Ancient Northeast Asian

2956:"In this genome-wide archaeogenetic study, we find high genetic heterogeneity among late Xiongnu-era individuals at two cemeteries located along the far western frontier of the Xiongnu empire and describe patterns of genetic diversity related to social status. Overall, we find that genetic heterogeneity is highest among lower-status individuals. In particular, the satellite graves surrounding the elite square tombs at TAK show extreme levels of genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that these individuals, who were likely low-ranking retainers, were drawn from diverse parts of the empire. In contrast, the highest-status individuals at the two sites tended to have lower genetic diversity and a high proportion of ancestry deriving from EIA Slab Grave groups, suggesting that these groups may have disproportionately contributed to the ruling elite during the formation of the Xiongnu empire." (...) "a chanyu, or ruler of the empire. Like the elite women at the western frontier, he also had very high eastern Eurasian ancestry (deriving 39.3 and 51.9% from SlabGrave1 and Han_2000BP, respectively, and the rest from Chandman_IA; data file S2C)" (...) "Chandman_IA was representative of people in far western Mongolia associated with Sagly/Uyuk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE), Saka (ca. 900 to 200 BCE), and Pazyryk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE) groups in Siberia and Kazakhstan." (...) "This further suggests the existence of an aristocracy in the Xiongnu empire, that elite status and power was concentrated within specific subsets of the broader population."... Although not conclusive, this suggests that the ANA ancestry source of the Xiongnu-period individuals may not be exclusively traced back to the Slab Grave culture but may also include nearby groups with a similar ANA genetic profile, such as the Xianbei. ... Last, our findings also confirm that the highest-status individuals in this study were females, supporting previous observations that Xiongnu women played an especially prominent role in the expansion and integration of new territories along the empire's frontier. 3125:

Northeast Asian" (ANA), that is, DevilsCave_N, Mongolia_N_North, Boisman_MN, AR_EN (Jeong et al., 2020; Ning et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021), as well as post-Iron Age Eastern Steppe nomadic people including Xianbei, Rouran, Khitan, and part of the Mongol population. (...) In summary, we have unveiled the first genomic profile of theancient Türkic royal family. Our genomic analyses of EmpressAshina revealed Göktürk's Northeast Asian origin (97.7% Northeast Asian ancestry and 2.3% West Eurasian ancestry), refuting the western Eurasian origin and multiple originhypotheses. We found Ashina shared most genetic affinity with post-Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic Steppe pastoralists, such as Rouran, Xianbei, Khitan, and Heshui_Mohe, and showedgenetic heterogeneity with other ancient Türkic people, suggesting the multiple sources of the Türkic Khanate populations. Furthermore, the limited contribution from ancient Göktürk found in modern Turkic-speaking populations once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages. (...) Table S2F: "The Ashina showed west Eurasian admixture dating to about 2000 years ago (~1330–1550 years, assuming 29 years/ generation. Mongolia_N_North + Sarmatian/Mongolia_N_North + Afanasievo), while earlyMed_Turk and CentralSteppe_Turk showed more recently mixing date."

697: 422: 1116:: "In this study, we analyzed six pre-Bronze Age individuals from three sites dating to the fifth and fourth millennia BCE: one from eastern Mongolia (SOU001, "eastMongolia_preBA", 4686-4495 cal. BCE), one from central Mongolia (ERM003, "centralMongolia_preBA", 3781-3643 cal. BCE), and four from the eastern Baikal region ("Fofonovo_EN"). By comparing these genomes to previously published ancient and modern data across Eurasia (Fig. 2) (see Methods and Materials), we found that they are most closely related to contemporaneous hunter-gatherers from the western Baikal region ("Baikal_EN", 5200-4200 BCE) and the Russian Far East ("DevilsCave_N", ca. 5700 BCE), filling in the geographic gap in the distribution of this genetic profile (Fig. 3a). We refer to this profile as "Ancient Northeast Asian" (ANA)" 682: 900: 793: 100: 545: 947:. These findings refute "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the Göktürks. However, the authors also observed that the population of the "Türkic Empire" as a whole, particularly Central Steppe and Medieval Türks, had a high but variable degree of West Eurasian admixture, suggesting genetic sub-structure within the empire: for example, the ancestry of early medieval Turks was derived from Ancient Northeast Asians for about 62,2% of their genome, while the remaining 37,8% was derived from West Eurasians ( 116: 2700: 3175:, p. 897: See figure 4, B for admixture proportions in earlyMed_Turk. "...it is clear that these individuals have genetic profiles that differ from the preceding Xiongnu period, suggesting new sources of gene flow into Mongolia at this time that displace them along PC3 (Figure 2)...The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)." 733: 29: 3306:

northward spread of Tungusic and probably also Turkic and Mongolic. However, the expansions of Tungusic as well as Turkic and Mongolic are too recent to be associable with the earliest waves of Neosiberian ancestry, dated later than ~11 kya, but discernible in the Baikal region from at least 6 kya onwards. Therefore, this phase of the Neosiberian population turnover must initially have transmitted other languages or language families into Siberia, including possibly Uralic and Yukaghir.

2092:

2709:, "Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%) (Supplementary Data 1E and Fig. 3a). Tarim_EMBA2 from Beifang can also be modelled as a mixture of Tarim_EMBA1 (about 89%) and Baikal_EBA (about 11%).". 454:. There is then a large gap until the Neolithic period, where the specific ANA gene pool has been identified. Ancestry basal to the ANA gene pool, but significantly closer to them than to the Upper-Paleolithic Tianyuan-related gene pool or other East Asian lineages (such as Southern East Asians), has been found among a sample in the Amur region (AR19K; c. 19 000 BP), suggesting that Ancient Northeast Asians diverged from other East Asian populations sometimes between 19kya to 26kya. 4180: 536:(1100–300 BCE) cultures were closely associated with the Ancient Northeast Asians (Amur ancestry) and can be modeled as direct descendants of them. They largely replaced the previous Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers, although geneflow between them has been proposed, particularly between a Neolithic Eastern Mongolian population (East_Mongolia_preBA) having primarily Amur_N-like ancestry and local Baikal hunter-gatherers (Baikal_EBA). 1374:

the genomic profile of human populations in the Altai region is unknown. (...) We find the presence of ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) ancestry —initially described in Neolithic groups from the Russian Far East— in another Neolithic Altai-Sayan individual associated with different cultural features, revealing the spread of ANA ancestry 1,500 km further to the west than previously observed.

