Ancient Greek warfare

821: 1223: 453:). During the early hoplite era cavalry played almost no role whatsoever, mainly for social, but also tactical reasons, since the middle-class phalanx completely dominated the battlefield. Gradually, and especially during the Peloponnesian war, cavalry became more important acquiring every role that cavalry could play, except perhaps frontal attack. It scouted, screened, harassed, outflanked and pursued with the most telling moment being the use of Syracusan horse to harass and eventually destroy the retreating Athenian army of the disastrous Sicilian expedition 415-413 B.C. One of the most famous troop of Greek cavalry was the Tarantine cavalry, originating from the city-state of 953: 398: 318:

create momentum but not too much as to lose cohesion. The opposing sides would collide viciously, possibly terrifying many of the hoplites of the front row. The battle would then rely on the valour of the men in the front line, while those in the rear maintained forward pressure on the front ranks with their shields. When in combat, the whole formation would consistently press forward trying to break the enemy formation; thus, when two phalanx formations engaged, the struggle essentially became a pushing match, in which, as a rule, the deeper phalanx would almost always win, with few recorded exceptions.

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represented on one side or the other. Epaminondas deployed tactics similar to those at Leuctra, and again the Thebans, positioned on the left, routed the Spartans, and thereby won the battle. However, such were the losses of Theban manpower, including Epaminondas himself, that Thebes was thereafter unable to sustain its hegemony. Conversely, another defeat and loss of prestige meant that Sparta was unable to regain its primary position in Greece. Ultimately, Mantinea, and the preceding decade, severely weakened many Greek states, and left them divided and without the leadership of a dominant power.

8299: 8165: 7324: 7257: 7126: 6509: 6111: 314:, which were rows of shoulder-to-shoulder hoplites. The Hoplites would lock their shields together, and the first few ranks of soldiers would project their spears out over the first rank of shields. The Phalanx therefore presented a shield wall and a mass of spear points to the enemy, making frontal assaults much more difficult. It also allowed a higher proportion of the soldiers to be actively engaged in combat at a given time (rather than just those in the front rank). 926:, before eventually freeing the Ionian cities from Persian rule. At one point, the Greeks even attempted an invasion of Cyprus and Egypt (which proved disastrous), demonstrating a major legacy of the Persian Wars: warfare in Greece had moved beyond the seasonal squabbles between city-states, to coordinated international actions involving huge armies. After the war, ambitions of many Greek states dramatically increased. Tensions resulting from this, and the rise of 5162: 19: 389:, thereby disgracing himself to his friends and family. Casualties were slight compared to later battles, amounting to anywhere between 5 and 15% for the winning and losing sides respectively, but the slain often included the most prominent citizens and generals who led from the front. Thus, the whole war could be decided by a single field battle; victory was enforced by ransoming the dead back to the defeated, called the 'Custom of the Dead Greeks'.. 95:, dated to around 650 BC, is the earliest depiction of a hoplite in full battle array. With this evolution in warfare, battles seem to have consisted mostly of the clash of hoplite phalanxes from the city-states in conflict. Since the soldiers were citizens with other occupations, warfare was limited in distance, season and scale. Neither side could afford heavy casualties or sustained campaigns, so conflicts seem to have been resolved by a single 5172: 5182: 334: 623:

needed to accurately hit the target, and then be able to quickly dislodge the weapon before the enemy ship sunk. The usual target during this attack was the stern, where the steering oars were located, or the side of the ship where the rowing oars were. While the ramming itself may have caused only a few casualties to the enemy, the majority of the casualties occurred later as the vessel began to sink, forcing its crew into the water.

652:. The difference in numbers between these two battles is because commanders used the marines for different purposes based on the circumstance of the battles. If the battle was being fought in confined waters, there would be more marines on the trireme. The ships would require more marines because the constricted water would prevent the use of typical tactics, and would increase the risk of the ship being boarded by the enemy. 303: 817:

Army from the City. Tactically, the hoplites were very vulnerable to attacks by cavalry, and the Athenians had no cavalry to defend the flanks. After several days of stalemate at Marathon, the Persian commanders attempted to take strategic advantage by sending their cavalry (by ship) to raid Athens itself. This gave the Athenian army a small window of opportunity to attack the remainder of the Persian Army.

325:, dated to around 650 BC, is the earliest depiction of a hoplite in full battle array. The hoplite was a well-armed and armored citizen-soldier primarily drawn from the middle classes. Every man had to serve at least two years in the army. Fighting in the tight phalanx formation maximised the effectiveness of his armor, large shield and long spear, presenting a wall of armor and spear points to the enemy. 244:. The hoplite was an infantryman, the central element of warfare in Ancient Greece. The word hoplite (Greek ὁπλίτης, hoplitēs) derives from hoplon (ὅπλον, plural hopla, ὅπλα) meaning the arms carried by a hoplite Hoplites were the citizen-soldiers of the Ancient Greek City-states (except Spartans who were professional soldiers). They were primarily armed as spear-men and fought in a phalanx (see below). 506:

abreast formation acted as both an offensive and defensive tactic. Offensively, it allowed the ancient ships' main weapon, the ram, to be easily accessible. With the entire fleet alongside each other, there were more rams available to attack the opponent. This formation also provided the Greek fleet with protection by shielding the most vulnerable parts of the ships, which were the sides and the stern.

961: 598: 1285:(Alexander's generals). However, these kingdoms were still enormous states, and continued to fight in the same manner as Phillip and Alexander's armies had. The rise of Macedon and her successors thus sounded the death knell for the distinctive way of war found in Ancient Greece; and instead contributed to the 'superpower' warfare which would dominate the ancient world between 350 and 150 BC. 884:, an impregnable position; although an evacuated Athens was thereby sacrificed to the advancing Persians. In order to outflank the isthmus, Xerxes needed to use this fleet, and in turn therefore needed to defeat the Greek fleet; similarly, the Greeks needed to neutralise the Persian fleet to ensure their safety. To this end, the Greeks were able to lure the Persian fleet into the straits of 225: 980:. The increased manpower and financial resources increased the scale, and allowed the diversification of warfare. Set-piece battles during this war proved indecisive and instead there was increased reliance on naval warfare, and strategies of attrition such as blockades and sieges. These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society. 513:. During this battle, the Athenian navy was attacked before it could transition into its battle formation. This battle formation was also so successful for the Greek navy that their opponents began to utilize it as well. In order to continue being successful, the Greek navy had to create new tactics and technology to be able to conquer its opponents. 1194:

able to crush the elite Spartan forces on the allied right, whilst the Theban centre and left avoided engagement; after the defeat of the Spartans and the death of the Spartan king, the rest of the allied army routed. This is one of the first known examples of both the tactic of local concentration of force, and the tactic of 'refusing a flank'.

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immediately killing, the enemy, the attacker was given another advantage to ram the opponent. This opportunity occurred while the attacked vessel stopped rowing to evaluate the strength of each side of oarsman, leaving it in a standstill. The temporarily inoperative ship would become victim to more ramming and spearing attacks.

437:) were rare, mainly from Crete, or mercenary non-Greek tribes (as at the crucial battle of Plataea 479 B.C.) Greek armies gradually downgraded the armor of the hoplites (to linen padded thorax and open helmets) to make the phalanx more flexible and upgraded the javelineers to lightly armored general purpose infantry ( 842:

the forthcoming invasion, formed an anti-Persian league; though as before, other city-states remained neutral or allied with Persia. Although alliances between city-states were commonplace, the scale of this league was a novelty, and the first time that the Greeks had united in such a way to face an external threat.

996:, but only for a few weeks at a time; they remained wedded to the idea of hoplite-as-citizen. Although both sides suffered setbacks and victories, the first phase essentially ended in stalemate, as neither league had the power to neutralise the other. The second phase, an Athenian expedition to attack 1193:

Defying convention, he strengthened the left flank of the phalanx to an unheard of depth of 50 ranks, at the expense of the centre and the right. The centre and right were staggered backwards from the left (an 'echelon' formation), so that the phalanx advanced obliquely. The Theban left wing was thus

983:

Whatever the proximal causes of the war, it was in essence a conflict between Athens and Sparta for supremacy in Greece. The war (or wars, since it is often divided into three periods) was for much of the time a stalemate, punctuated with occasional bouts of activity. Tactically the Peloponnesian war

849:

had successfully persuaded his fellow citizens to build a huge fleet in 483/82 BC to combat the Persian threat (and thus to effectively abandon their hoplite army, since there were not men enough for both). Amongst the allies therefore, Athens was able to form the core of a navy, whilst other cities,

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was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city-state. The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of many city-states (the exact composition changing over time), allowing the pooling of resources and division of labour. Although alliances between city states occurred before

705:

was an army tactic the Greeks performed with shields. Each soldier carried a shield in his left arm, which he used to protect both himself and the man on his left. The depth of the phalanx differed depending on the battle and commander, but the width of the formation was considerably greater than its

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purpose was to expose the enemy's stern for an easy ramming target. An example of this tactic is described by Thucydides during the second battle between the Athenians and Peloponnesians in the Gulf of Corinth. During this engagement, a single Athenian galley was being pursued by a Peloponnesian ship

1299:

One major reason for Phillip's success in conquering Greece was the break with Hellenic military traditions that he made. With more resources available, he was able to assemble a more diverse army, including strong cavalry components. He took the development of the phalanx to its logical completion,

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even more money from her allies, the Athenian league thus became heavily strained. After the loss of Athenian ships and men in the Sicilian expedition, Sparta was able to foment rebellion amongst the Athenian league, which therefore massively reduced the ability of the Athenians to continue the war.

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The phalanx formed the core of ancient Greek militaries. Because hoplites were all protected by their own shield and others’ shields and spears, they were relatively safe as long as the formation didn't break. When advancing towards an enemy, the phalanx would break into a run that was sufficient to

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at Chaeronea, by not engaging his right wing against the Thebans until his left wing had routed the Athenians; thus in course outnumbering and outflanking the Thebans, and securing victory. Alexander's fame is in no small part due to his success as a battlefield tactician; the unorthodox gambits he

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Regardless of where it developed, the model for the hoplite army evidently quickly spread throughout Greece. The persuasive qualities of the phalanx were probably its relative simplicity (allowing its use by a citizen militia), low fatality rate (important for small city-states), and relatively low

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Only when a Persian force managed to outflank them by means of a mountain track was the allied army overcome; but by then Leonidas had dismissed the majority of the troops, remaining with a rearguard of 300 Spartans (and perhaps 2000 other troops), in the process making one of history's great last

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The revenge of the Persians was postponed 10 years by internal conflicts in the Persian Empire, until Darius's son Xerxes returned to Greece in 480 BC with a staggeringly large army (modern estimates suggest between 150,000 and 250,000 men). Many Greeks city-states, having had plenty of warning of

837:

ordered the troops to be spread across an unusually wide front, leaving the centre of the Greek line undermanned. However, the lightly armored Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armored hoplites, and the Persian wings were quickly routed. The Greek wings then turned against the elite

505:

In open sea, the Greek navy would sail in an upside-down ship formation, led by the commander's ship. However, at first sight of enemy ships, the Greek navy would turn to starboard or port to form its line for battle. The battle line consisted of ships lined up side by side, facing the enemy. This

360:

If battle was refused by one side, it would retreat to the city, in which case the attackers generally had to content themselves with ravaging the countryside around, since the campaign season was too limited to attempt a siege. When battles occurred, they were usually set piece and intended to be

262:

The origins of the hoplite are obscure, and no small matter of contention amongst historians. Traditionally, this has been dated to the 8th century BC, and attributed to Sparta; but more recent views suggest a later date, towards the 7th century BC . Certainly, by approximately 650 BC, as dated by

