The Geographical, Spatial, and Temporal Distribution of Predynastic and First Dynasty Basalt Vessels".
3768:". If deemed worthy, the deceased could continue their existence on earth in spiritual form. If they were not deemed worthy, their heart was eaten by
2049:, a weight of roughly 91 grams (3 oz) of copper or silver, forming a common denominator. Workers were paid in grain; a simple laborer might earn
13486:
3828:
Wealthy Egyptians were buried with larger quantities of luxury items, but all burials, regardless of social status, included goods for the deceased.
2798:. Egyptian writings do not show dialect differences before Coptic, but it was probably spoken in regional dialects around Memphis and later Thebes.
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4821:
1927:
religions and threatened popular religious traditions. This led to the persecution of converts to Christianity, culminating in the great purges of
1480:, much of it falling to the Assyrians. The effects of external threats were exacerbated by internal problems such as corruption, tomb robbery, and
596:
566:
has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled
11285:
In-depth-information about Ancient Egypt's priests, religious services and temples. Much picture material and bibliography. In English and German.
3558:, these models show laborers, houses, boats, and even military formations that are scale representations of the ideal ancient Egyptian afterlife.
2268:
A combination of favorable geographical features contributed to the success of ancient Egyptian culture, the most important of which was the rich
1291:
established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbours, including the
1152:
expressions of personal piety. Middle Kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes and characters written in a confident, eloquent style. The
1052:
finally defeated the Herakleopolitan rulers, reuniting the Two Lands. They inaugurated a period of economic and cultural renaissance known as the
4030:
The medical problems of the ancient Egyptians stemmed directly from their environment. Living and working close to the Nile brought hazards from
3122:. The former tells the story of a noble who is robbed on his way to buy cedar from Lebanon and of his struggle to return to Egypt. From about 700
3693:
changed continually as new deities were promoted in the hierarchy, but priests made no effort to organize the diverse and sometimes conflicting
2125:
The ancient Egyptians viewed men and women, including people from all social classes, as essentially equal under the law, and even the lowliest
13835:
13697:
13010:
12958:
11343:
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Beliefs in the divine and in the afterlife were ingrained in ancient Egyptian civilization from its inception; pharaonic rule was based on the
2433:. Camels, although known from the New Kingdom, were not used as beasts of burden until the Late Period. There is also evidence to suggest that
14863:
8576:
3249:" also known as 58 holes is another example of board games played in ancient Egypt. The first complete set of this game was discovered from a
5656:
3270:
1944:
slowly disappeared as the role of the Egyptian temple priests and priestesses diminished. The temples themselves were sometimes converted to
1588:
Egypt's far-reaching prestige declined considerably toward the end of the Third Intermediate Period. Its foreign allies had fallen under the
10376:
4661:
sources of evidence which broadly indicate that the earliest Egyptians and Nubians were the descendants of populations in northeast Africa.
3953:
In technology, medicine, and mathematics, ancient Egypt achieved a relatively high standard of productivity and sophistication. Traditional
1751:
1488:
in Thebes accumulated vast tracts of land and wealth, and their expanded power splintered the country during the Third Intermediate Period.
10396:
4608:, point to the widespread presence of an (Western) Eurasian ancestry component distributed throughout Northern Africa, the Sahara, and the
3173:
Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to the land. Their dwellings were restricted to immediate family members, and were constructed of
2390:
was an essential element of the cosmic order; thus humans, animals and plants were believed to be members of a single whole. Animals, both
4533:
According to historian William Stiebling and archaeologist Susan N. Helft, conflicting DNA analysis on recent genetic samples such as the
4115:
Wounds were treated by bandaging with raw meat, white linen, sutures, nets, pads, and swabs soaked with honey to prevent infection, while
3869:
The ancient Egyptian military was responsible for defending Egypt against foreign invasion, and for maintaining Egypt's domination in the
2574:
dotted the Eastern Desert and were collected even before the First Dynasty. In the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, miners worked deposits of
2109:
was expressly displayed. Farmers made up the bulk of the population, but agricultural produce was owned directly by the state, temple, or
598:
594:
13702:
11763:
11369:
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depicting scenes from everyday life became popular additions to the tomb. In an attempt to duplicate the activities of the living in the
3241:, a board game where pieces moved according to random chance, was particularly popular from the earliest times; another similar game was
11240:
8906:
14245:
14225:
10830:
4696:
The culture and monuments of ancient Egypt have left a lasting legacy on the world. Egyptian civilization significantly influenced the
4317:
1793:. The city showcased the power and prestige of Hellenistic rule, and became a centre of learning and culture, that included the famous
1229:
After retreating south, the native Theban kings found themselves trapped between the Canaanite Hyksos ruling the north and the Hyksos'
947:
and resulting population, made possible by a well-developed central administration. Some of ancient Egypt's crowning achievements, the
12161:
11272:
Scholarly treatment with broad coverage and cross references (internal and external). Artifacts used extensively to illustrate topics.
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8890:
3606:
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11441:
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3764:, or "effective one". For this to happen, the deceased had to be judged worthy in a trial, in which the heart was weighed against a "
1395:. After his death, the cult of the Aten was quickly abandoned and the traditional religious order restored. The subsequent pharaohs,
998:
BC, is believed to have caused the country to enter the 140-year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period.
8672:
2113:
that owned the land. Farmers were also subject to a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or construction projects in a
13491:
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Eltis, David; Bradley, Keith R.; Engerman, Stanley L.; Perry, Craig; Cartledge, Paul; Richardson, David; Drescher, Seymour (2021).
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was about 35 for men and 30 for women, but reaching adulthood was difficult as about one-third of the population died in infancy.
2008:, who acted as the king's representative and coordinated land surveys, the treasury, building projects, the legal system, and the
13901:
13395:
11670:
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9555:
4370:
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stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Because the ships are all buried together and near a mortuary belonging to
2712:
14235:
2707:
2696:
1156:
and portrait sculpture of the period captured subtle, individual details that reached new heights of technical sophistication.
666:
and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was the
658:, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and
3193:
The ancient Egyptians placed a great value on hygiene and appearance. Most bathed in the Nile and used a pasty soap made from
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or biliteral root of consonants and semiconsonants. Suffixes are added to form words. The verb conjugation corresponds to the
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2020:, who was accountable to the vizier for his jurisdiction. The temples formed the backbone of the economy. Not only were they
10753:
Vittman, Günther (1991). "Zum koptischen Sprachgut im Ägyptisch-Arabisch" [the Coptic language in Egyptian Arabic].
8616:
14183:
11616:
11066:
9704:
Ancient Egyptian 'Origins and "Identity"'. In Ancient Egyptian society : challenging assumptions, exploring approaches
4206:
BC was 75 feet (23 m) long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh, perhaps one as early as
2519:
and the Sinai, requiring large, state-controlled expeditions to obtain natural resources found there. There were extensive
95:
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royal mummies has led to a lack of consensus on the genetic makeup of the ancient Egyptians and their geographic origins.
4418:
Because their methods of calculation could not handle most fractions with a numerator greater than one, they had to write
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14230:
14134:
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1682:. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from Iran, leaving Egypt under the control of a
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4550:
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Around the first century AD, the Coptic alphabet started to be used alongside the Demotic script. Coptic is a modified
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provided gold, aromatic resins, ebony, ivory, and wild animals such as monkeys and baboons. Egypt relied on trade with
1497:
1144:
that was rich in quarries and gold mines, while laborers built a defensive structure in the Eastern Delta, called the "
1098:
1007:
8755:
16009:
15999:
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and irrigation scheme to increase agricultural output in the region. Moreover, the military reconquered territory in
521:
461:
sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent
17:
11182:
10223:
Pećanac, Marija; Janjić, Zlata; Komarcević, Aleksandar; et al. (May 2013). "Burns treatment in ancient times".
8841:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume II, Part 2. History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380–1000 B.C
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Aston, Barbara G.; Harrell, James A.; Shaw, Ian (2000). "Stone: Obsidian". In Nicholson, Paul T.; Shaw, Ian (eds.).
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statues and books of the dead, which they believed would protect them in the afterlife. During the Middle Kingdom,
2207:
the criminal on a stake. Punishment could also be extended to the criminal's family. Beginning in the New Kingdom,
332:
10244:
Porat, Naomi (1986). "Local Industry of Egyptian Pottery in Southern Palestine During the Early Bronze I Period".
3134:
period were set in previous historical eras, when Egypt was an independent nation ruled by great pharaohs such as
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11436:
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Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs
9405:
9403:(October 1964). "Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter III. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt".
5435:
4763:. This renewed interest sent collectors to Egypt, who took, purchased, or were given many important antiquities.
4760:
4341:
3829:
2478:
908:. The increasing power and wealth of the kings during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate
485:
14656:
12031:
9167:
7203:
4202:
BC, and the associated pottery jars buried with the vessels also suggest earlier dating. The ship dating to 3000
2163:
2035:
Much of the economy was centrally organized and strictly controlled. Although the ancient Egyptians did not use
1778:
and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. The administration established by Alexander's successors, the
1024:
Free from their loyalties to the king, local rulers began competing with each other for territorial control and
536:
were widely copied, and its antiquities were carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have
13982:
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13368:
11710:
11611:
5717:
5637:
5451:
5373:
5347:
4890:
4084:
Ancient Egyptian physicians were renowned in the ancient Near East for their healing skills, and some, such as
2445:, dogs, and monkeys were common family pets, while more exotic pets imported from the heart of Africa, such as
2350:
2334:, and several other cereal grains, all of which were used to make the two main food staples of bread and beer.
1383:, suppressed the worship of most other deities, and moved the capital to the new city of Akhetaten (modern-day
787:
643:. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs, and the Nile region supported large populations of
14283:
9463:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume II part I: History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1800–1380
8636:. Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens. Vol. 5. Heidelberger Orientverlag. pp. 23–26.
2085:
BC coined money was introduced into Egypt from abroad. At first the coins were used as standardized pieces of
570:
and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization.
15932:
14326:
14308:
13956:
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11329:
11314:
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5491:
5464:
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1300 years of Egyptian history. These results point to a genetic continuity of Ancient Egyptians with modern
4257:
3453:
3332:
1635:
1547:
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intended to assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite
465:, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and
134:
35:
10968:
9388:
8968:
4777:
4688:
4438:, however, were written with a special glyph—the equivalent of the modern two-thirds is shown on the right.
4340:
show that the ancient Egyptians could perform the four basic mathematical operations—addition, subtraction,
3542:
to record victories in battle, royal decrees, and religious scenes. Common citizens had access to pieces of
2398:, were therefore a critical source of spirituality, companionship, and sustenance to the ancient Egyptians.
1646:
was able to oust the Assyrians with the help of Greek mercenaries, who were recruited to form Egypt's first
1108:
Coffin of Khnumnakht in 12th dynasty style, with palace facade, columns of inscriptions, and two Wedjat eyes
441:
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the
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14250:
13847:
13466:
13405:
13235:
13045:
11544:
11419:
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Nicholson, Paul T.; Peltenburg, Edgar (2000). "Egyptian faience". In Nicholson, Paul T.; Shaw, Ian (eds.).
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Egypt is rich in building and decorative stone, copper and lead ores, gold, and semiprecious stones. These
2225:
2040:
1625:
1090:
567:
442:
201:
11087:"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods"
4008:) silica, copper, lime, and an alkali such as natron. The product can be ground up and used as a pigment.
3323:
basis. Fish, meat, and fowl could be salted or dried, and could be cooked in stews or roasted on a grill.
3002:
1713:
BC, when Egypt regained independence under a series of native dynasties. The last of these dynasties, the
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deben. Grain could be traded for other goods, according to the fixed price list. During the fifth century
1979:
in 639–641, marking the end of both Byzantine rule and of the period typically considered Ancient Egypt.
1094:
725:
647:. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians, and this is also the period when many animals were first
557:
517:
458:
399:
9837:
Loprieno, Antonio (1995b). "Ancient Egyptian and other Afroasiatic Languages". In Jack M. Sasson (ed.).
4286:
In 2011, archaeologists from Italy, the United States, and Egypt, excavating a dried-up lagoon known as
3988:, which they treated as a type of artificial semi-precious stone. Faience is a non-clay ceramic made of
2778:
BC to the Middle Ages and remaining as a spoken language for longer. The phases of ancient Egyptian are
2323:
from the grain, and the grain was then ground into flour, brewed to make beer, or stored for later use.
477:, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of
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13422:
13265:
13137:
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11785:
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9372:
9323:. Published on behalf of the Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, by Oxford University Press.
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2280:
Farming in Egypt was dependent on the cycle of the Nile River. The Egyptians recognized three seasons:
1964:
1885:
1714:
1601:
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8800:
4445:
as an empirical formula. They were aware, for example, that a triangle had a right angle opposite the
4229:", a 43.6-metre (143 ft) vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the
3668:
2089:
rather than true money, but in the following centuries international traders came to rely on coinage.
1634:
The Assyrians left control of Egypt to a series of vassals who became known as the Saite kings of the
697:). These brought a number of technological improvements. As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic
15895:
15043:
14607:
14392:
14321:
13896:
13752:
13685:
12911:
12854:
11601:
11569:
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9721:
8898:
5697:
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4025:
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was crucial in ancient Egypt because taxes were assessed based on the amount of land a person owned.
1920:
1809:
made commerce and revenue-generating enterprises, such as papyrus manufacturing, their top priority.
1113:
944:
892:
BC, the first of the Dynastic kings solidified control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at
574:
509:
478:
466:
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The Tomb in Ancient Egypt: Royal and Private Sepulchres from the Early Dynastic Period to the Romans
3518:
3055:, were written in Classical Egyptian, which continued to be the language of writing until about 1300
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15337:
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14153:
13938:
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11907:
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5692:
5149:
5052:
4528:
3690:
3290:
3178:
3107:
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Ancient Egyptian has 25 consonants similar to those of other Afro-Asiatic languages. These include
2474:
2282:
2231:
1972:
1812:
1802:
1629:
1121:
1086:; the divine kilt, suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler.
663:
553:
348:
31:
14040:
15920:
15801:
15342:
15295:
15238:
14937:
14881:
14629:
14382:
14255:
13911:
13859:
13562:
13353:
13260:
13147:
12782:
12133:
11293:
5126:
5065:
4996:
4953:
4658:
4280:
4234:
4198:, originally they were all thought to have belonged to him, but one of the 14 ships dates to 3000
3881:. In the New Kingdom, a series of pharaohs used the standing Egyptian army to attack and conquer
3457:
2642:
yielded a critical source of quality timber not found in Egypt. By the Fifth Dynasty, trade with
2399:
2288:
1481:
1210:, who had already settled in the Delta, seized control of Egypt and established their capital at
1065:
1053:
765:
360:
169:
14298:
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were constructed of wooden planks "sewn" together. Discovered by Egyptologist David O'Connor of
3337:
The architecture of ancient Egypt includes some of the most famous structures in the world: the
3110:
is considered a masterpiece of Near Eastern literature. Towards the end of the New Kingdom, the
2012:. At a regional level, the country was divided into as many as 42 administrative regions called
615:
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13272:
13005:
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12386:
12329:
12274:
12128:
11700:
11633:
11473:
10856:
10366:
9338:
Grajetzki, W. (2007). "Box Coffins in the Late Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period".
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2130:
2005:
1706:
956:
881:
671:
431:
427:
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9488:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95.
9446:
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The Egyptians believed that every human being was composed of physical and spiritual parts or
2414:. Bees were also domesticated from at least the Old Kingdom, and provided both honey and wax.
2402:
were the most important livestock; the administration collected taxes on livestock in regular
1253:
to the south of Egypt, but failed to defeat the Hyksos. That task fell to Kamose's successor,
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13943:
13798:
13277:
13162:
13060:
13035:
12627:
12506:
12460:
12391:
12356:
11665:
10559:
10156:
10000:
9481:
9148:
9064:
9060:
4414:
4230:
3852:
3681:
3077:('instructions') was developed to communicate teachings and guidance from famous nobles; the
2442:
2294:
2147:
2122:
as understood today existed in ancient Egypt; there is difference of opinions among authors.
2101:
Painted limestone relief of a noble member of Ancient Egyptian society during the New Kingdom
1865:
1834:
1794:
1756:
1651:
1647:
1569:
invaded northward, seizing control of Thebes and eventually the Delta, which established the
1335:
1280:
753:
512:, irrigation systems, and agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats,
336:
15761:
12592:
12100:
10822:
10775:
10448:
Shea, William H. (April 1977). "A Date for the Recently Discovered Eastern Canal of Egypt".
10321:
10276:
10182:
10120:
10099:
9979:
9955:
9857:
9793:
9772:
9748:
9640:
9616:
9567:
9275:
9193:
9127:
9106:
9085:
8922:
8652:
4743:, but interest in Egyptian antiquity continued in the writings of medieval scholars such as
3984:
Even before the Old Kingdom, the ancient Egyptians had developed a glassy material known as
3570:. The most striking example of a politically driven change in artistic forms comes from the
1476:
these invasions, but Egypt eventually lost control of its remaining territories in southern
15966:
15796:
15766:
15641:
15572:
15543:
15462:
14796:
14634:
14624:
14387:
14260:
14200:
14053:
13987:
13830:
13818:
13662:
13471:
13230:
13225:
13127:
13087:
12891:
12787:
12777:
12770:
12324:
11690:
11648:
11505:
11414:
11407:
11157:
11098:
10737:
10507:
9008:
8882:
5269:
4974:
4880:
4866:
4845:
4394:
4353:
4039:
body. The grit and sand from stone-ground flour abraded teeth, leaving them susceptible to
3486:
3473:
3370:
3338:
3250:
3160:
2967:
2933:
2922:
2857:
2829:
2732:
2024:, but were also responsible for collecting and storing the kingdom's wealth in a system of
1941:
1924:
1578:
1270:
1176:
952:
932:
922:
781:
632:
529:
505:
462:
453:
of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and
446:
368:
352:
184:
154:
15746:
13417:
10851:
10653:
10361:
10082:
8982:
3857:
3786:
3237:
The ancient Egyptians enjoyed a variety of leisure activities, including games and music.
8:
15658:
15538:
15504:
15406:
15226:
15221:
15033:
14752:
14688:
14563:
14548:
14449:
14377:
14205:
14195:
14166:
14034:
13867:
13808:
13378:
13287:
13187:
13177:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13097:
13092:
13077:
13072:
12993:
12849:
12727:
12672:
12597:
12021:
11985:
11510:
11431:
10323:
The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C.
9368:
8973:
8680:
5764:
With his two principal wives and large harem, Ramesses II sired more than 100 children. (
4627:
4442:
4268:(on the coast of modern-day Lebanon), and in several expeditions down the Red Sea to the
4179:
4066:
3958:
3563:
2869:
2865:
2558:
ore mined in the Sinai. Workers collected gold by washing the nuggets out of sediment in
1786:
1779:
1771:
1734:
1717:, proved to be the last native royal house of ancient Egypt, ending with the kingship of
1662:
became the home of Greeks in the Nile Delta. The Saite kings based in the new capital of
1485:
1275:
1033:
706:
407:
15374:
15364:
11102:
9012:
8999:
2023). "The genomic echoes of the last Green Sahara on the Fulani and Sahelian people".
8555:
2367:
2063: sacks (200 kg or 400 lb) of grain per month, while a foreman might earn
15771:
15751:
15734:
15685:
15550:
15359:
15310:
15243:
15161:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15048:
15018:
14910:
14808:
14676:
14651:
14146:
13803:
13603:
13588:
13383:
13338:
13333:
13182:
12732:
12344:
11564:
11527:
11426:
11161:
11119:
11086:
11030:
10762:
10717:
10674:
10635:
10602:
10584:
10475:
10467:
10436:
10297:
9893:
9817:
9529:
9494:
9430:
9347:
9040:
8918:
7204:
Egyptian pottery of the beginning of the First Dynasty, found in South Palestine (2000)
5515:
4716:, as obelisks and other relics were transported back to Rome. The Romans also imported
4109:
3694:
3582:, was quickly abandoned after Akhenaten's death and replaced by the traditional forms.
3246:
3223:
3127:
3119:
2986:
2936:
falls on the ultimate or penultimate syllable, which can be open (CV) or closed (CVC).
2877:
2861:
2802:
2791:
2563:
2458:
2446:
1976:
1821:
1817:
1679:
1145:
1013:
991:
435:
378:
Ancient Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power during the New Kingdom, ruling much of
9493:
Hodgson, Jason A.; Mulligan, Connie J.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L. (12 June 2014).
4549:. The results further point to a close genetic affinity between ancient Egyptians and
888:
in a symbolic act of unification. In the Early Dynastic Period, which began about 3000
15880:
15776:
15712:
15707:
15636:
15533:
15248:
15176:
15171:
15013:
14942:
14925:
14920:
14915:
14715:
14666:
14066:
13727:
13675:
13657:
13598:
13220:
13157:
13152:
13082:
12978:
12938:
12933:
12916:
12886:
12552:
12496:
12490:
12339:
12316:
12138:
12068:
12026:
11522:
11463:
11308:
11207:
11183:"Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state"
11167:
11143:
11137:
11124:
11071:
11061:
11047:
10997:
10991:
10973:
10949:
10927:
10903:
10876:
10808:
10781:
10723:
10699:
10680:
10659:
10640:
10622:
10563:
10513:
10492:
10479:
10411:
10405:
10346:
10327:
10303:
10282:
10272:
10258:
10232:
10209:
10188:
10160:
10126:
10105:
10068:
9985:
9961:
9940:
9921:
9899:
9863:
9842:
9823:
9799:
9778:
9754:
9733:
9707:
9672:
9666:
9648:
9622:
9594:
9573:
9534:
9516:
9466:
9434:
9422:
9324:
9293:
9260:
9239:
9220:
9199:
9154:
9133:
9112:
9091:
9070:
9044:
9032:
9024:
8953:
8947:
8932:
8868:
8844:
8780:
8761:
8737:
8718:
8697:
8658:
8637:
8606:
8582:
8561:
5741:
5631:
5602:
4926:
4841:
4826:
4801:
4756:
4744:
4717:
4683:
4638:
4564:
4419:
4349:
4329:
4246:
4241:
BC, is a full-size surviving example that may have filled the symbolic function of a
4124:
3870:
3685:
3551:
3535:
as a binder and pressed into cakes, which could be moistened with water when needed.
