768:
1254:
779:
1049:(temples). Archaeologists currently believe that the first settlements were on the southern end of the Big Island of Hawaiʻi and that they quickly extended northwards, along the seacoasts and the easily accessible river valleys. As the population increased, settlements were made further inland. With the islands being so small, the population was very dense. Before European contact, the population had reached somewhere in the range of 200,000 to 1,000,000 people. After contact with the Europeans, however, the population steeply dropped due to various diseases including
1159:
671:
55:
618:
836:
began in 1954 by
William J. Bonk and students from the University of Hawaii, Hilo, and concluded in 1958. Excavation of the site revealed eight fireplaces at varying depths, as well as 1671 artifacts which included faunal remains, fishhooks, and lithic materials made of basalt and volcanic glass. The distribution of artifacts in site H8 indicated that it was continuously used as a fishing shelter until the eruption of
1062:
853:. In the summer of 1970, Patrick Vinton Kirch performed excavations on the larger of the two mounds, Mound B, revealing six major layers. Within the fourth layer were artifacts, faunal remains, and house foundations. Of the 496 artifacts unearthed in this layer, the most significant included fishhooks and
1027:
dating from at least 1,000 years ago, at
Alekoko (Kaua'i). At the time of Captain James Cook's arrival, there were at least 360 fishponds producing 2,000,000 pounds (900,000 kg) of fish per year. Over the course of the last millennium, Hawaiians undertook "large-scale canal-fed pond field
865:
and, according to Kirch and McCoy, served as "evidence that the Hālawa Dune Site represented an early phase in the development of
Hawaiian material culture." Initial radiocarbon dating for the site by Kirch suggested a range of 600 to 1200 CE, however a re-dating of samples in 2007 showed the site
835:
The Wai'ahukini
Rockshelter, site H8, lies within a lava tube about 600 feet inland from the shore on the southern part of the island of Hawai'i. Based on the lack of light and space necessary for normal living conditions, it was unlikely that site H8 was used as a dwelling. Excavations of site H8
806:
c. 1025–1120, four centuries later than previously assumed; then after 70–265 years, dispersal continued in one major pulse to all remaining islands c. 1190–1290." According to this research, settlement of the
Hawaiian Islands took place c. 1219–1266. This rapid colonization is believed to account
1587:
due to its narcotic properties. This root-based beverage, a psychoactive and a relaxant, was used to consecrate meals and commemorate ceremonies. It is often referred to in
Hawaiian chant. Different varieties of the root were used by different castes, and the brew served as an "introduction to
998:
around the year 1000 or earlier, with the earliest evidence of cultivation in Hawaii around 1300. The sweet potato is native to South
America. Recently, an analysis of the DNA of 1,245 sweet potato varieties from Asia and the Americas was done, and researchers found a genetic link that proves the
801:
In 2010, researchers announced new findings using revised, high-precision radiocarbon dating based on more reliable samples than were previously used in many dating studies. This new data indicates that the period of eastern and northern
Polynesian colonization took place much later, in a shorter
1426:
On the death of one chief and the accession of another, lands were re-apportioned—some of the previous "managers" would lose their lands, and others would gain them. Lands were also re-apportioned when one chief defeated another and re-distributed the conquered lands as rewards to his warriors.
1403:
In
Hawaiian ideology, one does not "own" the land, but merely dwells on it. The belief was that both the land and the gods were immortal. This then informed the belief that land was also godly, and therefore above mortal and ungodly humans, and humans therefore could not own land. The Hawaiians
1394:
took the apprentice into his household as a member of the family, although often "the tutor was a relative". During a religious "graduation" ceremony, "the teacher consecrated the pupil, who thereafter was one with the teacher in psychic relationship as definite and obligatory as blood
1012:
accompanied humans on their journey to Hawaiʻi. David Burney argues that humans, along with the vertebrate animals they brought with them (pigs, dogs, chickens and rats), caused many native species of birds, plants and large land snails to become extinct in the process of colonization.
1690:
The ancient
Hawaiian economy became complex over time. People began to specialize in specific skills. Generations of families became committed to certain careers: roof thatchers, house builders, stone grinders, bird catchers who would make the feather cloaks of the
1463:
was a sub-division of land from the mountain to the sea. The Hawaiians used the water from the rain that ran through the mountains as a form of irrigation. Hawaiians also settled around these parts of the land because of the farming that was done.
1753:
Captain Cook was eventually killed during a violent confrontation and left behind on the beach by his retreating sailors. The British demanded that his body be returned, but the Hawaiians had already performed funerary rituals of their tradition.