1007:

In the third phase of the war however the use of more sophisticated stratagems eventually allowed the Spartans to force Athens to surrender. Firstly, the Spartans permanently garrisoned a part of Attica, removing from Athenian control the silver mine which funded the war effort. Forced to squeeze

816:

An Athenian army of c. 10,000 hoplites marched to meet the Persian army of about 25,000 troops. The Athenians were at a significant disadvantage both strategically and tactically. Raising such a large army had denuded Athens of defenders, and thus any attack in the Athenian rear would cut off the

622:

was the Greek navy's most successful weapon. A trireme was equipped with a large piece of timber sheathed in an envelope of bronze, located in the front of the ship. Although each ship had a ram, the ship needed to have a skilled crew to be successful with this tactic. The oarsman rowing the ship

485:

War also led to the acquisition of land and enslaved people, which would lead to a greater harvest that could support a larger army. Plunder was also a large part of the war, and this allowed for pressure to be taken off of the government finances and allowed for investments to be made that would

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From the start, the mismatch in the opposing forces was clear. The Delian League (hereafter 'Athenians') were primarily a naval power, whereas the Peloponnesian League (hereafter 'Spartans') consisted of primarily land-based powers. The Athenians thus avoided battle on land, since they could not

481:

One alternative to disrupting the harvest was to ravage the countryside by uprooting trees, burning houses and crops, and killing all who were not safe behind the walls of the city. Uprooting trees was especially effective given the Greek reliance on the olive crop and the long time it takes new

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Campaigns were often timed with the agricultural season to impact the enemy's or enemies' crops and harvest. The timing had to be carefully arranged so that the invaders' enemy's harvest would be disrupted, but the invaders' harvest would not be affected. Late invasions were also possible in the

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At least in the Archaic Period, the fragmentary nature of Ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict, but conversely limited the scale of warfare. Unable to maintain professional armies, the city-states relied on their citizens to fight. This inevitably

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Opposition to it throughout the period 369–362 BC caused numerous clashes. In an attempt to bolster the Thebans' position, Epaminondas again marched on the Pelopennese in 362 BC. At the Battle of Mantinea, the largest battle ever fought between the Greek city-states occurred; most states were

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During an attack using the ram, the crew also sheared the enemy. Shearing occurred when the oars of one ship collided with any part of the opposing ship. During the collision, the wooden paddles shattered and often skewered the rower and the men surrounding him. In addition to maiming, if not

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were not strictly Greek in ancestry. Though the victory at Himera is widely seen as a defining event for Greek identity, analysis of the DNA of 54 corpses found in graves unearthed in Himera's west necropolis traced professional soldiers to regions near modern Ukraine, Latvia, and Bulgaria.

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Archers were also important in naval battles. The arrows of the seagoing archers were deadly and efficient and could decrease the enemy’s fighting power considerably by picking off officers and men on the enemy ship. The arrows had an effective range of 160–170 meters. When fired from a ship

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was famous for its archers. Since there were no decisive land-battles in the Peloponnesian War, the presence or absence of these troops was unlikely to have affected the course of the war. Nevertheless, it was an important innovation, one which was developed much further in later conflicts.

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Building on the experience of the Persian Wars, the diversification from core hoplite warfare, permitted by increased resources, continued. There was increased emphasis on navies, sieges, mercenaries and economic warfare. Far from the previously limited and formalized form of conflict, the

644:, were the secondary weapon for the Greek navy after the ram. During battles, marines were responsible for both attacking the enemy's ship, and preventing their own ship from being boarded. The number of marines on the trireme fluctuated based on each battle. For example, during the 554:

was by retreating their fleet into a tight circle with the prows of their ships facing outward. This defensive maneuver was known as the hedgehog counter-formation. The tight circle prevented the Greek navy from infiltrating its opponent's squadron because if the navy used the

376:. The two phalanxes would smash into each other in hopes of quickly breaking the enemy force's line. Failing that, a battle degenerated into a pushing match, with the men in the rear trying to force the front lines through those of the enemy. This maneuver was known as the 1143:

had his troops make repeated hit and run attacks on the Spartans, who, having neither peltasts nor cavalry, could not respond effectively. The defeat of a hoplite army in this way demonstrates the changes in both troops and tactic which had occurred in Greek Warfare.

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or "the push of shields". Battles rarely lasted more than an hour. Once one of the lines broke, the troops would generally flee from the field, chased by peltasts or light cavalry if available. If a hoplite escaped, he would sometimes be forced to drop his cumbersome

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reduced the potential duration of campaigns, as citizens would need to return to their jobs (especially in the case of farmers). Campaigns would therefore often be restricted to summer. Armies marched directly to their target, possibly agreed on by the protagonists.

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by an army, an impenetrable mass of men and shields. Men were also equipped with metal greaves and also a breastplate made of bronze, leather, or stiff cloth. When this was combined with the primary weapon of the hoplite, 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) long spear (the

718:, occurred most often after the tight formation of the phalanx dispersed. This fighting was also often referred to as dorarismos, meaning "spear-fighting" because the hoplites would use small swords in the fighting. One example of melee combat is described by 873:, to prevent the huge Persian navy landing troops in Leonidas's rear. Famously, Leonidas's men held the much larger Persian army at the pass (where their numbers were less of an advantage) for three days, the hoplites again proving their superiority. 832:

between a hoplite army and a non-Greek army. The Persians had acquired a reputation for invincibility, but the Athenian hoplites proved crushingly superior in the ensuing infantry battle. To counter the massive numbers of Persians, the Greek general

793:, and the wars are taken to start when they rebelled in 499 BC. The revolt was crushed by 494 BC, but Darius resolved to bring mainland Greece under his dominion. Many city-states made their submission to him, but others did not, notably including 361:

decisive. These battles were short, bloody, and brutal, and thus required a high degree of discipline. At least in the early classical period, hoplites were the primary force; light troops and cavalry generally protected the flanks and performed

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Following this victory, the Thebans first secured their power-base in Boeotia, before marching on Sparta. As the Thebans were joined by many erstwhile Spartan allies, the Spartans were powerless to resist this invasion. The Thebans marched into

1020:, the source of Athens' grain. The remaining Athenian fleet was thereby forced to confront the Spartans, and were decisively defeated. Athens had little choice but to surrender; and was stripped of her city walls, overseas possessions and navy. 1011:

Athens in fact partially recovered from this setback between 410 and 406 BC, but a further act of economic war finally forced her defeat. Having developed a navy that was capable of taking on the much-weakened Athenian navy, the Spartan general

273:), roughly 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, and made of wood faced with bronze. Although comparatively heavy, the design of this shield was such that it could be supported on the shoulder. More importantly, it permitted the formation of a 734:

An uncommon tactic of Ancient Greek warfare, during the hoplite battles, was the use of ambush. When light-armed forces began to be used, ambushing became a recognized scheme. The most known version of this tactic occurred during the

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Peloponnesian War transformed into an all-out struggle between city-states, complete with atrocities on a large scale; shattering religious and cultural taboos, devastating vast swathes of countryside and destroying whole cities.

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kingdom in northern Greece. Unlike the fiercely independent (and small) city-states, Macedon was a tribal kingdom, ruled by an autocratic king, and importantly, covering a larger area. Once firmly unified, and then expanded, by

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until the Athenian ship circled around a merchant ship and rammed the Peloponnesian vessel and sank it. The Athenian ship was successful in this maneuver because it was the faster of the two ships, which is a key element in the

126:, which saw diversification of warfare. Emphasis shifted to naval battles and strategies of attrition such as blockades and sieges. Following the defeat of the Athenians in 404 BC, and the disbandment of the Athenian-dominated 2204:

Van Wees, Hans, "The Development of the Hoplite Phalanx: Iconography Reality in the Seventh Century," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000,

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Rawlings, Louis, "Alternative Agonies: Hoplite Martial and Combat Experiences beyond the Phalanx," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000,

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troops in the Persian centre, which had held the Greek centre until then. Marathon demonstrated to the Greeks the lethal potential of the hoplite, and firmly demonstrated that the Persians were not, after all, invincible.

693:. These subunits worked as smaller pieces of an overall picture of military power. Trained thoroughly, the hoplites were as skilled at their melee combat as the Athenian oarsmen were at their precision ramming and rowing. 685:," they must have regularly been drawn up in rank and file and not just crowded together. They had a specific formation in order to execute all of their military maneuvers. The Athenian army was typically divided into ten 22:

Ancient Greek marble relief (c. 330 BC) depicting a soldier in combat, holding his weapon in his hand as he prepares to strike a fallen enemy; the relief may have been part of an official Athenian state memorial; from the

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This established a lasting Macedonian hegemony over Greece, and allowed Phillip the resources and security to launch a war against the Persian Empire. After his assassination, this war was prosecuted by his son

2097:

Hornblower, Simon, "Sticks, Stones, and Spartans: The Sociology of Spartan Violence," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000,

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Fisher, Nick, "Hybris, Revenge and Stasis in the Greek City-States," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. 83–124.

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However, from the very beginning, it was clear that the Spartan hegemony was shaky; the Athenians, despite their crushing defeat, restored their democracy but just one year later, ejecting the Sparta-approved

185:, the Theban hegemony ceased. The losses in the ten years of the Theban hegemony left all the Greek city-states weakened and divided. The city-states of southern Greece were too weak to resist the rise of the 2114:

Krentz, Peter, "Deception in Archaic and Classical Greek Warfare," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. 167–200.

2083:

Hanson, Victor D., "Hoplite Battle as Ancient Greek Warfare: When, Where, and Why?" in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000,

1250:, Macedon possessed the resources that enabled it to dominate the weakened and divided states in southern Greece. Between 356 and 342 BC Phillip conquered all city states in the vicinity of Macedon, then 1182:, they inevitably incurred the ire of Sparta. After they refused to disband their army, an army of approximately 10,000 Spartans and Pelopennesians marched north to challenge the Thebans. At the decisive 1308:

was a supreme defensive formation, but was not intended to be decisive offensively; instead, it was used to pin down the enemy infantry, whilst more mobile forces (such as cavalry) outflanked them. This

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Cavalry had always existed in Greek armies of the classical era but the cost of horses made it far more expensive than hoplite armor, limiting cavalrymen to nobles and the very wealthy (social class of

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including Sparta, provided the army. This alliance thus removed the constraints on the type of armed forces that the Greeks could use. The use of such a large navy was also a novelty to the Greeks.

114:

was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city-state. The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of many city-states, on a scale and scope never seen before. The rise of

1086:). Although the Spartans did not attempt to rule all of Greece directly, they prevented alliances of other Greek cities, and forced the city-states to accept governments deemed suitable by Sparta. 527:

was an ancient Greek naval operation used to infiltrate the enemy's line-of-battle. The maneuver consisted of Greek ships, in line abreast, rowing through gaps between its enemy's ships. After the

65:(as opposed to small-scale raids to acquire livestock and grain, for example). The fractious nature of Ancient Greek society seems to have made continuous conflict on this larger scale inevitable. 2087:

Hodkinson, Stephen, "Warfare, Wealth, and the Crisis of Spartiate Society," in John Rich and Graham Shipley, (eds.), War and Society in the Greek World, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 146–176.

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cost (enough for each hoplite to provide his own equipment). The Phalanx also became a source of political influence because men had to provide their own equipment to be a part of the army.

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Finally Phillip sought to establish his own hegemony over the southern Greek city-states, and after defeating the combined forces of Athens and Thebes, the two most powerful states, at the

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strengthen the polis. War also stimulated production because of the sudden demand for weapons and armor. Shipbuilders would also experience sudden increases in their production demands.