3523:
3390:
3385:, a flat-roofed rectangular structure of mudbrick or stone built over an underground
2810:
2806:
2765:
2753:
2675:
2616:
2167:
1945:
1937:
1806:
1782:
1746:
1722:
1702:
1457:
Egypt's wealth, however, made it a tempting target for invasion, particularly by the
1258:
1164:
655:
610:
493:
411:
364:
321:
269:
216:
42:
9856:
Loprieno, Antonio (2004). "Ancient Egyptian and Coptic". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.).
4324:
The earliest attested examples of mathematical calculations date to the predynastic
3295:
3165:
2981:
works of art. In day-to-day writing, scribes used a cursive form of writing, called
2465:, and these animals were kept in large numbers for the purpose of ritual sacrifice.
1931:
starting in 303, but eventually Christianity won out. In 391, the Christian emperor
1104:
15729:
15516:
15511:
15467:
15454:
15384:
15352:
15347:
15211:
15206:
15188:
15149:
15082:
15065:
15006:
14996:
14991:
14932:
14888:
14858:
14818:
14801:
14784:
14747:
14498:
14372:
14107:
13823:
13567:
13476:
13197:
13192:
13000:
12943:
12926:
12896:
12827:
12602:
12381:
12259:
12186:
12006:
11882:
11579:
11493:
11248:
11199:
11114:
11106:
11022:
10630:
10614:
10555:
10459:
10152:
9913:
9813:
9768:
9686:
9636:
9524:
9506:
9458:
9450:
9442:
9414:
9400:
9283:
9056:
9016:
8969:"Egypt's Ancient Fleet: Lost for Thousands of Years, Discovered in a Desolate Cave"
8836:
4728:
studied and wrote about the land, which Romans came to view as a place of mystery.
4725:
4720:
from Egypt to erect Egyptian-style structures. Early historians such as Herodotus,
4674:
4558:
4345:
3985:
3922:
3673:
3429:
3343:
3319:
3115:
3082:
3060:
2761:
2484:
2212:
or backward, or pointing to one of the answers written on a piece of papyrus or an
2043:, they did use a type of money-barter system, with standard sacks of grain and the
2021:
1952:
1901:
1473:
1439:
1242:
1137:
900:
and agriculture of the fertile delta region, as well as the lucrative and critical
777:
769:
686:
667:
659:
513:
356:
309:
14059:
13928:
11254:
9690:
9169:"Egyptian pottery of the beginning of the First Dynasty, found in South Palestine"
8862:
8435:
4290:, unearthed traces of an ancient harbor that once launched early voyages, such as
4252:
2487:
allowed the ancient Egyptians to build monuments, sculpt statues, make tools, and
1353:
The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large-scale building campaign to promote the god
1311:
extended the influence of the pharaohs to the largest empire Egypt had ever seen.
15947:
15915:
15788:
15756:
15739:
15695:
15690:
15668:
15663:
15621:
15614:
15589:
15449:
15444:
15285:
15166:
15060:
15055:
15023:
14848:
14838:
14732:
14725:
14720:
14705:
14661:
14543:
14529:
13788:
13142:
13102:
13040:
12143:
12078:
11932:
11282:
10917:
10713:
10140:
Prendergast, Mary E.; Sawchuk, Elizabeth A.; Sirak, Kendra A. (19 October 2022).
9726:
9511:
8795:
8751:
8600:
8596:
8375:
5592:
4772:
4739:, Egyptian pagan culture was in decline after the rise of Christianity and later
4705:
4697:
4631:
4612:, having arrived via back migration(s) from the Middle East starting as early as
4435:
4187:
4055:
4035:
3989:
3882:
3806:
3395:
3363:
3099:
3098:, might be the classic of Egyptian literature. Also written at this time was the
3095:
3090:
2845:
2837:
2795:
2783:
2488:
2274:
2261:
1582:
1551:
1234:
1025:
983:
948:
829:
577:
497:
372:
106:
15369:
13840:
11085:
Schuenemann, Verena J.; Peltzer, Alexander; Welte, Beatrix; et al. (2017).
8092:
4808:
from the 14th century BC, which has made it the oldest continuously used temple.
4510:
4245:. Early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with
3793:, the god associated with mummification and burial rituals, attending to a mummy
1666:
witnessed a brief but spirited resurgence in the economy and culture, but in 525
1414:
41:"Ancient Egyptian" and "Ancient Egyptians" redirect here. For the language, see
15890:
15885:
15848:
15823:
15806:
15717:
15702:
15673:
15631:
15479:
15439:
15434:
15389:
15315:
15275:
15265:
15255:
15070:
14949:
14843:
14710:
14592:
14094:
14028:
13783:
13542:
13410:
13215:
13210:
12921:
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12792:
12737:
12465:
12371:
12334:
12181:
12043:
11877:
11559:
10963:
10941:
10618:
9662:
9150:
The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C.
8931:
originally published by Oxford University Press ed.). Dover Publications.
5524:
5236:
4646:
4642:
4609:
4598:
4449:
when its sides were in a 3–4–5 ratio. They were able to estimate the area of a
4105:
3700:
3512:
3277:
3078:
3068:
3059:
BC. Late Egyptian was spoken from the New Kingdom onward and is represented in
2993:
2909:
2659:
2516:
2508:
2496:
2422:
2379:
2299:
2086:
1960:
1956:
1805:
lit the way for the many ships that kept trade flowing through the city—as the
1613:
1542:
1327:
1070:
893:
868:
690:
682:
9288:
9020:
7633:
4771:
when he brought some 150 scientists and artists to study and document Egypt's
1951:
In the fourth century, as the Roman Empire divided, Egypt found itself in the
959:, state officials collected taxes, coordinated irrigation projects to improve
15988:
15971:
15858:
15653:
15626:
15599:
15577:
15555:
15322:
15305:
15290:
15134:
15087:
15075:
15001:
14893:
14767:
14762:
14737:
14442:
14127:
14087:
14073:
13732:
13547:
13322:
12869:
12864:
12837:
12662:
12196:
12118:
11867:
11847:
11810:
10800:
10626:
10543:
Sirak, Kendra A.; Sawchuk, Elizabeth A.; Prendergast, Mary E. (18 May 2022).
9520:
9426:
9314:
9195:
Egyptology: The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings
9028:
8914:
8833:"Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty"
5568:
4907:
4287:
4218:
4175:
4097:
4051:
4044:
4001:
3993:
3962:
3832:
were often included in the grave, and, beginning in the New Kingdom, so were
3571:
3111:
3048:
2949:
2787:
2628:
2528:
2391:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2143:
2106:
1897:
1889:
1829:
1461:
1458:
1408:
1230:
1219:
1215:
1160:
1049:
1037:
773:
749:
733:
648:
454:
77:
Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period (
15399:
15379:
14080:
12403:
11233:
9645:
The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook
9486:
Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)
9254:
8387:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8316:
3972:), is first credited to Egypt. The Egyptians created their own alphabet and
3229:
2907:
Adjectives are derived from nouns through a process that Egyptologists call
2896:, 'he hears'. If the subject is a noun, suffixes are not added to the verb:
2768:. It has the longest known history of any language having been written from
544:
of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy.
15863:
15604:
15594:
15560:
15489:
15484:
15411:
15201:
15183:
15144:
15139:
15119:
15114:
14986:
14979:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14853:
14791:
14772:
14757:
14693:
14188:
13878:
13872:
13778:
13773:
13712:
13593:
12948:
12822:
12797:
12749:
12742:
12667:
12582:
12218:
12153:
12011:
11949:
11872:
11830:
11621:
11211:
11128:
10644:
10236:
9975:
9563:
9538:
9036:
8578:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
8351:
6874:
6045:
4805:
4713:
4623:
4269:
4242:
4171:
4164:
4152:
4136:
4013:
3997:
3905:
3637:
3543:
3386:
3258:
3254:
3242:
3052:
2873:
2779:
2651:
2643:
2605:
2583:
2403:
2269:
2045:
2013:
1932:
1916:
1905:
1873:
1842:
1838:
1718:
1570:
1555:
1515:
1514:
assumed authority over the northern part of Egypt, ruling from the city of
1446:) and, after fighting to a stalemate, finally agreed to the first recorded
1400:
1319:
1308:
1203:
1187:
1133:
1083:
1079:
1075:
990:
began to challenge the supremacy of the office of king. This, coupled with
964:
710:
644:
423:
14113:
4568:
The preserved Temple of Horus at Edfu is a model of Egyptian architecture.
3265:
were popular with children, and wrestling is also documented in a tomb at
3189:
Egyptians celebrated feasts and festivals, accompanied by music and dance.
2437:
were briefly used in the Late Period but largely abandoned due to lack of
1279:
Pharaohs' tombs were provided with vast quantities of wealth, such as the
15582:
15567:
15416:
15129:
15038:
15028:
14954:
14602:
14597:
14427:
14010:
13949:
13768:
13722:
13707:
13635:
13363:
12842:
12647:
12542:
12349:
12085:
12016:
11922:
11840:
11825:
11275:
10987:
9547:
8712:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8335:
8313:
6785:
5753:
5558:
4736:
4732:
4422:
as the sum of several fractions. For example, they resolved the fraction
4276:
4195:
4148:
4101:
4061:
3810:
3802:
3135:
3131:
3130:
script and phase of Egyptian. Many stories written in demotic during the
2655:
2520:
1881:
1855:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1532:
1503:
1465:
1435:
1419:
1396:
1373:
1136:. From Itjtawy, the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty undertook a far-sighted
1117:
940:
939:
Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the
935:
are among the most recognizable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization.
901:
897:
857:
853:
833:
585:
581:
328:
282:
14465:
12522:
11251: – provides a reliable general overview and further links
11110:
10766:
10440:
9447:"Egypt: Internal affairs from Tuthmosis I to the death of Amenophis III"
9351:
6097:
2540:
purpose. Ancient Egyptians were among the first to use minerals such as
2527:, and one of the first maps known is of a gold mine in this region. The
492:, and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental
15609:
15426:
15300:
15260:
15193:
13962:
13793:
13652:
13640:
13552:
13461:
13050:
12802:
12470:
12445:
12424:
12366:
12228:
12201:
11917:
11797:
11660:
11321:
11203:
11044:
The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs
11034:
10471:
10317:
9883:
9454:
9363:. By International Geological Congress. Pretoria: Wallach. p. 123.
8818:"4,500-year-old harbor structures and papyrus texts unearthed in Egypt"
5818:
5677:
4768:
4748:
4654:
4446:
4291:
4226:
3954:
3822:
3633:
3579:
3532:
3266:
3194:
2821:
2386:
The Egyptians believed that a balanced relationship between people and
2204:
2186:
2139:
2029:
1928:
1790:
1523:
1469:
1423:
1392:
1315:
1304:
963:, drafted peasants to work on construction projects, and established a
960:
741:
737:
675:
541:
450:
313:
13717:
11301:"Full-length account of Ancient Egypt as part of history of the world"
11269:
8779:. New York: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 142–154.
8399:
8332:
8270:
6085:
4283:
by extrapolating dates of ancient sites constructed along its course.
1996:
The pharaoh was usually depicted wearing symbols of royalty and power.
1686:. A few successful revolts against the Persians marked the 5th century
1407:, worked to erase all mention of Akhenaten's heresy, now known as the
955:, were constructed during the Old Kingdom. Under the direction of the
824:
The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early
15499:
15270:
15154:
15124:
14905:
14779:
14570:
13972:
13885:
12901:
12859:
12832:
12642:
12587:
12571:
12429:
12269:
12223:
12148:
12123:
12090:
11944:
11887:
11862:
11260:
Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt
10805:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume VII, Part 1, The Hellenic World
10047:
9981:
Object Worlds in Ancient Egypt: Material Biographies Past and Present
7101:
4546:
4005:
3945:
3765:
3575:
3555:
3378:
3374:
3300:
3262:
2663:
2571:
2567:
2555:
2532:
2492:
2453:
2371:
2316:
2308:
2134:
2001:
1968:
1698:
1659:
1643:
1609:
1369:
1342:, cementing loyalties and opening access to critical imports such as
1172:
927:
757:
698:
694:
640:
620:
489:
419:
11741:
11026:
10463:
10377:"4,000-Year-Old Board Game Called 58 Holes Discovered in Azerbaijan"
9935:
Manuelian, Peter Der (1998). Regine Schulz; Matthias Seidel (eds.).
7657:
4679:
4453:
by subtracting one-ninth from its diameter and squaring the result:
4275:
In 1977, an ancient north–south canal was discovered extending from
4092:
or "House of Life" institution, most notably those headquartered in
2944:
2836:, and demotic scripts were eventually replaced by the more phonetic
2635:
had Egyptian pottery produced in Canaan and exported back to Egypt.
2114:
1690:
BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.
1596:
BC war between the two states became inevitable. Between 671 and 667
772:, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory. They also developed a
430:. Egypt remained under Roman control until the 640s AD, when it was
14900:
14683:
14641:
14580:
14120:
12622:
12617:
12485:
12440:
12361:
12249:
12244:
12213:
11970:
11927:
11892:
11857:
11805:
11532:
11255:
Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book Door Marshall Clagett, 1989
10018:
The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land
9554:. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
9418:
9320:
Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs
8822:
8757:
Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Ancient Egypt 2675–332 B.C.E.
7864:
7545:
6280:
4764:
4650:
4601:
4222:
4214:
4093:
4070:
3318:
Egyptian cuisine remained remarkably stable over time; indeed, the
3174:
2982:
2833:
2809:
later on. Late Egyptian developed prefixal definite and indefinite
2647:
2579:
2559:
2395:
2213:
2182:
2110:
2036:
2009:
1904:. The Romans relied heavily on grain shipments from Egypt, and the
1893:
1798:
1404:
1254:
1018:
702:
525:
12567:
10875:. Translated by Raymond Faulkner. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
10696:
The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization
10599:
8381:
7473:
4701:
4012:
did have technical expertise in making objects, as well as adding
3912:
over a wooden frame. In the New Kingdom, the military began using
3888:
2888:
is the semantic core of the word 'hear'; its basic conjugation is
2236:
1705:. This first period of Persian rule over Egypt, also known as the
1674:, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh
14813:
14742:
14698:
14553:
14405:
13852:
13348:
13240:
12637:
12607:
12562:
12547:
12532:
12527:
12480:
12450:
12173:
11980:
11975:
11912:
11852:
11815:
11574:
10736:
9590:
The Mummy in Ancient Egypt : equipping the dead for eternity
9359:
Greaves, R. H.; Little, O. H. (1930). "Gold Resources of Egypt".
8186:
7639:
7609:
7041:
6987:
6069:
6009:
5888:
4573:
4207:
4191:
4085:
4040:
4031:
3973:
3918:
3909:
3893:
3862:
3833:
3613:
3547:
3382:
3351:
3219:
3064:
2575:
2438:
2407:
2343:
2171:
2126:
2119:
2025:
2017:
1825:
1760:
1605:
1589:
1574:
1511:
1388:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1250:
1223:
1129:
1041:
1036:
controlled Lower Egypt in the north, while a rival clan based in
987:
909:
863:
845:
636:
571:
501:
474:
470:
403:
395:
391:
14614:
9216:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420
8864:
The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great
7557:
7173:
6463:
6169:
4514:
The halls of Karnak Temple are built with rows of large columns.
4312:
970:
14646:
14521:
14456:
14101:
13922:
12906:
12812:
12657:
12612:
12557:
12517:
12501:
12475:
12419:
12264:
12191:
12095:
12063:
12053:
12001:
11902:
11835:
11084:
10583:
8997:
8897:
8690:"Egyptian Connections with the Larger World: Ancient Near East"
8393:
8234:
8222:
8210:
7269:
6880:
6051:
5209:
4721:
4554:
4534:
4450:
4325:
4265:
4132:
3878:
3818:
3790:
3726:
3709:
3705:
3567:
3539:
3449:
3359:
3355:
3203:
3073:
3028:
2814:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2551:
2541:
2504:
2426:
2387:
2331:
2304:
2208:
1775:
1694:
1683:
1477:
1384:
1358:
1343:
1300:
1246:
1211:
1207:
1181:
1168:
1153:
974:
905:
877:
792:
729:
714:
473:, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a
387:
383:
344:
4590:
Genetic data on other Northern African specimens, such as the
4213:
Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with
4186:
were found to have been used to lash the planks together, and
3346:
with great accuracy and precision that is still envied today.
3023:
2898:
2890:
2882:
1721:. A brief restoration of Persian rule, sometimes known as the
591:
414:, formed in the aftermath of Alexander's death, ruled until 30
15280:
12817:
12807:
12652:
12632:
12577:
12537:
12511:
12455:
11954:
10872:
The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day
10837:
10532:
An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt
9750:
The Philistines and Other Sea Peoples in Text and Archaeology
8843:(third ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 606–.
8303:
8301:
8170:
7996:
7984:
7972:
7960:
7912:
7840:
7705:
7597:
7533:
7329:
7125:
7065:
6791:
4740:
4577:
4183:
4120:
4116:
4050:
The diets of the wealthy were rich in sugars, which promoted
3874:
3798:
3769:
3713:
3238:
3103:
2638:
By the Second Dynasty at latest, ancient Egyptian trade with
2536:
2524:
2500:
2462:
2339:
2327:
2320:
2312:
1655:
1536:
1443:
1339:
1331:
1141:
1074:
A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, most probably
849:
825:
745:
740:
leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the
379:
340:
317:
11288:
10222:
9492:
8981:
8357:
8098:
8068:
7137:
7089:
7029:
6975:
6963:
6951:
6103:
4645:. This latter view has been attributed to the corresponding
3729:
to communicate the will of the gods directly to the people.
3114:
was more often employed to write popular pieces such as the
12414:
12073:
12058:
12038:
11939:
11820:
10803:; Astin, A. E.; Fredericksen, M. W.; Ogilvie, R.M. (eds.).
9957:
Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs
9859:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
9276:"Paleogenomics of the Neolithic Transition in North Africa"
7828:
7377:
7281:
7053:
7019:
7017:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6757:
4709:
4295:
4167:
4147:
Early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a
4128:
3717:
3304:
3215:
3211:
3106:
by his sons relating the marvels performed by priests. The
2548:
2512:
2449:
2418:
2411:
2375:
2355:
2335:
2241:
1967:(618–628). It was then recaptured by the Byzantine emperor
1860:
1566:
1376:
1354:
1347:
1001:
837:
563:
484:
The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the
316:, situated within the contemporary territory of modern-day
14490:
10425:
Shaw, Garry J. (2009). "The Death of King Seqenenre Tao".
10042:
9238:. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World.
8363:
8298:
7852:
7341:
7233:
7004:
7002:
6915:
6571:
6547:
6475:
6415:
6292:
4604:, but also specimens from the "last Green Sahara" and the
3269:. The wealthy members of ancient Egyptian society enjoyed
2662:
and Crete, which provided, among other goods, supplies of
1992:
1693:
Following its annexation by Persia, Egypt was joined with
1491:
806:
12048:
10807:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 125.
10603:"Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure"
10001:"16 of the Most Interesting Ancient Board and Dice Games"
9465:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 380.
9392:
9212:
8405:
8148:
8146:
7573:
7521:
7509:
7497:
7485:
7461:
7221:
7185:
7161:
6559:
6535:
6439:
5949:
5864:
4256:
Seagoing ship of an expedition to Punt, from a relief of
4135:
symptoms. Ancient Egyptian surgeons stitched wounds, set
4004:, also called blue frit, which is produced by fusing (or
2913:
because of its similarity with Arabic. The word order is
1380:
1202:
BC, as the power of the Middle Kingdom kings weakened, a
10777:
Seagoing Ships & Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant
9774:
Ancient Egyptian Literature: The Old and Middle Kingdoms
9668:
The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt
9495:"Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa"
8507:
8258:
8246:
8131:
8121:
8119:
8080:
8056:
7722:
7720:
7449:
7437:
7401:
7353:
7317:
7305:
7293:
7257:
7245:
7014:
6939:
6838:
6809:
6773:
6754:
6381:
6379:
6145:
5736:
Depending on the definition, 332 BC with the end of the
4788:
has overseen excavations and the recovery of artifacts.
3499:
Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna,
2615:
to obtain rare, exotic goods not found in Egypt. In the
1841:
relied more heavily on imports of grain from Egypt, the
1188:
Second Intermediate Period (1674–1549 BC) and the Hyksos
10542:
10139:
9621:. Princeton University Press. pp. 82–90, 97, 167.
9367:
8531:
8495:
8483:
8471:
8447:
8345:
8326:
8198:
8020:
7792:
7413:
6999:
6927:
6730:
6718:
6340:
6286:
6205:
6033:
4482:
3929:
3676:
was a guide to the deceased's journey in the afterlife.
3578:'s revolutionary religious ideas. This style, known as
3226:
that was especially important in religious ceremonies.
1959:. In the waning years of the Empire, Egypt fell to the
1484:. After regaining their power, the high priests at the
580:
began living in the Nile valley through the end of the
10081:
8459:
8143:
7924:
7768:
7756:
7551:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6862:
6696:
6694:
6258:
6256:
6021:
3908:, spears, and round-topped shields made by stretching
3760:
and become one of the "blessed dead", living on as an
2240:
Measuring and recording the harvest, from the tomb of
1785:, was based on an Egyptian model and based in the new
1214:, forcing the former central government to retreat to
12305:
10451:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
8116:
7888:
7804:
7780:
7732:
7717:
7693:
7681:
7669:
7645:
7621:
7585:
7113:
7077:
6826:
6797:
6511:
6451:
6376:
6316:
6268:
6229:
5925:
5876:
5852:
4069:
describes anatomy and medical treatments, written in
3892:
Wooden figures of soldiers, from the tomb of nomarch
3772:
the Devourer and they were erased from the Universe.