3130: 504:. These populations are sometimes described as "Neo-Siberians" and can be differentiated from proper ANA/Amur populations represented by the Neolithic Devils Cave specimen, but share a common recent origin via their Ancient Northern East Asian ancestor. Neo-Siberians are inferred to have expanded prior to the expansion of Neolithic Amur ancestry. 1744:: "Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%)" 3435:

Samashev, Zainolla; Beisenov, Arman; Berezina, Natalia; Berezin, Yakov; Bíró, András Zsolt; Évinger, Sándor; Bissembaev, Arman; Akhatov, Gaziz; Mamedov, Aslan; Onggaruly, Akhan; Voyakin, Dmitriy; Chotbayev, Aidos; Kariyev, Yeldos; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Djansugurova, Leyla; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (26 March 2021).

3139:, "In summary, we have unveiled the first genomic profile of the ancient Türkic royal family. Our genomic analyses of Empress Ashina revealed Göktürk's Northeast Asian origin (97.7% Northeast Asian ancestry and 2.3% West Eurasian ancestry), refuting the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses.". 3163:, p. 5: "We found Ashina shared most genetic affnity with post Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic Steppe pastoralists, such as Rouran, Xianbei, Khitan, and Heshui_Mohe, and showed genetic heterogeneity with other ancient Türkic people, suggesting the multiple sources of the Türkic Khanate populations" 2385:

Jeong, Choongwon; Wilkin, Shevan; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Bouwman, Abigail S.; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Hagan, Richard W.; Bromage, Sabri; Tsolmon, Soninkhishig; Trachsel, Christian; Grossmann, Jonas; Littleton, Judith; Makarewicz, Cheryl A.; Krigbaum, John; Burri, Marta; Scott, Ashley (27 November

2152:

We find the presence of ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) ancestry —initially described in Neolithic groups from the Russian Far East— in another Neolithic Altai-Sayan individual associated with different cultural features, revealing the spread of ANA ancestry 1,500 km further to the west than previously

1826:

1561:

Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) ancestry. The latter gene pool was first identified in the Russian Far East in Neolithic hunter-gatherers from Devil's Gate Cave (DevilsCave_N), and, to date, the westernmost presence of ANA ancestry was reported in the Lake Baikal region and in Central Mongolia by 7,500

3081:

All of these individuals, albeit variably mixed with other sources, have been shown to trace their eastern Eurasian ancestry component to a genetic profile referred to as the "ancient northeast Asians" (ANA) (...) All of the early-Avar-period individuals (DTI_early_elite), except for an infant and a

2884:

2745:

Combining genomic and proteomic evidence, researchers revealed that these earliest residents in the Tarim Basin carried genetic ancestry inherited from local Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, carried no steppe-related ancestry, but consumed milk products, indicating communications of persistence

1885:

Assuming that the early Neolithic populations of the Khövsgöl region resembled those of the nearby Baikal region, we conclude that the Khövsgöl main cluster obtained ∼11% of their ancestry from an ANE source during the Neolithic period and a much smaller contribution of WSH ancestry (4–7%) beginning

1373:

These individuals carry the typical ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry, a widely distributed gene pool that was first identified in a 24,000-year-old individual (MA1) from the Mal'ta site near the Lake Baikal in south central Siberia. Thereafter, there is a large gap of 12,000 years, during which

3305:

Most modern Siberian speakers of Neosiberian languages genetically fall on an East- West cline between Europeans and Early East Asians. Taking Even speakers as representatives, the Neosiberian turnover from the south, which largely replaced Ancient Paleosiberian ancestry, can be associated with the

2091:

3374:

Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun; Fan, Linyuan; Abuduresule, Idilisi; Hu, Xingjun; Ruan, Qiurong; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Dong, Guanghui; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Yang, Ruowei; Tang, Zihua; Ma, Pengcheng;

1447:

Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro; Kondo, Osamu; Shigehara, Nobuo; Yoneda, Minoru; Kimura, Ryosuke (25 August 2020).

907:

A later different Eastern influx is evident in three outlier samples of the Saka Tasmola culture (Tasmola Birlik) and one of the Pazyryk culture (Pazyryk Berel), which displayed c. 70-83% additional Amur-derived ancestry, suggesting them to be recent migrants from further East. The same additional

1158:

Amur ancestry—ancestry associated with populations in the Amur River region, Mongolia, and Siberia, with the oldest individual sampled to date represented by a 14,000-year-old individual from the Amur River region, i.e. Amur14K . Populations associated with this ancestry likely contributed to the

3240:

Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Nogués-Bravo, David

2026:

3124:

In the principal component analysis (PCA) (Figs. 1B, S3), the Ashina individual clustered with modern Tungusic and Mongolic speakers, ancient populations from Northeast Asia and eastern Mongolia Plateau, and especially with the Northeast Asian hunter-gatherers previously referred to as "Ancient

1898:

Wang, Ke; Yu, He; Radzevičiūtė, Rita; Kiryushin, Yuriy F.; Tishkin, Alexey A.; Frolov, Yaroslav V.; Stepanova, Nadezhda F.; Kiryushin, Kirill Yu.; Kungurov, Artur L.; Shnaider, Svetlana V.; Tur, Svetlana S.; Tiunov, Mikhail P.; Zubova, Alisa V.; Pevzner, Maria; Karimov, Timur (6 February 2023).