7104: 1132:, undermining the Spartan presence in Ionia. The war petered out after 394 BC, with a stalemate punctuated with minor engagements. One of these is particularly notable however; at the 1265:

in 338 BC, succeeded. Now unable to resist him, Phillip compelled most of the city states of southern Greece (including Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos; but not Sparta) to join the

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were typical engagements of hoplite phalanxes, resulting in Spartan victories. However, the Spartans suffered a large setback when their fleet was wiped out by a Persian Fleet at the

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The second major challenge Sparta faced was fatal to its hegemony, and even to its position as a first-rate power in Greece. As the Thebans attempted to expand their influence over

247:

Hoplite armor was extremely expensive for the average citizen, so it was commonly passed down from the soldier's father or relative. Alexander’s Macedonian army had spears called

445:) with javelins and sometimes spears. Eventually, these types effectively complemented the Macedonian style phalanx which prevailed throughout Greece after Alexander the Great. 6805: 2195:, 315-326. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen.*Van Crefeld, Martin, Technology and War: From 2000 B.C. to the Present, New York, NY: Free Press, 1989. 1277:, and resulted in the takeover of the whole Achaemenid Empire by the Macedonians. A united Macedonian empire did not long survive Alexander's death, and soon split into the 1241:

Although by the end of the Theban hegemony the cities of southern Greece were severely weakened, they might have risen again had it not been for the ascent to power of the

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in 218 BC, when one side pretended to retreat from the fighting and enticed their enemy to follow them into an ambush. This tactic became so well known that in 217 BC the

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represents something of a stagnation; the strategic elements were most important as the two sides tried to break the deadlock, something of a novelty in Greek warfare.

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olive trees to reach maturity. Ravaging the countryside took much effort and depended on the season because green crops do not burn as well as those nearer to harvest.

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depth. For example, during the battle of Syracuse, the depth of the Athenian army's phalanx was 8 men, while its opponent, the Syracusan army, had a depth of 16 men.

6028: 1094:. The Spartans did not feel strong enough to impose their will on a shattered Athens. Undoubtedly part of the reason for the weakness of the hegemony was a 1028:

Although tactically there was little innovation in the Peloponessian War, there does appear to have been an increase in the use of light infantry, such as

321:

When exactly the phalanx was developed is uncertain, but it is thought to have been developed by the Argives in their early clashes with the Spartans. The

7514: 7430: 892:, justifying Themistocles' decision to build the Athenian fleet. Demoralised, Xerxes returned to Asia Minor with much of his army, leaving his general 267:, the 'hoplite revolution' was complete. The major innovation in the development of the hoplite seems to have been the characteristic circular shield ( 877:

stands. The Greek navy, despite their lack of experience, also proved their worth holding back the Persian fleet whilst the army still held the pass.

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Echeverría, Fernando, "Hoplite and Phalanx in Archaic and Classical Greece: A Reassessment", Classical Philology, Vol. 107, No. 4, 2012, pp. 291-318.

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possibly win, and instead dominated the sea, blockading the Peloponnesus whilst maintaining their trade. Conversely, the Spartans repeatedly invaded

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The Athenian Navy in the Classical Period: A Study of Athenian Naval Administration and Military Organization in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.

1163:, although Athens was permitted to retain some of the territory it had regained during the war. The Spartan hegemony would last another 16 years... 1206:

which supported the Spartan warrior society. These events permanently reduced Spartan power and prestige, and replaced the Spartan hegemony with a

845:

This allowed diversification of the allied armed forces, rather than simply mustering a very large hoplite army. The visionary Athenian politician

2043:

Cartledge, Paul, The Spartans: The World of the Warrior-Heroes of Ancient Greece, from Utopia to Crisis and Collapse, New York, NY: Vintage, 2004.

2309: 550:. One reason why the tactic became less useful was that enemies quickly developed defensive tactics against it. One way opponents countered the 7657: 7519: 6832: 6780: 5218: 2117:

Lazenby, John F., "The Killing Zone," in Victor D. Hanson, (ed.), Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience, London: Routledge, 1993.

8327: 7524: 5585: 2268: 1032:(javelin throwers) and archers. Many of these would have been mercenary troops, hired from outlying regions of Greece. For instance, the 8067: 8047: 3909: 861:. As the massive Persian army moved south through Greece, the allies sent a small holding force (c. 10,000) men under the Spartan king 5983: 681:

demonstrate the strength and skill Greeks had in land battle. From the moment Greeks started fighting with "bronze shields and in the

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successfully crossed the opponent's line, the Greek ships would turn around and attack the susceptible side of the opponent's vessel.

415:, as support troops for the heavy hoplites, who also doubled as baggage handlers for the heavy foot. These included javelin throwers ( 8135: 7180: 2143:

3: 21-26.*Parke, Herbert W., Greek Mercenary Soldiers: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Ipsus, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.

1147:

The war ended when the Persians, worried by the allies' successes, switched to supporting the Spartans, in return for the cities of

7313: 2136:

Lendon, J.E., Soldiers & Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005.

1346: 181:

lacked sufficient manpower and resources, and became overstretched. Following the death of Epaminondas and loss of manpower at the

91:. Seen in media, the phalanx was a formation of these soldiers with their shields locked together and spears pointed forward. The 7723: 7217: 5428: 2165: 2059:

Engels, Donald, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978.

8057: 5408: 5372: 869:

whilst the main allied army could be assembled. The allied navy extended this blockade at sea, blocking the nearby straits of

7584: 7303: 1579: 1554: 1529: 1501: 1476: 1442: 648:, there were 4 archers and 10 marines on the deck of a vessel. However, Cimon had forty marines aboard each ship during the 8005: 3297: 2053:

Delbruck, Hans, Warfare in Antiquity, History of the Art of War, Volume 1, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.

2111:

Konijnendijk, Roel, Classical Greek Tactics: A Cultural History. (Mnemosyne, Supplements 409). Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2018.

538:

is considered to be one of the most effective maneuvers in naval warfare, it was only successfully used in three battles:

464:

Though ancient Greek historians made little mention of mercenaries, archeological evidence suggests that troops defending

8052: 7956: 7195: 2302: 2187:

Strauss, Barry S. 2000. "Democracy, Kimon, and the Evolution of the Athenian Naval Tactics in the Fifth Century BC." In

2023:

Anderson, J. K., Military Theory and Practice in the Age of Xenophon, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1970.

1222: 903:, effectively ending the invasion. Almost simultaneously, the allied fleet defeated the remnants of the Persian navy at 3919: 3609: 3302: 3236: 2277: 2050:, 89-96. Princeton: Princeton University Press.*Connolly, Peter, Greece and Rome at War, London: Greenhill Books, 1998. 2105:

University of California Publications: Classical Studies 13. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

1186:(371 BC), the Thebans routed the allied army. The battle is famous for the tactical innovations of the Theban general 8062: 7452: 3307: 3282: 2077: 1983: 1952: 8087: 7994: 6954: 5211: 5116: 3865: 3292: 3287: 547: 7814: 7165: 6790: 5932: 5578: 3759: 3619: 3614: 2891: 2253: 2229: 2146:

Pritchett, Kendrick W., The Greek State at War, 5 Vols., Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1975–1991.

2040:

Brouwers, Josho, Henchmen of Ares: Warriors and Warfare in Early Greece, Rotterdam: Karwansaray Publishers, 2013.

1300:

arming his 'phalangites' (for they were assuredly not hoplites) with a fearsome 6 m (20 ft) pike, the '

5853: 2037:

Best, Jan G. P., Thracian Peltasts and their Influence on the Greek Warfare, Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff, 1969.

559:, the galley would be encircled by its enemy and rammed. This counter formation was used by Themistocles in the 7804: 7211: 7190: 5143: 3784: 3198: 2295: 1604: 1234: 1101:

This did not go unnoticed by the Persian Empire, which sponsored a rebellion by the combined powers of Athens,

952: 8105: 2184:

Snodgrass, A., "The Hoplite Reform and History," Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 85, 1965, pp. 110–122.

726:

had lost their spears and swords during the dorarismos, they continued fighting "with their hands and teeth."

478:

hopes that the sowing season would be affected, but this, at best, would have minimal effects on the harvest.

8148: 8130: 7778: 6810: 5138: 4695: 4188: 3704: 3624: 3322: 3032: 2243: 8072: 7669: 7288: 7227: 5111: 3640: 3094: 1262: 2120:

Lazenby, John F., "Hoplite Warfare," in John Hackett, (ed.), Warfare in the Ancient World, pp. 54–81.

2017:

Adcock, Frank E., The Greek and Macedonian Art of War, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1962.

8125: 7502: 7405: 6944: 6703: 5483: 5453: 5377: 5354: 5204: 4166: 3774: 3650: 3312: 3266: 3221: 2997: 2686: 2198:

Van der Heyden, A. A. M. and Scullard, H. H., (eds.), Atlas of the Classical World, London: Nelson, 1959.

186: 182: 4705: 1304:'. Much more lightly armored, the Macedonian phalanx was not so much a shield-wall as a spear-wall. The 1070:

Following the eventual defeat of the Athenians in 404 BC, and the disbandment of the Athenian-dominated

138:. But this was unstable, and the Persian Empire sponsored a rebellion by the combined powers of Athens, 7981: 7244: 7087: 6959: 6849: 5607: 5571: 5438: 4827: 4700: 3833: 3828: 3804: 3714: 3231: 2329: 1125: 193:

brought most of Greece under his sway, paving the way for the conquest of "the known world" by his son

43:

onward. The Greek 'Dark Ages' drew to an end as a significant increase in population allowed urbanized

8214: 8143: 7718: 7574: 7507: 6733: 6676: 5296: 5185: 5128: 4084: 3887: 3872: 3794: 3729: 3049: 2944: 2418: 2352: 1324:

Tactically, Phillip absorbed the lessons of centuries of warfare in Greece. He echoed the tactics of

1202:, and freed it from Sparta; this was a fatal blow to Sparta, since Messenia had provided most of the 7635: 3696: 3676: 2874: 2532: 1432: 1155:. This brought the rebels to terms, and restored the Spartan hegemony on a more stable footing. The 240:

Along with the rise of the city-state evolved a brand new style of warfare and the emergence of the

8322: 8255: 7975: 7760: 7467: 6994: 6989: 6795: 6526: 6076: 5729: 5594: 5413: 3882: 3845: 3779: 3445: 3332: 1136:, an Athenian force composed mostly of light troops (e.g. peltasts) defeated a Spartan regiment... 543: 7862: 397: 8204: 8077: 7733: 7681: 7384: 7175: 7082: 6969: 6604: 5955: 5306: 5258: 5165: 4289: 4089: 4074: 3877: 3860: 3840: 3809: 3709: 3645: 3261: 3246: 3216: 3177: 3054: 2906: 2408: 1294: 1230: 1050: 649: 8120: 6544: 2020:

Anderson, J. K., Ancient Greek Horsemanship, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1961.

914:

The remainder of the wars saw the Greeks take the fight to the Persians. The Athenian dominated

880:

Thermopylae provided the Greeks with time to arrange their defences, and they dug in across the

8242: 8110: 7755: 7564: 7559: 7489: 7379: 7222: 7094: 6827: 6257: 6208: 6151: 6096: 5950: 5531: 5513: 5488: 5347: 5123: 4126: 3897: 3855: 3789: 3754: 3206: 3190: 2886: 2827: 2676: 2671: 2208:

Wheeler, E., "The General as Hoplite," in Hanson, Victor D., (ed.), Hoplites, London: 1991, pp.