3574:, where figures were radically altered to conform to
2658:. Egypt's Mediterranean trade partners also included
1868:
epitomize the meeting of Egyptian and Roman cultures.
1120:, upon assuming the kingship at the beginning of the
312:. It was concentrated along the lower reaches of the
10821:
8671:
8519:
8192:
8104:
8044:
8032:
8008:
7948:
7900:
7876:
7816:
7744:
7365:
7209:
6850:
6499:
6352:
6175:
6133:
6121:
5985:
4856:
2146:
even became pharaohs, while others wielded power as
1468:, a conjectured confederation of seafarers from the
633:
Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today
10118:
10011:
9051:
8634:
Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels: Materials and Forms
8286:
7479:
7425:
7389:
7179:
7149:
6903:
6886:
6742:
6706:
6691:
6679:
6667:
6655:
6643:
6631:
6619:
6607:
6595:
6583:
6523:
6487:
6427:
6403:
6391:
6364:
6328:
6304:
6253:
6241:
6193:
6181:
6091:
5800:life expectancy and do not reflect life expectancy
5703:
List of Ancient Egyptian inventions and discoveries
4755:across Europe, as evident in symbolism such as the
4434:. Standard tables of values facilitated this. Some
1733:BC, the Persian ruler Mazaces handed Egypt over to
10545:"Ancient Human DNA and African Population History"
9725:
9361:Compte Rendu of the XV Session, South Africa, 1929
8423:
8411:
8158:
6217:
6157:
6109:
6057:
5997:
5973:
5961:
5937:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5907:
2864:consonants, voiced and voiceless stops, voiceless
2611:The ancient Egyptians engaged in trade with their
11010:
10755:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes
10652:Stiebing, William H. Jr; Helft, Susan N. (2023).
10201:
9747:Killebrew, Ann E.; Lehmann, Gunnar, eds. (2013).
9175:. University College London. 2000. Archived from
8717:. Vol. III. University of California Press.
7936:
6469:
1128:BC, shifted the kingdom's capital to the city of
15986:
11163:The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
10923:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
10428:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
10278:The Oxford Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology
10248:. Vol. 8. Scholars Press. pp. 109–129.
10125:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–194.
9862:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–192.
9753:. Vol. 15. Society of Biblical Literature.
9746:
8650:
6015:
5778:
4822:Cleopatra Testing Poisons on Condemned Prisoners
4553:populations, especially ancient groups from the
4112:of anatomy, injuries, and practical treatments.
3652:Falcon box with wrapped contents; 332–30 BC
3299:Hunting game birds and plowing a field, tomb of
2932:is used for adverbial and adjectival sentences.
1849:
1774:conquered Egypt with little resistance from the
1059:
623:jar decorated with gazelles (Predynastic Period)
10149:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
9918:Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400)
9795:Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings
9706:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 111–122.
9479:
8913:
8240:
8228:
8216:
7615:
7047:
5904:
4692:, published in 38 volumes between 1809 and 1829
4572:Ancient Egyptians also displayed affinities to
2260:planted round with date palms and fruit trees,
1740:
635:. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed
528:. Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy. Its
10962:
10302:(revised ed.). Harvard University Press.
10067:. California: University of California Press.
10043:"Egypt recovers 16 historic artifacts from US"
9879:"Most Ancient Port, Hieroglyphic Papyri Found"
8924:Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture
8657:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47.
3472:Illustration of various types of capitals, by
1987:
1518:. The south was effectively controlled by the
1322:and the Sinai. When Tuthmosis III died in 1425
709:, used to shape blades and other objects from
674:; it was known for its high-quality ceramics,
14506:
11757:
11337:
11041:
10651:
10208:. University of Michigan Press. p. 273.
10097:
10012:de Miroschedji, Pierre; Sadeq, Moain (2008).
9841:. Vol. 4. Scribner. pp. 2137–2150.
9569:Choice Cuts: Meat Production in Ancient Egypt
9358:
8307:
8002:
7990:
7978:
7966:
7711:
7143:
7131:
7095:
7071:
7035:
6993:
6981:
6969:
6957:
5657:
3736:. In addition to the body, each person had a
2840:. Coptic is still used in the liturgy of the
1264:
1116:successors ruled from Thebes, but the vizier
1082:. It functioned as a divine guardian for the
916:
15963:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
11303:. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021.
10552:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology
10098:Nicholson, Paul T.; Shaw, Ian, eds. (2000).
9153:Princeton University Press. pp. 48–61.
9108:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt
9104:
8929:Ancient Egyptian Masonry: The Building Craft
8444:, pp. 62–67, 299–314, 500–510, 516–527.
5870:
2627:dates to slightly before the First Dynasty.
2105:Egyptian society was highly stratified, and
1159:The last great ruler of the Middle Kingdom,
10897:
10180:
9819:Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction
9618:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE
9586:
9219:. Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
9125:
8696:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 423–446.
7870:
7858:
7663:
7059:
6921:
2880:. For example, the triconsonantal skeleton
1619:
784:for writing the ancient Egyptian language.
14513:
14499:
14299:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
14246:International Congress of Maritime Museums
14226:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
13518:
11764:
11750:
11344:
11330:
11180:
10658:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 209–212.
10360:Schuster, Angela M.H. (11 December 2000).
9550:. In A. Jorgensen; C.J. Cleveland (eds.).
9069:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
8881:
5858:
5664:
5650:
4479:a reasonable approximation of the formula
3276:The excavation of the workers' village of
3085:and social upheaval, is a famous example.
457:and culture. With resources to spare, the
14359:
14314:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
11191:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
11156:
11135:
11118:
10868:
10773:
10712:
10634:
10505:
10122:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
10101:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
9934:
9912:
9895:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries
9836:
9812:
9791:
9767:
9528:
9510:
9337:
9287:
9233:
8654:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
8137:
7918:
7846:
7603:
7579:
7539:
7527:
7515:
7503:
7491:
7467:
7455:
7383:
7347:
7311:
7299:
7275:
7239:
7227:
7023:
6945:
6844:
6820:
6779:
6767:
6736:
6577:
6565:
6481:
6298:
5898:
4441:Ancient Egyptian mathematicians knew the
4279:to the Ballah Lakes. It was dated to the
3926:and Libya were hired to fight for Egypt.
3684:. The Egyptian pantheon was populated by
3366:supports in the papyrus and lotus motif.
2680:
2654:, which had to be imported from far-away
1982:
1577:created an empire nearly as large as the
1281:golden mask from the mummy of Tutankhamun
871:depicts the unification of the Two Lands.
724:); this period was also the beginning of
320:. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed
11351:
11067:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
10679:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
10672:
10655:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture
10486:
10359:
10205:Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign
10202:O'Connor, David; Cline, Eric H. (2001).
9998:
9953:
9855:
9728:Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization
9635:
9313:
8867:. Oxford University Press. p. 373.
8857:
8750:
8734:Ancient Egypt, Discovering Its Splendors
8595:
8537:
8513:
8501:
8477:
8465:
8280:
8276:
8264:
8252:
8204:
8125:
8086:
8074:
8062:
7640:Types of temples in ancient Egypt (2003)
7563:
7443:
7407:
7359:
7323:
7263:
7251:
7008:
6933:
6724:
6445:
5831:
4678:
4563:
4509:
4311:
4251:
4060:
3944:
3887:
3856:
3785:
3699:
3667:
3517:
3494:
3294:
3228:
3184:
3164:
3022:
2943:
2917:in verbal and adjectival sentences, and
2813:, which replaced the older inflectional
2599:
2366:
2349:
2307:to harvest their crops, which were then
2251:
2235:
2162:
2096:
1991:
1859:
1750:
1541:
1413:
1274:
1103:
1089:
1069:
1002:First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC)
969:
926:
862:
786:
732:(in Greek, Hierakonpolis), and later at
614:
15787:
14284:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
11060:
10752:
10526:
10387:
10374:
10271:
10062:
10040:
9974:
9898:(4th ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
9876:
9691:"Women's Legal Rights in Ancient Egypt"
9685:
9480:Heptner, V.G.; Sludskii, A.A. (1992) .
9191:
8945:
8731:
8525:
8489:
8346:Prendergast, Sawchuk & Sirak (2022)
8327:Sirak, Sawchuk & Prendergast (2022)
8180:
7930:
7882:
7798:
7567:
7419:
7287:
6909:
6897:
6868:
6803:
6553:
6421:
6322:
6274:
6235:
6151:
6127:
5931:
5882:
5765:
5688:Index of ancient Egypt–related articles
3949:Glassmaking was a highly developed art.
3448:The well preserved Temple of Isis from
3410:Model of a household porch and garden,
2844:, and traces of it are found in modern
2604:Hatshepsut's trading expedition to the
2417:The ancient Egyptians used donkeys and
1492:Third Intermediate Period (1069–653 BC)
1326:BC, Egypt had an empire extending from
14:
15987:
14236:European Association of Archaeologists
10986:
10940:
10794:
10595:from the original on 13 December 2007.
10560:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.484
10340:
10316:
10295:
10157:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.143
9839:Civilizations of the ancient Near East
9572:. University of Cambridge. p. 5.
9386:
9273:
9083:
8793:
8774:
8710:
8553:
8369:
8292:
7774:
7762:
7738:
7699:
7687:
7675:
7651:
7627:
7119:
6881:Social classes in ancient Egypt (2003)
6832:
6541:
6517:
6457:
6385:
6358:
6223:
6139:
6052:Chronology of the Naqada Period (2001)
5632:List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
4142:
3245:, which had a circular gaming board. "
2315:to separate the straw from the grain.
1472:. Initially, the military was able to
14494:
14358:
13517:
13492:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
13450:
13320:
13319:
12702:
12304:
11783:
11771:
11745:
11325:
11139:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt
10898:Baines, John; Málek, Jaromír (2000).
10722:. Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 76–77.
10693:
10512:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10252:
10246:Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar
10243:
10020:. Vol. 5: Supplementary Volume.
9920:. Yale University Press. p. 63.
9891:
9701:
9661:
9614:
9587:Ikram, Salima; Dodson, Aidan (1998).
9562:
9558:from the original on 28 October 2012.
9545:
9441:
9399:
9280:Africa, the Cradle of Human Diversity
9252:
9146:
9126:Dodson, Aidan; Ikram, Salima (2008).
8966:
8830:
8815:
8631:
8574:
8453:
8441:
8429:
8417:
8176:
8164:
8110:
8050:
8038:
8026:
8014:
7894:
7834:
7810:
7786:
7726:
7591:
7431:
7395:
7371:
7335:
7191:
7167:
7107:
7083:
6856:
6673:
6661:
6505:
6493:
6433:
6187:
6115:
6027:
5991:
5979:
5943:
5894:
5805:
5784:
4712:, for example, became popular in the
4576:to the south of Egypt, in modern-day
2851:
2547:The Egyptians worked deposits of the
2032:, who redistributed grain and goods.
1148:", to defend against foreign attack.
752:to the west, and the cultures of the
604:
11706:
11244:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911.
11221:from the original on 9 October 2022.
10966:; Otto, Eberhard, eds. (1972–1992).
10916:
10849:
10447:
10424:
10403:
10181:Oakes, Lorna; Gahlin, Lucia (2003).
10041:Mohamed, Gobran (8 September 2022).
9720:
9105:Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004).
8687:
8152:
7954:
7942:
7906:
7822:
7750:
7215:
7155:
6792:Egypt: Coins of the Ptolemies (2002)
6748:
6712:
6700:
6685:
6649:
6637:
6625:
6613:
6601:
6589:
6529:
6409:
6397:
6370:
6346:
6334:
6310:
6262:
6247:
6211:
6199:
6163:
6079:
6075:
6063:
6039:
6003:
5967:
5955:
5919:
4318:Astronomical chart in Senemut's tomb
4174:. A group of 14 discovered ships in
3979:
3930:Technology, medicine and mathematics
3904:Typical military equipment included
3861:Tutankhamun charging enemies on his
3657:
3081:, a poem of lamentations describing
2961:deciphering ancient Egyptian scripts
2817:. There was a change from the older
2511:were found in distant, inhospitable
2507:needed to make plaster. Ore-bearing
2468:
2256:Rectangular fishpond with ducks and
1048:BC the northern Theban forces under
848:grouped the long line of kings from
584:some 120,000 years ago. By the late
335:) with the political unification of
96:List of historical capitals of Egypt
14231:Archaeological Institute of America
11726:
11294:Ancient Egypt and the Role of Women
10829:. University College London. 2001.
10748:from the original on 19 March 2008.
10744:. University College London. 2003.
10738:"Types of temples in ancient Egypt"
10591:. University College London. 2003.
10410:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10407:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
10399:from the original on 24 March 2008.
10395:. University College London. 2001.
10093:from the original on 28 March 2008.
10089:. University College London. 2003.
9877:Lorenzi, Rossella (12 April 2013).
8993:from the original on 30 March 2008.
8989:. University College London. 2000.
8909:from the original on 28 March 2008.
8905:. University College London. 2001.
8893:from the original on 16 March 2008.
8889:. University College London. 2000.
8794:Bowman, Alan K. (22 October 2020).
8694:A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art
8619:from the original on 7 October 2019
7480:Day, Gordon & Williamson (1995)
6104:Faience in different Periods (2000)
5683:Glossary of ancient Egypt artifacts
4786:Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
4328:period, and show a fully developed
4161:Archaeological Institute of America
4151:and had mastered advanced forms of
3782:Ancient Egyptian funerary practices
1573:. During the 25th Dynasty, Pharaoh
1546:Statues of two pharaohs of Egypt's
1372:, he touted the previously obscure
1249:were ultimately able to defeat the
1194:Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
670:, which probably originated in the
516:and glass technology, new forms of
24:
10891:
10845:. University College London. 2002.
10833:from the original on 4 March 2008.
10780:. Texas A&M University Press.
10719:Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh
10375:Seaburn, Paul (21 November 2018).
9999:Metcalfe, Tom (10 December 2018).
9798:. University of California Press.
9777:. University of California Press.
9387:Hassan, Fekri (17 February 2011).
8967:Curry, Andrew (5 September 2011).
8714:A History of Egyptian Architecture
4522:
3594:Stelophorous statue of Amenemhat;
1670:BC, the powerful Persians, led by
1498:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
1357:, whose growing cult was based in
1008:First Intermediate Period of Egypt
896:, from which he could control the
717:was established during Naqada II (
639:and traversed by herds of grazing
25:
16041:
14241:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
13631:Coastal defence and fortification
13006:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
12306:Navigation, and ports and harbors
11454:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
11226:
10585:"Social classes in ancient Egypt"
9274:Fregel, Rosa (17 November 2021).
9236:Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa
8899:"Chronology of the Naqada Period"
7180:de Miroschedji & Sadeq (2008)
6092:Nicholson & Peltenburg (2000)
4506:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
3775:
3161:Music of Egypt § Old Kingdom
2531:was a notable source of granite,
2326:The ancient Egyptians cultivated
1422:flank the entrance of his temple
1303:. Military campaigns waged under
802:, Naqada, possibly Gerzeh culture
443:Nile River valley for agriculture
27:Northeastern African civilization
14475:
14341:
14266:Society for American Archaeology
13500:
13433:
13302:
12685:
12287:
11725:
11715:
11705:
11696:
11695:
11684:
11647:
9937:Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs
9671:. University of Michigan Press.
8692:. In Hartwig, Melinda K. (ed.).
6016:Aston, Harrell & Shaw (2000)
5824:
5811:
5790:
4873:
4859:
4833:
4813:
4793:
3645:
3625:
3605:
3587:
3465:
3441:
3421:
3403:
2760:language closely related to the
2092:
1824:into composite deities, such as
333:conventional Egyptian chronology
287:
262:
71:
13698:Phoenician discovery of America
11716:
11289:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
11270:Digital Egypt for Universities.
11042:Midant-Reynes, Beatrix (2000).
11014:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
10996:. London: Thames & Hudson.
10900:Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt
10839:"Egypt: Coins of the Ptolemies"
10491:. Edison, NJ: Book Sales, Inc.
10343:Egyptian Metalworking and Tools
10142:"Genetics and the African Past"
9593:. London: Thames & Hudson.
9406:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
8736:. National Geographic Society.
5771:
5758:
4761:Great Seal of the United States
4217:to fasten them together, using
3326:
2959:BC) enabled linguists to begin
2479:Stone quarries of ancient Egypt
2158:
2028:and treasuries administered by
1915:From the mid-first century AD,
1872:Egypt became a province of the
1592:sphere of influence, and by 700
1583:pyramids (many in modern Sudan)
1021:and originality of the period.
748:to the south, the oases of the
681:The Badari was followed by the
13390:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
10869:Wasserman, James, ed. (1994).
10852:"World's Oldest Planked Boats"
10843:Digital Egypt for Universities
10827:Digital Egypt for Universities
10742:Digital Egypt for Universities
10589:Digital Egypt for Universities
10489:The Discovery of Ancient Egypt
10393:Digital Egypt for Universities
10104:. Cambridge University Press.
10087:Digital Egypt for Universities
9822:. Cambridge University Press.
9647:. Princeton University Press.
9173:Digital Egypt for Universities
8987:Digital Egypt for Universities
8983:"Faience in different Periods"
8903:Digital Egypt for Universities
8887:Digital Egypt for Universities
8581:. Cambridge University Press.
8546:
6287:Guardian Figure 14.3.17 (2022)
5779:Killebrew & Lehmann (2013)
5746:
5730:
5718:British school of diffusionism
5638:Periodization of ancient Egypt
4767:arranged the first studies in
4301:
4096:during the New Kingdom and at
3566:-style frescoes were found in
2219:
1520:High Priests of Amun at Thebes
967:to maintain peace and order.
308:was a civilization of ancient
13:
1:
14309:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
12984:Phoenician maritime expansion
11235:"Egypt/2 Ancient Egypt"
11166:. London: Thames and Hudson.
11142:. London: Thames and Hudson.
9389:"The Fall of the Old Kingdom"
9259:. University of Texas Press.
8952:. London: Thames and Hudson.
8816:Boyle, Alan (15 April 2013).
8241:Clarke & Engelbach (1990)
8229:Clarke & Engelbach (1990)
8217:Clarke & Engelbach (1990)
7616:Clarke & Engelbach (1990)
7552:Music in Ancient Egypt (2003)
7048:Heptner & Sludskii (1992)
5841:
4945:
4775:, which was published in the
4671:Egyptian Revival architecture
4613:
4591:
4581:
4493:
4074:
3966:
3934:
3617:
3595:
3500:
3411:
3362:'s mortuary complex, include
3342:architects could build large
3333:Ancient Egyptian architecture
3308:
3146:
3032:
3012:
2971:
2953:
2769:
2452:, were reserved for royalty.
2129:was entitled to petition the
1850:Roman period (30 BC – AD 641)
1729:BC, but shortly after, in 332
1387:). He was devoted to his new
1060:Middle Kingdom (2134–1690 BC)
820:Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)
808:
796:
718:
382:and a sizable portion of the
140:
122:
78:
60:
36:Ancient Egyptians (TV series)
16030:History of the Mediterranean
14251:Nautical Archaeology Society
10026:Biblical Archaeology Society
9512:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393
5846:
5740:, 30 BC with the end of the
5708:Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
4308:Ancient Egyptian mathematics
4258:Hatshepsut's Mortuary temple
4067:Edwin Smith surgical papyrus
3720:) in the Valley of the Kings
3491:Portraiture in ancient Egypt
2899:
2891:
2883:
2226:Ancient Egyptian agriculture
1948:or abandoned to the desert.
1880:BC, following the defeat of
1741:Ptolemaic period (332–30 BC)
1701:in the sixth satrapy of the
1626:Late Period of ancient Egypt
1614:sacked the temples of Thebes
662:, and identifiable by their
508:, a practical and effective
7:
14520:
14304:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
13681:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
13487:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
13344:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
12703:
11784:
11639:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
11459:Population history of Egypt
11070:. Oxford University Press.
10774:Wachsmann, Shelley (2009).
10257:. Brink. pp. 433–440.
9960:. Oxford University Press.
9643:. In Victor J. Katz (ed.).
9615:Ehret, Christopher (2023).
8760:Vol. 1. Thomson/Gale.
8308:Stiebing & Helft (2023)
8193:Astronomical Ceiling (2020)
8003:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
7991:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
7979:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
7967:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
7712:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
7144:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
7132:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
7096:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
7072:Greaves & Little (1930)
7036:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
6994:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
6982:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
6970:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
6958:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
6470:O'Connor & Cline (2001)
6176:Early Dynastic Egypt (2001)
4852:
4626:, with significance on the
4500:Population history of Egypt
4338:Moscow Mathematical Papyrus
4019:
3941:Ancient Egyptian technology
3840:
3531:Paints could be mixed with
3102:, a set of stories told to
3019:Ancient Egyptian literature
2669:
1988:Administration and commerce
1600:BC the Assyrians began the
1539:threatened from the south.
1095:Pyramidion of Amenemhat III
558:Population history of Egypt
522:earliest known peace treaty
10:
16046:
16025:History of Egypt by period
14160:Phoenician Ship Expedition
13451:
13001:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
12994:Circumnavigation of Africa
11181:Zakrzewski, Sonia (2007).
10946:A History of Ancient Egypt
10619:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049
10487:Siliotti, Alberto (1998).
10022:Israel Exploration Society
9792:Lichtheim, Miriam (1980).
9373:Metropolitan Museum of Art
8946:Clayton, Peter A. (1994).
8732:Billard, Jules B. (1978).
8711:Badawy, Alexander (1968).
8677:Metropolitan Museum of Art
8632:Aston, Barbara G. (1994).