1044:

805: 3434:

Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;

3322:

Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold (12

935:(551–582 CE), whose remains were sequenced, was found to be genetically closely associated with Ancient Northeast Asians (with 97.7% Northeast Asian ancestry, 2.3% West Eurasian ancestry dating back to around 3000 years ago, and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture), which according to Yang 461:("DevilsCave_N", c. 5700 BCE). More Neolithic individuals with the ANA/Amur-like gene pool have been identified in eastern Mongolia (SOU001, "EastMongolia_preBA" 4686–4495 cal. BCE), in central Mongolia (ERM003, "CentralMongolia_preBA" 3781–3639 cal. BCE). 1679:(ANE), which is found among the Pleistocene hunter-gatherers of the Mal'ta (ca. 24500–24100 BP) and Afontova Gora (ca. 16900–16500 BP) sites in Siberia (Fu et al., 2016; Raghavan et al., 2015) and the horse-herders of Botai, Kazakhstan (ca. 3500–3300 BCE)" 480:("Baikal_EBA", circa 2500 BCE or Shamanka_EBA) and Cisbaikal_LNBA. They cluster broadly with other Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) populations, but are differentiated from them via drift associated with an earlier inland expansion route, and a minor 615:

Baikal hunter-gatherers (Baikal EBA or Shamanka EBA, c. 93-96%) with small amounts of admixture from Western Steppe Herders (Sintashta, c. 4-7%). Genetic analyses revealed that while dairy pastoralism seems to have been adopted by them from the

76:, is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the hunter-gatherer people of the 7th-4th millennia before present, in far-eastern Siberia, Mongolia and the Baikal regions. They are inferred to have diverged from 1247:

Using f4-statistics, both DevilsCave_N and AR14K share a close genetic relationship to each other and group phylogenetically with other ancient northern East Asian individuals rather than ancient southern East Asian individuals

1663:). By comparing these genomes to previously published ancient and modern data across Eurasia (Figure 2; Table S3C), we found that they are most closely related to contemporaneous huntergatherers from the western Baikal region ( 1101:

We find the presence of ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) ancestry—initially described in Neolithic groups from the Russian Far East ... first identified in the Russian Far East in Neolithic hunter-gatherers from Devil's Gate Cave

3197:

Yang, Xiao-Min; Meng, Hai-Liang; Zhang, Jian-Lin; Yu, Yao; Allen, Edward; Xia, Zi-Yang; Zhu, Kong-Yang; Du, Pan-Xin; Ren, Xiao-Ying; Xiong, Jian-Xue; Lu, Xiao-Yu; Ding, Yi; Han, Sheng; Liu, Wei-Peng; Jin, Li (9 January 2023).

437:

The Prehistoric populations of Eastern Siberia are poorly understood, mainly due to the lack of archaeological specimens. So far, the oldest populations for which genomic data have been obtained are the Upper Paleolithic

3187:, p. 4: "The early Medieval Türk (earlyMed_Turk) derived the major ancestry from ANA at a proportion of 62.2%, the remainder from BMAC (10.7%) and Western Steppe Afanasievo nomad (27.1%) (Figs. 1C, 1D; Table S2E)." 955:), with the admixture occurring around the year 500 CE. The ruling clan of the Turkic peoples, the Ashina tribe, was found to display close genetic affinities with the earlier Slab Grave and Ulaanzuukh culture remains. 1389:

Mao, Xiaowei; Zhang, Hucai; Qiao, Shiyu; Liu, Yichen; Chang, Fengqin; Xie, Ping; Zhang, Ming; Wang, Tianyi; Li, Mian; Cao, Peng; Yang, Ruowei; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Ping, Wanjing (10 June 2021).

835:) cultures of Central Asia from around 1,000 BCE, contributing about half of their genetic profile (40-55%), highlighting the increase in genetic diversity during the late Bronze Age and the following Iron Age. 3151:, pp. 3–4: "In contrast to Ashina, Central Steppe and early Medieval Türk exhibited a high but variable degree of West Eurasian ancestry, indicating there was a genetic substructure of the Türkic empire." 2614: 421: 3375:

Li, Chunxiang; Gao, Shizhu; Xu, Yang; Wu, Sihao; Wen, Shaoqing; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui; Robbeets, Martine; Kumar, Vikas; Krause, Johannes; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Cui, Yinqiu (11 November 2021).

681: 908:

Eastern ancestry is found among the later groups of Huns (Hun Berel 300CE, Hun elite 350CE), and the Karakaba remains (830CE) and may be associated with the westwards expansion of Xiongnu tribes. A

2229:

Overall, individuals from the Ulaanzuukh and the Slab Grave cultures present a homogeneous genetic profile that has deep roots in the region and is referred to as Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA)

1651:, p. 891: "In this study, we analyzed six pre-Bronze Age hunter-gatherer individuals from three sites dating to the fifth and fourth millennia BCE: one from eastern Mongolia (SOU001, 866:

ancestry was further added at a later stage. High status Xiongnu individuals tended to have less genetic diversity, and their ancestry was essentially derived from the Eastern Eurasian

880:, a male ruler of the Empire identified by his prestigious tomb, was shown to have had similar ancestry as a high status female in the "western frontiers", deriving about 39.3% 923:

in Europe, particularly as regards the Avar elite, were also confirmed to have essentially Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (c. 90%), with some additions from other sources.

696: 2105: 1755: 1691:"Multidisciplinary lines of evidence reveal East/Northeast Asian origins of agriculturalist/pastoralist residents at a Han dynasty military outpost in ancient Xinjiang" 1514: 1326: 484:(ANE) component at c. 11% (5-20%). The ANE-like component is best explained via Ancient Paleo-Siberian-rich groups. They also display genetic affinities with the 2672:

Rawson, Jessica; Huan, Limin; Taylor, William Timothy Treal (1 December 2021). "Seeking Horses: Allies, Clients and Exchanges in the Zhou Period (1045–221 BC)".