24: 1975: 1969: 1944: 1938: 1166: 888:; and, in a battleground where Persian numbers again counted for nothing, they won a decisive 820: 8233: 8115: 7789: 7765: 7620: 7099: 6984: 6882: 6857: 6449: 6328: 6282: 6213: 6178: 5535: 5527: 5477: 5469: 5175: 4404: 4394: 4384: 4369: 4059: 3769: 3724: 3719: 3350: 3317: 3119: 3010: 2666: 2501: 1468: 1462: 854: 834: 678: 6414: 5922: 2248: 8209: 8082: 8022: 7875: 7809: 7652: 7640: 7484: 7293: 7052: 7047: 6949: 6909: 6713: 6609: 6599: 6592: 6146: 5473: 5465: 5400: 5253: 4647: 4641: 4627: 4111: 4069: 4041: 3926: 3739: 2969: 2765: 1247: 1095: 977: 560: 495: 190: 7239: 1621: 8: 8271: 8199: 8027: 8017: 7988: 7856: 7689: 7630: 7200: 7109: 7009: 6999: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6919: 6914: 6899: 6894: 6815: 6671: 6549: 6494: 6419: 5843: 5807: 5301: 5243: 4778: 4748: 4136: 4031: 4026: 3463: 2778: 2691: 2661: 2615: 2378: 1334: 1305: 1274: 1156: 893: 766:

The scale and scope of warfare in Ancient Greece changed dramatically as a result of the

715: 510: 194: 2065:

Hammond, Nicholas G. L., A History of Greece to 322 B.C., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.

899:

However, a united Greek army of c. 40,000 hoplites decisively defeated Mardonius at the

7968: 7625: 7425: 7410: 7205: 7160: 7155: 7004: 6554: 6166: 5387: 5286: 4995: 4892: 4798: 4442: 4359: 4247: 3749: 3573: 3089: 3069: 2926: 2797: 2681: 2476: 2403: 1668: 1643: 1133: 1110: 965: 881: 829: 786: 782: 767: 761: 602: 202: 198: 197:. The rise of the Macedonian Kingdom is generally taken to signal the beginning of the 147: 103: 2048:

The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times

154:(395–387 BC). Persia switched sides, which ended the war, in return for the cities of 7888: 7549: 7497: 7479: 7420: 7042: 6979: 6974: 6904: 6800: 6760: 6755: 6738: 6708: 6374: 6318: 6312: 6161: 6138: 5960: 5890: 5848: 5498: 5321: 5311: 5171: 5070: 4657: 4206: 4054: 4006: 3850: 3819: 3764: 3681: 3558: 3430: 3251: 3084: 3037: 2977: 2851: 2833: 2809: 2791: 2746: 2701: 2696: 2347: 2161: 2073: 1979: 1948: 1673: 1600: 1575: 1550: 1525: 1497: 1472: 1438: 1266: 1227: 1183: 947: 935: 900: 889: 858: 779: 771: 645: 509:

The abreast formation was used in almost all of the naval battles, except during the

337: 232:

and a doru. It is usually agreed that the doru could not be used two-handed with the

163: 123: 111: 8194: 7929: 7645: 7389: 7298: 7019: 7014: 6822: 6765: 6748: 6718: 6649: 6424: 6203: 6081: 6008: 5828: 5704: 5553: 5523: 5508: 5433: 5362: 5278: 5263: 5000: 4532: 4497: 4314: 4171: 4049: 3936: 3931: 3256: 3211: 3042: 2949: 2565: 2398: 2383: 2373: 2133:

Lazenby, John F., The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study, London: Routledge, 2004.

1663: 1655: 1129: 1075: 1061: 904: 810: 135: 107: 59:(800–480 BC). They also restored the capability of organized warfare between these 7881: 7750: 2263: 964:

Agrianian peltast holding three javelins, one in his throwing hand and two in his

7610: 6964: 6924: 6862: 5965: 5900: 5754: 5461: 5342: 5015: 4773: 4561: 4374: 4116: 3982: 3914: 3241: 2839: 2821: 2815: 2729: 2706: 2580: 2491: 2451: 2388: 2281: 2192: 2123:

Lazenby, John F., Spartan Army, Warminster, Wiltshire: Aris & Phillips, 1985.

1330: 1207: 1121: 1102: 1078:

of Sparta. The peace treaty which ended the Peloponnesian War left Sparta as the

1065: 997: 259:, a short sword used when the soldier's spear was broken or lost while fighting. 174: 139: 40: 7662: 5040: 4753: 938:, which saw further development of the nature of warfare, strategy and tactics. 340:, heavy-infantryman or hoplite. 510 BC. Top of helmet and pointed beard missing. 7916: 7850: 7605: 7364: 7232: 7037: 7032: 6743: 6696: 6614: 6559: 6287: 6193: 6156: 6003: 5865: 5699: 5443: 5331: 5326: 5235: 4897: 4837: 4832: 4788: 4569: 4517: 4507: 4487: 4477: 4221: 4216: 4211: 3064: 2863: 2857: 2845: 2645: 2620: 2393: 2318: 1648:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1114: 1004:

achieved no tangible result other than a large loss of Athenian ships and men.

885: 736: 539: 366: 178: 151: 131: 115: 96: 69: 56: 36: 972:

The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), was fought between the Athenian dominated

8316: 8264: 7949: 7909: 7895: 7554: 7369: 7144: 6691: 6686: 6659: 6587: 6484: 6018: 5940: 5689: 5669: 5632: 5541: 5291: 5268: 5248: 5133: 5050: 5025: 4715: 4637: 4319: 4262: 4161: 4151: 4121: 4103: 3977: 3129: 2911: 2803: 2759: 2721: 2560: 2481: 1394: 1310: 1071: 973: 915: 458: 402: 127: 102:

The scope and scale of warfare in Ancient Greece changed as a result of the

7902: 6225: 2201:

Van Wees, Hans, Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities, London: Duckworth, 2005.

1659: 1049:

were also a group of ancient mercenaries most likely employed by the tyrant

8010: 7700: 7694: 7600: 7595: 7534: 7415: 6770: 6644: 6619: 6571: 6564: 6489: 6404: 6040: 5975: 5833: 5771: 5694: 5652: 5503: 5493: 5336: 4950: 4902: 4768: 4622: 4492: 4131: 3967: 3473: 3435: 3134: 2274: 1677: 846: 373: 280: 252: 7935: 2181:

Sekunda, Nick, Warrior 27: Greek Hoplite 480–323 BC, Oxford: Osprey, 2000.

8249: 7832: 7771: 7590: 7544: 7529: 7457: 7185: 6664: 6469: 6364: 6171: 5907: 5838: 5744: 5662: 5647: 5518: 5448: 5423: 5418: 5367: 4970: 4862: 4842: 4670: 4178: 4156: 4146: 4141: 4064: 4021: 3568: 3478: 3468: 3355: 3345: 3109: 2486: 2461: 1384: 1325: 1278: 1187: 1171: 866: 274: 167: 80: 8287: 6344: 4675: 2141:

International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration

2108:

Kagan, Donald, The Peloponnesian War, New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2004.

581:

consisted of the Greek navy "sailing around" the enemy's line. Like the

310:

The ancient Greek city-states developed a military formation called the

7784: 7615: 7474: 7462: 7374: 7283: 6872: 6624: 6292: 6267: 6246: 6188: 6050: 6023: 5739: 5619: 5395: 5316: 4907: 4877: 4872: 4857: 4743: 4710: 4379: 4349: 4016: 3744: 3578: 3420: 3415: 3405: 3390: 3375: 3365: 3340: 2716: 2471: 2426: 1314: 1152: 1140: 1017: 908: 870: 789:

to subjugate Ancient Greece. Darius was already ruler of the cities of

778:

The Greco-Persian Wars (499–448 BC) were the result of attempts by the

362: 322: 264: 159: 92: 48: 18: 7539: 409:

Greek armies also included significant numbers of light infantry, the

7794: 7707: 6723: 6681: 6654: 6464: 6409: 6393: 6251: 6091: 6045: 5970: 5945: 5912: 5766: 5709: 5684: 5196: 4882: 4808: 4793: 4763: 4758: 4690: 4614: 4599: 4584: 4527: 4427: 4079: 4011: 3583: 3563: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3488: 3483: 3453: 3400: 3360: 3139: 3005: 2959: 2939: 2570: 2441: 1379: 1369: 1354: 1217: 1091: 1046: 744: 719: 607: 353:

was a professional soldier. Spartans instead relied on slaves called

350: 5563: 333: 7942: 6444: 6439: 6307: 6262: 6183: 6071: 6066: 6035: 5792: 5749: 5714: 5679: 5627: 4932: 4922: 4912: 4887: 4665: 4632: 4594: 4537: 4452: 4437: 4294: 4284: 4201: 4196: 3593: 3588: 3548: 3543: 3518: 3498: 3425: 3380: 3370: 3226: 3124: 3059: 2987: 2595: 1364: 1282: 1251: 1199: 1033: 1013: 862: 677:. They were known for their courage and strength. Stories like the 674: 6389: 4685: 2139:

Morrison, J.S. 1974. "Greek Naval Tactics in the 5th century BC."

801:. Darius thus sent his commanders Datis and Artaphernes to attack 166:(371) the Spartans were decisively defeated by the Theban general 162:. The Spartan hegemony would last another 16 years, until, at the 8227: 7674: 7170: 7062: 6459: 6429: 6384: 6369: 6354: 6349: 6302: 6272: 5995: 5802: 5797: 5734: 5674: 5637: 5075: 5065: 5010: 5005: 4990: 4980: 4965: 4960: 4847: 4735: 4725: 4604: 4579: 4574: 4547: 4542: 4522: 4512: 4502: 4467: 4457: 4447: 4399: 4389: 4364: 4329: 4324: 4299: 3952: 3734: 3395: 3385: 3144: 3114: 3104: 3099: 3079: 3074: 2954: 2901: 2610: 2600: 2590: 2585: 2575: 2287: 2175:

Sekunda, Nick, Elite 7: The Ancient Greeks, Oxford: Osprey, 1986.

1409: 1318: 1301: 1242: 1179: 1106: 1029: 919: 806: 740: 722:

during a battle at Thermopylae. Herodotus reports that after the

702: 619: 454: 433: 311: 297: 248: 241: 219: 143: 88: 76: 73: 44: 32: 5020: 4334: 2178:

Sekunda, Nick, Elite 66: The Spartan Army, Oxford: Osprey, 1998.

302: 224: 8278: 7923: 7744: 6728: 6634: 6479: 6434: 6379: 6339: 6323: 6297: 6241: 6086: 6013: 5917: 5885: 5875: 5823: 5724: 5657: 5045: 4975: 4955: 4917: 4783: 4589: 4482: 4419: 4409: 4354: 3972: 3957: 3553: 3538: 3513: 3508: 3493: 3154: 3149: 2916: 2896: 2640: 2630: 2625: 2496: 2456: 2446: 2431: 1389: 1374: 1255: 1203: 1117:(395–387 BC). This was the first major challenge Sparta faced. 1037: 1001: 993: 931: 927: 923: 802: 798: 794: 723: 528: 465: 411: 354: 346: 256: 119: 84: 61: 6639: 6629: 6474: 6454: 6399: 6359: 6333: 6277: 5776: 5055: 5030: 4927: 4867: 4852: 4720: 4680: 4432: 4344: 4339: 4309: 4304: 4279: 3962: 3503: 3458: 3410: 2982: 2934: 2635: 2605: 2552: 2527: 2466: 2436: 2191:, ed. By Pernille Flensted-Jensen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, and 1404: 1148: 1041: 960: 790: 747:

during their retreat in fear that they would face an ambush.

597: 386: 269: 233: 229: 155: 2090:

Holladay, A.J. 1988. "Further Thoughts on Trireme Tactics."