5871:Dodson & Hilton (2004)
5713:Archeological Map of Egypt
4668:
4659:biological anthropological
4606:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic
4526:
4503:
4497:
4362:
4334:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
4305:
4023:
3938:
3850:
3844:
3779:
3661:
3484:
3434:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3350:palaces, such as those in
3330:
3288:
3284:
3150:
3141:
3016:
2939:
2688:
2673:
2593:
2503:, which also provided the
2472:
2431:Second Intermediate Period
2362:
2229:
2223:
2150:. Despite these freedoms,
1965:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
1853:
1744:
1623:
1602:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
1585:since the Middle Kingdom.
1495:
1268:
1265:New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)
1191:
1063:
1005:
943:, fueled by the increased
920:
917:Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC)
880:, who is depicted wearing
817:
608:
551:
547:
40:
29:
15956:
15908:
15425:
14829:
14528:
14473:
14365:
14354:
14339:
14274:
14216:
14019:
14003:
13751:
13686:Samothrace temple complex
13621:
13576:
13535:
13528:
13524:
13513:
13498:
13457:
13446:
13431:
13329:
13315:
13300:
13253:
13206:
13059:
13026:
13019:
12957:
12758:
12715:
12711:
12698:
12683:
12402:
12315:
12311:
12300:
12285:
12237:
12172:
12109:
11994:
11963:
11796:
11792:
11779:
11679:
11656:
11645:
11383:
11360:
11313:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
10850:Ward, Cheryl (May 2001).
10506:Silverman, David (1997).
10326:Museum Tusculanum Press.
10065:General History of Africa
9546:Hogan, C.Michael (2011).
9461:; Sollberger, E. (eds.).
9289:10.1163/9789004500228_009
9234:Emberling, Geoff (2011).
9021:10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.075
8949:Chronicle of the Pharaohs
8688:Ataç, Mehmet-Ali (2014).
7871:Ikram & Dodson (1998)
7859:Ikram & Dodson (1998)
7664:Dodson & Ikram (2008)
7060:Oakes & Gahlin (2003)
6922:Oakes & Gahlin (2003)
5698:List of ancient Egyptians
4842:pyramid complex of Khafre
4664:
4026:Ancient Egyptian medicine
3885:and parts of the Levant.
3847:Military of ancient Egypt
3744:(personality or soul), a
3716:in the tomb of Horemheb (
3664:Ancient Egyptian religion
3632:Portrait head of pharaoh
3182:comprised the furniture.
3153:Clothing in ancient Egypt
3003:Jean-François Champollion
2868:and voiced and voiceless
1703:Achaemenid Persian Empire
1418:Four colossal statues of
945:agricultural productivity
791:Early tomb painting from
678:, and its use of copper.
538:inspired the imaginations
324:and coalesced around 3100
241:
237:
227:
212:
197:
180:
165:
150:
131:
116:
112:
102:
89:
70:
59:
52:
16010:Former empires in Africa
16000:Bronze Age civilizations
12974:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
11691:Ancient Egypt portal
11276:Priests of Ancient Egypt
11136:Wilkinson, R.H. (2000).
10673:Strouhal, Eugen (1989).
10299:The Art of Ancient Egypt
10083:"Music in Ancient Egypt"
10036:– via BAS Library.
9954:McDowell, A. G. (1999).
9702:Keita, Shomarka (2022).
9697:. University of Chicago.
9192:El-Daly, Okasha (2005).
9066:Wisdom in Ancient Israel
8775:Bonnet, Charles (2006).
8605:. Melbourne: Macmillan.
8575:Allen, James P. (2000).
8557:Akhenaten, King of Egypt
8394:D’Atanasio et al. (2023)
7666:, pp. 218, 275–276.
5723:
5693:Outline of ancient Egypt
4529:Genetic history of Egypt
4163:reports that the oldest
3291:Ancient Egyptian cuisine
3253:of the Egyptian pharaoh
3108:Instruction of Amenemope
3027:Hieroglyphs on stela in
3007:substantially deciphered
2842:Egyptian Orthodox Church
2589:
2544:as cosmetic substances.
2475:Mining industry of Egypt
2232:Gardens of ancient Egypt
1803:Lighthouse of Alexandria
1654:expanded greatly as the
1630:History of Persian Egypt
1620:Late Period (653–332 BC)
1050:Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II
744:. They also traded with
713:. Mutual trade with the
554:History of ancient Egypt
542:scientific investigation
349:history of ancient Egypt
32:Ancient Egypt (magazine)
30:Not to be confused with
14256:RPM Nautical Foundation
13993:Surviving ancient ships
13912:Marsala Punic shipwreck
11241:Encyclopædia Britannica
10969:Lexikon der Ägyptologie
10404:Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003).
9340:Egitto e Vicino Oriente
9132:. Thames & Hudson.
9111:. Thames & Hudson.
9087:Egyptian Rock-cut Tombs
8927:(Unabridged reprint of
8801:Encyclopædia Britannica
7873:, pp. 40, 51, 138.
7338:, pp. 67, 70, 109.
5783: • From
4804:is integrated into the
4778:Description de l'Égypte
4689:Description de l'Égypte
4637:Some scholars, such as
4281:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
3458:architectural sculpture
3320:cuisine of modern Egypt
3273:, and boating as well.
3233:Ruins of Deir el-Medina
3169:Lower-class occupations
2801:Ancient Egyptian was a
1502:Following the death of
1066:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
913:Egyptian civilization.
807:Early Dynastic Period (
343:(often identified with
16015:Former empires in Asia
16005:Cradle of civilization
14289:Giza Solar boat museum
13743:Underwater exploration
13738:Underwater archaeology
13703:Pre-Columbian theories
13558:John Sinclair Morrison
13519:Research and education
12969:Austronesian Expansion
11249:BBC History: Egyptians
10823:"Early Dynastic Egypt"
10795:Turner, E.G. (1984) .
10694:Török, László (1998).
10345:. Shire Publications.
10341:Scheel, Bernd (1989).
10187:. Barnes & Noble.
9892:Lucas, Alfred (1962).
9641:"Egyptian Mathematics"
9147:Drews, Robert (1993).
9084:Dodson, Aidan (1991).
8673:"Astronomical Ceiling"
8554:Aldred, Cyril (1988).
8382:Skoglund et al. (2017)
5796:Figures are given for
5436:Twenty-seventh Dynasty
4693:
4569:
4515:
4321:
4261:
4081:
3957:, as evidenced by the
3950:
3901:
3866:
3794:
3721:
3677:
3527:
3507:
3480:
3432:, completed by 10 BC,
3391:step pyramid of Djoser
3339:Great Pyramids of Giza
3315:
3234:
3190:
3170:
3157:Dance in ancient Egypt
3039:
2964:
2786:(Classical Egyptian),
2681:Historical development
2623:stationed in southern
2608:
2596:Ancient Egyptian trade
2383:
2359:
2342:and to make clothing.
2265:
2264:, Thebes, 18th Dynasty
2249:
2178:
2152:ancient Egyptian women
2102:
1997:
1983:Government and economy
1940:, the ability to read
1869:
1763:
1707:Twenty-Seventh Dynasty
1558:
1427:
1314:Between their reigns,
1284:
1109:
1101:
1087:
978:
936:
872:
803:
766:decorative stone vases
726:trade with Mesopotamia
624:
229:• Disestablished
15933:Medieval great powers
14360:Legend and literature
14318:Viking ship museums:
14294:Grand Egyptian Museum
14054:Austronesian replicas
14029:Heyerdahl expeditions
13939:Caligula's Giant Ship
13799:Dover Bronze Age Boat
12461:Berenice Troglodytica
11365:Glossary of artifacts
11281:22 March 2022 at the
11091:Nature Communications
10993:The Complete Pyramids
10676:Life in Ancient Egypt
9939:. Cologne: Könemann.
9732:. London: Routledge.
9552:Encyclopedia of Earth
9253:Filer, Joyce (1995).
8560:. Thames and Hudson.
8358:Hodgson et al. (2014)
8099:Pećanac et al. (2013)
7837:, pp. 79, 94–95.
7278:, pp. 2137–2138.
5958:, pp. 17, 67–69.
5569:Thirty-fourth Dynasty
5525:Thirty-second Dynasty
5452:Twenty-eighth Dynasty
5374:Twenty-fourth Dynasty
5348:Twenty-second Dynasty
4682:
4567:
4513:
4498:Further information:
4415:Mathematical notation
4315:
4255:
4231:Great Pyramid of Giza
4064:
3948:
3891:
3860:
3853:Ancient Egyptian navy
3851:Further information:
3789:
3703:
3682:divine right of kings
3671:
3612:Fresco which depicts
3552:wooden or clay models
3521:
3498:
3454:Egyptian architecture
3298:
3232:
3188:
3168:
3151:Further information:
3071:. The genre known as
3026:
2947:
2904:, 'the woman hears'.
2805:, but it became more
2603:
2473:Further information:
2378:with a pair of oxen,
2370:
2353:
2347:were made into wine.
2255:
2239:
2166:
2100:
1995:
1866:Fayum mummy portraits
1863:
1795:Library of Alexandria
1761:double crown of Egypt
1757:Ptolemy VI Philometor
1754:
1604:. The reigns of both
1545:
1464:to the west, and the
1417:
1278:
1107:
1093:
1073:
994:between 2200 and 2150
973:
930:
866:
790:
754:eastern Mediterranean
618:
337:Upper and Lower Egypt
135:Early Dynastic Period
15943:European colonialism
15928:Ancient great powers
14261:Sea Research Society
13663:Maritime archaeology
13472:Ameinias the Phocian
13467:Mediterranean piracy
11296:by Dr Joann Fletcher
10296:Robins, Gay (2008).
10063:Mokhtar, G. (1990).
9007:(24): 5495–5504.e4.
6996:, pp. 577, 630.
5603:Thirty-fifth Dynasty
5538:Thirty-third Dynasty
5494:(2nd Persian Period)
5492:Thirty-first Dynasty
5465:Twenty-ninth Dynasty
5438:(1st Persian Period)
5422:Twenty-sixth Dynasty
5387:Twenty-fifth Dynasty
5361:Twenty-third Dynasty
5335:Twenty-first Dynasty
4881:Civilizations portal
4867:Ancient Egypt portal
4846:Great Sphinx of Giza
4354:systems of equations
4104:in the Late period.
3748:(life-force), and a
3487:Art of ancient Egypt
3474:Karl Richard Lepsius
2968:Hieroglyphic writing
2729:'Egyptian language'
2495:used salts from the
2374:plows his fields in
2248:(Eighteenth Dynasty)
2148:Divine Wives of Amun
1977:Muslim Rashidun army
1955:with its capital at
1942:hieroglyphic writing
1723:Thirty-First Dynasty
1636:Twenty-Sixth Dynasty
1565:BC the Kushite king
1548:Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
1271:New Kingdom of Egypt
1222:and the horse-drawn
923:Old Kingdom of Egypt
568:agricultural economy
192:1549 BC – 1078/77 BC
15938:Modern great powers
13354:Maritime Jade Route
12507:Kaveri Poompattinam
11511:Cursive hieroglyphs
11111:10.1038/ncomms15694
11103:2017NatCo...815694S
10972:. O. Harrassowitz.
10902:. Checkmark Books.
10381:Mysterious Universe
9013:2023CBio...33E5495D
8919:Engelbach, Reginald
8777:The Nubian Pharaohs
8602:Tiepolo's Cleopatra
8406:Eltis et al. (2021)
8101:, pp. 263–267.
8077:, pp. 244–246.
7921:, pp. 366–367.
7849:, pp. 150–153.
7606:, pp. 399–400.
7542:, pp. 406–407.
7290:, pp. 197–227.
7194:, pp. 109–129.
7170:, pp. 433–440.
6556:, pp. 161–163.
6544:, pp. 142–154.
6424:, pp. 104–107.
6349:, pp. 179–182.
6214:, pp. 116–117.
6094:, pp. 178–179.
6082:, pp. 424–425.
6042:, pp. 424–425.
5249:Seventeenth Dynasty
5184:Second Intermediate
4927:Pre-dynastic period
4628:African Slave Trade
4443:Pythagorean theorem
4196:Pharaoh Khasekhemwy
4180:New York University
4143:Maritime technology
4110:empirical knowledge
4052:periodontal disease
3992:, small amounts of
3415: 1981–1975 BC
3377:, and the enclosed
3112:vernacular language
3005:, were hieroglyphs
2826:subject–verb–object
2819:verb–subject–object
2578:in Wadi Sikait and
2447:Sub-Saharan African
2016:each governed by a
1971:(629–639), and was
1813:Hellenistic culture
1772:Alexander the Great
1735:Alexander the Great
1642:BC, the Saite king
1608:and his successor,
844:BC Egyptian priest
840:. The third-century
722: 3600–3350 BC
693:), and Naqada III (
627:In Predynastic and
408:Alexander the Great
400:Achaemenid Persians
118:• Established
13902:Bajo de la Campana
13604:Peter Throckmorton
13589:Jean-Yves Empereur
13563:William L. Rodgers
13384:Maritime Silk Road
11484:Funerary practices
11204:10.1002/ajpa.20569
11062:Redford, Donald B.
10538:on 30 August 2012.
10273:Redford, Donald B.
10225:Medicinski Pregled
9315:Gardiner, Sir Alan
9282:. Brill: 213–235.
9061:Williamson, H.G.M.
8831:Cerny, J. (1975).
8372:, p. 214-216.
5752:With the death of
5326:Third Intermediate
5292:Nineteenth Dynasty
5279:Eighteenth Dynasty
5193:Fourteenth Dynasty
5163:Thirteenth Dynasty
5044:First Intermediate
4718:building materials
4694:
4570:
4516:
4352:, and could solve
4322:
4262:
4082:
3951:
3902:
3867:
3795:
3722:
3678:
3528:
3508:
3316:
3257:that dates to the
3247:Hounds and Jackals
3235:
3224:musical instrument
3222:was a rattle-like
3191:
3171:
3120:Instruction of Any
3040:
2965:
2852:Sounds and grammar
2803:synthetic language
2617:Predynastic Period
2609:
2384:
2360:
2266:
2250:
2179:
2103:
2002:military commander
1998:
1870:
1837:. In addition, as
1764:
1680:Battle of Pelusium
1559:
1550:and several other
1428:
1285:
1206:people called the
1171:settlers from the
1146:Walls of the Ruler
1110:
1102:
1097:, capstone of the
1088:
1014:central government
979:
937:
884:on the ceremonial
873:
804:
689:), the Naqada II (
625:
605:Predynastic period
582:Middle Pleistocene
510:system of medicine
455:social development
445:. The predictable
436:Rashidun Caliphate
15982:
15981:
15904:
15903:
15869:Polish–Lithuanian
15044:Gurjara-Pratihara
14488:
14487:
14484:
14483:
14350:
14349:
14337:
14336:
13957:Madrague de Giens
13676:Temple of Isthmia
13672:Maritime temples
13658:Marine navigation
13617:
13616:
13609:Shelley Wachsmann
13599:J. Richard Steffy
13509:
13508:
13442:
13441:
13311:
13310:
13298:
13297:
13249:
13248:
12979:Ocean exploration
12694:
12693:
12681:
12680:
12340:Rutter (nautical)
12296:
12295:
12283:
12282:
12139:Mortise and tenon
11773:Ancient seafaring
11739:
11738:
11494:Great Royal Wives
11464:Prehistoric Egypt
11173:978-0-500-05120-7
11149:978-0-500-05100-9
11077:978-0-19-510234-5
11053:978-0-631-21787-9
11003:978-0-500-05084-2
10979:978-3-447-01441-0
10955:978-0-631-19396-8
10933:978-1-134-66525-9
10909:978-0-8160-4036-0
10882:978-0-8118-0767-8
10814:978-0-521-23445-0
10797:"Ptolemaic Egypt"
10787:978-1-60344-080-6
10729:978-0-14-194978-9
10705:978-90-04-10448-8
10698:. Leiden: Brill.
10686:978-0-8061-2475-9
10665:978-1-000-88066-3
10569:978-0-19-085458-4
10519:978-0-19-521270-9
10498:978-0-7858-1360-6
10417:978-0-19-280458-7
10352:978-0-7478-0001-9
10333:978-87-7289-421-8
10309:978-0-674-03065-7
10288:978-0-425-19096-8
10264:978-965-221-015-9
10215:978-0-472-08833-1
10194:978-0-7607-4943-2
10166:978-0-19-027773-4
10132:978-0-521-45257-1
10111:978-0-521-45257-1
10074:978-0-520-06697-7
10014:"Sakan, Tell es-"
9991:978-1-85973-867-2
9967:978-0-19-924753-0
9946:978-3-89508-913-8
9927:978-0-300-03642-8
9914:MacMullen, Ramsay
9905:978-1-85417-046-0
9869:978-0-521-56256-0
9848:978-0-684-19723-4
9829:978-0-521-44849-9
9814:Loprieno, Antonio
9805:978-0-520-04020-5
9784:978-0-520-02899-9
9769:Lichtheim, Miriam
9760:978-1-58983-721-8
9739:978-0-415-06346-3
9687:Johnson, Janet H.
9678:978-0-472-03137-5
9654:978-0-691-11485-9
9637:Imhausen, Annette
9628:978-0-691-24409-9
9600:978-0-500-05088-0
9579:978-90-6831-745-9
9472:978-0-521-08230-3
9443:Hayes, William C.
9401:Hayes, William C.
9369:"Guardian Figure"
9330:978-0-900416-35-4
9299:978-90-04-50022-8
9266:978-0-292-72498-3
9245:978-0-615-48102-9
9226:978-0-521-84067-5
9205:978-1-315-42976-2
9160:978-0-691-02591-9
9139:978-0-500-05139-9
9118:978-0-500-05128-3
9097:978-0-7478-0128-3
9076:978-0-521-62489-3
9057:Gordon, Robert P.
8959:978-0-500-05074-3
8938:978-0-486-26485-1
8874:978-0-19-152995-5
8850:978-0-521-08691-2
8786:978-977-416-010-3
8767:978-0-7876-5698-0
8743:978-0-87044-220-9
8724:978-0-520-00057-5
8703:978-1-4443-3350-3
8664:978-0-521-45257-1
8643:978-3-927552-12-8
8612:978-1-876832-44-5
8588:978-0-521-77483-3
8567:978-0-500-05048-4
8456:, pp. 62–65.
8155:, pp. 31–38.
8029:, pp. 78–80.
7618:, pp. 94–97.
7386:, pp. 10–26.
7050:, pp. 83–95.
6580:, pp. 36–37.
6484:, pp. 76–77.
6301:, pp. 41–54.
6154:, pp. 12–13.
6030:, pp. 23–26.
6018:, pp. 46–47.
5859:Chronology (2000)
5742:Ptolemaic Kingdom
5674:
5673:
5621:
5620:
5583:
5582:
5549:
5548:
5516:Hellenistic Egypt
5506:
5505:
5478:Thirtieth Dynasty
5403:
5402:
5316:
5315:
5305:Twentieth Dynasty
5260:
5259:
5224:Sixteenth Dynasty
5206:Fifteenth Dynasty
5174:
5173:
5117:
5116:
5034:
5033:
4965:
4964:
4827:Alexandre Cabanel
4802:Abu Haggag Mosque
4757:Eye of Providence
4745:Dhul-Nun al-Misri
4639:Christopher Ehret
4412:
4411:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4316:Facsimile of the
4247:mortise and tenon
4034:and debilitating
3980:Faience and glass
3871:ancient Near East
3658:Religious beliefs
3526:as funerary goods
3452:is an example of
3396:pyramids of Nubia
3083:natural disasters
2919:subject–predicate
2915:predicate–subject
2766:Semitic languages
2754:Egyptian language
2750:
2749:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2676:Egyptian language
2613:foreign neighbors
2560:alluvial deposits
2485:natural resources
2469:Natural resources
2461:and the ibis god
2168:The Seated Scribe
2022:places of worship
1900:Augustus) in the
1783:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1747:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1737:without a fight.
1307:and his grandson
770:cosmetic palettes
611:Predynastic Egypt
479:religious beliefs
422:, it fell to the
412:Ptolemaic Kingdom
365:Middle Bronze Age
322:prehistoric Egypt
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
275:
274:
270:Predynastic Egypt
217:Ptolemaic Kingdom
176:2134 BC – 1690 BC
161:2686 BC – 2181 BC
43:Egyptian language
18:Ancient Egyptians
16:(Redirected from
16037:
15785:
15784:
15450:Austro-Hungarian
15150:Chagatai Khanate
14515:
14508:
14501:
14492:
14491:
14479:
14478:
14373:Ark of bulrushes
14356:
14355:
14345:
14344:
13983:Oldest surviving
13693:Nusantao network
13568:Chester G. Starr
13533:
13532:
13526:
13525:
13515:
13514:
13504:
13503:
13477:Cilician pirates
13448:
13447:
13437:
13436:
13374:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
13369:Iron Age Britain
13317:
13316:
13306:
13305:
13024:
13023:
12713:
12712:
12700:
12699:
12689:
12688:
12603:Ptolemais Theron
12313:
12312:
12302:
12301:
12291:
12290:
11883:Single-outrigger
11794:
11793:
11781:
11780:
11766:
11759:
11752:
11743:
11742:
11729:
11728:
11719:
11718:
11709:
11708:
11699:
11698:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11651:
11346:
11339:
11332:
11323:
11322:
11318:
11312:
11304:
11245:
11237:
11222:
11220:
11187:
11177:
11153:
11132:
11122:
11081:
11057:
11038:
11007:
10983:
10959:
10937:
10918:Bard, Kathryn A.
10913:
10886:
10865:
10846:
10834:
10818:
10791:
10770:
10749:
10733:
10714:Tyldesley, Joyce
10709:
10690:
10669:
10648:
10638:
10613:(1): 59–71.e21.