600:

during the Late Bronze Age. These groups formed from the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal populations from the Eastern Steppe and subsequent admixture from

2900:

Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023).

4143: 4008: 667:), who can be modeled as deriving significant amounts of ancestry (c. 40-55%) from the Baikal/Shamanka EBA groups, with the remainder being derived from 1958:"Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages" 912:

individual from an elite burial of the mid-4th century CE in Budapest, Hungary, was reconstructed as 60% Ancient Northeast Asian/Amur (ANA) and 40%

3515: 2719:

Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke (2022). "Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past".

464:

The closely related hunter-gatherers from the Baikal region and adjacent regions of Siberia are associated with the Early Neolithic eastern Baikal

1637:...the western Baikal early Neolithic Kitoi culture (Baikal_EN) and the early Bronze Age Glazkovo culture (Baikal_EBA) (Damgaard et al., 2018a)... 99: 660:, are among the people sharing the highest genetic affinities with the Late Bronze Age herders of Khövsgöl, but are not identical with them. 2454: 720:

ancestry (c. 72%), with a smaller admixture from an East Asian-like population (particularly the Baikal_EBA, at c. 28%), but no detectable

468:

culture ("Fofonovo_EN"), and the western Baikal Kitoi culture ("Baikal_EN", 5200–4200 BCE or Shamanka_EN), as well as in conjunction with

948: 777: 45: 3889: 3617: 3557: 105: 3771: 457:

The first individual to be identified with the specific ANA gene pool came from the Russian Far East, near the Pacific coast, at the

3945: 3731: 3228:

In addition, Ashina showed close genetic aﬃnity with population related to Bronze Age Slab Grave and Ulaanzukh culture in Mongolia.

404: 1671:

ca. 5700 BCE), filling in the geographic gap in the distribution of this genetic profile (Figure 3A). We refer to this profile as

3882: 3082:

burial with typical characteristics of the Transtisza group (Figure 2B), form a tight cluster with a high level of ANA ancestry.

2885:

burial with typical characteristics of the Transtisza group (Figure 2B), form a tight cluster with a high level of ANA ancestry.

3697: 3632: 3607: 3581: 511:, suggesting that the specific ANA gene pool formed as early as 14,000 BP. Neolithic ANA remains have been found as far as the 433:) in a principal component analysis (PCA) of non-African modern human genomes (grey), and other ancient populations (colors). 4128: 3940: 3602: 3508: 604:

migrant groups. This includes the Khövsgöl LBA herders from northern Mongolia and the Altai MLBA hunter-gatherers from the

80:

about 24kya ago, and are represented by several ancient human specimens found in archaeological excavations east of the

4211: 4118: 3901: 3877: 3800: 4226: 4163: 4090: 3872: 3867: 3692: 3627: 3576: 4206: 3572: 1675:(ANA) to reflect its geographic distribution relative to another widespread mid-Holocene genetic profile known as 3962: 3913: 3857: 3501: 995:

region since at least 6kya. An earlier wave of Northern East Asian ancestry into Siberia is associated with "Neo-

4231: 4138: 3974: 3862: 588:

Several successor groups of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers with varying degrees of

446:(c. 40,000 BP), specifically the Salkhit (c. 34,000 BP) and AR33K (c. 33,000 BP) samples from Mongolia and the 4216: 4048: 507:

The Devils_Cave_N sample was found to display genetic continuity with a c. 14kya old sample (AR14K) from the

388: 4153: 4123: 4108: 4058: 3724: 3657: 3637: 3567: 1723: 85: 1450:"Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations" 4063: 4043: 3788: 3766: 3622: 1993:"Bronze Age Northern Eurasian Genetics in the Context of Development of Metallurgy and Siberian Ancestry" 442:(c. 24,000 BP) from Central Siberia, and Upper-Paleolithic populations related to the "Basal-East Asian" 22: 874:, while low status individuals tended to be more diverse and having higher Saka-like ancestry. A likely 4080: 3996: 3781: 1203:

24,000 years ago may also indicate the split time separating Amur ancestry from other Asian ancestries.

899: 815:

The Baikal EBA populations, also contributed to a large extent to the formation of the hybrid Eurasian

620:, they were primarily of local Northern East Asian origin, implying cultural transmission. Modern day 4053: 3925: 3852: 3832: 169: 44:

to the Pacific coast. They were bordered by Western Eurasian populations to the west, which combined

4103: 4098: 4073: 3950: 3918: 3672: 3437:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians" 2970:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians" 2481:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians" 2255:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians" 1957: 792: 4184: 4085: 4068: 3955: 3935: 3906: 3795: 3717: 3682: 3677: 2603:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe" 2388:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe" 1829:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe" 816: 439: 212: 3984: 3967: 3930: 3820: 3524: 1012: 717: 617: 601: 589: 569: 481: 469: 156: 53: 2234: 1992: 4038: 3805: 3035:"Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites" 2830:"Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites" 1392:"The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene" 721: 544: 458: 975:-speaking populations of Northeast Asia. ANA ancestry (represented by the Tungusic-speaking 4001: 3776: 3759: 3562: 3448: 3388: 3254: 2981: 2913: 2618: 2492: 2399: 2331: 2266: 2178: 2117: 2106:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 2040: 1912: 1901:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 1840: 1767: 1756:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 1526: 1515:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 1338: 1327:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 1273: 1058: 1047:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 944: 8: 4221: 4025: 3825: 996: 182: 3452: 3392: 3258: 3200:"Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate" 3096:"Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate" 2985: 2942: 2917: 2901: 2622: 2496: 2403: 2335: 2270: 2207: 2182: 2166: 2121: 2044: 1916: 1844: 1771: 1530: 1342: 1277: 1062: 842:(3rd century BCE-1st century CE), which combined specific Saka ancestries (particularly 3593: 3477: 3436: 3417: 3376: 3357: 3324: 3296: 3115: 3067: 3034: 3010: 2969: 2875: 2862: 2829: 2810: 2797: 2764: 2654: 2641: 2602: 2578: 2545: 2521: 2480: 2430: 2387: 2362: 2319: 2295: 2254: 2220: 2143: 2082: 2008: 1973: 1871: 1828: 1793: 1628: 1615: 1582: 1552: 1495: 1482: 1449: 1429: 1364: 1302: 1261: 1092: 1004: 988: 984: 881: 871: 851: 737: 533: 529: 501: 227: 28: 4013: 3989: 3894: 3815: 3810: 3667: 3648: 3612: 3548: 3482: 3464: 3422: 3404: 3362: 3344: 3300: 3288: 3280: 3219: 3119: 3095: 3072: 3054: 3015: 2997: 2947: 2929: 2879: 2867: 2849: 2814: 2802: 2784: 2736: 2689: 2646: 2583: 2565: 2526: 2508: 2435: 2417: 2367: 2349: 2300: 2282: 2224: 2212: 2194: 2147: 2135: 2086: 2074: 2066: 2012: 1977: 1938: 1930: 1876: 1858: 1797: 1785: 1712: 1632: 1620: 1602: 1556: 1544: 1499: 1487: 1469: 1433: 1421: 1413: 1368: 1356: 1307: 1289: 1238: 1194: 1159:

