848:
26:
994:, is considered by some to be the earliest institution of higher learning with some of the characteristics we associate today with a university (research and teaching, auto-administration, academic independence, et cetera). If a university is defined as "an institution of higher learning" then it is preceded by several others, including the Academy that it was founded to compete with and eventually replaced. If the original meaning of the word is considered "a corporation of students" then this could be the first example of such an institution. The
298:
944:
959:
3123:
385:, as well as in medieval Tibetan texts. However, unlike Takshila and Nalanda, the ruins of Pushpagiri were not discovered until 1995, when a lecturer from a local college first stumbled upon the site. The task of excavating Pushpagiri's ruins, stretching over 58 hectares (143 acres) of land, was undertaken by the Odisha Institute of Maritime and South East Asian Studies between 1996 and 2006. It is now being carried out by the
413:, was an early Buddhist centre of learning. According to scattered references that were only fixed a millennium later, it may have dated back to at least the fifth century BCE. Some scholars date Takshashila's existence back to the sixth century BCE. The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was most likely still provided on an individualistic basis.
352:
3133:
3112:
373:, India. As of 2007, the ruins of this Mahavihara had not yet been fully excavated. Consequently, much of the Mahavihara's history remains unknown. Of the three Mahavihara campuses, Lalitgiri in the district of Cuttack is the oldest. Iconographic analysis indicates that Lalitgiri had already been established during the
543:
Vikramashila was one of the largest
Buddhist universities, with more than one hundred teachers and about one thousand students. It produced eminent scholars who were often invited by foreign countries to spread Buddhist learning, culture and religion. The most distinguished and eminent among all was
330:
Evidence in literature suggests that in 1193, Nalanda mahavihara was sacked by
Bakhtiyar Khilji. The Persian historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, in his chronicle the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, reported an attack on a Buddhist monastery in which all the Buddhist monks were killed. This may have been Nalanda but others
1045:
In addition to these episcopal schools, there were monastic schools which educated monks and nuns, as well as future bishops, at a more advanced level. Around the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, some of them developed into autonomous universities. A notable example is when the
1749:
Sanderson, Alexis. "The Ćaiva Age: The Rise and
Dominance of Ćaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp.
878:
started a school which identified itself with Plato's
Academy. That school lasted until 529, when it was closed following an edict from the Emperor Justinian prohibiting pagans from teaching. The Academy was also emulated during the Renaissance by the
829:
kings and continued its scholarly activities up to four centuries after Islam came to Iran. It was an important medical centre of the sixth and seventh centuries and a prominent example of higher education model in pre-Islam Iran. When the
427:
It became a noted centre of learning at least several centuries BCE, and continued to attract students until the destruction of the city in the fifth century CE. Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with
1041:
in 527. These early episcopal schools, with a focus on an apprenticeship in religious learning under a scholarly bishop, have been identified in Spain and in about twenty towns in Gaul during the sixth and seventh centuries.
986:, founded as an institution of higher learning in 425, educated graduates to take on posts of authority in the imperial service or within the Church. It was reorganized as a corporation of students in 849 by the regent
49:
were developed in many cultures to provide institutional frameworks for scholarly activities. These ancient centres were sponsored and overseen by courts; by religious institutions, which sponsored
327:, and survived until circa 1200 CE. It was devoted to Buddhist studies, but it also trained students in fine arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, politics and the art of war.
1514:
874:, lasted until 86 BCE, when it was destroyed during Sulla's siege and sacking of Athens. Some 400 years later, during the fourth century CE, the Platonist philosopher
1449:
Scott, David (May 1995). "Buddhism and Islam: Past to
Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons". p. 141. Digital object identifier:10.1163/1568527952598657
2275:
2057:
Constantinides, C. N. (2003). "Rhetoric in
Byzantium: Papers from the Thirty-Fifth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies". In Jeffreys, Elizabeth (ed.).