1354:
Hawaiian youth learned life skills and religion at home, often with grandparents. For "bright" children a system of apprenticeship existed in which very young students would begin learning a craft or profession by assisting an expert, or
840:
in 1868. An early estimation of the site's initial occupation was A.D. 750 by Emory and Sinoto in 1969, but a more recent study using updated radiocarbon dating methods suggested a much later date, somewhere within the mid-14th century.
2039:
Mulrooney, Mara A.; Esh, Kelley S.; McCoy, Mark D.; Bickler, Simon H.; Sinoto, Yosihiko H. (2014). "New dates from old samples: A revised radiocarbon chronology for the Waiahukini Rockshelter Site (H8), Kau District, Hawaii Island".
1395:
relationship". Like the children learning from their grandparents, children who were apprentices learned by watching and participating in daily life. Children were discouraged from asking questions in traditional Hawaiian culture.
2016:
Lundblad, Steven P.; Mills, Peter R.; Kahn, Jennifer; Mulliken, Katherine; Cauley, Christina (2014). "New insights from the Wai'ahukini Rockshelter Site (H8), Ka'u District, Hawai'i Island from non-destructive EDXRF geochemistry".
1568:
The Hawaiian mystical worldview allows for different gods and spirits to imbue any aspect of the natural world. From this mystical perspective, in addition to his presence in lightning and rainbows, the god of light and life,
1516:
system might have come from a second wave of migrations in 1000–1300 from which different religions and systems were shared between Hawaiʻi and the Society Islands. Had Hawaiʻi been influenced by the Tahitian chiefs, the
1430:
In practice, commoners had some security against capricious re-possession of their houses and farms. They were usually left in place, to pay tribute and supply labor to a new chief, under the supervision of a new
2218:
1001:
1120:, the house of the chief. It was used as a residence for the high chief and meeting house of the lesser chiefs. It was always built on a raised stone foundation to represent high social standing.
798:'s early books on Hawaiian archeology date the first Polynesian settlements to about 300 CE with more recent suggestions by Kirch of 600 CE. Other theories suggest dating as late as 700–800 CE.
715:. In 2010, a study was published based on radiocarbon dating of more reliable samples which suggests that the islands were settled much later, within a short timeframe, in about 1219 to 1266.
1832:
Fornander collection of Hawaiian antiquities and folk-lore : the Hawaiian account of the formation of their islands and origin of their race, with the traditions of their migrations, etc
699:. Traditionally, researchers estimated the first settlement of the Hawaiian islands as having occurred sporadically between 400 and 1100 CE by Polynesian long-distance navigators from the
2177:
Winnicki, Elizabeth; Kagawa-Viviani, Aurora; Perez, Kauahi; Radovich, Theodore; Kantar, Michael (2021). "Characterizing the Diversity of Hawai'i Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.)".
1168:, the house of the weaver. It was the house where craftswomen would gather each day to manufacture the village baskets, fans, mats and other implements from dried pandanus leaves called
2371:
Ladefoged, Thegn N. (1998). "Spatial similarities and change in Hawaiian architecture: The expression of ritual offering and kapu in luakini heiau, residential complexes, and houses".
718:
The islands in Eastern Polynesia have been characterized by the continuities among their cultures, and the short migration period would be an explanation of this result. Diversified
1192:, the women's eating house. Women ate at their own separate eating house. Men and women could not eat with each other for fear that men were vulnerable while eating to have their
1676:
dynasties were around three to six centuries old at 1800 CE. The Tahitian settlement of the Hawaiian islands is believed to have taken place in the thirteenth century. The
810:
According to Hawaiian mythology, there were other settlers in Hawaiʻi: peoples who were forced back into remote valleys by newer arrivals. They claim that stories about
1381:, or herb medicine, or canoe building, or land boundaries", etc. by involving and instructing apprentices in their work. More formal schools existed for the study of
1019:
and streams were adapted into fishponds by early Polynesian settlers, as long ago as 500 CE or earlier. Packed earth and cut stone were used to create habitat, making
1521:
system would have become stricter, and the social structure would have changed. Human sacrifice would have become a part of their new religious observance, and the
1216:, the house of fishing. It was built along the beaches as a shelter for their fishing nets and lines. Nets and lines were made by a tough rope fashioned from woven
1738:
in 1779, some of the natives believed Cook was a sign from their god Lono. Cook's mast and sails coincidentally resembled the emblem (a mast and sheet of white
588:
2092:
Kirch, Patrick V.; McCoy, Mark D. (2007). "Reconfiguring the Hawaiian Cultural Sequence: Results of Re-dating the Halawa Dune Site Mo-A1-3, Moloka'I Island".