10596:
10580:
10578:
10576:
10549:
10539:
10534:. Archived from
10523:
10502:
10483:
10444:
10421:
10400:
10384:
10371:
10356:
10337:
10313:
10292:
10268:
10249:
10240:
10231:(5–6): 263–267.
10219:
10198:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10146:
10136:
10115:
10094:
10078:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10037:
10035:
10033:
10008:
9995:
9971:
9950:
9931:
9909:
9888:
9873:
9852:
9833:
9809:
9788:
9764:
9743:
9731:
9717:
9698:
9682:
9658:
9632:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9583:
9559:
9542:
9532:
9514:
9489:
9476:
9438:
9396:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9364:
9355:
9334:
9310:
9308:
9306:
9291:
9270:
9249:
9230:
9209:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9164:
9143:
9122:
9101:
9080:
9048:
8994:
8978:
8963:
8942:
8910:
8894:
8878:
8854:
8827:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8790:
8771:
8752:Bleiberg, Edward
8747:
8728:
8707:
8684:
8679:. Archived from
8668:
8647:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8597:Anderson, Jaynie
8592:
8571:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8475:
8469:
8463:
8457:
8451:
8445:
8439:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8397:
8391:
8385:
8379:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8330:
8329:, p. 20-22.
8324:
8311:
8305:
8296:
8290:
8284:
8274:
8268:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8150:
8141:
8138:Wachsmann (2009)
8135:
8129:
8123:
8114:
8108:
8102:
8096:
8090:
8084:
8078:
8072:
8066:
8060:
8054:
8048:
8042:
8036:
8030:
8024:
8018:
8012:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7988:
7982:
7976:
7970:
7964:
7958:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7919:Manuelian (1998)
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7874:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7847:Wasserman (1994)
7844:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7808:
7802:
7796:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7772:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7679:
7673:
7667:
7661:
7655:
7649:
7643:
7637:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7604:Manuelian (1998)
7601:
7595:
7589:
7583:
7580:Manuelian (1998)
7577:
7571:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7540:Manuelian (1998)
7537:
7531:
7528:Manuelian (1998)
7525:
7519:
7516:Manuelian (1998)
7513:
7507:
7504:Manuelian (1998)
7501:
7495:
7492:Lichtheim (1980)
7489:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7468:Lichtheim (1975)
7465:
7459:
7456:Lichtheim (1975)
7453:
7447:
7441:
7435:
7429:
7423:
7417:
7411:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7384:Loprieno (1995a)
7381:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7357:
7351:
7348:Loprieno (1995b)
7345:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7312:Loprieno (1995a)
7309:
7303:
7300:Loprieno (1995a)
7297:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7276:Loprieno (1995b)
7273:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7240:Loprieno (1995b)
7237:
7231:
7228:Manuelian (1998)
7225:
7219:
7213:
7207:
7201:
7195:
7189:
7183:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7024:Manuelian (1998)
7021:
7012:
7006:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6946:Manuelian (1998)
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6848:
6845:Manuelian (1998)
6842:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6821:Manuelian (1998)
6818:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6780:Manuelian (1998)
6777:
6771:
6768:Manuelian (1998)
6765:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6737:MacMullen (1984)
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6578:Silverman (1997)
6575:
6569:
6568:, pp. 9–11.
6566:Emberling (2011)
6563:
6557:
6551:
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6482:Tyldesley (2001)
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6448:, p. 49-50.
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5902:
5899:Manuelian (1998)
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5835:
5828:
5822:
5815:
5809:
5794:
5788:
5775:
5769:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5734:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5598:
5597:
5571:(Roman Pharaohs)
5564:
5563:
5521:
5520:
5418:
5417:
5331:
5330:
5275:
5274:
5189:
5188:
5137:Eleventh Dynasty
5132:
5131:
5106:Eleventh Dynasty
5049:
5048:
4980:
4979:
4947:
4923:
4922:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4840:Tourists at the
4837:
4817:
4797:
4726:Diodorus Siculus
4675:Tourism in Egypt
4618:
4615:
4596:
4593:
4586:
4583:
4559:Natufian culture
4489:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4436:common fractions
4426:into the sum of
4391:
4390:
4386:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4260:, Deir el-Bahari
4240:
4225:the seams. The "
4205:
4201:
4158:
4155:as early as 3000
4079:
4076:
3971:
3968:
3923:Seqenenre Tao II
3766:feather of truth
3674:Book of the Dead
3649:
3629:
3619:
3609:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3505:
3502:
3469:
3445:
3430:Temple of Dendur
3425:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3344:stone structures
3313:
3310:
3271:hunting, fishing
3125:
3116:Story of Wenamun
3058:
3037:
3034:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2958:
2955:
2920:
2916:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2423:beasts of burden
2292:(planting), and
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2054:
1973:finally captured
1961:Sasanian Persian
1902:Battle of Actium
1879:
1769:
1732:
1728:
1712:
1689:
1669:
1641:
1599:
1595:
1564:
1529:
1509:
1453:
1440:Battle of Kadesh
1433:
1367:
1325:
1287:The New Kingdom
1243:Seqenenre Tao II
1240:
1201:
1138:land reclamation
1127:
1114:Eleventh Dynasty
1047:
1031:
997:
933:pyramids of Giza
891:
843:
832:civilization of
813:
812: 3150–2686
810:
801:
798:
723:
720:
685:: the Naqada I (
668:Badarian culture
660:animal husbandry
578:hunter-gatherers
524:, made with the
514:Egyptian faience
428:a Roman province
418:BC, when, under
417:
357:Early Bronze Age
327:
310:Northeast Africa
291:
290:
279:
278:
266:
265:
259:
258:
243:
242:
219:
204:
193:
187:
172:
157:
145:
142:
127:
124:
83:
80:
75:
65:
62:
50:
49:
21:
16045:
16044:
16040:
16039:
16038:
16036:
16035:
16034:
16020:Ancient peoples
15985:
15984:
15983:
15978:
15967:American Empire
15952:
15948:African empires
15900:
15783:
15475:Central African
15421:
15239:Romano-Germanic
14825:
14559:Middle Assyrian
14532:
14524:
14519:
14489:
14480:
14476:
14471:
14361:
14346:
14342:
14333:
14276:
14270:
14218:
14217:Institutes and
14212:
14167:Viking replicas
14108:Balangay Voyage
14021:
14015:
13999:
13754:
13747:
13623:
13613:
13572:
13520:
13505:
13501:
13496:
13453:
13438:
13434:
13429:
13325:
13307:
13303:
13294:
13245:
13202:
13055:
13015:
12960:
12953:
12754:
12707:
12690:
12686:
12677:
12553:Mueang Phra Rot
12407:
12398:
12307:
12292:
12288:
12279:
12233:
12207:Triangular sail
12168:
12105:
12079:Sail components
11990:
11959:
11933:Tessarakonteres
11788:
11775:
11770:
11740:
11735:
11685:
11683:
11675:
11652:
11643:
11379:
11356:
11350:
11306:
11305:
11299:
11283:Wayback Machine
11232:
11229:
11218:
11185:
11174:
11158:Wilkinson, R.H.
11150:
11078:
11054:
11027:10.2307/3822337
11004:
10980:
10964:Helck, Wolfgang
10956:
10942:Grimal, Nicolas
10934:
10910:
10894:
10892:Further reading
10889:
10883:
10815:
10788:
10730:
10706:
10687:
10666:
10574:
10572:
10570:
10547:
10520:
10499:
10464:10.2307/1356573
10418:
10362:"This Old Boat"
10353:
10334:
10310:
10289:
10265:
10216:
10195:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10144:
10133:
10112:
10075:
10053:
10051:
10031:
10029:
9992:
9968:
9947:
9928:
9906:
9870:
9849:
9830:
9806:
9785:
9761:
9740:
9714:
9679:
9655:
9629:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9580:
9505:(6): e1004393.
9473:
9459:Hammond, N.G.L.
9451:Edwards, I.E.S.
9377:
9375:
9331:
9304:
9302:
9300:
9267:
9246:
9227:
9206:
9182:
9180:
9161:
9140:
9119:
9098:
9077:
9063:, eds. (1995).
9001:Current Biology
8960:
8939:
8875:
8859:Chadwick, Henry
8851:
8806:
8804:
8796:"Ancient Egypt"
8787:
8768:
8744:
8725:
8704:
8683:on 17 May 2020.
8665:
8644:
8622:
8620:
8613:
8589:
8568:
8549:
8544:
8538:Anderson (2003)
8536:
8532:
8524:
8520:
8514:Siliotti (1998)
8512:
8508:
8502:Siliotti (1998)
8500:
8496:
8488:
8484:
8478:Siliotti (1998)
8476:
8472:
8466:Siliotti (1998)
8464:
8460:
8452:
8448:
8440:
8436:
8428:
8424:
8416:
8412:
8404:
8400:
8392:
8388:
8380:
8376:
8368:
8364:
8356:
8352:
8344:
8333:
8325:
8314:
8306:
8299:
8291:
8287:
8281:Imhausen (2007)
8279:, p. 241;
8277:Strouhal (1989)
8275:
8271:
8265:Strouhal (1989)
8263:
8259:
8253:Gardiner (1957)
8251:
8247:
8239:
8235:
8227:
8223:
8215:
8211:
8205:Imhausen (2007)
8203:
8199:
8191:
8187:
8175:
8171:
8163:
8159:
8151:
8144:
8136:
8132:
8126:Schuster (2000)
8124:
8117:
8109:
8105:
8097:
8093:
8087:Strouhal (1989)
8085:
8081:
8075:Strouhal (1989)
8073:
8069:
8063:Strouhal (1989)
8061:
8057:
8049:
8045:
8037:
8033:
8025:
8021:
8013:
8009:
8001:
7997:
7989:
7985:
7977:
7973:
7965:
7961:
7953:
7949:
7941:
7937:
7929:
7925:
7917:
7913:
7905:
7901:
7893:
7889:
7881:
7877:
7869:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7821:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7797:
7793:
7785:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7761:
7757:
7749:
7745:
7737:
7733:
7725:
7718:
7710:
7706:
7698:
7694:
7686:
7682:
7674:
7670:
7662:
7658:
7650:
7646:
7638:
7634:
7626:
7622:
7614:
7610:
7602:
7598:
7590:
7586:
7578:
7574:
7564:Metcalfe (2018)
7562:
7558:
7550:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7526:
7522:
7514:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7490:
7486:
7478:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7454:
7450:
7444:Strouhal (1989)
7442:
7438:
7430:
7426:
7418:
7414:
7408:Loprieno (2004)
7406:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7370:
7366:
7360:Loprieno (2004)
7358:
7354:
7350:, p. 2147.
7346:
7342:
7334:
7330:
7324:Loprieno (2004)
7322:
7318:
7310:
7306:
7298:
7294:
7286:
7282:
7274:
7270:
7264:Loprieno (2004)
7262:
7258:
7252:Loprieno (2004)
7250:
7246:
7242:, p. 2137.
7238:
7234:
7226:
7222:
7214:
7210:
7202:
7198:
7190:
7186:
7178:
7174:
7166:
7162:
7154:
7150:
7142:
7138:
7130:
7126:
7118:
7114:
7106:
7102:
7094:
7090:
7082:
7078:
7070:
7066:
7058:
7054:
7046:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7022:
7015:
7009:Strouhal (1989)
7007:
7000:
6992:
6988:
6980:
6976:
6968:
6964:
6956:
6952:
6944:
6940:
6934:McDowell (1999)
6932:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6908:
6904:
6896:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6855:
6851:
6843:
6839:
6831:
6827:
6819:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6790:
6786:
6778:
6774:
6766:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6725:Chadwick (2001)
6723:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6699:
6692:
6684:
6680:
6672:
6668:
6660:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6624:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6588:
6584:
6576:
6572:
6564:
6560:
6552:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6528:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6492:
6488:
6480:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6456:
6452:
6446:Bleiberg (2005)
6444:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6408:
6404:
6396:
6392:
6384:
6377:
6369:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6321:
6317:
6309:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6285:
6281:
6273:
6269:
6261:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6234:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6086:
6074:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5930:
5926:
5918:
5905:
5901:, pp. 6–7.
5893:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5832:Imhausen (2007)
5829:
5825:
5816:
5812:
5795:
5791:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5747:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5670:
5641:
5635:
5623:
5622:
5617:379 AD – 641 AD
5611:
5605:
5595:
5593:Byzantine Egypt
5585:
5584:
5573:
5570:
5561:
5551:
5550:
5518:
5508:
5507:
5496:
5493:
5440:
5437:
5415:
5405:
5404:
5328:
5318:
5317:
5272:
5262:
5261:
5186:
5176:
5175:
5150:Twelfth Dynasty
5129:
5119:
5118:
5053:Seventh Dynasty
5046:
5036:
5035:
4977:
4967:
4966:
4920:
4910:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4848:
4838:
4829:
4818:
4809:
4798:
4773:natural history
4706:Meroitic script
4698:Kingdom of Kush
4677:
4667:
4632:Spread of Islam
4616:
4594:
4584:
4531:
4525:
4523:Archaeogenetics
4508:
4502:
4496:
4480:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4310:
4304:
4238:
4203:
4199:
4156:
4145:
4077:
4056:life expectancy
4036:schistosomiasis
4028:
4022:
3982:
3969:
3943:
3937:
3932:
3906:bows and arrows
3855:
3849:
3843:
3807:internal organs
3784:
3778:
3666:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3641:
3630:
3621:
3616:hunting birds;
3610:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3503:
3493:
3485:Main articles:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3461:
3446:
3437:
3436:(New York City)
3426:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3364:post and lintel
3335:
3329:
3311:
3293:
3287:
3261:. Juggling and
3218:from Asia. The
3163:
3149:
3144:
3123:
3100:Westcar Papyrus
3096:Middle Egyptian
3091:Story of Sinuhe
3056:
3035:
3021:
3015:
2977:
2974:
2956:
2942:
2918:
2914:
2854:
2846:Egyptian Arabic
2838:Coptic alphabet
2828:. The Egyptian
2784:Middle Egyptian
2775:
2772:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2697:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2598:
2592:
2509:rock formations
2489:fashion jewelry
2481:
2471:
2365:
2275:Land management
2262:Tomb of Nebamun
2234:
2228:
2222:
2161:
2095:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
1990:
1985:
1877:
1858:
1852:
1830:classical Greek
1797:as part of the
1767:
1749:
1743:
1730:
1726:
1710:
1687:
1667:
1652:Greek influence
1639:
1632:
1624:Main articles:
1622:
1597:
1593:
1562:
1527:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1451:
1431:
1365:
1338:of the Nile in
1336:Fourth Cataract
1323:
1273:
1267:
1238:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1125:
1122:Twelfth Dynasty
1068:
1062:
1045:
1029:
1026:political power
1010:
1004:
995:
992:severe droughts
925:
919:
889:
886:Narmer Palette,
841:
836:and of ancient
822:
816:
811:
799:
721:
613:
607:
602:
600:
560:
552:Main articles:
550:
449:and controlled
415:
373:Late Bronze Age
325:
288:
263:
230:
220:
215:
208:664 BC – 332 BC
205:
200:
191:
188:
183:
173:
168:
158:
153:
143:
137:
125:
119:
107:Ancient history
85:
81:
63:
55:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16043:
16033:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15980:
15979:
15977:
15976:
15975:
15974:
15969:
15960:
15958:
15954:
15953:
15951:
15950:
15945:
15940:
15935:
15930:
15925:
15924:
15923:
15912:
15910:
15906:
15905:
15902:
15901:
15899:
15898:
15893:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15877:
15876:
15866:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15820:
15819:
15814:
15804:
15799:
15793:
15791:
15782:
15781:
15780:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15749:
15744:
15743:
15742:
15732:
15727:
15726:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15705:
15700:
15699:
15698:
15693:
15683:
15682:
15681:
15676:
15671:
15666:
15661:
15651:
15650:
15649:
15644:
15634:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15618:
15617:
15612:
15607:
15602:
15597:
15587:
15586:
15585:
15580:
15570:
15565:
15564:
15563:
15558:
15548:
15547:
15546:
15541:
15531:
15530:
15529:
15524:
15514:
15509:
15508:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15477:
15472:
15471:
15470:
15465:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15431:
15429:
15423:
15422:
15420:
15419:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15403:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15362:
15357:
15356:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15330:
15320:
15319:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15252:
15251:
15246:
15236:
15235:
15234:
15229:
15224:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15180:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15159:
15158:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15106:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15080:
15079:
15078:
15073:
15068:
15063:
15053:
15052:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15010:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14989:
14984:
14983:
14982:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14947:
14946:
14945:
14940:
14930:
14929:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14903:
14898:
14897:
14896:
14886:
14885:
14884:
14879:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14835:
14833:
14831:Post-classical
14827:
14826:
14824:
14823:
14822:
14821:
14811:
14806:
14805:
14804:
14799:
14789:
14788:
14787:
14777:
14776:
14775:
14770:
14765:
14760:
14755:
14750:
14740:
14735:
14730:
14729:
14728:
14723:
14718:
14713:
14703:
14702:
14701:
14696:
14686:
14681:
14680:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14664:
14659:
14649:
14644:
14639:
14638:
14637:
14632:
14630:Middle Kingdom
14627:
14617:
14612:
14611:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14590:
14589:
14588:
14586:Neo-Babylonian
14583:
14578:
14576:Old Babylonian
14568:
14567:
14566:
14561:
14551:
14546:
14540:
14538:
14526:
14525:
14518:
14517:
14510:
14503:
14495:
14486:
14485:
14482:
14481:
14474:
14472:
14470:
14469:
14462:
14461:
14460:
14453:
14446:
14439:
14431:
14424:
14417:
14409:
14399:
14398:
14397:
14396:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14375:
14366:
14363:
14362:
14352:
14351:
14348:
14347:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14334:
14332:
14331:
14330:
14329:
14324:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14280:
14278:
14272:
14271:
14269:
14268:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14248:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14222:
14220:
14214:
14213:
14211:
14210:
14209:
14208:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14186:
14178:
14177:
14176:
14164:
14163:
14162:
14157:
14150:
14142:Mediterranean
14140:
14139:
14138:
14131:
14124:
14117:
14110:
14105:
14098:
14095:Alingano Maisu
14091:
14084:
14077:
14070:
14063:
14051:
14050:
14049:
14038:
14025:
14023:
14017:
14016:
14014:
14013:
14007:
14005:
14001:
14000:
13998:
13997:
13996:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13977:
13976:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13953:
13946:
13944:De Meern ships
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13916:
13915:
13914:
13906:
13905:
13904:
13899:
13891:
13890:
13889:
13882:
13875:
13870:
13862:
13857:
13856:
13855:
13845:
13844:
13843:
13838:
13828:
13827:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13814:Cape Gelidonya
13811:
13806:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13759:
13757:
13749:
13748:
13746:
13745:
13740:
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13705:
13700:
13695:
13690:
13689:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13649:
13648:
13638:
13633:
13627:
13625:
13619:
13618:
13615:
13614:
13612:
13611:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13586:
13580:
13578:
13577:Archaeologists
13574:
13573:
13571:
13570:
13565:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13543:David Blackman
13539:
13537:
13530:
13522:
13521:
13511:
13510:
13507:
13506:
13499:
13497:
13495:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13482:Jewish pirates
13479:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13458:
13455:
13454:
13444:
13443:
13440:
13439:
13432:
13430:
13428:
13427:
13426:
13425:
13415:
13414:
13413:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13330:
13327:
13326:
13313:
13312:
13309:
13308:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13295:
13293:
13292:
13291:
13290:
13280:
13275:
13270:
13269:
13268:
13257:
13255:
13251:
13250:
13247:
13246:
13244:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13207:
13204:
13203:
13201:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13170:
13168:Lake Trasimene
13165:
13160:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13069:Mediterranean:
13065:
13063:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13032:
13030:
13021:
13017:
13016:
13014:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12997:
12996:
12991:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12965:
12963:
12955:
12954:
12952:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12930:
12929:
12924:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12878:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12846:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12775:
12774:
12773:
12762:
12760:
12756:
12755:
12753:
12752:
12747:
12746:
12745:
12740:
12730:
12725:
12719:
12717:
12709:
12708:
12696:
12695:
12692:
12691:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12678:
12676:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12433:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12411:
12409:
12400:
12399:
12397:
12396:
12395:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12376:
12375:
12374:
12372:Maritime pilot
12369:
12359:
12354:
12353:
12352:
12342:
12337:
12335:Portolan chart
12332:
12327:
12321:
12319:
12309:
12308:
12298:
12297:
12294:
12293:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12280:
12278:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12241:
12239:
12235:
12234:
12232:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12210:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12184:
12178:
12176:
12170:
12169:
12167:
12166:
12165:
12164:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12115:
12113:
12107:
12106:
12104:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12082:
12081:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12035:
12034:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11998:
11996:
11992:
11991:
11989:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11967:
11965:
11961:
11960:
11958:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11936:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11908:Oared warships
11905:
11897:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11844:
11843:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11802:
11800:
11790:
11789:
11777:
11776:
11769:
11768:
11761:
11754:
11746:
11737:
11736:
11734:
11733:
11723:
11713:
11703:
11693:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11674:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11657:
11654:
11653:
11646:
11644:
11642:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11625:
11624:
11619:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11588:
11587:
11582:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11530:
11520:
11515:
11514:
11513:
11503:
11502:
11501:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11412:
11411:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11390:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11349:
11348:
11341:
11334:
11326:
11320:
11319:
11297:
11291:
11286:
11273:
11267:
11257:
11252:
11246:
11228:
11227:External links
11225:
11224:
11223:
11198:(4): 501–509.
11178:
11172:
11154:
11148:
11133:
11082:
11076:
11064:, ed. (2001).
11058:
11052:
11039:
11008:
11002:
10984:
10978:
10960:
10954:
10938:
10932:
10920:, ed. (1999).