ancestors of Native Americans and populations associated with Paleosiberian ancestry.

1149: 1096: 1084: 1076: 753: 668: 593: 375: 257: 77: 3242: 2658: 2028: 3472: 3456: 3412: 3396: 3352: 3336: 3270: 3262: 3211: 3107: 3062: 3046: 3005: 2989: 2937: 2921: 2857: 2841: 2792: 2776: 2728: 2681: 2636: 2626: 2573: 2557: 2516: 2500: 2425: 2407: 2357: 2339: 2290: 2274: 2202: 2186: 2125: 2056: 2048: 2000: 1965: 1920: 1866: 1848: 1775: 1702: 1610: 1594: 1534: 1477: 1461: 1403: 1346: 1297: 1281: 1228: 1184: 1139: 1066: 1008: 980: 968: 964: 893: 732: 612: 477: 360: 345: 330: 315: 302: 2601:

Jeong, Choongwon; Wilkin, Shevan; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Warinner, Christina (2018).

838:

The hybrid Saka cultures in turn played an important role in the formation of the

3842: 2902:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales" 2167:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales" 1216: 1172: 1127: 1000: 920: 828: 824: 797: 625: 605: 597: 512: 489: 197: 81: 61: 41: 991:, which supports their spread from Northeast Asia westwards, discernable in the 663:

The Altai MLBA gene pool further West can be associated with Eastern Scythians (

3740: 3662: 3400: 3340: 3050: 2845: 2780: 2685: 2615:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2561: 1598: 1465: 1408: 1391: 1285: 932: 839: 657: 3266: 2130: 2052: 2004: 1969: 1925: 1900: 1780: 1539: 1351: 1071: 1046: 4200: 3687: 3468: 3433: 3408: 3348: 3284: 3223: 3058: 3001: 2933: 2853: 2788: 2693: 2569: 2512: 2421: 2353: 2286: 2240: 2198: 2070: 1934: 1862: 1729: 1716: 1707: 1690: 1606: 1473: 1417: 1293: 1242: 1198: 1153: 1080: 713: 672: 242: 132: 2631: 2412: 2344: 1853: 1233: 1189: 1144: 979:) overall forms the main ancestry of the early and contemporary speakers of 3754: 3486: 3460: 3426: 3366: 3292: 3076: 3019: 2993: 2951: 2925: 2871: 2806: 2740: 2650: 2587: 2530: 2504: 2439: 2371: 2304: 2278: 2216: 2190: 2139: 2078: 1942: 1880: 1789: 1624: 1548: 1491: 1425: 1360: 1311: 1088: 972: 940: 847: 808: 443: 1025: 3493: 992: 976: 690:

are often associated with Khövsgöl LBA burials. Probably c.1400-1000 BCE.

497: 473: 3275: 2061: 1217:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 1173:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 1128:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 40:

yellow area) are defined as a cluster of Neolithic populations from the

2732: 952: 885: 867: 863: 855: 765: 687: 485: 49: 3243:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 3215: 3111: 2029:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 859: 633: 573: 451: 3199: 2320:"Late Bronze Age cultural origins of dairy pastoralism in Mongolia" 843: 804: 641: 549: 465: 3325:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 2765:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 2546:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 1583:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 1446: 3709: 3533: 1804: 649: 493: 2899: 548:

Khövsgöl LBA in the Middle-Late Bronze Age (1400 to 1100 BC) in

515:, 1,500 km further to the west than previously understood. 876: 820: 653: 645: 629: 621: 272: 2600: 1659:

3781–3639 cal. BCE), and four from the eastern Baikal region (

552:. Khövsgöl LBA is essentially composed of Baikal EBA ancestry 2384: 1825: 800:

were essentially derived from Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA).

637: 123: 3538: 3377:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 3239: 2025: 1897: 1262:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 1043: 913: 889: 832: 749: 664: 508: 447: 147: 909: 1655:

4686–4495 cal. BCE), one from central Mongolia (ERM003,

3321: 3172: 1810: 1648: 1113: 1031: 523: 409:

Ancient Northeast Asians, with contemporary cultures

2718: 2455:"How Bronze Age Northern Mongolian Peoples Got Milk" 1991:

Childebayeva, Ainash; et al. (1 October 2023).