1499:
included the provision that men and women could not eat together (ʻAikapu religion). Fishing was limited to specified seasons of the year. The shadow of the
2563:
1314:. Commoners who farmed, fished, and exercised the simpler crafts. They labored not only for themselves and their families, but to support the chiefs and
782:
Priests traveling across Kealakekua Bay for first contact rituals. Each helmet is a gourd, with foliage and tapa strip decoration. A feather-surrounded
1005:, offer more evidence that ancient Polynesians may have interacted with people in South America long before the Europeans set foot on the continent.
1485:
held ancient Hawaiian society together, affecting habits, lifestyles, work methods, social policy and law. The legal system was based on religious
739:
The rich natural resources supported a relatively dense population, organized by a ruling class and social system with religious leaders. Captain
1154:, the house of royal storage. It was built to store royal implements including fabrics, prized nets and lines, clubs, spears and other weapons.
875:
361:
1925:
Emory, K. P.; Bonk, W. J.; Sinoto, Y. H. (1959). "Hawaiian Archaeology: Fishhooks". Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 47. Honolulu
657:
449:
2111:
Kirch, Patrick V. (2011). "When did the Polynesians settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry and a tentative answer".
197:
1723:
European contact with the Hawaiian islands marked the beginning of the end of the ancient Hawaiʻi period. In 1778, British Captain
1306:
and elsewhere. Professionals included master carpenters and boatbuilders, chanters, dancers, genealogists, physicians and healers.
2142:; Petchey, F (2020). "The transfer of kumara ('Ipomoea batatas') from East to South Polynesia and its dispersal in New Zealand".
1084:, and could be built by the nobility, priests, and land division chiefs, and whose ceremonies were open to all. The second type,
1565:, Māui ensnared the sun in another story, forcing him to slow down so there were equal periods of darkness and light each day.
2740:
1946:
1910:
995:
743:
made the first known European contact with ancient Hawaiians in 1778. He was followed by many other Europeans and Americans.
2825:
401:
2286:
1576:
Although all food and drink had religious significance to the ancient Hawaiians, special cultural emphasis was placed on
1092:
were made. They were built on high-rising stone terraces and adorned with wood and stone carved idols. A source of great
878:") and livestock and established settlements along the coasts and larger valleys. Upon their arrival, the settlers grew
2805:
1361:. As spiritual powers were perceived by Hawaiians to imbue all of nature, experts in many fields of work were known as
1202:, the house of the canoe. It was built along the beaches as a shelter for their fishing vessels. Hawaiians also stored
762:
628:
74:
678:
2721:
2699:
2677:
2639:
1840:
391:
217:
167:
1658:
984:) which was used as both a sweet and a medicine. In addition to the foods they brought, the settlers also acquired
778:
767:
469:
235:
17:
2001:
Emory, Kenneth Pike; Bonk, William J.; Sinoto, Yosihiko H. (1969). "Waiahukini Shelter site (H8), Ka'u, Hawaii".
650:
529:
499:
489:
1253:
948:), although these meats were eaten less often than fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Popular condiments included
2555:
1984:
The best survey of these stories, all collected in the latter part of the 19th century, is found in Beckwith's
1597:
1902:
Oceanic Migration: Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
1345:. (Lawbreakers of other castes and defeated political opponents were also sometimes used in human sacrifices.)
1126:, or feather standards, were placed outside to signify royalty. Women and children were banned from entering.
593:
2785:
1326:. A broad and degrading category of servants, slaves, and outcasts. Marriage between higher castes and the
1020:
791:
1558:
2864:
2055:
Emory, Kenneth P.; Sinoto, Yosihiko H. (1969). "Age of the sites in the South Point area, Ka'u, Hawaii".
849:
Located on the island of Moloka'i, the Hālawa Dune Site was first discovered in 1964 and consists of two
598:
519:
157:
2386:
Luciano, Minerbi (1992). "Hawaiian Sanctuaries, Places of Refuge and Indigenous Knowledge in Hawai'i".
1872:"High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia"
1180:, the men's eating house. It was considered a sacred place because it was used to carve stone idols of
643:
187:
35:
1236:, the communal earth oven. Dug in the ground, it was used to cook the entire village's food including
1282:. This class consisted of the high and lesser chiefs of the realms. They governed with divine power (
1094:
331:
822:
and fishponds, prove the existence of ancient peoples who settled the islands before the Hawaiians.
2859:
2484:
Harfst, Richard H. (1972). "Cause or condition: Explanations of the Hawaiian cultural revolution".
1417:
were believed to be "managers" of land. That is, they controlled those who worked on the land, the
727:
207:
127:
89:
2714:
On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact
1561:
fished the islands of Hawaiʻi from the sea after a little mistake he made on a fishing trip. From
1069:
A traditional town of ancient Hawaiʻi included several structures. Listed in order of importance:
2854:
1487:
1477:
479:
459:
2625:
862:
583:
578:
439:
371:
1900:
1790:
1533:
was derived from traditions and beliefs from Hawaiian worship of gods, demigods and ancestral
1230:, the living house. It was built as sleeping and living quarters for the Hawaiian family unit.