10914:
10908:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10887:
10881:
10866:
10847:
10835:
10819:
10813:
10801:Walbank, F. W.
10792:
10786:
10771:
10750:
10734:
10728:
10710:
10704:
10691:
10685:
10670:
10664:
10649:
10597:
10581:
10568:
10540:
10524:
10518:
10503:
10497:
10484:
10445:
10422:
10416:
10401:
10385:
10372:
10357:
10351:
10338:
10332:
10318:Ryholt, K.S.B.
10314:
10308:
10293:
10287:
10269:
10263:
10250:
10241:
10220:
10214:
10199:
10193:
10178:
10165:
10137:
10131:
10116:
10110:
10095:
10079:
10073:
10060:
10038:
10009:
9996:
9990:
9972:
9966:
9951:
9945:
9932:
9926:
9910:
9904:
9889:
9874:
9868:
9853:
9847:
9834:
9828:
9810:
9804:
9789:
9783:
9765:
9759:
9744:
9738:
9722:Kemp, Barry J.
9718:
9713:978-0367434632
9712:
9699:
9695:Fathom Archive
9683:
9677:
9659:
9653:
9633:
9627:
9612:
9599:
9584:
9578:
9560:
9543:
9490:
9477:
9471:
9439:
9419:10.1086/371778
9413:(4): 217–272.
9397:
9384:
9365:
9356:
9335:
9329:
9311:
9298:
9271:
9265:
9250:
9244:
9231:
9225:
9210:
9204:
9189:
9179:on 31 May 2013
9165:
9159:
9144:
9138:
9123:
9117:
9102:
9096:
9081:
9075:
9049:
8995:
8979:
8964:
8958:
8943:
8937:
8915:Clarke, Somers
8911:
8895:
8879:
8873:
8855:
8849:
8837:I.E.S. Edwards
8828:
8813:
8791:
8785:
8772:
8766:
8748:
8742:
8729:
8723:
8708:
8702:
8685:
8669:
8663:
8648:
8642:
8629:
8611:
8593:
8587:
8572:
8566:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8530:
8526:Mohamed (2022)
8518:
8516:, p. 100.
8506:
8494:
8492:, p. 112.
8490:El-Daly (2005)
8482:
8470:
8458:
8446:
8434:
8422:
8410:
8398:
8386:
8374:
8362:
8350:
8331:
8312:
8297:
8285:
8269:
8267:, p. 241.
8257:
8255:, p. 197.
8245:
8243:, p. 218.
8233:
8231:, p. 217.
8221:
8219:, p. 222.
8209:
8197:
8185:
8181:Lorenzi (2013)
8169:
8157:
8142:
8130:
8115:
8103:
8091:
8089:, p. 250.
8079:
8067:
8065:, p. 243.
8055:
8043:
8031:
8019:
8007:
8005:, p. 215.
7995:
7993:, p. 195.
7983:
7981:, p. 109.
7971:
7969:, p. 177.
7959:
7957:, p. 400.
7947:
7935:
7931:Clayton (1994)
7923:
7911:
7909:, p. 245.
7899:
7897:, p. 124.
7887:
7883:Shabtis (2001)
7875:
7863:
7851:
7839:
7827:
7825:, p. 313.
7815:
7813:, p. 117.
7803:
7801:, p. 106.
7799:Redford (2003)
7791:
7789:, p. 102.
7779:
7777:, p. 158.
7767:
7765:, p. 149.
7755:
7753:, p. 216.
7743:
7731:
7729:, p. 122.
7716:
7714:, p. 105.
7704:
7692:
7680:
7668:
7656:
7644:
7632:
7620:
7608:
7596:
7594:, p. 380.
7584:
7582:, p. 126.
7572:
7568:Seaburn (2018)
7556:
7544:
7532:
7530:, p. 405.
7520:
7518:, p. 403.
7508:
7506:, p. 401.
7496:
7494:, p. 159.
7484:
7472:
7470:, p. 215.
7460:
7448:
7446:, p. 235.
7436:
7424:
7422:, p. 164.
7420:El-Daly (2005)
7412:
7410:, p. 166.
7400:
7388:
7376:
7364:
7362:, p. 173.
7352:
7340:
7328:
7326:, p. 175.
7316:
7304:
7292:
7288:Vittman (1991)
7280:
7268:
7266:, p. 162.
7256:
7254:, p. 161.
7244:
7232:
7230:, p. 145.
7220:
7218:, p. 322.
7208:
7196:
7184:
7172:
7160:
7148:
7136:
7134:, p. 166.
7124:
7112:
7100:
7088:
7086:, p. 413.
7076:
7074:, p. 123.
7064:
7062:, p. 229.
7052:
7040:
7038:, p. 409.
7028:
7026:, p. 381.
7013:
7011:, p. 117.
6998:
6986:
6984:, p. 510.
6974:
6972:, p. 506.
6962:
6960:, p. 514.
6950:
6948:, p. 361.
6938:
6936:, p. 168.
6926:
6924:, p. 472.
6914:
6910:Slavery (2012)
6902:
6898:Johnson (2002)
6885:
6873:
6871:, p. 109.
6869:Billard (1978)
6861:
6859:, p. 136.
6849:
6847:, p. 383.
6837:
6835:, p. 125.
6825:
6823:, p. 372.
6808:
6804:Meskell (2004)
6796:
6784:
6782:, p. 363.
6772:
6770:, p. 358.
6753:
6751:, p. 445.
6741:
6729:
6727:, p. 373.
6717:
6715:, p. 431.
6705:
6703:, p. 422.
6690:
6688:, p. 426.
6678:
6666:
6654:
6652:, p. 418.
6642:
6640:, p. 411.
6630:
6628:, p. 405.
6618:
6616:, p. 385.
6606:
6604:, p. 383.
6594:
6592:, p. 358.
6582:
6570:
6558:
6554:Mokhtar (1990)
6546:
6534:
6532:, p. 345.
6522:
6520:, p. 128.
6510:
6508:, p. 645.
6498:
6486:
6474:
6472:, p. 273.
6462:
6460:, p. 259.
6450:
6438:
6426:
6422:Clayton (1994)
6414:
6412:, p. 224.
6402:
6400:, p. 189.
6390:
6388:, p. 310.
6375:
6373:, p. 188.
6363:
6351:
6339:
6337:, p. 158.
6327:
6323:Clayton (1994)
6315:
6313:, p. 148.
6303:
6299:Grajetzki 2007
6291:
6279:
6275:Clayton (1994)
6267:
6265:, p. 146.
6252:
6250:, p. 120.
6240:
6236:Clayton (1994)
6228:
6216:
6204:
6202:, p. 102.
6192:
6180:
6168:
6156:
6152:Clayton (1994)
6144:
6132:
6128:Clayton (1994)
6120:
6108:
6096:
6084:
6078:, p. 61;
6068:
6056:
6044:
6032:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5994:, p. 220.
5984:
5972:
5960:
5948:
5936:
5934:, p. 153.
5932:Clayton (1994)
5924:
5903:
5887:
5885:, p. 217.
5883:Clayton (1994)
5875:
5863:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:, p. 13).
5823:
5810:
5789:
5770:
5768:, p. 146)
5766:Clayton (1994)
5757:
5745:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5579:30 BC – 313 AD
5577:
5574:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5237:Abydos Dynasty
5233:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5130:
5127:Middle Kingdom
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5066:Eighth Dynasty
5062:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4997:Fourth Dynasty
4993:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4954:Second Dynasty
4950:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4906:All years are
4905:
4902:
4901:
4885:
4884:
4870:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4832:
4830:
4819:
4812:
4810:
4799:
4792:
4666:
4663:
4647:archaeological
4643:Horn of Africa
4610:Horn of Africa
4599:Iberomaurusian
4551:Middle Eastern
4527:Main article:
4524:
4521:
4495:
4492:
4477:
4476:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4342:multiplication
4330:numeral system
4320:, 18th dynasty
4306:Main article:
4303:
4300:
4235:Fourth Dynasty
4170:known are the
4144:
4141:
4106:Medical papyri
4078: 1550 BC
4024:Main article:
4021:
4018:
4014:trace elements
3981:
3978:
3974:decimal system
3970: 1600 BC
3939:Main article:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3865:, 18th dynasty
3845:Main article:
3842:
3839:
3830:Funerary texts
3780:Main article:
3777:
3776:Burial customs
3774:
3662:Main article:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3640:; 1480–1425 BC
3631:
3624:
3622:
3611:
3604:
3602:
3599: 1500 BC
3593:
3586:
3538:Pharaohs used
3513:Narmer Palette
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3427:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3402:
3387:burial chamber
3331:Main article:
3328:
3325:
3312: 2700 BC
3289:Main article:
3286:
3283:
3278:Deir el-Medina
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3079:Ipuwer papyrus
3017:Main article:
3014:
3011:
2994:Greek alphabet
2941:
2938:
2853:
2850:
2756:is a northern
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2682:
2679:
2674:Main article:
2671:
2668:
2594:Main article:
2591:
2588:
2517:Eastern Desert
2470:
2467:
2380:Deir el-Medina
2364:
2361:
2300:growing season
2224:Main article:
2221:
2218:
2185:. Although no
2160:
2157:
2094:
2091:
2087:precious metal
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1957:Constantinople
1953:Eastern Empire
1938:their language
1854:Main article:
1851:
1848:
1745:Main article:
1742:
1739:
1725:, began in 343
1709:, ended in 402
1621:
1618:
1496:Main article:
1493:
1490:
1486:temple of Amun
1393:artistic style
1330:in north west
1269:Main article:
1266:
1263:
1241:BC. The kings
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1064:Main article:
1061:
1058:
1054:Middle Kingdom
1032:BC, rulers in
1012:After Egypt's
1006:Main article:
1003:
1000:
965:justice system
921:Main article:
918:
915:
869:Narmer Palette
818:Main article:
815:
805:
800: 3500 BC
750:western desert
683:Naqada culture
672:Western Desert
629:Early Dynastic
609:Main article:
606:
603:
590:
549:
546:
504:; a system of
463:writing system
459:administration
361:Middle Kingdom
331:(according to
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
285:
276:
273:
272:
267:
255:
254:
249:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
223:332 BC – 30 BC
221:
213:
210:
209:
206:
198:
195:
194:
189:
181:
178:
177:
174:
170:Middle Kingdom
166:
163:
162:
159:
151:
148:
147:
144: 3150 BC
138:
132:
129:
128:
126: 3150 BC
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
103:Historical era
100:
99:
91:
87:
86:
76:
68:
67:
64: 3150 BC
57:
56:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16042:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15995:Ancient Egypt
15993:
15992:
15990:
15973:
15972:Soviet empire
15970:
15968:
15965:
15964:
15962:
15961:
15959:
15957:Miscellaneous
15955:
15949:
15946:
15944:
15941:
15939:
15936:
15934:
15931:
15929:
15926:
15922:
15919:
15918:
15917:
15914:
15913:
15911:
15907:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15875:
15872:
15871:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15809:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15794:
15792:
15790:
15786:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15754:
15753:
15750:
15748:
15745:
15741:
15738:
15737:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15714:
15711:
15710:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15688:
15687:
15684:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15670:
15667:
15665:
15662:
15660:
15657:
15656:
15655:
15652:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15639:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15616:
15613:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15592:
15591:
15588:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15575:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15562:
15559:
15557:
15556:German Empire
15554:
15553:
15552:
15549:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15536:
15535:
15532:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15519:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15482:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15460:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15432:
15430:
15428:
15424:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15367:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15325:
15324:
15321:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15298:
15297:
15296:Turco-Persian
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15241:
15240:
15237:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15204:
15203:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15164:
15163:
15160:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15137:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15085:
15084:
15081:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15058:
15057:
15054:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15036:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14994:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14952:
14951:
14948:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14935:
14934:
14931:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14908:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14895:
14892:
14891:
14890:
14887:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14874:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14836:
14834:
14832:
14828:
14820:
14817:
14816:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14794:
14793:
14790:
14786:
14783:
14782:
14781:
14778:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14766:
14764:
14761:
14759:
14756:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14745:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14727:
14724:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14708:
14707:
14704:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14691:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14654:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14622:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14595:
14594:
14591:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14573:
14572:
14569:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14556:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14531:
14527:
14523:
14516:
14511:
14509:
14504:
14502:
14497:
14496:
14493:
14468:
14467:
14463:
14459:
14458:
14454:
14452:
14451:
14447:
14445:
14444:
14443:Metamorphoses
14440:
14438:
14436:
14435:The Histories
14432:
14430:
14429:
14425:
14423:
14422:
14418:
14416:
14414:
14413:The Histories
14410:
14408:
14407:
14403:
14402:
14400:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14380:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14370:
14368:
14367:
14364:
14357:
14353:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14281:
14279:
14273:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14223:
14221:
14215:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14191:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14181:
14179:
14175:
14174:
14170:
14169:
14168:
14165:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14155:
14151:
14149:
14148:
14144:
14143:
14141:
14137:
14136:
14132:
14130:
14129:
14128:Marumaru Atua
14125:
14123:
14122:
14118:
14116:
14115:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14103:
14099:
14097:
14096:
14092:
14090:
14089:
14088:Samudra Raksa
14085:
14083:
14082:
14078:
14076:
14075:
14074:Te Au o Tonga
14071:
14069:
14068:
14064:
14062:
14061:
14057:
14056:
14055:
14052:
14048:
14047:
14043:
14039:
14037:
14036:
14032:
14031:
14030:
14027:
14026:
14024:
14018:
14012:
14009:
14008:
14006:
14002:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13958:
13954:
13952:
13951:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13934:Blackfriars I
13932:
13930:
13929:Arles Rhône 3
13927:
13925:
13924:
13920:
13919:
13917:
13913:
13910:
13909:
13907:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13894:
13892:
13888:
13887:
13883:
13881:
13880:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13865:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13854:
13851:
13850:
13849:
13846:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13833:
13832:
13829:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13760:
13758:
13756:
13750:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13733:Thalassocracy
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13718:Shell middens
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13669:
13668:Naval warfare
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13647:
13644:
13643:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13628:
13626:
13620:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13581:
13579:
13575:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13548:Lionel Casson
13546:
13544:
13541:
13540:
13538:
13534:
13531:
13527:
13523:
13516:
13512:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13459:
13456:
13449:
13445:
13424:
13421:
13420:
13419:
13416:
13412:
13409:
13408:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13391:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13379:Incense trade
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13331:
13328:
13324:
13318:
13314:
13289:
13286:
13285:
13284:
13283:South America
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13267:
13264:
13263:
13262:
13259:
13258:
13256:
13252:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13231:Sailing ships
13229:
13227:
13226:Oared vessels
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13208:
13205:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13148:Cape Hermaeum
13146:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13070:
13067:
13066:
13064:
13062:
13058:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13033:
13031:
13029:
13025:
13022:
13018:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12986:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12966:
12964:
12962:
12959:Migration and
12956:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12919:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12862:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12780:
12779:
12776:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12767:
12766:Ancient Egypt
12764:
12763:
12761:
12759:Civilizations
12757:
12751:
12748:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12735:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12720:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12701:
12697:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12573:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12434:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12412:
12410:
12405:
12401:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12379:
12377:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12364:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12322:
12320:
12318:
12314:
12310:
12303:
12299:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12242:
12240:
12236:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12189:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12175:
12171:
12163:
12160:
12159:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12134:Clinker built
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12119:Boat building
12117:
12116:
12114:
12112:
12108:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12080:
12077:
12076:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12029:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11999:
11997:
11993:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11972:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11962:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11900:
11898:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11880:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11868:Navis lusoria
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11842:
11839:
11838:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11803:
11801:
11799:
11795:
11791:
11787:
11782:
11778:
11774:
11767:
11762:
11760:
11755:
11753:
11748:
11747:
11744:
11732:
11724:
11722:
11714:
11712:
11704:
11702:
11694:
11692:
11682:
11681:
11678:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11666:Egyptologists
11664:
11662:
11659:
11658:
11655:
11650:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11577:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11525:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11507:
11504:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11443:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11421:
11418:
11417:
11416:
11413:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11385:
11382:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11359:
11354:
11353:Ancient Egypt
11347:
11342:
11340:
11335:
11333:
11328:
11327:
11324:
11316:
11310:
11302:
11298:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11284:
11280:
11277:
11274:
11271:
11268:
11265:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11250:
11247:
11243:
11242:
11236:
11231:
11230:
11217:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11192:
11184:
11179:
11175:
11169:
11165:
11164:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11145:
11141:
11140:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11083:
11079:
11073:
11069:
11068:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11049:
11045:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11015:
11009:
11005:
10999:
10995:
10994:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10975:
10971:
10970:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10951:
10947:
10943:
10939:
10935:
10929:
10926:. Routledge.
10925:
10924:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10905:
10901:
10896:
10895:
10884:
10878:
10874:
10873:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10824:
10820:
10816:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10793:
10789:
10783:
10779:
10778:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10757:(in German).
10756:
10751:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10735:
10731:
10725:
10721:
10720:
10715:
10711:
10707:
10701:
10697:
10692:
10688:
10682:
10678:
10677:
10671:
10667:
10661:
10657:
10656:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10571:
10565:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10546:
10541:
10537:
10533:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10515:
10511:
10510:
10509:Ancient Egypt
10504:
10500:
10494:
10490:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10452:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10429:
10423:
10419:
10413:
10409:
10408:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10378:
10373:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10344:
10339:
10335:
10329:
10325:
10324:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10305:
10301:
10300:
10294:
10290:
10284:
10280:
10279:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10260:
10256:
10251:
10247:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10221:
10217:
10211:
10207:
10206:
10200:
10196:
10190:
10186:
10185:
10179:
10168:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10143:
10138:
10134:
10128:
10124:
10123:
10117:
10113:
10107:
10103:
10102:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10070:
10066:
10061:
10050:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9997:
9993:
9987:
9983:
9982:
9977:
9976:Meskell, Lynn
9973:
9969:
9963:
9959:
9958:
9952:
9948:
9942:
9938:
9933:
9929:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9901:
9897:
9896:
9890:
9886:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9871:
9865:
9861:
9860:
9854:
9850:
9844:
9840:
9835:
9831:
9825:
9821:
9820:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9801:
9797:
9796:
9790:
9786:
9780:
9776:
9775:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9756:
9752:
9751:
9745:
9741:
9735:
9730:
9729:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9709:
9705:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9674:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9663:James, T.G.H.
9660:
9656:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9624:
9620:
9619:
9613:
9602:
9596:
9592:
9591:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9571:
9570:
9565:
9564:Ikram, Salima
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9499:PLOS Genetics
9496:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9478:
9474:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9407:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9385:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9322:
9321:
9316:
9312:
9301:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9272:
9268:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9251:
9247:
9241:
9237:
9232:
9228:
9222:
9218:
9217:
9211:
9207:
9201:
9198:. Routledge.
9197:
9196:
9190:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9152:
9151:
9145:
9141:
9135:
9131:
9130:
9124:
9120:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9103:
9099:
9093:
9089:
9088:
9082:
9078:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8961:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8944:
8940:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8866:
8865:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8788:
8782:
8778:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8735:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8709:
8705:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8656:
8655:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8635:
8630:
8618:
8614:
8608:
8604:
8603:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8584:
8580:
8579:
8573:
8569:
8563:
8559:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8540:, p. 36.
8539:
8534:
8527:
8522:
8515:
8510:
8504:, p. 13.
8503:
8498:
8491:
8486:
8480:, p. 10.
8479:
8474:
8467:
8462:
8455:
8450:
8443:
8438:
8431:
8426:
8419:
8414:
8407:
8402:
8395:
8390:
8384:, p. 65.
8383:
8378:
8371:
8370:Fregel (2021)
8366:
8360:, p. 13.
8359:
8354:
8348:, p. 13.
8347:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8328:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8309:
8304:
8302:
8294:
8293:Bowman (2020)
8289:
8283:, p. 31.
8282:
8278:
8273:
8266:
8261:
8254:
8249:
8242:
8237:
8230:
8225:
8218:
8213:
8207:, p. 11.
8206:
8201:
8194:
8189:
8182:
8178:
8173:
8166:
8161:
8154:
8149:
8147:
8140:, p. 19.
8139:
8134:
8127:
8122:
8120:
8113:, p. 38.
8112:
8107:
8100:
8095:
8088:
8083:
8076:
8071:
8064:
8059:
8053:, p. 39.
8052:
8047:
8041:, p. 21.
8040:
8035:
8028:
8023:
8017:, p. 94.
8016:
8011:
8004:
7999:
7992:
7987:
7980:
7975:
7968:
7963:
7956:
7951:
7944:
7939:
7933:, p. 96.
7932:
7927:
7920:
7915:
7908:
7903:
7896:
7891:
7884:
7879:
7872:
7867:
7861:, p. 29.
7860:
7855:
7848:
7843:
7836:
7831:
7824:
7819:
7812:
7807:
7800:
7795:
7788:
7783:
7776:
7775:Robins (2008)
7771:
7764:
7763:Robins (2008)
7759:
7752:
7747:
7741:, p. 74.
7740:
7739:Robins (2008)
7735:
7728:
7723:
7721:
7713:
7708:
7702:, p. 12.
7701:
7700:Robins (2008)
7696:
7690:, p. 21.
7689:
7688:Robins (2008)
7684:
7678:, p. 29.
7677:
7676:Robins (2008)
7672:
7665:
7660:
7654:, p. 23.
7653:
7652:Dodson (1991)
7648:
7641:
7636:
7630:, p. 50.
7629:
7628:Badawy (1968)
7624:
7617:
7612:
7605:
7600:
7593:
7588:
7581:
7576:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7553:
7548:
7541:
7536:
7529:
7524:
7517:
7512:
7505:
7500:
7493:
7488:
7482:, p. 23.
7481:
7476:
7469:
7464:
7458:, p. 11.
7457:
7452:
7445:
7440:
7433:
7428:
7421:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7397:
7392:
7385:
7380:
7374:, p. 13.