1117:
1067:
951:
78:
19:
1785:
1485:
276:
168:
61:; by scientific institutions, such as museums, hospitals, and observatories; and by respective scholars. They are to be distinguished from the
1538:
1817:
1858:
697:. It was intermittently inherited by succeeding Chinese dynasties up until the Qing dynasty, in some of which the name was changed to
3030:
2670:
2582:
1458:
André Wink (2002). Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the
Islamic conquest, 11thâ13th centuries. BRILL. pp. 146â148. ISBN 0-391-04174-6.
834:
in Athens was closed in 529, some of its pagan scholars went to
Gundishahpur, although they returned within a year to Byzantium.
1521:
2618:
2154:
2130:
1899:
1734:
1706:
1640:
1612:
1585:
1244:
280:
905:
The reputation of the Greek institutions was such that at least four central modern educational terms derive from them: the
1413:
377:
period of the second century BCE, making it one of the oldest
Buddhist establishments in the world. The Chinese traveller
2623:
2041:
1680:
2201:
2066:
2013:
1274:
1223:
1194:
1177:
1139:
3136:
3045:
1071:
971:
963:
160:
established a madraza in 859 CE, which eventually became the organization of higher learning, the currently named
730:
2628:
386:
1264:
1047:
717:
or
Academies of Classical Learning were private learning institutions established during the medieval Chinese
3157:
3040:
1499:
530:
2387:
1328:
983:
1792:
2173:
1546:
880:
161:
1419:
2921:
2316:
1059:
930:
898:
gymnasium in Athens. The school also ceased in 86 BC during the famine, siege and sacking of Athens by
2326:
2229:
577:
25:
1237:
A History of the University in Europe: Universities in the middle ages / ed. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens
2648:
2564:
2336:
1307:"The Meaning, Idea And History Of University/Higher Education In Africa: A Brief Literature Review"
549:
3096:
2716:
2683:
2462:
1051:
995:
810:
99:
50:
447:) by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself. Chanakya (or Kautilya), the
2926:
2504:
2457:
1396:
1003:
822:
216:
3126:
2763:
2600:
2509:
2497:
2194:
1889:
1130:
Furley, David (2003a), "Peripatetic School", in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.),
1074:(founded in 1224) are is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.
1063:
1055:
999:
947:
200:
179:
126:
1575:
1560:
2936:
2931:
2790:
2775:
2743:
2728:
2711:
2590:
2577:
2472:
2331:
2321:
1866:
585:
514:
2123:
The First Universities: Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe
1425:
1355:"Ancient centers of higher learning: A bias in the comparative history of the university?"
1164:
Lynch, J. (1997), "Lyceum", in Zeyl, Donald J.; Devereux, Daniel; Mitsis, Phillip (eds.),
661:
8:
3008:
2951:
2482:
2477:
2414:
2298:
1266:
A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis
1088:
621:
581:
517:(783 to 820) in response to a supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at Nalanda.
452:
141:
203:, which began as the Mosque of Sankore, served as an organization of higher learning in
3021:
2991:
2956:
2890:
2706:
2638:
2529:
2402:
2377:
2346:
1376:
1187:
Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century.
1038:
914:
895:
891:
875:
847:
710:
536:
Vikramashila is known to us mainly through Tibetan sources, especially the writings of
522:
336:
1839:
1631:
Scharfe, Hartmut; Bronkhorst, Johannes; Spuler, Bertold; AltenmĂŒller, Hartwig (2002).
2961:
2941:
2795:
2785:
2748:
2643:
2452:
2424:
2306:
2257:
2220:
2150:
2126:
2062:
2037:
2009:
1895:
1730:
1702:
1636:
1608:
1581:
1493:
1380:
1270:
1240:
1219:
1190:
1173:
1166:
1135:
1010:
706:
366:
359:
355:
256:
208:
183:
114:
271:, included schools that were some of the primary institutions of higher learning in
58:
3071:
3003:
2986:
2946:
2900:
2846:
2831:
2809:
2780:
2655:
2434:
2419:
2371:
2242:
2187:
1366:
1306:
1018:
934:
859:
831:
786:
726:
491:
268:
54:
38:
1371:
1354:
2998:
2880:
2836:
2826:
2660:
2539:
1916:
1760:
1684:
1602:
1469:
1026:
938:
297:
157:
144:, which was established in 970 CE, served as an organization of higher learning.