245:
790:
There have been changing views about initial Polynesian discovery and settlement of Hawai'i.
752:
549:
539:
509:
283:
1936:
2709:
2227:
2073:
Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1971). "Halawa Dune Site (Hawaiian Islands): a preliminary report".
1377:
1338:
worked for the chiefs, and males were often used as human sacrifices (via drowning) at the
959:
795:
772:
756:
603:
429:
321:
2408:
A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai'i Island
2346:
1761:
used European warfare tactics and some firearms and cannons to unite the islands into the
1573:, can be present in rain and clouds and a peaceful breeze (typically the "home" of Lono).
177:
8:
1963:
1810:
1186:
or ancestral gods. The design was meant for the men to be able to enter and exit quickly.
1023:
among the most advanced of the original peoples of the Pacific. A notable example is the
311:
293:
255:
117:
2231:
1697:, canoe builders. Soon, entire islands began to specialize in certain skilled trades.
2687:
2631:
2309:
2250:
2213:
2194:
2159:
1785:
273:
2736:
2717:
2695:
2673:
2635:
2453:
2255:
2198:
2163:
1942:
1906:
1846:
1836:
1795:
1779:
1482:
1024:
999:
root made it to Polynesia from the Andes around 1100. The findings, published in the
704:
573:
341:
44:
866:
dated no earlier than 1300 CE, and was occupied primarily between 1400 and 1650 CE.
2301:
2245:
2235:
2186:
2151:
1879:
1805:
1800:
1762:
1665:, overthrew the two sons of the former ruler who were next in line as the island's
1638:
1549:(god of death), and Lono (god of peace and growth). Well-known lesser gods include
945:
712:
692:
107:
1774:
1646:
54:
2658:
The Island Plate: 150 Years of Recipes and Food Lore from the Honolulu Advertiser
2567:
2457:
2406:
2139:
1712:
1650:
1603:
1158:
1089:
807:
for the "remarkable uniformity of East Polynesia culture, biology and language".
803:
381:
2829:
1744:) that symbolized Lono in their religious rituals; the ships arrived during the
1731:, then sailed southwards to observe and explore the other islands in the chain.
1570:
1542:
1220:
husks. Fish hooks were made of human, pig or dog bone. Implements found in the
2621:
2411:. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center
2190:
2155:
1735:
1419:
1309:
1009:
700:
137:
1871:
2848:
2459:
The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People
1495:. There was a correct way to live, to worship, and even to eat. Examples of
621:
617:
147:
2809:
2430:
Levin, Stephenie Seto (1968). "The overthrow of the kapu system in Hawaii".
2240:
1883:
1850:
2259:
1758:
1550:
991:
965:
719:
696:
351:
1870:
Janet M. Wilmshurst, Terry L. Hunt, Carl P. Lipo, and Atholl J. Anderson.
1562:
1654:
1527:
would have gained more power over the counsel of experts on the islands.
1445:
1266:
730:. Tropical materials were adopted for housing. Elaborate temples (called
723:
2449:
1682:
and other social castes were presumably established during this period.
1459:
1453:
670:
2665:
2313:
1724:
1203:
915:
740:
674:
1554:
2752:
The Menehune of Polynesia and Other Mythical Little People of Oceania
1662:
1441:
1289:
981:
837:
2305:
1830:
1122:
2176:
1746:
1630:
1433:
1375:
passed on knowledge of their profession, be it in "genealogies, or
1076:, temple to the gods. There were two major types. The agricultural
1050:
812:
2546:
Rosenfeld, Alan. "Ancient Polynesia." 19 Nov. 2013. p.13. Lecture.
1693:
1678:
1642:
1620:
1523:
1501:
1413:
1278:
1100:
857:. The adzes recovered from Mound B were similar to those found in
2766:
1546:
1387:, and likely for the study of higher levels of sacred knowledge.
1340:
1217:
1182:
1170:
1085:
1016:
971:
935:
905:
874:
Early settlers brought along with them clothing, plants (called "
1964:"Coral tests show fast construction pace for Polynesian temples"
1649:(symbolizing the earth). Up to the late eighteenth century, the
1061:
2789:
1641:(and possibly all humans) as descendants of legendary parents,
1371:
1357:
1296:
1224:
were some of the most prized possessions of the entire village.
1106:
895:
708:
688:
419:
794:
initially indicated a possible settlement as early as 124 CE.