7373:
7368:
7361:
7356:
7349:
7344:
7337:
7332:
7325:
7320:
7314:, p. 74.
7313:
7308:
7302:, p. 46.
7301:
7296:
7289:
7284:
7277:
7272:
7265:
7260:
7253:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7229:
7224:
7217:
7212:
7205:
7200:
7193:
7188:
7181:
7176:
7169:
7164:
7158:, p. 72.
7157:
7152:
7146:, p. 51.
7145:
7140:
7133:
7128:
7122:, p. 14.
7121:
7120:Scheel (1989)
7116:
7109:
7104:
7098:, p. 28.
7097:
7092:
7085:
7080:
7073:
7068:
7061:
7056:
7049:
7044:
7037:
7032:
7025:
7020:
7018:
7010:
7005:
7003:
6995:
6990:
6983:
6978:
6971:
6966:
6959:
6954:
6947:
6942:
6935:
6930:
6923:
6918:
6911:
6906:
6899:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6882:
6877:
6870:
6865:
6858:
6853:
6846:
6841:
6834:
6833:Turner (1984)
6829:
6822:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6806:, p. 23.
6805:
6800:
6793:
6788:
6781:
6776:
6769:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6750:
6745:
6739:, p. 63.
6738:
6733:
6726:
6721:
6714:
6709:
6702:
6697:
6695:
6687:
6682:
6676:, p. 63.
6675:
6670:
6664:, p. 62.
6663:
6658:
6651:
6646:
6639:
6634:
6627:
6622:
6615:
6610:
6603:
6598:
6591:
6586:
6579:
6574:
6567:
6562:
6555:
6550:
6543:
6542:Bonnet (2006)
6538:
6531:
6526:
6519:
6518:Bonnet (2006)
6514:
6507:
6502:
6496:, p. 54.
6495:
6490:
6483:
6478:
6471:
6466:
6459:
6458:Aldred (1988)
6454:
6447:
6442:
6436:, p. 48.
6435:
6430:
6423:
6418:
6411:
6406:
6399:
6394:
6387:
6386:Ryholt (1997)
6382:
6380:
6372:
6367:
6361:, p. 90.
6360:
6359:Robins (2008)
6355:
6348:
6343:
6336:
6331:
6325:, p. 79.
6324:
6319:
6312:
6307:
6300:
6295:
6288:
6283:
6277:, p. 29.
6276:
6271:
6264:
6259:
6257:
6249:
6244:
6238:, p. 69.
6237:
6232:
6225:
6224:Hassan (2011)
6220:
6213:
6208:
6201:
6196:
6190:, p. 40.
6189:
6184:
6177:
6172:
6166:, p. 70.
6165:
6160:
6153:
6148:
6142:, p. 32.
6141:
6140:Robins (2008)
6136:
6129:
6124:
6117:
6112:
6105:
6100:
6093:
6088:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6066:, p. 61.
6065:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6006:, p. 14.
6005:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5976:
5970:, p. 17.
5969:
5964:
5957:
5952:
5946:, p. 84.
5945:
5940:
5933:
5928:
5921:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5900:
5897:, p. 8;
5896:
5891:
5884:
5879:
5873:, p. 46.
5872:
5867:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5833:
5827:
5820:
5814:
5808:, p. 25)
5807:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5667:
5662:
5660:
5655:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Tenth Dynasty
5090:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:Ninth Dynasty
5077:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Sixth Dynasty
5021:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:Fifth Dynasty
5008:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Third Dynasty
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:First Dynasty
4936:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:ancient Egypt
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4882:
4871:
4868:
4857:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4617: 23,000
4611:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4595: 15,000
4588:
4579:
4575:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4470:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:one-fifteenth
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4382:
4381:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4288:Mersa Gawasis
4284:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:Egyptian blue
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3947:
3942:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3799:mummification
3792:
3788:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:Amarna Period
3569:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3324:
3321:
3306:
3303:and his wife
3302:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:, written in
3093:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2969:
2962:
2951:
2950:Rosetta Stone
2946:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:Late Egyptian
2785:
2781:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:Tell es-Sakan
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:, greywacke,
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:Wadi Hammamat
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:mummification
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:Cleopatra VII
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:social status
2099:
2093:Social status
2090:
2088:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:Cleopatra VII
1887:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Egyptian gods
1814:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1450:, around 1258
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:Amarna Period
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:supreme deity
1378:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1309:Tuthmosis III
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:composite bow
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Western Asian
1195:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:Amenemhat III
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:, located in
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1099:Black Pyramid
1096:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Herakleopolis
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1009:
999:
993:
989:
985:
976:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:Giza pyramids
946:
942:
934:
929:
924:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
887:
883:
882:royal regalia
879:
870:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
794:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
774:ceramic glaze
771:
767:
761:
760:to the east.
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
617:
612:
589:
587:
583:
579:
576:
573:
569:
565:
559:
555:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Ancient Egypt
286:
284:
281:
280:
277:
271:
268:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
236:
232:
226:
222:
218:
211:
207:
203:
196:
190:
186:
179:
175:
171:
164:
160:
156:
149:
139:
136:
130:
121:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
97:
92:
88:
74:
69:
58:
54:Ancient Egypt
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
15723:Contemporary
15573:Indo-Persian
15561:Nazi Germany
15505:Contemporary
15407:Vijayanagara
15306:Great Seljuk
15217:Thessalonica
15145:Golden Horde
14785:Carthaginian
14619:
14564:Neo-Assyrian
14549:Neo-Sumerian
14464:
14455:
14448:
14441:
14434:
14426:
14421:On the Ocean
14419:
14412:
14404:
14401:Literature:
14189:
14171:
14152:
14145:
14135:Aotearoa One
14133:
14126:
14119:
14112:
14100:
14093:
14086:
14079:
14072:
14065:
14058:
14045:
14041:
14033:
14020:Experimental
13988:Museum ships
13955:
13948:
13921:
13893:Phoenician:
13884:
13879:Leontophoros
13877:
13841:Butuan boats
13836:Pontian boat
13774:Dufuna canoe
13713:Shipbuilding
13624:and theories
13594:Boris Rankov
13388:
13321:Economy and
13221:Incendiaries
13068:
12855:Indus Valley
12823:Tarumanagara
12765:
12750:Ubaid period
12668:Wadi al-Jarf
12583:Ostia Antica
12187:Fore-and-aft
12154:Shipbuilding
12129:Carvel built
12111:Construction
12069:Steering oar
11950:Sailing ship
11873:Obelisk ship
11831:Dugout canoe
11393:Architecture
11352:
11259:
11239:
11195:
11189:
11162:
11138:
11094:
11090:
11065:
11043:
11021:(1): 67–93.
11018:
11012:
10992:
10988:Lehner, Mark
10967:
10945:
10922:
10899:
10871:
10861:
10855:
10842:
10826:
10804:
10776:
10758:
10754:
10741:
10718:
10695:
10675:
10654:
10610:
10606:
10588:
10573:. Retrieved
10551:
10536:the original
10531:
10508:
10488:
10455:
10449:
10432:
10426:
10406:
10392:
10380:
10365:
10342:
10322:
10298:
10277:
10254:
10245:
10228:
10224:
10204:
10183:
10170:. Retrieved
10148:
10121:
10100:
10086:
10064:
10052:. Retrieved
10046:
10030:. Retrieved
10017:
10005:Live Science
10004:
9980:
9956:
9936:
9917:
9894:
9882:
9858:
9838:
9818:
9794:
9773:
9749:
9727:
9703:
9694:
9667:
9644:
9617:
9604:. Retrieved
9589:
9568:
9551:
9502:
9498:
9485:
9462:
9410:
9404:
9376:. Retrieved
9360:
9343:
9339:
9319:
9303:. Retrieved
9279:
9255:
9235:
9215:
9194:
9181:. Retrieved
9177:the original
9172:
9149:
9128:
9107:
9086:
9065:
9004:
9000:
8986:
8972:
8948:
8928:
8923:
8902:
8886:
8883:"Chronology"
8863:
8840:
8821:
8805:. Retrieved
8799:
8776:
8756:
8733:
8713:
8693:
8681:the original
8653:
8633:
8621:. Retrieved
8601:
8577:
8556:
8533:
8521:
8509:
8497:
8485:
8473:
8468:, p. 8.
8461:
8454:Török (1998)
8449:
8442:Török (1998)
8437:
8430:Ehret (2023)
8425:
8418:Keita (2022)
8413:
8401:
8389:
8377:
8365:
8353:
8288:
8272:
8260:
8248:
8236:
8224:
8212:
8200:
8188:
8177:Boyle (2013)
8172:
8165:Curry (2011)
8160:
8133:
8111:Filer (1995)
8106:
8094:
8082:
8070:
8058:
8051:Filer (1995)
8046:
8039:Filer (1995)
8034:
8027:Filer (1995)
8022:
8015:Filer (1995)
8010:
7998:
7986:
7974:
7962:
7950:
7938:
7926:
7914:
7902:
7895:James (2005)
7890:
7878:
7866:
7854:
7842:
7835:Allen (2000)
7830:
7818:
7811:James (2005)
7806:
7794:
7787:James (2005)
7782:
7770:
7758:
7746:
7734:
7727:James (2005)
7707:
7695:
7683:
7671:
7659:
7647:
7635:
7623:
7611:
7599:
7592:Hayes (1973)
7587:
7575:
7559:
7547:
7535:
7523:
7511:
7499:
7487:
7475:
7463:
7451:
7439:
7434:, p. 8.
7432:Allen (2000)
7427:
7415:
7403:
7398:, p. 7.
7396:Allen (2000)
7391:
7379:
7372:Allen (2000)
7367:
7355:
7343:
7336:Allen (2000)
7331:
7319:
7307:
7295:
7283:
7271:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7211:
7199:
7192:Porat (1986)
7187:
7175:
7168:Porat (1992)
7163:
7151:
7139:
7127:
7115:
7110:, "Sulphur".
7108:Hogan (2011)
7103:
7091:
7084:Lucas (1962)
7079:
7067:
7055:
7043:
7031:
6989:
6977:
6965:
6953:
6941:
6929:
6917:
6905:
6876:
6864:
6857:James (2005)
6852:
6840:
6828:
6799:
6787:
6775:
6744:
6732:
6720:
6708:
6681:
6674:James (2005)
6669:
6662:James (2005)
6657:
6645:
6633:
6621:
6609:
6597:
6585:
6573:
6561:
6549:
6537:
6525:
6513:
6506:Cerny (1975)
6501:
6494:James (2005)
6489:
6477:
6465:
6453:
6441:
6434:James (2005)
6429:
6417:
6405:
6393:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6330:
6318:
6306:
6294:
6282:
6270:
6243:
6231:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6188:James (2005)
6183:
6171:
6159:
6147:
6135:
6130:, p. 6.
6123:
6118:, p. 1.
6116:Allen (2000)
6111:
6099:
6087:
6071:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6028:Aston (1994)
6023:
6011:
5999:
5992:Hayes (1964)
5987:
5982:, p. 5.
5980:Ikram (1992)
5975:
5963:
5951:
5944:James (2005)
5939:
5927:
5895:James (2005)
5890:
5878:
5866:
5854:
5826:
5813:
5806:Filer (1995)
5801:
5797:
5792:
5785:Drews (1993)
5773:
5760:
5748:
5732:
5636:
5630:
5607:
4898:
4820:
4806:Luxor temple
4783:
4776:
4730:
4714:Roman Empire
4695:
4687:
4684:Frontispiece
4636:
4624:Roman period
4621:
4602:Taforalt man
4589:
4571:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4517:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4323:
4285:
4274:
4270:Land of Punt
4263:
4243:solar barque
4212:
4172:Abydos boats
4153:shipbuilding
4146:
4137:broken bones
4114:
4089:
4083:
4049:
4047:were rare).
4029:
4010:
3983:
3963:Ebers papyri
3952:
3903:
3898:11th dynasty
3868:
3827:
3815:
3811:canopic jars
3796:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3740:(shadow), a
3737:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3679:
3638:Thutmose III
3620:1350 BC
3560:
3544:funerary art
3537:
3529:
3509:
3368:
3348:
3336:
3327:Architecture
3317:
3275:
3259:13th Dynasty
3255:Amenemhat IV
3236:
3208:
3192:
3172:
3089:
3087:
3072:
3053:Coffin Texts
3043:
3041:
2999:Thomas Young
2991:
2966:
2929:
2925:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2855:
2830:hieroglyphic
2800:
2780:Old Egyptian
2758:Afro-Asiatic
2751:
2725:
2652:lapis lazuli
2637:
2610:
2606:Land of Punt
2584:Wadi el-Hudi
2546:
2535:, and gold.
2482:
2416:
2392:domesticated
2385:
2325:
2319:removed the
2293:
2287:
2286:(flooding),
2281:
2279:
2270:fertile soil
2267:
2201:
2197:Great Kenbet
2196:
2191:
2180:
2159:Legal system
2124:
2111:noble family
2104:
2044:
2034:
1999:
1963:army in the
1950:
1917:Christianity
1914:
1910:
1874:Roman Empire
1871:
1811:
1787:capital city
1765:
1759:wearing the
1755:Portrait of
1719:Nectanebo II
1692:
1633:
1587:
1571:25th Dynasty
1560:
1556:Kerma Museum
1501:
1482:civil unrest
1456:
1448:peace treaty
1429:
1363:
1352:
1313:
1286:
1233:allies, the
1228:
1197:
1158:
1150:
1111:
1080:Senwosret II
1076:Amenemhat II
1042:Intef family
1023:
1011:
980:
953:Great Sphinx
938:
902:trade routes
885:
874:
823:
762:
680:
656:5500 BC
653:
649:domesticated
626:
575:modern human
561:
534:architecture
483:
440:
424:Roman Empire
410:. The Greek
377:
305:
304:
252:Succeeded by
251:
246:
93:
84:BC to 30 BC)
47:
15311:Khwarezmian
15244:Carolingian
15049:Rashtrakuta
14753:Shaishunaga
14652:Hellenistic
14635:New Kingdom
14625:Old Kingdom
14428:Argonautica
14415:(Herodotus)
14378:Flood myths
14275:Museums and
14219:conferences
14184:Vital Alsar
14022:archaeology
13831:Austronesia
13824:Hjortspring
13819:Rochelongue
13769:Pesse canoe
13723:Ship burial
13708:Sea Peoples
13641:Lighthouses
13636:Grave goods
13584:George Bass
13364:Spice trade
12961:exploration
12783:Philippines
12778:Austronesia
12771:Old Kingdom
12648:Trincomalee
12598:Prosphorion
12543:Myos Hormos
12387:Micronesian
12378:By region:
12350:Lighthouses
12158:By region:
11923:Quinquereme
11848:Kunlun ship
11841:Penteconter
11826:Dragon boat
11731:WikiProject
11545:Mathematics
11506:Hieroglyphs
11420:Portraiture
11388:Agriculture
11375:Main topics
11264:Art History
10857:Archaeology
10761:: 197–227.
10435:: 159–176.
10367:Archaeology
10281:. Berkley.
9606:28 November
9183:11 February
8623:15 November
8547:Works cited
8153:Shea (1977)
7955:Shaw (2003)
7943:Shaw (2009)
7907:Shaw (2003)
7823:Shaw (2003)
7751:Shaw (2003)
7216:Shaw (2003)
7156:Shaw (2003)
6749:Shaw (2003)
6713:Shaw (2003)
6701:Shaw (2003)
6686:Shaw (2003)
6650:Shaw (2003)
6638:Shaw (2003)
6626:Shaw (2003)
6614:Shaw (2003)
6602:Shaw (2003)
6590:Shaw (2003)
6530:Shaw (2003)
6410:Shaw (2003)
6398:Shaw (2003)
6371:Shaw (2003)
6347:Shaw (2003)
6335:Shaw (2003)
6311:Shaw (2003)
6263:Shaw (2003)
6248:Shaw (2003)
6212:Shaw (2003)
6200:Shaw (2003)
6164:Shaw (2003)
6080:Ataç (2014)
6076:Shaw (2003)
6064:Shaw (2003)
6040:Ataç (2014)
6004:Kemp (1989)
5968:Shaw (2003)
5956:Shaw (2003)
5920:Ward (2001)
5754:Ramesses XI
5738:Late Period
5559:Roman Egypt
5413:Late Period
5270:New Kingdom
4975:Old Kingdom
4825:(1887), by
4753:Egyptomania
4737:Renaissance
4733:Middle Ages
4731:During the
4619:years ago.
4457:Area ≈ = (
4395:hieroglyphs
4302:Mathematics
4277:Lake Timsah
4237:around 2500
3959:Edwin Smith
3910:animal skin
3803:desiccation
3524:tomb models
3504: 1400
3373:, the open
3251:Theban tomb
3136:Ramesses II
3132:Greco-Roman
3036: 1321
2975: 3000
2970:dates from
2773: 3200
2733:hieroglyphs
2656:Afghanistan
2497:Wadi Natrun
2220:Agriculture
2187:legal codes
2176:5th dynasty
2041:Late period
1925:Greco-Roman
1882:Mark Antony
1856:Roman Egypt
1822:syncretized
1676:Psamtik III
1672:Cambyses II
1579:New Kingdom
1533:Leontopolis
1504:Ramesses XI
1466:Sea Peoples
1442:(in modern
1436:Ramesses II
1430:Around 1279
1420:Ramesses II
1397:Tutankhamun
1364:Around 1350
1305:Tuthmosis I
1198:Around 1785
1177:Nile floods
1124:around 1985
1118:Amenemhat I
941:Old Kingdom
898:labor force
858:Lower Egypt
834:Mesopotamia
782:hieroglyphs
676:stone tools
631:times, the
586:Paleolithic
506:mathematics
426:and became
404:Macedonians
369:New Kingdom
353:Old Kingdom
283:Roman Egypt
247:Preceded by
202:Late Period
185:New Kingdom
155:Old Kingdom
82: 3150
15989:Categories
15881:Portuguese
15762:Revival Le
15752:Vietnamese
15395:Later Tran
15365:Vietnamese
15261:Singhasari
15249:Holy Roman
14873:Bulgarian
14809:Satavahana
14780:Phoenician
14716:Achaemenid
14677:Indo-Greek
14657:Macedonian
14571:Babylonian
14437:(Polybius)
14081:Hawaiʻiloa
13963:Nemi ships
13848:Black Sea
13794:Khufu ship
13755:and relics
13653:Marine art
13646:Alexandria
13553:Fik Meijer
13536:Historians
13423:Indo-Roman
13236:Greek navy
13138:Salamis II
13128:Hellespont
13088:Artemisium
13078:Nile Delta
13041:Achaemenid
12934:Achaemenid
12803:Langkasuka
12798:Micronesia
12716:Prehistory
12643:Sounagoura
12471:Chittagong
12446:Barbarikon
12425:Alexandria
12367:Pilot boat
12317:Navigation
12149:Sewn-plank
12144:Lashed-lug
12022:Figurehead
11995:Components
11964:Propulsion
11918:Quadrireme
11899:Polyremes
11878:Outriggers
11661:Egyptology
11629:Technology
11592:Philosophy
11540:Literature
11432:Chronology
10054:14 January
9884:Seeker.com
9455:Gadd, C.J.
9378:9 February
5842:References
5819:Suez Canal
5678:Egyptology
5629:See also:
5608:speculated
4769:Egyptology
4749:al-Maqrizi
4669:See also:
4655:linguistic
4504:See also:
4494:Population
4447:hypotenuse
4424:two-fifths
4292:Hatshepsut
4227:Khufu ship
4094:Per-Bastet
3955:empiricism
3935:Technology
3823:cartonnage
3634:Hatshepsut
3580:Amarna art
3546:, such as
3533:gum arabic
3267:Beni Hasan
3263:ball games
3195:animal fat
3147:Daily life
3013:Literature
2957: 196
2874:triliteral
2870:affricates
2866:fricatives
2858:pharyngeal
2822:word order
2521:gold mines
2230:See also:
2140:Hatshepsut
2039:until the
1933:Theodosius
1929:Diocletian
1906:Roman army
1835:Ptolemy IV
1791:Alexandria
1780:Macedonian
1656:city-state
1561:Around 727
1524:Shoshenq I
1470:Aegean Sea
1424:Abu Simbel
1316:Hatshepsut
1167:-speaking
1163:, allowed
961:crop yield
738:Naqada III
619:A typical
520:, and the
518:literature
467:a military
451:irrigation
402:, and the
314:Nile River
66:–332/30 BC
15874:Couronian
15512:Ethiopian
15500:Manchukuo
15455:Brazilian
15301:Ghaznavid
15271:Srivijaya
15222:Trebizond
15207:Byzantine
15189:North Sea
15184:Norwegian
15172:Almoravid
15155:Ilkhanate
15125:Majapahit
15098:Muromachi
15007:Solomonic
14992:Ethiopian
14906:Caliphate
14839:Aragonese
14667:Ptolemaic
14450:Geography
14388:Gilgamesh
14277:memorials
14201:Viracocha
14114:Faʻafaite
14067:Sarimanok
13973:Yassi Ada
13886:Syracusia
13809:Canaanite
13784:Moor Sand
13254:By region
13216:Grappling
13188:Naulochus
13178:Myonessus
13133:Echinades
13118:Arginusae
13113:Cynossema
13098:Naupactus
13093:Eurymedon
12927:Classical
12902:Phoenicia
12897:Mycenaean
12860:Tamilakam
12843:Polynesia
12833:Srivijaya
12628:Satingpra
12588:Palembang
12572:Cattigara
12514:(Kadaram)
12497:Jambukola
12491:Guangzhou
12432:(Podouke)
12430:Arikamedu
12392:Polynesia
12325:Celestial
12238:Armaments
12224:Spritsail
12182:Crab claw
12124:Careening
12091:Sternpost
11945:Reed boat
11888:Catamaran
11863:Multihull
11565:Mythology
11489:Geography
11479:Dynasties
11427:Astronomy
11097:: 15694.