1644:"The diverse greek origins of a Classical period Greek army" 6236: 5895: 5880: 5860: 5761: 5642: 5060: 5035: 4985: 4472: 4462: 2070:

The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece

251:

that were 18 feet long, far longer than the 6–9 foot Greek

203:

the end of the distinctive hoplite battle in Ancient Greece

5870: 934:

as pre-eminent powers during the war led directly to the

907:, thus destroying the Persian hold on the islands of the 853:

The second Persian invasion is famous for the battles of

918:

of cities and islands extirpated Persian garrisons from

805:, to punish Athens for her intransigence. After burning 606:, a reconstruction of an ancient Athenian trireme, with 573:

Another naval tactic used by the ancient Greeks was the

1725: 1723: 1210:

one. The Theban hegemony would be short-lived however.

775:

this time, nothing on this scale had been seen before.

2189:

Polis & Politics: Studies in Ancient Greek History

824:

The Greek wings (blue) envelop the Persian wings (red)

660:

or a ramming blow, the arrows had a greater velocity.

284:), it gave both offensive and defensive capabilities. 6127: 1902: 1900: 1720: 1496:. University of California Press. pp. 139–141. 1337:

were unlike anything seen in Ancient Greece before.

2153:

Translated by W.R. Paton. Harvard University Press.