1728:
1624:(supreme ruler) with lower ranking subordinate chiefs called
1611:
1492:
1262:
1207:
858:
850:
818:
732:
2214:"Ancient and historic dispersals of sweet potato in Oceania"
1557:(goddess of dance). In a famous creation story, the demigod
1538:
1537:. The forces of nature were personified as the main gods of
1111:
786:
is in the arms of the priest at the center of the engraving.
783:
2670:
Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey Through Polynesia
2326:
Burney, Back to the Future in the Caves of Kaua'i. pp.60-62
1740:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1637:
All these dynasties were interrelated and regarded all the
1615:
1607:
1577:
1383:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1081:
955:
925:
885:
854:
2272:
Burney, Back to the Future in the Caves of Kaua'i. pp. 83
2015:
2057:
Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
2038:
1257:
18th-century Hawaiian helmet and cloak, signs of royalty
1132:, the house of the sacred hula instruments. It held the
1905:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 167.
1628:, ruling individual districts with land agents called
1098:
or divine power, the luakini could only be entered by
2577:
2575:
2003:
Anthropology Department, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
1899:
Pearce, Charles E.M.; Pearce, F. M. (June 17, 2010).
1440:
This system of land tenure has similarities with the
1300:. Priests who conducted religious ceremonies, at the
1711:
became the chief canoe manufacturer. The island of
830:
1273:, Stephenie Seto Levin describes the main classes:
2572:
1938:The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii
1894:
1892:
1718:
1672:Assuming five to ten generations per century, the
736:) were constructed from the lava rocks available.
1142:was a religious activity in honor of the goddess
746:
691:history preceding the unification in 1810 of the
2846:
2335:Kirch, Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia. pp. 130-131
2660:. Waipahu, Hawaiʻi: Island Heritage Publishing.
2503:
2501:
2499:
2138:
2000:
1889:
1467:
1104:, the king, important chiefs and nobility, and
1002:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2509:The Polynesian Family System in Ka-'U, Hawai'i
2280:
2278:
1828:
1333:
1327:
1315:
1301:
1283:
1138:drums. It was treated as a religious space as
1044:
1038:
1029:
985:
975:
963:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
899:
889:
879:
802:time frame of two waves: the "earliest in the
2828:. Hawaiian Historical Society. Archived from
2826:"Significant Dates in the History of Hawaiʻi"
2754:. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin Vol. 203.
2472:the ancient or later theocracy of the group .
2405:Greene, Linda W. (1993). "Chapter 1, E.6.d".
1829:Fornander, Abraham; Thrum, Thomas G. (1985).
651:
2496:
2284:
1928:
1898:
1811:List of monarchs (Aliʻi ʻAimoku) of Molokaʻi
1404:thought that all land belonged to the gods (
1088:, were large war temples, where animal and
2462:. New York: Charles L. Webster. p. 140
2275:
2054:
1505:must not be touched as it was stealing his
2786:"Hawaii History Community Learning Center"
2398:
2347:"Population Trends in Hawaiʻi Before 1778"
2091:
1791:List of monarchs (Aliʻi ʻAimoku) of Hawaii
1653:had been ruled by one line descended from
1457:as their source of water management. Each
1271:The overthrow of the kapu system in Hawaii
658:
644:
2370:
2249:
2239:
1934:
1796:List of monarchs (Aliʻi ʻAimoku) of Kauai
2448:
2170:
2132:
1941:. Columbia University Press. p. 3.
1806:List of monarchs (Aliʻi ʻAimoku) of Maui
1801:List of monarchs (Aliʻi ʻAimoku) of Oahu
1252:
1157:
1060:
777:
766:
669:
2749:
2620:
2385:
1955:
825:
14:
2847:
2806:"European Influence in Ancient Hawaii"
2664:
2483:
2404:
2211:
1961:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1162:A drawing of a heiau at Waimea, Kauai.
2730:
2708:
2655:
2581:Dudley, Man, Gods, and Nature. pp. 77
2486:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
2452:(1888). "The Apotheosis of Pele". In
2432:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
2429:
2144:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
2110:
2094:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
2075:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
2072:
2068:
2066:
2034:
2032:
1782:, scholar of ancient Hawaiian culture
1365:, a term commonly understood to mean
2686:
2649:
1996:
1994:
1196:, or divine spirit, stolen by women.
2344:
1935:Whittaker, Elvi W. (January 1986).
1857:
1645:(symbolizing the air) and his wife
1240:or pork. Only men cooked using the
844:
24:
2716:. University of California Press.
2672:. University of California Press.
2614:
2063:
2029:
1685:
1618:were generally ruled by their own
763:Discovery and settlement of Hawaii
25:
2876:
2759:
1991:
1962:Maclay, Kathleen (July 8, 2010).