11046:. Wiley.
10948:. Wiley.
10944:(1994) .
10627:0092-8674
10575:9 January
10528:"Slavery"
10480:163869704
10458:: 31–38.
10389:"Shabtis"
10172:9 January
10048:Arab News
9816:(1995a).
9521:1553-7404
9435:161307683
9427:0022-2968
9346:: 41–54.
9305:9 January
9090:. Shire.
9053:Day, John
9045:265356320
9029:0960-9822
8921:(1990) .
8807:3 January
5847:Citations
5802:at birth.
5312:1189–1077
5299:1292–1189
5286:1549–1292
5256:1580–1549
5243:1650–1600
5231:1660–1600
5218:1674–1535
5200:1705–1690
5170:1803–1649
5157:1991–1803
5144:2061–1991
5113:2134–2061
5099:2130–2040
5086:2160–2130
5073:2181–2160
5030:2345–2181
5017:2498–2345
5004:2613–2498
4991:2686–2613
4961:2890–2686
4948:3150–2890
4895:dynasties
4844:near the
4597:year old
4585: 57
4547:Egyptians
4428:one-third
4420:fractions
4215:treenails
4149:ship hull
4125:belladona
4041:abscesses
4006:sintering
3704:The gods
3576:Akhenaten
3556:afterlife
3522:Egyptian
3379:hypostyle
3375:courtyard
3301:Nefermaat
3210:imported
3200:cosmetics
3061:Ramesside
2910:nisbation
2664:olive oil
2572:carnelian
2568:alabaster
2556:malachite
2533:greywacke
2493:Embalmers
2454:Herodotus
2435:elephants
2372:Sennedjem
2317:Winnowing
2030:overseers
2026:granaries
1969:Heraclius
1886:Ptolemaic
1807:Ptolemies
1715:Thirtieth
1699:Phoenicia
1660:Naucratis
1644:Psamtik I
1610:Tanutamun
1374:sun deity
1370:Akhenaten
1259:Near East
1173:Near East
1169:Canaanite
1028:. By 2160
977:enthroned
776:known as
758:Near East
701:imported
699:Egyptians
695:Semainean
654:By about
645:waterfowl
641:ungulates
621:Naqada II
490:surveying
486:quarrying
432:conquered
420:Cleopatra
396:Assyrians
367:, or the
233:332/30 BC
146:– 2686 BC
15854:Japanese
15817:Scottish
15797:American
15789:Colonial
15718:Imperial
15686:Moroccan
15622:Japanese
15600:Afsharid
15459:Burmese
15445:Austrian
15400:Later Le
15375:Early Le
15360:Venetian
15286:Tiwanaku
15199:Hellenic
15162:Moroccan
15093:Kamakura
15083:Japanese
15066:Saffarid
15019:Georgian
14933:Chalukya
14911:Rashidun
14901:Calakmul
14869:Bruneian
14748:Haryanka
14726:Sasanian
14721:Parthian
14672:Bactrian
14662:Seleucid
14642:Goguryeo
14620:Egyptian
14554:Assyrian
14544:Akkadian
14535:Colonies
14466:Tākitimu
14369:Legend:
14327:Roskilde
14206:Tangaroa
14147:Olympias
14121:Gaualofa
14060:Hōkūleʻa
14035:Kon-Tiki
13868:Ashkelon
13804:Uluburun
13763:Earliest
13529:Scholars
13411:shipping
13211:Boarding
13123:Mytilene
13108:Syracuse
13073:Alashiya
13036:Egyptian
13020:Military
13011:Timeline
12989:Sardinia
12912:Carthage
12828:Kalingga
12788:Sa Huỳnh
12723:Timeline
12673:Zanzibar
12623:Sarapion
12618:Rhacotis
12548:Martaban
12493:(Canton)
12486:Godavaya
12481:Giao Chỉ
12451:Barygaza
12441:Avalites
12362:Piloting
12250:Catapult
12245:Ballista
12219:Mast-aft
12032:Planking
11971:Paddling
11928:Hexareme
11893:Trimaran
11858:Longship
11806:Balangay
11701:Category
11622:District
11617:Capitals
11602:Religion
11585:Titulary
11575:Pharaohs
11555:Military
11550:Medicine
11533:Hieratic
11523:Language
11449:Clothing
11403:Obelisks
11309:cite web
11279:Archived
11216:Archived
11212:17295300
11160:(2003).
11129:28556824
10990:(1997).
10831:Archived
10767:23865622
10746:Archived
10716:(2001).
10645:28938123
10593:Archived
10441:25735452
10397:Archived
10320:(1997).
10275:(2003).
10237:23888738
10091:Archived
9984:. Berg.
9978:(2004).
9916:(1984).
9771:(1975).
9724:(1989).
9689:(2002).
9665:(2005).
9639:(2007).
9566:(1992).
9556:Archived
9548:"Sulfur"
9539:24921250
9445:(1973).
9352:24233566
9317:(1957).
9037:37995693
8991:Archived
8974:Discover
8907:Archived
8891:Archived
8861:(2001).
8823:NBC News
8754:(2005).
8617:Archived
8599:(2003).
5342:1069–945
5060:spurious
4853:See also
4765:Napoleon
4759:and the
4735:and the
4630:and the
4350:geometry
4336:and the
4249:joints.
4223:caulking
4182:, woven
4159:BC. The
4090:Per Ankh
4071:hieratic
4043:(though
4020:Medicine
3914:chariots
3841:Military
3691:pantheon
3179:Ceramics
3175:mudbrick
3118:and the
3044:Per Ankh
2983:hieratic
2923:particle
2862:emphatic
2834:hieratic
2815:suffixes
2811:articles
2807:analytic
2670:Language
2648:Anatolia
2580:amethyst
2576:emeralds
2564:porphyry
2549:lead ore
2404:censuses
2309:threshed
2214:ostracon
2205:impaling
2010:archives
1946:churches
1921:Egyptian
1894:Octavian
1799:Mouseion
1776:Persians
1638:. By 653
1590:Assyrian
1537:Kushites
1405:Horemheb
1389:religion
1295:Empire,
1289:pharaohs
1255:Ahmose I
1235:Kushites
1019:optimism
988:nomarchs
830:Akkadian
826:Sumerian
707:Ethiopia
703:obsidian
687:Amratian
526:Hittites
502:obelisks
494:pyramids
447:flooding
15921:largest
15916:Empires
15896:Swedish
15891:Spanish
15886:Russian
15849:Italian
15824:Chinese
15812:English
15807:British
15802:Belgian
15777:Vietnam
15767:Tay son
15713:Tsarist
15708:Russian
15703:Ottoman
15669:Dzungar
15664:Khoshut
15637:Mexican
15632:Maratha
15615:Pahlavi
15595:Safavid
15590:Iranian
15517:Haitian
15480:Chinese
15440:Ashanti
15412:Wagadou
15338:Eastern
15333:Western
15316:Timurid
15276:Tibetan
15266:Songhai
15256:Serbian
15177:Almohad
15167:Idrisid
15071:Samanid
15061:Tahirid
15056:Iranian
15034:Kannauj
15014:Genoese
14950:Chinese
14943:Eastern
14938:Western
14926:Fatimid
14921:Abbasid
14916:Umayyad
14889:Burmese
14849:Ayyubid
14844:Angevin
14814:Xianbei
14802:Eastern
14797:Western
14743:Magadha
14706:Iranian
14699:Xiongnu
14684:Hittite
14593:Chinese
14581:Kassite
14530:Ancient
14522:Empires
14406:Odyssey
14383:Genesis
14180:Others
13979:Lists:
13968:Marausa
13918:Roman:
13908:Punic:
13873:Kyrenia
13864:Greek:
13860:Marsala
13853:Sinop D
13728:Tacking
13462:History
13349:Meluhha
13339:Fishing
13334:Whaling
13241:Ramming
13163:Aegates
13158:Drepana
13153:Ecnomus
13083:Salamis
13071:
13061:Battles
12939:Nabatea
12922:Archaic
12892:Nuragic
12882:Somalia
12733:Oceania
12728:Britain
12705:History
12638:Socotra
12608:Qandala
12593:Piraeus
12563:Muziris
12533:Madurai
12528:Manthai
12466:Canopus
12436:Arsinoe
12408:harbors
12357:History
12345:Coastal
12275:Sambuca
12260:Dolphin
12174:Rigging
11986:Poling
11976:Sailing
11913:Trireme
11853:Liburna
11816:Coracle
11786:Vessels
11721:Outline
11711:Commons
11671:Museums
11607:Scribes
11597:Pottery
11528:Demotic
11518:History
11469:Cuisine
11398:Revival
11120:5459999
11099:Bibcode
11035:3822337
10636:5679310
10472:i258744
10032:23 June
9530:4055572
9256:Disease
9009:Bibcode
8839:(ed.).
5532:332–305
5502:343–332
5485:380–343
5472:398–380
5459:404–398
5446:525–404
5429:672–525
5399:732–653
5381:732–720
5368:837–728
5355:945–720
4891:Periods
4651:genetic
4574:Nubians
4462:⁄
4387:⁄
4346:algebra
4233:in the
4208:Hor-Aha
4165:planked
4086:Imhotep
4032:malaria
3986:faience
3919:khopesh
3894:Mesehti
3863:chariot
3734:aspects
3727:oracles
3614:Nebamun
3540:reliefs
3383:mastaba
3352:Malkata
3285:Cuisine
3220:sistrum
3142:Culture
3128:demotic
3065:Harkhuf
3049:Pyramid
2987:Demotic
2940:Writing
2900:sḏm ḥmt
2792:Demotic
2726:r n kmt
2515:in the
2439:grazing
2429:in the
2408:Poultry
2388:animals
2363:Animals
2344:Papyrus
2311:with a
2305:sickles
2209:oracles
2172:Saqqara
2135:doctors
2127:peasant
2120:slavery
2072:⁄
2058:⁄
2037:coinage
2018:nomarch
1898:Emperor
1896:(later
1826:Serapis
1678:at the
1606:Taharqa
1575:Taharqa
1554:kings,
1552:Kushite
1512:Smendes
1506:in 1078
1462:Berbers
1379:as the
1334:to the
1297:Assyria
1293:Mitanni
1251:Nubians
1224:chariot
1165:Semitic
1130:Itjtawy
984:temples
910:mastaba
904:to the
894:Memphis
846:Manetho
778:faience
664:pottery
637:savanna
572:Nomadic
548:History
498:temples
475:pharaoh
471:scribes
434:by the
392:Nubians
371:of the
363:of the
355:of the
347:). The
214:•
199:•
182:•
167:•
152:•
133:•
90:Capital
15859:Mongol
15844:German
15839:French
15829:Danish
15772:Dainam
15747:Tongan
15735:Somali
15730:Sokoto
15696:'Alawi
15674:Kalmyk
15654:Mongol
15647:Second
15627:Korean
15578:Mughal
15568:Indian
15551:German
15544:Second
15534:French
15527:Second
15463:Second
15435:Afghan
15427:Modern
15353:Kyrgyz
15348:Uighur
15343:Second
15323:Turkic
15291:Toltec
15227:Epirus
15212:Nicaea
15135:Mongol
15088:Yamato
15024:Huetar
14882:Second
14819:Rouran
14768:Shunga
14763:Maurya
14738:Kushan
14711:Median
14689:Hunnic
14647:Harsha
14457:Aeneid
14173:Viking
14154:Regina
13923:Alkedo
13779:Abydos
13753:Wrecks
13622:Topics
13452:Piracy
13406:Greece
13266:Odisha
13198:Actium
13193:Mycale
13028:Navies
12917:Greece
12907:Olmecs
12875:Pandya
12850:Minoan
12813:Champa
12793:Lapita
12738:Remote
12658:Tyndis
12613:Quilon
12558:Muscat
12523:Lothal
12518:Korkai
12502:Jeddah
12476:Essina
12420:Adulis
12330:Charts
12265:Harpax
12255:Corvus
12229:Square
12197:Settee
12192:Lateen
12101:Tiller
12096:Strake
12064:Rudder
12054:Paddle
12002:Anchor
11981:Towing
11903:Bireme
11836:Galley
11811:Bangka
11570:People
11437:Cities
11355:topics
11210:
11170:
11146:
11127:
11117:
11074:
11050:
11033:
11000:
10976:
10952:
10930:
10906:
10879:
10811:
10784:
10765:
10726:
10702:
10683:
10662:
10643:
10633:
10625:
10566:
10516:
10495:
10478:
10470:
10439:
10414:
10349:
10330:
10306:
10285:
10261:
10235:
10212:
10191:
10163:
10129:
10108:
10071:
9988:
9964:
9943:
9924:
9902:
9866:
9845:
9826:
9802:
9781:
9757:
9736:
9710:
9675:
9651:
9625:
9597:
9576:
9537:
9527:
9519:
9482:"Lion"
9469:
9433:
9425:
9350:
9327:
9296:
9263:
9242:
9223:
9202:
9157:
9136:
9115:
9094:
9073:
9043:
9035:
9027:
8956:
8935:
8871:
8847:
8783:
8764:
8740:
8721:
8700:
8661:
8640:
8609:
8585:
8564:
5545:305–30
5542:XXXIII
5456:XXVIII
5391:Nubian
5210:Hyksos
5104:Early
4724:, and
4722:Strabo
4665:Legacy
4555:Levant
4535:Amarna
4471:≈ 3.16
4451:circle
4326:Naqada
4266:Byblos
4239:
4204:
4200:
4184:straps
4176:Abydos
4157:
4133:asthma
4123:, and
4098:Abydos
4045:caries
3990:silica
3879:Levant
3834:shabti
3819:natron
3791:Anubis
3712:, and
3710:Anubis
3706:Osiris
3568:Avaris
3564:Minoan
3548:shabti
3450:Philae
3389:. The
3360:Djoser
3356:Amarna
3204:income
3159:, and
3124:
3074:Sebayt
3057:
3029:Louvre
2978:
2934:Stress
2928:, but
2878:person
2796:Coptic
2776:
2762:Berber
2660:Greece
2640:Byblos
2633:Narmer
2625:Canaan
2621:colony
2570:, and
2552:galena
2542:sulfur
2505:gypsum
2459:Bastet
2441:land.
2427:Hyksos
2400:Cattle
2332:barley
2246:Thebes
2192:Kenbet
2131:vizier
2115:corvée
2083:
2079:
2006:vizier
1888:Queen
1878:
1843:Romans
1828:, and
1801:. The
1768:
1766:In 332
1731:
1727:
1711:
1695:Cyprus
1688:
1684:satrap
1668:
1640:
1598:
1594:
1563:
1535:, and
1528:
1526:in 945
1508:
1478:Canaan
1459:Libyan
1452:
1432:
1403:, and
1385:Amarna
1366:
1359:Karnak
1344:bronze
1324:
1301:Canaan
1299:, and
1247:Kamose
1239:
1231:Nubian
1216:Thebes
1212:Avaris
1208:Hyksos
1200:
1182:Hyksos
1154:relief
1134:Faiyum
1126:
1046:
1040:, the
1038:Thebes
1030:
996:
975:Khafre
957:vizier
906:Levant
890:
878:Narmer
842:
793:Nekhen
734:Abydos
730:Nekhen
715:Levant
711:flakes
691:Gerzeh
500:, and
416:
406:under
398:, the
394:, the
390:, the
388:Hyksos
384:Levant
359:, the
345:Narmer
339:under
326:
15909:Lists
15864:Omani
15834:Dutch
15740:Isaaq
15691:Saadi
15659:Oirat
15642:First
15610:Qajar
15539:First
15522:First
15495:China
15468:Third
15328:First
15281:Tikal
15232:Morea
15202:Roman
15120:Latin
15115:Khmer
15110:Kanem
15076:Buyid
15002:Zagwe
14997:Aksum
14987:Chola
14894:First
14877:First
14864:Bornu
14859:Benin
14854:Aztec
14792:Roman
14773:Gupta
14758:Nanda
14694:White
14393:Greek
14196:Abora
14190:Ivlia
14102:Saina
14046:Ra II
14004:Sites
13789:Dokos
13401:Egypt
13323:trade
13288:Rafts
13273:Japan
13261:India
13173:Chios
13143:Mylae
13103:Olpae
13051:Roman
13046:Greek
12944:Aksum
12870:Chera
12865:Chola
12838:Sunda
12818:Kutai
12808:Kedah
12653:Tulum
12633:Sidon
12578:Opone
12568:Óc Eo
12538:Malao
12512:Kedah
12456:Basra
12404:Ports
12382:Inuit
12202:Tanja
12162:Egypt
12012:Cabin
11955:Tomol
11798:Types
11634:Trade
11612:Sites
11560:Music
11474:Dance
11408:Pylon
11370:Index
11219:(PDF)
11186:(PDF)
11031:JSTOR
10799:. In
10763:JSTOR
10548:(PDF)
10476:S2CID
10468:JSTOR
10437:JSTOR
10145:(PDF)
10028:(BAS)
9449:. In
9431:S2CID
9348:JSTOR
9041:S2CID
8835:. In
5798:adult
5777:From
5724:Notes
5576:XXXIV
5529:XXXII
5443:XXVII
5365:XXIII
5283:XVIII
5135:Late
4918:Early
4741:Islam
4702:Meroë
4578:Sudan
4219:pitch
4192:grass
4188:reeds
4168:ships
4121:thyme
4117:opium
4108:show
3875:Buhen
3770:Ammit
3714:Horus
3695:myths
3371:pylon
3243:mehen
3239:Senet
3216:lyres
3212:lutes
3104:Khufu
2884:S-Ḏ-M
2590:Trade
2537:Flint
2525:Nubia
2513:wadis
2463:Thoth
2450:lions
2356:Nakht
2340:linen
2328:emmer
2321:chaff
2313:flail
2295:Shemu
2289:Peret
2283:Akhet
2258:lotus
2242:Menna
2183:Ma'at
2170:from
2046:deben
2014:nomes
1876:in 30
1820:were
1516:Tanis
1474:repel
1444:Syria
1340:Nubia
1332:Syria
1142:Nubia
1084:imiut
854:Upper
850:Menes
746:Nubia
705:from
380:Nubia
341:Menes
318:Egypt
15679:Bogd
15605:Zand
15583:Sikh
15490:Qing
15485:Ming
15417:Wari
15385:Tran
15370:Dinh
15140:Yuan
15130:Mali
15039:Pala
15029:Inca
14980:Yuan
14970:Song
14965:Liao
14960:Tang
14733:Kush
14615:Dʿmt
14322:Oslo
14044:and
13950:Isis
13897:Gozo
13418:Rome
13396:Maya
13278:Rome
13183:Nile
12949:Rome
12887:Maya
12743:Near
12663:Tyre
12415:Aden
12214:Junk
12086:Stem
12074:Sail
12059:Rope
12044:Mast
12039:Keel
12027:Hull
12017:Deck
11940:Raft
11821:Dhow
11580:List
11499:List
11442:List
11315:link
11208:PMID
11168:ISBN
11144:ISBN
11125:PMID
11072:ISBN
11048:ISBN
10998:ISBN
10974:ISBN
10950:ISBN
10928:ISBN
10904:ISBN
10877:ISBN
10864:(3).
10809:ISBN
10782:ISBN
10724:ISBN
10700:ISBN
10681:ISBN
10660:ISBN
10641:PMID
10623:ISSN
10607:Cell
10577:2024
10564:ISBN
10514:ISBN
10493:ISBN
10412:ISBN
10347:ISBN
10328:ISBN
10304:ISBN
10283:ISBN
10259:ISBN
10233:PMID
10210:ISBN
10189:ISBN
10174:2024
10161:ISBN
10127:ISBN
10106:ISBN
10069:ISBN
10056:2023
10034:2024
9986:ISBN
9962:ISBN
9941:ISBN
9922:ISBN
9900:ISBN
9864:ISBN
9843:ISBN
9824:ISBN
9800:ISBN
9779:ISBN
9755:ISBN
9734:ISBN
9708:ISBN
9673:ISBN
9649:ISBN
9623:ISBN
9608:2023
9595:ISBN
9574:ISBN
9535:PMID
9517:ISSN
9467:ISBN
9423:ISSN
9380:2022
9325:ISBN
9307:2024
9294:ISBN
9261:ISBN
9240:ISBN
9221:ISBN
9200:ISBN
9185:2022
9155:ISBN
9134:ISBN
9113:ISBN
9092:ISBN
9071:ISBN
9033:PMID
9025:ISSN
8954:ISBN
8933:ISBN
8869:ISBN
8845:ISBN
8809:2021
8781:ISBN
8762:ISBN
8738:ISBN
8719:ISBN
8698:ISBN
8659:ISBN
8638:ISBN
8625:2015
8607:ISBN
8583:ISBN
8562:ISBN
5817:See
5614:XXXV
5499:XXXI
5469:XXIX
5426:XXVI
5378:XXIV
5352:XXII
5253:XVII
5167:XIII
5070:VIII
4893:and
4800:The
4747:and
4710:Isis
4700:and
4673:and
4657:and
4348:and
4296:Suez
4221:for
4129:Isis
4102:Saïs
4100:and
4065:The
3998:soda
3996:and
3994:lime
3961:and
3883:Kush
3756:and
3750:name
3718:KV57
3686:gods
3672:The
3489:and
3456:and
3428:The
3354:and
3305:Itet
3214:and
3088:The
3069:Weni
3067:and
3051:and
3001:and
2948:The
2860:and
2794:and
2764:and
2752:The
2644:Punt
2499:for
2477:and
2443:Cats
2419:oxen
2412:fish
2396:wild
2394:and
2376:Aaru
2336:Flax
2330:and
2142:and
1923:and
1884:and
1864:The
1839:Rome
1770:BC,
1697:and
1664:Sais
1648:navy
1628:and
1567:Piye
1510:BC,
1454:BC.
1434:BC,
1391:and
1377:Aten
1355:Amun
1348:wood
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