903:

Elite Hun burial genetic ancestry (350 CE, Budapest)

492:, as well as the Neolithic and Bronze Age groups in 1384: 1382: 796:Genomic evidence from human remains shows that the 963:Genetically, ANA/Amur ancestry peaks among modern 671:-like admixture (c. 45-60%) associated with early 1003:), which may be associated with the expansion of 776:) ancestry, with a smaller Iranian contribution ( 752:combined in almost equal parts Western Eurasian ( 712:A genomic study published in 2021 found that the 560:(itself essentially Ancient Northeast Asian, ANA 4198: 3373: 3033:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (14 April 2022). 2968:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (26 March 2021). 2828:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (14 April 2022). 2706: 2671: 2479:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (26 March 2021). 2253:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (26 March 2021). 1741: 1379: 811:are closely related to Ancient Northeast Asians. 3196: 3032: 2967: 2827: 2607:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2478: 2392:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2324:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2252: 1956:Zeng, Tian Chen; et al. (2 October 2023). 1833:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1388: 727: 115: 740:was essentially Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA, 539: 3725: 3509: 2746:practices independent from genetic exchange. 1990: 850:-related ones), with Neolithic Amur-derived 611:The Khövsgöl LBA herders are descended from 572:), and a relatively small admixture from a 3732: 3718: 3523: 3516: 3502: 3476: 3416: 3356: 3274: 3066: 3009: 2941: 2861: 2796: 2640: 2630: 2577: 2520: 2429: 2411: 2361: 2343: 2294: 2206: 2129: 2060: 1924: 1870: 1852: 1779: 1706: 1667:5200–4200 BCE) and the Russian Far East ( 1614: 1538: 1481: 1407: 1350: 1301: 1232: 1188: 1143: 1070: 939:supports a Northeast Asian origin of the 898: 803: 791: 731: 543: 420: 91: 27: 16:Ancient genetic lineage of modern humans 2895: 2893: 2317: 4199: 2758: 2756: 2754: 1221:Human Population Genetics and Genomics 1177:Human Population Genetics and Genomics 1132:Human Population Genetics and Genomics 722:Western Steppe Herder-related ancestry 425:Position of Ancient Northeast Asians ( 373: 3713: 3497: 2762: 2594: 2543: 2318:Orlando, Ludovic (27 November 2018). 1949: 1821: 1819: 1688: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1259: 958: 888:ancestry, with the rest (8.8%) being 386: 358: 343: 328: 313: 300: 285: 270: 255: 240: 225: 167: 154: 103: 3204:Journal of Systematics and Evolution 3184: 3160: 3148: 3136: 3100:Journal of Systematics and Evolution 3093: 2890: 2821: 2103: 1955: 1753: 1512: 1324: 1214: 1170: 1125: 518: 210: 195: 145: 130: 121: 2751: 2721:Journal of Anthropological Sciences 2537: 2164: 2019: 1215:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). 1171:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). 1126:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). 596:admixture started to appear in the 180: 32:The Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA, 13: 3801:Blood type distribution by country 3739: 1816: 1695:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 1567: 1011:, and the partial displacement of 999:" (represented by Uralic-speaking 702:Detail of deer stone, with weapons 524:Ulaanzuukh and Slab Grave cultures 14: 4243: 716:(c. 2000 BCE) had high levels of 554: 4179: 4178: 2452: 764:) with Ancient Northeast Asian ( 707: 695: 680: 476:populations associated with the 114: 98: 3233: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3087: 3026: 2961: 2712: 2665: 2472: 2446: 2378: 2311: 2246: 2158: 2097: 1984: 1891: 1747: 1735: 1682: 1642: 1506: 1440: 782: 770: 758: 742: 427: 34: 2165:Lee, Juhyeon (14 April 2023). 1318: 1253: 1208: 1164: 1119: 1107: 1037: 827:(Eastern Saka) as well as the 578: 568:, with a small admixture from 84:. They are a sub-group of the 1: 1018: 562: 410: 1260:Zhang, Fan (November 2021). 728:Sakas, Xiongnus, Huns, Avars 472:(APS), the Early Bronze Age 86:Ancient Northern East Asians 7: 2674:Journal of World Prehistory 2241:Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2021 1730:Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2021 1562:and 5,600 BP, respectively. 926: 540:Altai MLBA and Khövsgöl LBA 23:Ancient Northern East Asian 10: 4248: 3782:Neanderthal genome project 3673:Settlement of the Americas 3401:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7 3341:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 3315: 3051:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007 2846:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007 2781:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 2686:10.1007/s10963-021-09161-9 2562:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 1599:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 1466:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 1409:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.040 1286:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7 748:), while the neighbouring 20: 4212:Genetic history of Europe 4174: 4024: 3841: 3747: 3647: 3592: 3547: 3531: 3267:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z 2763:Jeong, Choongwon (2020). 2544:Jeong, Choongwon (2020). 2131:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 2053:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z 2005:10.1101/2023.10.01.560195 1970:10.1101/2023.10.01.560332 1926:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1781:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1581:Jeong, Choongwon (2020). 