1707:(tapa bark cloth) manufacturer.
1553:(goddess of fire) and her sister
831:Waiʻahukini Rockshelter (Site H8)
771:Map showing the migration of the
2212:Denham, Tim (February 5, 2013).
616:
53:
2597:
2584:
2549:
2540:
2527:
2514:
2477:
2442:
2423:
2379:
2364:
2354:The Hawaiian Journal of History
2338:
2329:
2320:
2287:"Aquaculture in ancient Hawaii"
2266:
2205:
2123:
2104:
2085:
2048:
1719:First recorded European contact
1715:exchanged bales of dried fish.
1444:prevalent in Europe during the
1248:
679:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
450:State Constitutional Convention
2735:. Cambridge University Press.
2630:(Revised ed.). Honolulu:
2009:
1978:
1919:
1822:
1602:The four biggest islands, the
1598:Rulers of the Hawaiian Islands
1451:The ancient Hawaiians had the
1398:
747:Voyage to the Hawaiian islands
13:
1:
2767:"Hawaiian Historical Society"
2609:
2592:Ancient Hawaiian Civilization
2535:Ancient Hawaiian Civilization
2388:Institute for Pacific Studies
869:
792:Radiocarbon dating in Hawai'i
79:
1966:. UC Berkeley. Berkeley News
1349:
1332:was strictly forbidden. The
1021:ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
7:
2750:Luomala, Katherine (1951).
2285:Costa-Pierce, B.A. (1987).
1768:
1750:season dedicated to peace.
1065:Hāpaialiʻi and Keʻeku Heiau
996:cultivated across Polynesia
711:islands within what is now
470:Occupation of Iolani Palace
158:French invasion of Honolulu
10:
2881:
2191:10.1007/s12231-020-09511-2
2156:10.15286/jps.129.4.351-382
1886:, accessed 26 October 2015
1595:
1475:
1056:
816:, little people who built
760:
750:
392:Honouliuli Internment Camp
208:Rebellions and revolutions
27:Period in Hawaiian history
2603:Kamakau 1961, pp. 103–104
1734:When he first arrived at
1661:, a lower ranking chief,
1659:Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku
1591:
1545:(god of light and life),
1265:developed from ancestral
1028:irrigation" projects for
2656:Adams, Wanda A. (2006).
1816:
1369:. The various types of
1110:who were members of the
726:provided sustenance for
90:Battle of Kealakekua Bay
75:Discovery and settlement
2731:Kirch, Patrick (2001).
2627:Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii
2556:"Polynesian Migrations"
2454:Daggett, Rollin Mallory
2241:10.1073/pnas.1221569110
1884:10.1073/pnas.1015876108
1478:Kapu (Hawaiian culture)
1334:
1328:
1316:
1302:
1284:
1206:logs used to craft the
1045:
1039:
1037:The new settlers built
1030:
986:
976:
964:
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
728:Native Hawaiian cuisine
480:Honolulu molasses spill
2566:July 26, 2011, at the
2129:Adams, 2006, pp. 90–92
1288:) within a sometimes
1261:Ancient Hawaiʻi was a
1258:
1163:
1080:type was dedicated to
1066:
787:
775:
681:
440:Kalama Valley protests
372:Attack on Pearl Harbor
2710:Kirch, Patrick Vinton
2562:,. 14 November 2010.
2522:Man, Gods, and Nature
1757:Within a few decades
1256:
1161:
1064:
994:), which began to be
781:
770:
753:Polynesian navigation
673:
540:Red Hill water crisis
530:George Floyd protests
402:Democratic Revolution
128:Unification of Hawaii
2113:Hawaiian Archaeology
2019:Hawaiian Archaeology
1512:The rigidity of the
1034:(taro) cultivation.
826:Early Hawaiian sites
796:Patrick Vinton Kirch
757:Austronesian peoples
697:Kamehameha the Great
604:Timeline of Honolulu
594:Sovereignty movement
430:Hawaii Admission Act
322:Hawaiian Organic Act
198:Bayonet Constitution
2832:on January 24, 2010
2688:Kane, Herb Kawainui
2232:2013PNAS..110.1982D
500:False missile alert
312:Territory of Hawaii
246:Leper War on Kauaʻi
2865:Polynesian culture
2694:. Kawainui Press.
2632:Kamehameha Schools
2373:Asian Perspectives
2042:McElroy and Komori
1986:Hawaiian mythology
1878:, vol. 108 no. 5,
1786:Polynesian culture
1763:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
1657:. At the death of
1259:
1164:
1067:
788:
776:
693:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
682:
284:Counter-Revolution
274:Republic of Hawaii
188:Reciprocity Treaty
168:American Civil War
118:Kamehameha dynasty
2792:on April 12, 2010
2771:official web site
2742:978-0-521-78309-5
2650:Secondary sources
2507:Handy and Pukui,
2345:Dye, Tom (1994).