896:to campaign in Greece the following year (479 BC). 472: 380:or "push." Thucydides described hoplite warfare as 110:(480–323 BC). To battle the enormous armies of the 1897: 1218:The rise of Macedon and the end of the hoplite era 1055: 1313:' approach was furthered by the extensive use of 1023: 392: 208: 8314: 1430: 1288: 2523: 1549:. University of California Press. p. 173. 1524:. University of California Press. p. 169. 173:The Thebans acted with alacrity to establish a 55:). These developments ushered in the period of 2211:Whitehead, Ian (1987-10-01). "The Periplous". 1574:. University of California Press. p. 35. 1159:which ended the war, effectively restored the 47:to be restored, which led to the rise of the 5579: 5212: 2303: 2126:Lazenby, J.F. (1987-10-01). "The Diekplous." 306:Reconstruction of a Hoplite Phalanx formation 255:. The secondary weapon of a hoplite was the 1861: 1852: 1759: 1684: 1515: 1513: 689:, or tribal regiments, and subdivided into 8121:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 8068:International Congress of Maritime Museums 8048:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 7340: 5586: 5572: 5219: 5205: 3189: 2310: 2296: 1843: 1424: 189:in the north. With revolutionary tactics, 8181: 8136:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 1825: 1786: 1750: 1741: 1667: 755: 122:during this conflict led directly to the 1641: 1510: 1347:History of physical training and fitness 1233:, arms, and armaments, from the tomb of 1221: 1165: 959: 951: 941: 819: 596: 396: 365:, acting as support troops for the core 349:was an exception to this rule, as every 332: 301: 223: 17: 8106:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 1967: 1936: 1619: 1597:Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook 1460: 1170:The Battle of Leuctra, 371 BC, showing 673:Soldiers of the Greek army were called 8315: 8058:European Association of Archaeologists 5226: 4243: 1569: 1544: 1519: 1491: 1456: 1454: 1269:, and therefore become allied to him. 770:. To fight the enormous armies of the 635: 291: 8180: 7339: 7314:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 7272: 7142: 7141: 6524: 6126: 5605: 5593: 5567: 5200: 5100: 4242: 3671: 3175: 2522: 2342: 2291: 2264:The Place of Archery in Greek Warfare 1923: 1921: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1431:Nicholas Sekunda (25 December 2000). 750: 5429:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 4711:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 2343: 1594: 1040:were well-renowned peltasts, whilst 500: 72:evolved a new style of warfare: the 8053:Archaeological Institute of America 2270:The Five Great Battles of Antiquity 1451: 357:for civilian jobs such as farming. 177:of their own over Greece. However, 13: 8328:Military history of ancient Greece 7057: 6867: 5409:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 3672: 2317: 2072:. University of California Press. 1918: 1809: 1795: 1693: 328: 14: 8339: 8063:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 7453:Coastal defence and fortification 6828:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 6128:Navigation, and ports and harbors 2223: 1998: 1096:decline in the Spartan population 8297: 8163: 8088:Society for American Archaeology 7322: 7255: 7124: 6507: 6109: 5180: 5170: 5161: 5160: 1151:and Spartan non-interference in 1074:, Ancient Greece fell under the 489: 473:Agricultural and economic impact 158:and Spartan non-interference in 106:, which marked the beginning of 68:Along with the rise of the city- 31:Warfare occurred throughout the 7520:Phoenician discovery of America 5181: 2160:. Manchester University Press. 2130:. Second Series 34(2): 169-177. 2026:Anderson, J.K. 1969. Review of 2011: 1992: 1961: 1930: 1909: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1834: 1777: 1768: 1732: 1711: 1056:Spartan & Theban hegemonies 663: 27:collection, Copenhagen, Denmark 7212:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 2028:Greek Oared Ships 900-322 B.C. 1635: 1613: 1588: 1563: 1538: 1485: 1235:Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki 1024:Mercenaries and light infantry 393:Other elements of Greek armies 209:Military structure and methods 1: 8131:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 6806:Phoenician maritime expansion 2782: 2769: 2750: 2733: 2068:Hanson, Victor Davis (2000). 1437:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 3. 1417: 1289:The innovations of Phillip II 968:hand as additional ammunition 956:The key actions of each phase 372:The strength of hoplites was 8073:Nautical Archaeology Society 3910:Funeral and burial practices 3095:Military of Mycenaean Greece 2254:Resources in other libraries 743:army declined to pursue the 729: 566: 516: 7: 8126:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 7503:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 7309:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 7166:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 6525: 5606: 5378:Wars of Alexander the Great 1340: 668: 626: 10: 8344: 7982:Phoenician Ship Expedition 7273: 6823:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 6816:Circumnavigation of Africa 3834:Greek Revival architecture 3176: 2094:Second Series 35: 149-151. 1292: 1059: 976:and the Spartan dominated 945: 759: 696: 613: 493: 401:An Ancient Greek warrior, 295: 217: 213: 8295: 8187: 8176: 8161: 8096: 8038: 7841: 7825: 7573: 7508:Samothrace temple complex 7443: 7398: 7357: 7350: 7346: 7335: 7320: 7279: 7268: 7253: 7151: 7137: 7122: 7075: 7028: 6881: 6848: 6841: 6779: 6580: 6537: 6533: 6520: 6505: 6224: 6137: 6133: 6122: 6107: 6059: 5994: 5931: 5816: 5785: 5618: 5614: 5601: 5550: 5386: 5297:Wars of the Delian League 5277: 5234: 5156: 5107: 5101: 5096: 4941: 4818: 4807: 4734: 4656: 4613: 4560: 4418: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4238: 4187: 4102: 4040: 4002: 3995: 3945: 3905: 3896: 3818: 3695: 3691: 3667: 3633: 3602: 3444: 3331: 3275: 3242:Attalid kings of Pergamon 3197: 3188: 3184: 3171: 3050:Antigonid Macedonian army 3023: 2996: 2968: 2925: 2882: 2873: 2715: 2654: 2551: 2547: 2518: 2417: 2366: 2362: 2338: 2325: 2249:Resources in your library 2158:The Ancient Greeks at War 1642:Reitsema, Laurie (2022). 1599:. Routledge. p. 95. 1237:in Greece, 4th century BC 1120:The early encounters, at 809:, the Persians landed at 785:, and then his successor 6796:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 5322:Second Peloponnesian War 2156:Rawlings, Louis (2007). 1774:Whitehead 1987, p. 180-1 1434:Greek Hoplite 480–323 BC 828:This was the first true 709: 228:A hoplite armed with an 79:. Hoplites were armored 8078:RPM Nautical Foundation 7815:Surviving ancient ships 7734:Marsala Punic shipwreck 5307:First Peloponnesian War 2101:Jordan, Boromir. 1975. 2046:Casson, Lionel. 1991. 1660:10.1073/pnas.2205272119 1570:Hanson, Victor (1989). 1545:Hanson, Victor (1989). 1520:Hanson, Victor (1989). 1492:Hanson, Victor (1989). 1329:used at the battles of 1295:Ancient Macedonian army 1051:Dionysius I of Syracuse 865:, to block the pass of 201:, and certainly marked 8111:Giza Solar boat museum 7565:Underwater exploration 7560:Underwater archaeology 7525:Pre-Columbian theories 7380:John Sinclair Morrison 7341:Research and education 6791:Austronesian Expansion 5514:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 5439:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 5373:Expansion of Macedonia 3276:Artists & scholars 3191:List of ancient Greeks 2828:Second Athenian League 2677:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2502:Ancient Greek colonies 2003:. pp. XXIII–XXIV. 1927:Pritchett 1974, p. 186 1915:Pritchett 1974, p. 185 1894:Pritchett 1971, p. 135 1885:Pritchett 1971, p. 134 1876:Pritchett 1971, p. 152 1783:Whitehead 1987, p. 179 1765:Whitehead 1987, p. 185 1595:Sage, Michael (2002). 1572:The Western Way of War 1547:The Western Way of War 1522:The Western Way of War 1494:The Western Way of War 1238: 1175: 1161:status quo ante bellum 969: 957: 825: 756:The Greco-Persian Wars 610: 406: 341: 307: 237: 28: 25:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 8182:Legend and literature 8140:Viking ship museums: 8116:Grand Egyptian Museum 7876:Austronesian replicas 7851:Heyerdahl expeditions 7761:Caligula's Giant Ship 7621:Dover Bronze Age Boat 6283:Berenice Troglodytica 4395:Sybaris on the Traeis 3120:Sacred Band of Thebes 2860:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 2374:Cycladic civilization 2235:Ancient Greek warfare 2001:The Peloponnesian War 1968:Holland, Tom (2005). 1937:Holland, Tom (2005). 1867:Anderson 1970, p. 97. 1858:Anderson 1970, p. 94. 1806:Rawlings 2007, p. 122 1738:Polybius 2011, 1.51.9 1690:Morrison 1974, p. 21. 1225: 1169: 1139:The Athenian general 963: 955: 942:The Peloponnesian War 823: 679:Battle of Thermopylae 600: 400: 336: 305: 227: 21: 8083:Sea Research Society 7485:Maritime archaeology 7294:Ameinias the Phocian 7289:Mediterranean piracy 5414:Seleucid–Mauryan war 5254:Second Messenian War 3920:mythological figures 3641:Ancient Greek tribes 2766:Peloponnesian League 1849:Jordan 1975, p. 208. 1822:Rawlings 2007, p.123 1729:Lazenby 1987, p. 169 1717:Lazenby 1987, p. 171 1708:Lazenby 1987, p. 170 1461:Holland, T. (2006). 1361:Units and formation 1174:'s tactical advances 978:Peloponnesian League 561:Battle of Artemisium 496:oared vessel tactics 7176:Maritime Jade Route 6329:Kaveri Poompattinam 5302:Third Messenian War 5259:Lydian–Milesian War 5244:First Messenian War 4032:Tunnel of Eupalinos 4027:Theatre of Dionysus 3651:Ancient Macedonians 3267:Tyrants of Syracuse 2779:Amphictyonic League 2379:Minoan civilization 2273:by David L. Smith, 2032:Classical Philology 2030:by J. S. Morrison. 1943:. Abacus. pp. 1840:Hanson 2006, p. 242 1831:Casson 1991, p. 90. 1792:Casson 1991, p. 89. 1756:Casson 1991, p. 91. 1747:Casson 1991, p. 93. 1654:(41): e2205272119. 1622:"Tarantine Cavalry" 1620:Ueda-Sarson, Luke. 1275:Alexander the Great 1263:Battle of Chaeronea 1113:, resulting in the 716:hand-to-hand combat 650:battle of Eurymedon 636:Marines and archers 511:Battle of Naupactus 419:), stone throwers ( 292:The hoplite phalanx 195:Alexander the Great 150:, resulting in the 7724:Bajo de la Campana 7426:Peter Throckmorton 7411:Jean-Yves Empereur 7385:William L. Rodgers 7206:Maritime Silk Road 5489:Roman–Seleucid War 5348:Theban–Spartan War 5287:Greco-Persian Wars 5228:Ancient Greek wars 4706:Menestheus's Limin 4360:Pandosia (Lucania) 4248:Greek colonisation 3610:Athenian statesmen 3371:Diogenes of Sinope 3232:Kings of Macedonia 3222:Kings of Commagene 3090:Macedonian phalanx 3070:Hellenistic armies 2818:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 2682:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2404:Hellenistic Greece 2280:2009-05-04 at the 2275:Symposion Lectures 1974:. Abacus. p. 1906:Hanson 2000, p. 47 1306:Macedonian phalanx 1239: 1228:Ancient Macedonian 1176: 1134:Battle of Lechaeum 970: 958: 882:Isthmus of Corinth 826: 768:Greco-Persian Wars 762:Greco-Persian Wars 751:Military campaigns 611: 407: 342: 308: 238: 199:Hellenistic period 187:Macedonian kingdom 183:Battle of Mantinea 104:Greco-Persian Wars 29: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8172: 8171: 8159: 8158: 7779:Madrague de Giens 7498:Temple of Isthmia 7494:Maritime temples 7480:Marine navigation 7439: 7438: 7431:Shelley Wachsmann 7421:J. Richard Steffy 7331: 7330: 7264: 7263: 7133: 7132: 7120: 7119: 7071: 7070: 6801:Ocean exploration 6516: 6515: 6503: 6502: 6162:Rutter (nautical) 6118: 6117: 6105: 6104: 5961:Mortise and tenon 5595:Ancient seafaring 5561: 5560: 5499:War against Nabis 5312:Second Sacred War 5194: 5193: 5152: 5151: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5083: 4658:Iberian Peninsula 4590:Lipara/Meligounis 4556: 4555: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4207:Cypriot syllabary 4098: 4097: 4007:Athenian Treasury 3991: 3990: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3252:Ptolemaic dynasty 3212:Archons of Athens 3167: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3038:Athenian military 3019: 3018: 2852:League of Corinth 2834:Thessalian League 2810:Chalcidian League 2792:Acarnanian League 2702:Ptolemaic Kingdom 2514: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2230:Library resources 2213:Greece & Rome 2205:pp. 125–166. 2172:pp. 233–260. 2149:Polybius (2011). 2128:Greece & Rome 2084:pp. 201–232. 