1540:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1352:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1072:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1015:, starting around 11kya. 4227:Peopling of the Americas 3919:Caucasus hunter-gatherer 3683:Western hunter-gatherers 1886:in the early Bronze Age. 1708:10.3389/fevo.2022.932004 884:genetic ancestry, 51.9% 817:Scytho-Siberian cultures 21:Not to be confused with 4207:Archaeogenetic lineages 3980:Ancient Northeast Asian 3956:Eastern hunter-gatherer 3936:Western hunter-gatherer 3907:Early Anatolian farmers 3678:Ancient North Eurasians 2632:10.1073/pnas.1813608115 2413:10.1073/pnas.1813608115 2345:10.1073/pnas.1817559115 1854:10.1073/pnas.1813608115 1673:Ancient Northeast Asian 1234:10.47248/hpgg2202010001 1190:10.47248/hpgg2202010001 1145:10.47248/hpgg2202010001 482:Ancient North Eurasians 470:Ancient Paleo-Siberians 440:Ancient North Eurasians 66:Ancient Northeast Asian 3985:Ancient Paleo-Siberian 3968:Ancient North Eurasian 3931:Early European Farmers 3525:Early human migrations 3461:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414 3094:Yang, Xiaomin (2023). 2994:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414 2926:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904 2505:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414 2279:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414 2191:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904 1689:Allen, Edward (2022). 1677:Ancient North Eurasian 1657:centralMongolia_preBA, 1454:Communications Biology 904: 812: 801: 789: 718:Ancient North Eurasian 618:Western Steppe Herders 590:Western Steppe Herders 585: 570:Ancient North Eurasian 486:Yumin hunter-gatherers 434: 57: 54:Ancient North Eurasian 4232:Peopling of the world 3806:Genealogical DNA test 3767:Evolutionary genetics 2398:(48): E11248–E11255. 1839:(48): E11248–E11255. 1732:, Fig.2 for the date. 1402:(12): 3256–3266.e13. 902: 858:ancestries, to which 807: 795: 735: 602:Western Steppe Herder 547: 424: 92:Neolithic populations 31: 4217:Last Glacial Maximum 3777:Neanderthal genetics 3760:Human Genome Project 3045:(8): 1402–1413.e21. 2840:(8): 1402–1413.e21. 931:The Turkic princess 532:(1450–1150 BCE) and 405:class=notpageimage| 4160:Sub-Saharan Africa 4129:Tamils (Sri Lankan) 4026:Population genetics 3833:Genetic enhancement 3826:Surname DNA project 3453:2021SciA....7.4414G 3393:2021Natur.599..256Z 3259:2019Natur.570..182S 2986:2021SciA....7.4414G 2918:2023SciA....9F3904L 2623:2018PNAS..11511248J 2497:2021SciA....7.4414G 2404:2018PNAS..11511248J 2336:2018PNAS..11512083O 2330:(48): 12083–12085. 2271:2021SciA....7.4414G 2183:2023SciA....9F3904L 2122:2023CBio...33E.423W 2045:2019Natur.570..182S 1917:2023CBio...33E.423W 1845:2018PNAS..11511248J 1772:2023CBio...33E.423W 1653:eastMongolia_preBA, 1531:2023CBio...33E.423W 1343:2023CBio...33E.423W 1278:2021Natur.599..256Z 1063:2023CBio...33E.423W 496:(Yakutia_LNBA) and 78:Ancient East Asians 3594:Middle Paleolithic 3335:(4): 890–904.e29. 2775:(4): 890–904.e29. 2733:10.4436/jass.10017 989:Tungusic languages 959:ANA ancestry today 919:The 7-8th century 905: 872:Slab Grave culture 813: 802: 790: 738:Slab Grave culture 586: 528:The people of the 502:Altai-Sayan region 435: 58: 4194: 4193: 4014:Ancient Beringian 3816:Race and genetics 3811:Genetic genealogy 3796:Genetic variation 3707: 3706: 3668:Ancient Beringian 3649:Upper Paleolithic 3618:archaic admixture 3613:Coastal migration 3563:Neanderthal range 3549:Lower Paleolithic 3387:(7884): 256–261. 3253:(7760): 182–188. 3216:10.1111/jse.12938 3173:Jeong et al. 2020 3112:10.1111/jse.12938 2707:Zhang et al. 2021 2617:: E11248–E11255. 2116:(3): 423–433.e5. 2104:Wang, Ke (2023). 2039:(7760): 182–188. 1911:(3): 423–433.e5. 1811:Jeong et al. 2020 1766:(3): 423–433.e5. 1754:Wang, Ke (2023). 1742:Zhang et al. 2021 1649:Jeong et al. 2020 1525:(3): 423–433.e5. 1513:Wang, Ke (2023). 1337:(3): 423–433.e5. 1325:Wang, Ke (2023). 1272:(7884): 256–261. 1114:Jeong et al. 2020 1057:(3): 423–433.e5. 1032:Jeong et al. 2020 787: 775: 763: 747: 583: 567: 559: 519:Later populations 459:Devil’s Gate Cave 432: 72:), also known as 39: 4239: 4182: 4181: 3883:African diaspora 3873:Eastern Africa‎‎ 3821:Recent evolution 3772:Human-chimp MRCA 3734: 3727: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3608:Out of Africa II 3518: 3511: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3447:(13): eabe4414. 3441:Science Advances 3430: 3420: 3370: 3360: 3323:November 2020). 3309: 3308: 3278: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3210:(6): 1056–1064. 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3106:(6): 1056–1064. 3091: 3085: 3084: 3070: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3013: 2974:Science Advances 2965: 2959: 2958: 2945: 2912:(15): eadf3904. 2906:Science Advances 2897: 2888: 2887: 2865: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2800: 2760: 2749: 2748: 2727:(100): 193–230. 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2644: 2634: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2485:Science Advances 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2453:Raff, Jennifer. 2450: 2444: 2443: 2433: 2415: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2365: 2347: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2298: 2259:Science Advances 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2210: 2177:(15): eadf3904. 2171:Science Advances 2162: 2156: 2155: 2133: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2064: 2023: 2017: 2016: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1928: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1874: 1856: 1823: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1783: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1710: 1686: 1680: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1618: 1578: 1565: 1564: 1542: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1485: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1411: 1386: 1377: 1376: 1354: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1305: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1236: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1192: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1147: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1074: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1009:Uralic languages 786: 785: 781: 774: 773: 769: 762: 761: 757: 746: 745: 741: 699: 684: 613:Early Bronze Age 582: 581: 577: 566: 565: 561: 558: 557: 553: 500:(kra001) in the 478:Glazkovo culture 431: 430: 426: 415: 414: -3000 