1948:978-0-231-05316-7
1912:978-90-481-3826-5
1835:. Kraus Reprint.
1780:Mary Kawena Pukui
1701:became the chief
1651:island of Hawaiʻi
1604:island of Hawaiʻi
1468:Religion and the
1025:Menehune Fishpond
687:is the period of
668:
667:
599:Sugar plantations
558:
557:
520:COVID-19 pandemic
410:
409:
342:Hanapēpē Massacre
332:Oahu sugar strike
302:
301:
264:
263:
226:
225:
98:
97:
46:History of Hawaii
16:(Redirected from
2872:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2808:. Archived from
2801:
2799:
2797:
2788:. Archived from
2781:
2779:
2777:
2755:
2746:
2727:
2705:
2683:
2661:
2645:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2570:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2533:Handy, E. S. C.
2531:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2446:
2440:
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2418:
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2402:
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2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2226:(6): 1982–1983.
2209:
2203:
2202:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2136:
2130:
2127:
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2120:
2108:
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2101:
2089:
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2052:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1896:
1887:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1826:
1727:landed first on
1437:, or overseer.
1337:
1331:
1319:
1305:
1287:
1090:human sacrifices
1048:
1042:
1033:
989:
979:
969:
953:
943:
933:
923:
913:
903:
893:
883:
845:Hālawa Dune Site
713:French Polynesia
660:
653:
646:
631:
624:
620:
550:Hawaii wildfires
426:
425:
318:
317:
280:
279:
242:
241:
178:Kalākaua dynasty
114:
113:
108:Hawaiian Kingdom
84:
83: 1219–1266
81:
71:
70:
57:
47:
30:
29:
21:
18:Ancient Hawaiian
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2860:Ancient peoples
2845:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2812:on July 8, 2011
2804:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2743:
2724:
2702:
2680:
2652:
2642:
2622:Kamakau, Samuel
2617:
2615:Primary sources
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2568:Wayback Machine
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2482:
2478:
2465:
2463:
2450:Kalākaua, David
2447:
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2428:
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2349:
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2321:
2306:10.2307/1310688
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2179:Economic Botany
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2090:
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1999:
1992:
1983:
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1967:
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1956:
1949:
1933:
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1924:
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1897:
1890:
1869:
1858:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1771:
1721:
1688:
1686:Complex economy
1639:Hawaiian people
1600:
1594:
1480:
1474:
1401:
1352:
1251:
1059:
872:
847:
833:
828:
804:Society Islands
765:
759:
751:Main articles:
749:
685:Ancient Hawaiʻi
664:
635:
629:
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560:
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423:
420:State of Hawaii
412:
411:
382:Niihau incident
315:
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111:
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82:
68:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Ancient Hawaii
2843:
2842:
2822:
2802:
2782:
2761:
2760:External links
2758:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2728:
2722:
2706:
2700:
2692:Ancient Hawaii
2684:
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2666:Finney, Ben R.
2662:
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2583:
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2560:Hawaii History
2548:
2539:
2526:
2520:Dudley, M. K.
2513:
2495:
2476:
2441:
2422:
2397:
2378:
2363:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2300:(5): 320–331.
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2150:(4): 351–381.
2131:
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2008:
1990:
1988:, pp. 321–336.
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1596:Main article:
1593:
1590:
1541:(God of war),
1476:Main article:
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2734:
2729:
2725:
2723:0-520-23461-8
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:0-943357-03-9
2697:
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2679:0-520-08002-5
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2641:0-87336-014-1
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2492:(4): 437–471.
2491:
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2438:(4): 402–430.
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2099:
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2836:February 18,
2834:. Retrieved
2830:the original
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2810:the original
2794:. Retrieved
2790:the original
2774:. Retrieved
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1759:Kamehameha I
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720:agroforestry
717:
684:
683:
584:LGBT history
579:Legal status
524:2020–present
490:TMT protests
362:World War II
352:Massie Trial
64:
34:
2140:Anderson, A
1655:Umi-a-Liloa
1446:Middle Ages
1420:makaʻāinana
1399:Land tenure
1311:Makaʻāinana
1267:Polynesians
1152:Hale papaʻa
1114:priesthood.