1581:978-0-520-26009-2 1556:978-0-520-26009-2 1531:978-0-520-26009-2 1503:978-0-520-26009-2 1478:978-0-349-11717-1 1444:978-1-85532-867-9 1267:Corinthian League 1184:Battle of Leuctra 1082:ruler of Greece ( 948:Peloponnesian War 936:Peloponnesian War 901:Battle of Plataea 772:Achaemenid Empire 646:Peloponnesian War 501:Battle formations 431:) while archers ( 338:Stele of Aristion 164:Battle of Leuctra 124:Peloponnesian War 112:Achaemenid Empire 8335: 8301: 8300: 8195:Ark of bulrushes 8178: 8177: 8167: 8166: 7805:Oldest surviving 7515:Nusantao network 7390:Chester G. Starr 7355: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7337: 7336: 7326: 7325: 7299:Cilician pirates 7270: 7269: 7259: 7258: 7196:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 7191:Iron Age Britain 7139: 7138: 7128: 7127: 6846: 6845: 6535: 6534: 6522: 6521: 6511: 6510: 6425:Ptolemais Theron 6135: 6134: 6124: 6123: 6113: 6112: 5705:Single-outrigger 5616: 5615: 5603: 5602: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5554:Military history 5524:Mithridatic Wars 5509:Maccabean Revolt 5457: 5434:Chremonidean War 5363:Third Sacred War 5358: 5264:First Sacred War 5221: 5214: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5184: 5183: 5174: 5164: 5163: 5098: 5097: 4816: 4815: 4315:Heraclea Lucania 4268: 4267: 4259: 4258: 4240: 4239: 4000: 3999: 3932:Twelve Olympians 3903: 3902: 3693: 3692: 3669: 3668: 3257:Seleucid dynasty 3237:Kings of Paionia 3186: 3185: 3173: 3172: 3043:Scythian archers 2950:Graphe paranomon 2880: 2879: 2787: 2784: 2774: 2771: 2755: 2752: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2549: 2548: 2520: 2519: 2399:Classical Greece 2384:Mycenaean Greece 2364: 2363: 2340: 2339: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2215:. Second Series 2166:978 0 7190 56574 2005: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1807: 1804: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1671: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1458: 1449: 1448: 1428: 1281:kingdoms of the 1130:Battle of Cnidus 1062:Spartan hegemony 783:Darius the Great 427:) and slingers ( 382:othismos aspidon 136:Spartan hegemony 108:Classical Greece 97:set-piece battle 8343: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8323:Ancient warfare 8313: 8312: 8311: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8183: 8168: 8164: 8155: 8098: 8092: 8040: 8039:Institutes and 8034: 7989:Viking replicas 7930:Balangay Voyage 7843: 7837: 7821: 7576: 7569: 7445: 7435: 7394: 7342: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7275: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7147: 7129: 7125: 7116: 7067: 7024: 6877: 6837: 6782: 6775: 6576: 6529: 6512: 6508: 6499: 6375:Mueang Phra Rot 6229: 6220: 6129: 6114: 6110: 6101: 6055: 6029:Triangular sail 5990: 5927: 5901:Sail components 5812: 5781: 5755:Tessarakonteres 5610: 5597: 5592: 5562: 5557: 5546: 5462:Macedonian Wars 5455: 5382: 5356: 5343:Theban hegemony 5273: 5230: 5225: 5195: 5190: 5148: 5103: 5080: 4943: 4937: 4820: 4811: 4803: 4774:Melaina Korkyra 4730: 4652: 4609: 4562:Aeolian Islands 4552: 4414: 4272: 4253: 4252: 4226: 4183: 4094: 4036: 3987: 3941: 3892: 3814: 3805:Wedding customs 3687: 3686: 3655: 3646:Thracian Greeks 3629: 3620:Olympic victors 3598: 3440: 3327: 3271: 3262:Kings of Sparta 3247:Kings of Pontus 3217:Kings of Athens 3193: 3180: 3159: 3055:Army of Macedon 3015: 2992: 2964: 2921: 2869: 2842:(370–c. 230 BC) 2840:Arcadian League 2824:(c. 400–188 BC) 2822:Aetolian League 2816:Boeotian League 2798:Hellenic League 2785: 2772: 2762:(c. 650–404 BC) 2753: 2747:Italiote League 2740: 2736: 2730:Doric Hexapolis 2720: 2711: 2707:Seleucid Empire 2650: 2543: 2542: 2506: 2413: 2389:Greek Dark Ages 2358: 2357: 2334: 2321: 2316: 2284:, 30 June 2006. 2282:Wayback Machine 2260: 2259: 2258: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2193:Lene Rubinstein 2098:pp. 57–82. 2092:Greece and Rome 2014: 2009: 2008: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1810: 1805: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1518: 1511: 1504: 1490: 1486: 1479: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1343: 1297: 1291: 1220: 1068: 1066:Theban hegemony 1060:Main articles: 1058: 1026: 950: 944: 780:Persian Emperor 764: 758: 753: 732: 712: 699: 671: 666: 638: 629: 618:The ram on the 616: 571: 521: 503: 498: 492: 475: 395: 331: 329:Hoplite warfare 300: 294: 222: 216: 211: 134:fell under the 41:Greek Dark Ages 12: 11: 5: 8341: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8231: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8197: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8102: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7972: 7964:Mediterranean 7962: 7961: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7927: 7920: 7917:Alingano Maisu 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7860: 7847: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7766:De Meern ships 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7684: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7636:Cape Gelidonya 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7581: 7579: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7460: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7402: 7400: 7399:Archaeologists 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7365:David Blackman 7361: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7343: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7304:Jewish pirates 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6990:Lake Trasimene 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6891:Mediterranean: 6887: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6787: 6785: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6539: 6531: 6530: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 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5764: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5730:Oared warships 5727: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5624: 5622: 5612: 5611: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5459: 5451: 5446: 5444:Cleomenean War 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5339: 5334: 5332:Corinthian War 5329: 5327:Phyle Campaign 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5168: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4508:Megara Hyblaea 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4488:Hybla Gereatis 4485: 4480: 4478:Heraclea Minoa 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4244: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4222:Attic numerals 4219: 4217:Greek numerals 4214: 4212:Greek alphabet 4209: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3866:Musical system 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3825: 3823: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3298:Mathematicians 3295: 3290: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3207:Kings of Argos 3203: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3182: 3181: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3065:Cretan archers 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2864:Achaean League 2861: 2858:Euboean League 2855: 2849: 2846:Epirote League 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2794:(c. 500–31 BC) 2789: 2776: 2763: 2757: 2744: 2726: 2724: 2722:Confederations 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2646:Lissus (Crete) 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2394:Archaic Greece 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2319:Ancient Greece 2315: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2266: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2224:External links 2222: 2221: 2220: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2154: 2151:The Histories. 2147: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 1991: 1984: 1960: 1953: 1929: 1917: 1908: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1808: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1719: 1710: 1692: 1683: 1634: 1612: 1605: 1587: 1580: 1562: 1555: 1537: 1530: 1509: 1502: 1484: 1477: 1450: 1443: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1342: 1339: 1293:Main article: 1290: 1287: 1219: 1216: 1115:Corinthian War 1057: 1054: 1025: 1022: 946:Main article: 943: 940: 760:Main article: 757: 754: 752: 749: 737:Battle of Dyme 731: 728: 711: 708: 698: 695: 670: 667: 665: 662: 637: 634: 628: 625: 615: 612: 608:bronze bow ram 570: 565: 520: 515: 502: 499: 494:Main article: 491: 488: 474: 471: 394: 391: 367:heavy infantry 330: 327: 296:Main article: 293: 290: 218:Main article: 215: 212: 210: 207: 191:King Philip II 152:Corinthian War 132:Ancient Greece 57:Archaic Greece 37:Ancient Greece 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8340: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8265:Metamorphoses 8262: 8260: 8258: 8257:The Histories 8254: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8235:The Histories 8232: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8186: 8179: 8175: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8037: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7950:Marumaru Atua 7947: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7910:Samudra Raksa 7907: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7896:Te Au o Tonga 7893: 7891: 7890: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7756:Blackfriars I 7754: 7752: 7751:Arles Rhône 3 7749: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7555:Thalassocracy 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7540:Shell middens 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7490:Naval warfare 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7370:Lionel Casson 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7334: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7271: 7267: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7201:Incense trade 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7105:South America 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7053:Sailing ships 7051: 7049: 7048:Oared vessels 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6970:Cape Hermaeum 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6781:Migration and 6778: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588:Ancient Egypt 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581:Civilizations 6579: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6121: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5956:Clinker built 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5941:Boat building 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5690:Navis lusoria 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5542:War of Actium 5540: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5292:Aeginetan War 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5269:Sicilian Wars 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249:Lelantine War 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5187: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5099: 5095: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4686:Hemeroscopion 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4263:Magna Graecia 4260: 4256: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4137:Arcadocypriot 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4090:Zeus, Olympia 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4075:Hera, Olympia 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3978:Mount Olympus 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946:Sacred places 3944: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3770:Olympic Games 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3760:Homosexuality 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3130:Seleucid army 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804:Delian League 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2780: 2777: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760:Ionian League 2758: 2748: 2745: 2741: 560 BC 2731: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2482:Magna Graecia 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2219:(2): 178–185. 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2078:0-520-21911-2 2075: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2002: 1995: 1987: 1985:9780349117171 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1964: 1956: 1954:9780349117171 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1933: 1924: 1922: 1912: 1903: 1901: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1724: 1714: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1623: 1616: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1455: 1446: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1423: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1395:Shield bearer 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:combined arms 1307: 1303: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226:Paintings of 1224: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:Delian League 1067: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 989: 985: 981: 979: 975: 974:Delian League 967: 962: 954: 949: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916:Delian League 912: 910: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 851: 848: 843: 839: 836: 831: 822: 818: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 781: 776: 773: 769: 763: 748: 746: 742: 738: 727: 725: 721: 717: 707: 704: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 661: 659: 653: 651: 647: 643: 633: 624: 621: 609: 605: 604: 599: 595: 593: 588: 584: 580: 576: 569: 564: 562: 558: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 534:Although the 532: 530: 526: 519: 514: 512: 507: 497: 490:Naval tactics 487: 483: 479: 470: 467: 462: 460: 459:Magna Graecia 456: 452: 446: 444: 440: 436: 435: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413: 404: 403:Riace bronzes 399: 390: 388: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 358: 356: 352: 348: 339: 335: 326: 324: 319: 315: 313: 304: 299: 289: 285: 283: 282: 276: 272: 271: 266: 260: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 235: 231: 226: 221: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 128:Delian League 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83:, armed with 82: 78: 75: 71: 66: 64: 63: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 26: 20: 16: 8286: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8248: 8243:On the Ocean 8241: 8234: 8226: 8223:Literature: 8011: 7993: 7974: 7967: 7957:Aotearoa One 7955: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7842:Experimental 7810:Museum ships 7777: 7770: 7743: 7715:Phoenician: 7706: 7701:Leontophoros 7699: 7663:Butuan boats 7658:Pontian boat 7596:Dufuna canoe 7535:Shipbuilding 7446:and theories 7416:Boris Rankov 7210: 7143:Economy and 7043:Incendiaries 6890: 6677:Indus Valley 6645:Tarumanagara 6572:Ubaid period 6490:Wadi al-Jarf 6405:Ostia Antica 6009:Fore-and-aft 5976:Shipbuilding 5951:Carvel built 5933:Construction 5891:Steering oar 5772:Sailing ship 5695:Obelisk ship 5653:Dugout canoe 5552: 5504:Galatian War 5494:Aetolian War 5456:(220–217 BC) 5402: 5401:Wars of the 5357:(357–355 BC) 5341:Wars of the 5337:Boeotian War 5227: 4981:Dionysopolis 4951:Abonoteichos 4903:Pantikapaion 4493:Hybla Heraea 3829:Architecture 3799: 3785:Prostitution 3474:Aristophanes 3333:Philosophers 3303:Philosophers 3135:Spartan army 3024: 2866:(280–146 BC) 2854:(338–322 BC) 2848:(370–168 BC) 2836:(374–196 BC) 2830:(378–355 BC) 2812:(430–348 BC) 2806:(478–404 BC) 2800:(499–449 BC) 2537: 2487:Peloponnesus 2409:Roman Greece 2269: 2244:Online books 2234: 2216: 2212: 2188: 2157: 2150: 2140: 2127: 2102: 2091: 2069: 2047: 2034:64: 180-183. 