BCE 412: 399: 397: 384: 382: 371: 369: 356: 354: 341: 339: 326: 324: 311: 309: 298: 296: 293:Northeast Asians 283: 281: 268: 266: 253: 251: 238: 236: 223: 221: 208: 206: 193: 191: 178: 176: 165: 163: 152: 150: 143: 141: 128: 126: 118: 117: 110: 108: 102: 38: 37: 33: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4170: 4150:Southeast Asia 4028: 4020: 3878:Southern Africa 3845: 3843:Genetic history 3837: 3743: 3738: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3643: 3642: 3588: 3587: 3558:Out of Africa I 3543: 3527: 3522: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3238: 3234: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3092: 3088: 3031: 3027: 2966: 2962: 2898: 2891: 2826: 2822: 2761: 2752: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2670: 2666: 2599: 2595: 2542: 2538: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2451: 2447: 2383: 2379: 2316: 2312: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2163: 2159: 2110:Current Biology 2102: 2098: 2024: 2020: 1989: 1985: 1954: 1950: 1905:Current Biology 1896: 1892: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1760:Current Biology 1752: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1687: 1683: 1647: 1643: 1579: 1568: 1519:Current Biology 1511: 1507: 1445: 1441: 1387: 1380: 1331:Current Biology 1323: 1319: 1258: 1254: 1213: 1209: 1169: 1165: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1051:Current Biology 1042: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1013:Paleo-Siberians 961: 945:Göktürk Khanate 929: 783: 771: 759: 743: 730: 710: 703: 700: 691: 685: 579: 563: 555: 542: 526: 521: 513:Altai Mountains 490:Northeast China 428: 419: 418: 417: 416: 413: 407: 401: 400: 394: 392: 389: 387: 385: 379: 376: 374: 372: 365: 361: 359: 357: 350: 346: 344: 342: 335: 331: 329: 327: 320: 316: 314: 312: 303: 301: 299: 292: 288: 286: 284: 277: 273: 271: 269: 262: 258: 256: 254: 247: 243: 241: 239: 232: 228: 226: 224: 217: 213: 211: 209: 202: 198: 196: 194: 187: 183: 181: 179: 174: 172: 170: 168: 166: 160: 157: 155: 153: 148: 146: 144: 137: 133: 131: 129: 124: 122: 120: 119: 111: 106: 104: 94: 82:Altai Mountains 62:archaeogenetics 56:(ANE) ancestry. 42:Altai Mountains 35: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4245: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3997:Southeast Asia 3994: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3868:Central Africa 3865: 3860: 3849: 3847: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3741:Human genetics 3737: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3663:Mammoth steppe 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3573:Southeast Asia 3570: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3431: 3371: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3232: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3086: 3025: 2980:(13): Fig.3A. 2960: 2889: 2820: 2750: 2711: 2699: 2680:(4): 489–530. 2664: 2593: 2556:(4): 890–904. 2536: 2471: 2445: 2377: 2310: 2245: 2233: 2157: 2096: 2018: 1983: 1948: 1890: 1815: 1803: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1681: 1641: 1593:(4): 890–904. 1566: 1505: 1439: 1378: 1317: 1252: 1207: 1163: 1118: 1106: 1102:(DevilsCave_N) 1036: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1017: 960: 957: 928: 925: 840:Xiongnu Empire 819:, such as the 729: 726: 709: 706: 705: 704: 701: 694: 692: 686: 679: 628:, followed by 594:Sintashta-like 541: 538: 525: 522: 520: 517: 408: 403: 402: 113: 112: 97: 96: 95: 93: 90: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4244: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4130: 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2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265:(13): Fig.2. 2264: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027:(June 2019). 2022: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1820: 1812: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669:DevilsCave_N, 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 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714:Tarim mummies 708:Tarim Mummies 698: 693: 689: 683: 678: 677: 676: 674: 673:Indo-Iranians 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 576:-like source 575: 571: 551: 546: 537: 535: 531: 516: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 423: 406: 398: 396: 383: 381: 370: 368: 367: 355: 353: 352: 340: 338: 337: 325: 323: 322: 310: 308: 307: 297: 295: 294: 282: 280: 279: 267: 265: 264: 252: 250: 249: 237: 235: 234: 222: 220: 219: 207: 205: 204: 192: 190: 189: 177: 164: 162: 151: 142: 140: 139: 127: 109: 101: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 74:Amur ancestry 71: 67: 63: 55: 51: 47: 43: 30: 24: 19: 4183: 4081:Azerbaijanis 3979: 3963:Central Asia 3858:North Africa 3755:Human genome 3537: 3444: 3440: 3384: 3380: 3332: 3328: 3304: 3276:1887/3198847 3250: 3246: 3235: 3227: 3207: 3203: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3123: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3080: 3042: 3038: 3028: 2977: 2973: 2963: 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Asia 3902:Middle East 3698:Philippines 3658:LGM refugia 3633:Philippines 3582:Philippines 1661:Fofonovo_EN 1227:(1): 1–32. 1183:(1): 1–32. 1138:(1): 1–32. 993:Lake Baikal 688:Deer stones 509:Amur region 498:Krasnoyarsk 450:region, or 186:Corded Ware 64:, the term 4222:Mesolithic 4201:Categories 4164:Hutu/Tutsi 4135:East Asia 4049:Bulgarians 3890:South Asia 3748:Sub-topics 3542:dispersals 1665:Baikal_EN, 1460:(1): 437. 1019:References 953:Afanasievo 882:Slab Grave 868:Ulaanzuukh 856:Slab Grave 852:Ulaanzuukh 766:Baikal EBA 534:Slab Grave 530:Ulaanzuukh 231:Afanasievo 50:Afanasievo 4154:Filipinos 4124:Sinhalese 4119:Gujaratis 4109:Moroccans 4104:Egyptians 4059:Romanians 3975:East Asia 3846:by region 3623:Australia 3469:2375-2548 3409:1476-4687 3349:0092-8674 3301:174809069 3285:1476-4687 3224:1674-4918 3185:Yang 2023 3161:Yang 2023 3149:Yang 2023 3137:Yang 2023 3120:255690237 3059:0092-8674 3002:2375-2548 2934:2375-2548 2880:247859905 2854:0092-8674 2815:214725595 2789:0092-8674 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