1010:Pacific rat
724:aquaculture
675:Petroglyphs
314:(1898–1959)
276:(1894–1898)
238:(1893–1894)
236:Provisional
110:(1795–1893)
2849:Categories
2610:References
2294:BioScience
1725:James Cook
1290:theocratic
1190:Hale ʻaina
1166:Hale ulana
1118:Hale aliʻi
958:), ground
916:breadfruit
870:Settlement
761:See also:
741:James Cook
294:Annexation
256:Black Week
67:(pre–1795)
2624:(1992) .
2537:pp. 55–57
2466:March 20,
2415:March 18,
2199:234165494
2185:: 48–62.
2164:234436359
1667:aliʻi nui
1663:Alapainui
1621:aliʻi nui
1563:Haleakalā
1350:Education
1228:Hale noho
1200:Hale waʻa
1130:Hale pahu
1017:Estuaries
982:sugarcane
960:kukui nut
838:Mauna Loa
705:Marquesas
396:1943–1946
366:1939–1945
260:1893–1894
218:Overthrow
212:1887–1895
182:1874–1893
172:1861–1865
122:1795–1874
2712:(2001).
2690:(1998).
2668:(1994).
2594:. pp. 63
2564:Archived
2524:. pp. 95
2375:: 59–73.
2260:23355678
2044:: 17–26.
2025:: 73–84.
1970:April 2,
1851:11676151
1769:See also
1747:Makahiki
1631:konohiki
1483:Religion
1460:ahupuaʻa
1454:ahupuaʻa
1434:konohiki
1183:ʻaumakua
1178:Hale mua
1051:smallpox
861:and the
813:menehune
689:Hawaiian
574:Big Five
544:2021–now
494:2014–now
36:a series
33:Part of
2796:May 12,
2776:May 12,
2733:Hawaiki
2634:Press.
2590:Handy,
2456:(ed.).
2360:: 1–20.
2314:1310688
2251:3568348
2228:Bibcode
2119:: 3–26.
2059:: 1–17.
2005:: 1–12.
1713:Hawaiʻi
1555:Hiʻiaka
1547:Kanaloa
1341:luakini
1292:system.
1218:coconut
1171:lauhala
1086:luakini
1057:Village
974:), and
972:seaweed
951:paʻakai
946:poi dog
938:), and
936:chicken
906:coconut
630:Commons
2739:
2720:
2698:
2676:
2638:
2511:pp. 90
2312:
2258:
2248:
2197:
2162:
1945:
1909:
1849:
1839:
1729:Kauaʻi
1612:Kauaʻi
1592:Chiefs
1493:taboos
1472:system
1392:kahuna
1372:kahuna
1367:priest
1363:kahuna
1358:kahuna
1317:kahuna
1297:Kahuna
1208:canoes
1123:Kāhili
1107:kahuna
1078:mapele
896:banana
851:mounds
709:Tahiti
707:, and
701:Samoan
623:Portal
565:Topics
39:on the
2394:: 12.
2350:(PDF)
2310:JSTOR
2290:(PDF)
2195:S2CID
2160:S2CID
1817:Notes
1699:Oʻahu
1694:aliʻi
1679:aliʻi
1643:Wākea
1616:Oʻahu
1524:aliʻi
1502:aliʻi
1491:, or
1414:aliʻi
1343:heiau
1335:kauwā
1329:kauwā
1324:Kauwā
1303:heiau
1279:Aliʻi
1269:. In
1238:puaʻa
1101:aliʻi
1074:Heiau
1046:heiau
987:ʻuala
941:ʻīlio
921:puaʻa
891:maiʻa
859:Nihoa
855:adzes
819:heiau
733:heiau
2838:2015
2818:2015
2798:2010
2778:2010
2737:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2468:2024
2417:2018
2256:PMID
2219:PNAS
1972:2016
1943:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1876:PNAS
1847:OCLC
1837:ISBN
1741:kapa
1709:Maui
1704:kapa
1647:Papa
1614:and
1608:Maui
1583:kava
1579:ʻawa
1571:Kāne
1559:Māui
1551:Pele
1543:Kāne
1535:mana
1531:Kapu
1519:kapu
1514:kapu
1507:mana
1497:kapu
1488:kapu
1470:kapu
1411:The
1406:akua
1390:The
1384:hula
1378:mele
1285:mana
1194:mana
1145:Laka
1140:hula
1135:pahu
1095:mana
1082:Lono
1040:hale
1031:kalo
1008:The
966:limu
956:salt
926:pork
886:taro
881:kalo
784:akua
755:and
722:and
554:2023
534:2020
514:2018
504:2018
484:2013
474:2008
464:1999
454:1978
444:1971
434:1959
406:1954
386:1941
376:1941
356:1932
346:1924
336:1920
326:1900
298:1898
288:1895
250:1893
222:1893
202:1887
192:1875
162:1849
152:1943
142:1839
132:1810
94:1779
2302:doi
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