2031: 2027: 2012:Bibliography 2000: 1994: 1971:Persian Fire 1970: 1963: 1940:Persian Fire 1939: 1932: 1911: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1827: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1734: 1713: 1686: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1625:. Retrieved 1615: 1596: 1590: 1571: 1565: 1546: 1540: 1521: 1493: 1487: 1464:Persian Fire 1463: 1433: 1426: 1323: 1298: 1271: 1260: 1240: 1212: 1196: 1192: 1177: 1160: 1157:peace treaty 1146: 1138: 1119: 1100: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1027: 1010: 1006: 990: 986: 982: 971: 913: 898: 879: 875: 852: 847:Themistocles 844: 840: 827: 815: 777: 765: 733: 713: 700: 690: 686: 682: 672: 664:Land tactics 657: 656:executing a 654: 641: 640:Marines, or 639: 630: 617: 601: 591: 586: 582: 578: 574: 572: 567: 556: 551: 535: 533: 524: 522: 517: 508: 504: 484: 480: 476: 463: 450: 447: 443:thyreophoroi 442: 438: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 410: 408: 381: 377: 374:shock combat 371: 359: 343: 320: 316: 309: 286: 279: 268: 261: 246: 239: 172: 101: 67: 60: 52: 30: 15: 8250:Argonautica 8237:(Herodotus) 8200:Flood myths 8097:Museums and 8041:conferences 8006:Vital Alsar 7844:archaeology 7653:Austronesia 7646:Hjortspring 7641:Rochelongue 7591:Pesse canoe 7545:Ship burial 7530:Sea Peoples 7463:Lighthouses 7458:Grave goods 7406:George Bass 7186:Spice trade 6783:exploration 6605:Philippines 6600:Austronesia 6593:Old Kingdom 6470:Trincomalee 6420:Prosphorion 6365:Myos Hormos 6209:Micronesian 6200:By region: 6172:Lighthouses 5980:By region: 5745:Quinquereme 5670:Kunlun ship 5663:Penteconter 5648:Dragon boat 5519:Achaean War 5454:Social War 5449:Lyttian War 5424:Syrian Wars 5419:Pyrrhic War 5388:Hellenistic 5368:Foreign War 5355:Social War 5129:Place names 5041:Salmydessus 4863:Kalos Limen 4843:Chersonesus 4833:Borysthenes 4538:Tauromenion 4350:Metapontion 4112:Proto-Greek 4065:Erechtheion 4060:Athena Nike 4022:Philippeion 3851:Mathematics 3822:and science 3705:Agriculture 3569:Stesichorus 3479:Bacchylides 3469:Archilochus 3356:Antisthenes 3346:Anaximander 3318:Seven Sages 3308:Playwrights 3288:Geographers 3283:Astronomers 3110:Pezhetairos 2737: 1100 2717:Federations 2616:Megalopolis 2553:City states 2528:City states 1467:. pp. 1385:Protostates 1326:Epaminondas 1315:skirmishers 1279:Hellenistic 1188:Epaminondas 1172:Epaminondas 1016:seized the 867:Thermopylae 855:Thermopylae 745:Akarnanians 429:sfendonitai 405:, c. 450 BC 363:skirmishing 275:shield-wall 168:Epaminondas 81:infantrymen 49:city-states 39:, from the 8317:Categories 8259:(Polybius) 7903:Hawaiʻiloa 7785:Nemi ships 7670:Black Sea‎ 7616:Khufu ship 7577:and relics 7475:Marine art 7468:Alexandria 7375:Fik Meijer 7358:Historians 7245:Indo-Roman 7058:Greek navy 6960:Salamis II 6950:Hellespont 6910:Artemisium 6900:Nile Delta 6863:Achaemenid 6756:Achaemenid 6625:Langkasuka 6620:Micronesia 6538:Prehistory 6465:Sounagoura 6293:Chittagong 6268:Barbarikon 6247:Alexandria 6189:Pilot boat 6139:Navigation 5971:Sewn-plank 5966:Lashed-lug 5844:Figurehead 5817:Components 5786:Propulsion 5740:Quadrireme 5721:Polyremes 5700:Outriggers 5484:Cretan War 5396:Lamian War 5317:Samian War 5031:Polemonion 4908:Phanagoria 4878:Kimmerikon 4873:Kerkinitis 4858:Hermonassa 4848:Dioscurias 4744:Aspalathos 4691:Kalathousa 4666:Akra Leuke 4595:Phoenicusa 4380:Scylletium 4365:Poseidonia 4285:Brentesion 4172:Pamphylian 4167:Macedonian 4085:Samothrace 4070:Hephaestus 4017:Long Walls 3996:Structures 3937:Underworld 3883:Technology 3846:Literature 3780:Philosophy 3745:Euergetism 3634:By culture 3579:Thucydides 3421:Pythagoras 3416:Protagoras 3406:Parmenides 3391:Heraclitus 3376:Empedocles 3366:Democritus 3351:Anaximenes 3341:Anaxagoras 3293:Historians 2786: 595 2773: 550 2754: 800 2739: – c. 2667:Cappadocia 2472:Ionian Sea 2462:Hellespont 2427:Aegean Sea 1606:113476331X 1418:References 1317:, such as 1243:Macedonian 1153:Asia Minor 1141:Iphicrates 1018:Hellespont 871:Artemisium 830:engagement 714:Melee, or 587:periplous' 575:periplous. 439:thorakitai 425:petrovoloi 421:lithovoloi 417:akontistai 323:chigi vase 265:Chigi vase 160:Asia Minor 93:Chigi vase 8272:Geography 8210:Gilgamesh 8099:memorials 8023:Viracocha 7936:Faʻafaite 7889:Sarimanok 7795:Yassi Ada 7708:Syracusia 7631:Canaanite 7606:Moor Sand 7076:By region 7038:Grappling 7010:Naulochus 7000:Myonessus 6955:Echinades 6940:Arginusae 6935:Cynossema 6920:Naupactus 6915:Eurymedon 6749:Classical 6724:Phoenicia 6719:Mycenaean 6682:Tamilakam 6665:Polynesia 6655:Srivijaya 6450:Satingpra 6410:Palembang 6394:Cattigara 6336:(Kadaram) 6319:Jambukola 6313:Guangzhou 6254:(Podouke) 6252:Arikamedu 6214:Polynesia 6147:Celestial 6060:Armaments 6046:Spritsail 6004:Crab claw 5946:Careening 5913:Sternpost 5767:Reed boat 5710:Catamaran 5685:Multihull 5279:Classical 5117:in Epirus 5066:Trapezous 5011:Mesambria 4996:Eupatoria 4966:Apollonia 4961:Anchialos 4923:Theodosia 4893:Nymphaion 4883:Myrmekion 4853:Gorgippia 4809:Black Sea 4794:Tragurion 4779:Nymphaion 4764:Epidauros 4759:Epidamnos 4749:Apollonia 4726:Zacynthos 4648:Ptolemais 4642:Apollonia 4615:Cyrenaica 4605:Therassía 4600:Strongyle 4580:Ereikousa 4503:Leontinoi 4443:Apollonia 4320:Hipponion 4117:Mycenaean 4080:Parthenon 4012:Lion Gate 3915:Mythology 3878:Sculpture 3841:Astronomy 3775:Pederasty 3750:Festivals 3735:Education 3615:Lawgivers 3584:Timocreon 3564:Sophocles 3559:Simonides 3534:Philocles 3529:Panyassis 3524:Mimnermus 3489:Herodotus 3484:Euripides 3454:Aeschylus 3401:Leucippus 3361:Aristotle 3140:Strategos 3006:Synedrion 2960:Ostracism 2940:Areopagus 2892:Free city 2687:Macedonia 2571:Byzantion 2477:Macedonia 2442:Cyrenaica 2419:Geography 2353:Geography 1380:Promachos 1370:Epistates 1355:Polemarch 1335:Gaugamela 1254:and then 1248:Philip II 1092:oligarchy 1047:Sileraioi 894:Mardonius 835:Miltiades 730:Ambuscade 720:Herodotus 658:diekplous 592:periplous 583:diekplous 579:periplous 568:Periplous 557:diekplous 552:diekplous 536:diekplous 525:diekplous 518:Diekplous 351:Spartiate 8288:Tākitimu 8191:Legend: 8149:Roskilde 8028:Tangaroa 7969:Olympias 7943:Gaualofa 7882:Hōkūleʻa 7857:Kon-Tiki 7690:Ashkelon 7626:Uluburun 7585:Earliest 7351:Scholars 7233:shipping 7033:Boarding 6945:Mytilene 6930:Syracuse 6895:Alashiya 6858:Egyptian 6842:Military 6833:Timeline 6811:Sardinia 6734:Carthage 6650:Kalingga 6610:Sa Huỳnh 6545:Timeline 6495:Zanzibar 6445:Sarapion 6440:Rhacotis 6370:Martaban 6315:(Canton) 6308:Godavaya 6303:Giao Chỉ 6273:Barygaza 6263:Avalites 6184:Piloting 6072:Catapult 6067:Ballista 6041:Mast-aft 5854:Planking 5793:Paddling 5750:Hexareme 5715:Trimaran 5680:Longship 5628:Balangay 5403:Diadochi 5166:Category 5144:Theatres 5071:Tripolis 5006:Kerasous 5001:Heraclea 4933:Tyritake 4888:Nikonion 4799:Thronion 4721:Salauris 4676:Emporion 4633:Berenice 4623:Balagrae 4575:Euonymos 4548:Tyndaris 4533:Syracuse 4528:Selinous 4498:Kamarina 4453:Casmenae 4438:Akrillai 4355:Neápolis 4290:Caulonia 4271:Mainland 4202:Linear B 4197:Linear A 4127:Dialects 4104:Language 3898:Religion 3856:Medicine 3790:Religion 3755:Folklore 3740:Emporium 3715:Clothing 3710:Calendar 3594:Xenophon 3589:Tyrtaeus 3574:Theognis 3549:Polybius 3544:Plutarch 3519:Menander 3499:Hipponax 3426:Socrates 3381:Epicurus 3227:Diadochi 3125:Sciritae 3085:Hetairoi 3060:Ballista 3025:Military 2988:Gerousia 2978:Ekklesia 2945:Ecclesia 2927:Athenian 2875:Politics 2788:–279 BC) 2775:–366 BC) 2756:–389 BC) 2692:Pergamon 2662:Bithynia 2655:Kingdoms 2596:Pergamon 2538:Military 2533:Politics 2330:Timeline 2278:Archived 1678:36191217 1627:20 March 1365:Ekdromoi 1341:See also 1319:peltasts 1283:Diadochi 1252:Thessaly 1231:soldiers 1200:Messenia 1080:de facto 1076:hegemony 1034:Agrianes 1030:peltasts 1014:Lysander 998:Syracuse 863:Leonidas 811:Marathon 787:Xerxes I 741:Stratian 724:Spartans 675:hoplites 669:Hoplites 642:epibatai 627:Shearing 603:Olympias 378:Othismos 249:sarissas 175:hegemony 8228:Odyssey 8205:Genesis 8002:Others 7801:Lists: 7790:Marausa 7740:Roman: 7730:Punic: 7695:Kyrenia 7686:Greek: 7682:Marsala 7675:Sinop D 7550:Tacking 7284:History 7171:Meluhha 7161:Fishing 7156:Whaling 7063:Ramming 6985:Aegates 6980:Drepana 6975:Ecnomus 6905:Salamis 6893: 6883:Battles 6761:Nabatea 6744:Archaic 6714:Nuragic 6704:Somalia 6555:Oceania 6550:Britain 6527:History 6460:Socotra 6430:Qandala 6415:Piraeus 6385:Muziris 6355:Madurai 6350:Manthai 6288:Canopus 6258:Arsinoe 6230:harbors 6179:History 6167:Coastal 6097:Sambuca 6082:Dolphin 5996:Rigging 5808:Poling 5798:Sailing 5735:Trireme 5675:Liburna 5638:Coracle 5608:Vessels 5526: ( 5464: ( 5236:Archaic 5186:Outline 5139:Temples 5076:Zaliche 5056:Thèrmae 5046:Sesamus 5016:Odessos 4991:Cytorus 4986:Cotyora 4736:Illyria 4701:Mainake 4696:Kypsela 4585:Hycesia 4543:Thermae 4523:Segesta 4513:Messana 4468:Helorus 4448:Calacte 4428:Akragas 4390:Sybaris 4375:Rhegion 4330:Krimisa 4280:Alision 4189:Writing 4162:Locrian 4152:Epirote 4122:Homeric 4055:Artemis 4042:Temples 3983:Olympia 3953:Eleusis 3888:Theatre 3873:Pottery 3800:Warfare 3795:Slavery 3730:Economy 3725:Cuisine 3720:Coinage 3697:Society 3682:Culture 3677:Society 3625:Tyrants 3464:Alcaeus 3446:Authors 3396:Hypatia 3386:Gorgias 3323:Writers 3145:Toxotai 3115:Sarissa 3105:Peltast 3100:Phalanx 3080:Hoplite 3075:Hippeis 2998:Macedon 2970:Spartan 2955:Heliaia 2902:Proxeny 2611:Larissa 2606:Kerkyra 2601:Eretria 2591:Miletus 2586:Ephesus 2581:Corinth 2576:Chalcis 2497:Taurica 2367:Periods 2348:History 1999:Kagan. 1669:9564095 1410:Clipeus 1401:Weapon 1302:sarissa 1180:Boeotia 1126:Coronea 1107:Corinth 1084:hegemon 920:Macedon 890:victory 886:Salamis 859:Salamis 807:Eretria 703:phalanx 697:Phalanx 683:phalanx 620:trireme 614:Ramming 451:hippeis 434:toxotai 312:phalanx 298:Phalanx 242:hoplite 220:Hoplite 214:Hoplite 144:Corinth 89:shields 77:phalanx 74:hoplite 45:culture 33:history 8279:Aeneid 7995:Viking 7976:Regina 7745:Alkedo 7601:Abydos 7575:Wrecks 7444:Topics 7274:Piracy 7228:Greece 7088:Odisha 7020:Actium 7015:Mycale 6850:Navies 6739:Greece 6729:Olmecs 6697:Pandya 6672:Minoan 6635:Champa 6615:Lapita 6560:Remote 6480:Tyndis 6435:Quilon 6380:Muscat 6345:Lothal 6340:Korkai 6324:Jeddah 6298:Essina 6242:Adulis 6152:Charts 6087:Harpax 6077:Corvus 6051:Square 6019:Settee 6014:Lateen 5923:Tiller 5918:Strake 5886:Rudder 5876:Paddle 5824:Anchor 5803:Towing 5725:Bireme 5658:Galley 5633:Bangka 5532:Second 5478:Fourth 5470:Second 5176:Portal 5124:People 5112:Cities 5051:Sinope 5036:Rhizos 5026:Phasis 4976:Bathus 4971:Athina 4956:Amisos 4918:Tanais 4913:Pityus 4838:Charax 4789:Pharos 4784:Orikon 4681:Helike 4671:Alonis 4638:Cyrene 4570:Didyme 4483:Himera 4458:Catana 4420:Sicily 4410:Thurii 4405:Terina 4370:Pixous 4325:Hydrus 4300:Croton 4132:Aeolic 4050:Aphaea 3973:Dodona 3958:Delphi 3927:Temple 3603:Others 3554:Sappho 3539:Pindar 3514:Lucian 3509:Ibycus 3494:Hesiod 3431:Thales 3199:Rulers 3178:People 3155:Xyston 3150:Xiphos 3011:Koinon 2917:Tyrant 2907:Stasis 2897:Koinon 2697:Pontus 2672:Epirus 2641:Sparta 2631:Rhodes 2626:Megara 2621:Thebes 2566:Athens 2492:Pontus 2457:Epirus 2447:Cyprus 2432:Aeolis 2232:about 2164: 2076: 1982: 1951: 1676: 1666: 1603: 1578: 1553: 1528: 1500: 1475: 1441: 1390:Psiloi 1375:Lochos 1351:Title 1256:Thrace 1208:Theban 1204:helots 1103:Thebes 1038:Thrace 1002:Sicily 994:Attica 932:Sparta 928:Athens 924:Thrace 909:Aegean 905:Mycale 803:Attica 799:Sparta 795:Athens 691:lochoi 687:taxeis 585:, the 546:, and 529:galley 466:Himera 412:Psiloi 355:helots 347:Sparta 257:xiphos 179:Thebes 140:Thebes 120:Sparta 116:Athens 85:spears 70:states 62:Poleis 53:Poleis 8215:Greek 8018:Abora 8012:Ivlia 7924:Saina 7868:Ra II 7826:Sites 7611:Dokos 7223:Egypt 7145:trade 7110:Rafts 7095:Japan 7083:India 6995:Chios 6965:Mylae 6925:Olpae 6873:Roman 6868:Greek 6766:Aksum 6692:Chera 6687:Chola 6660:Sunda 6640:Kutai 6630:Kedah 6475:Tulum 6455:Sidon 6400:Opone 6390:Óc Eo 6360:Malao 6334:Kedah 6278:Basra 6226:Ports 6204:Inuit 6024:Tanja 5984:Egypt 5834:Cabin 5777:Tomol 5620:Types 5536:Third 5528:First 5474:Third 5466:First 5134:Stoae 5102:Lists 5021:Oinòe 4944:coast 4942:South 4928:Tyras 4898:Olbia 4868:Kepoi 4821:coast 4819:North 4812:basin 4754:Aulon 4716:Rhode 4628:Barca 4518:Naxos 4473:Henna 4433:Akrai 4400:Taras 4385:Siris 4345:Medma 4340:Locri 4305:Cumae 4295:Chone 4273:Italy 4179:Koine 4157:Ionic 4147:Doric 4142:Attic 3963:Delos 3861:Music 3504:Homer 3459:Aesop 3411:Plato 3313:Poets 2983:Ephor 2935:Agora 2912:Tagus 2887:Boule 2636:Samos 2561:Argos 2467:Ionia 2452:Doris 2437:Crete 1945:178–9 1469:69–70 1405:Aspis 1331:Issus 1149:Ionia 1122:Nemea 1111:Argos 1042:Crete 1036:from 966:pelte 791:Ionia 710:Melee 544:Chios 455:Taras 387:aspis 270:aspis 234:Aspis 230:aspis 156:Ionia 148:Argos 8144:Oslo 7866:and 7772:Isis 7719:Gozo 7240:Rome 7218:Maya 7100:Rome 7005:Nile 6771:Rome 6709:Maya 6565:Near 6485:Tyre 6237:Aden 6036:Junk 5908:Stem 5896:Sail 5881:Rope 5866:Mast 5861:Keel 5849:Hull 5839:Deck 5762:Raft 5643:Dhow 5061:Tium 4828:Akra 4769:Issa 4463:Gela 4335:Laüs 4310:Elea 3968:Dion 3820:Arts 3810:Wine 3436:Zeno 3033:Wars 2162:ISBN 2074:ISBN 1980:ISBN 1949:ISBN 1674:PMID 1629:2014 1601:ISBN 1576:ISBN 1551:ISBN 1526:ISBN 1498:ISBN 1473:ISBN 1439:ISBN 1333:and 1124:and 1109:and 1064:and 930:and 922:and 857:and 797:and 701:The 577:The 548:Side 540:Lade 523:The 441:and 423:and 281:doru 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Ancient Greek warfare

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