103:
70:
1216:
The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100â1215
943:
552:
traditions of Tibetan Buddhism. Subjects like philosophy, grammar, metaphysics,
3116:
3035:
2905:
2721:
2613:
2595:
2572:
2467:
2366:
2341:
2287:
1107:
967:
806:
782:
754:
665:
613:
609:
537:
487:
390:
1033:. The earliest evidence of a European episcopal school is that established in
978:, Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.
958:
750:
3151:
3066:
2895:
2821:
2733:
2534:
2382:
2311:
2282:
2270:
1148:
790:
722:
641:
617:
448:
374:
320:
272:
62:
1152:
862:(sometimes referred to as the University of Athens), founded ca. 387 BCE in
236:, the Axumite imperial church served as an organization of higher learning.
3061:
2753:
2738:
2678:
2544:
2392:
2361:
2265:
2247:
1677:
1099:
1062:. Italian universities are among the oldest universities in the world; the
798:
734:
718:
645:
553:
502:
436:
417:
212:
153:
505:
was one of the two most important centres of learning in India during the
2665:
2351:
1103:
1022:
991:
694:
593:
540:, the Tibetan monk historian of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
506:
2885:
2492:
1539:"ASI hope for hill heritage â Conservation set to start at Orissa site"
1034:
657:
625:
601:
597:
569:
483:
332:
251:
233:
130:
74:
66:
169:
University_of_al-Qarawiyyin § Status_as_world's_oldest_university
2608:
2237:
2008:(in Italian). Vol. 4. Torino: UTET. 7 August 1981. p. 122.
1093:
887:
794:
702:
669:
605:
556:
etc. were taught here, but the most important branch of learning was
456:
444:
421:
466:
Generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen. The
3091:
2841:
2487:
1112:
1083:
826:
802:
698:
637:
557:
479:
440:
433:
429:
410:
406:
378:
204:
122:
118:
1957:
1932:
1630:
2856:
2851:
2447:
2442:
1600:
1014:
906:
714:
633:
629:
510:
475:
471:
460:
351:
316:
301:
292:
264:
260:
30:
1561:"Archaeological Survey of India takes over Orissa Buddhist site"
2356:
2210:
2179:
1488:. February 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007.
1030:
987:
975:
918:
910:
883:, whose members saw themselves as following Plato's tradition.
867:
863:
778:
774:
770:
690:
589:
545:
518:
402:
370:
340:
2059:
Teachers and students of rhetoric in the late Byzantine period
1633:
Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India
899:
871:
766:
746:
686:
649:
573:
526:
467:
324:
309:
305:
137:
34:
1818:"Telhara University's ruins older than Nalanda, Vikramshila"
69:, an autonomous organization of scholars that originated in
1329:"The role of learning institutions in Ptolemaic Alexandria"
107:
825:
was established in the third century CE under the rule of
793:
was founded by in 1398 to offer prayers and memorials to
854:, a painting from the 1880s by Gustav Adolph Spangenberg
1234:
757:
was founded in the ninth century and restored in 1432.
2174:
Ancient Buddhist Monastic Establishments in Bangladesh
2000:
1998:
1416:," Garten, Jeffrey E. New York Times, 9 December 2006.
1316:. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education.
1218:, (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1985) pp. 4â5
713:
are regarded as the replacement of Taixue. By 725 CE,
393:
inscriptions also mention about this learning center.
1577:
Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text
470:
and the Eighteen Arts, which included skills such as
102:
established an organization of higher learning â the
1914:
1887:
1649:
1189:
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1978.
232:
In the fourth century CE, amid the reign of Emperor
1995:
1594:
1573:
1118:
List of oldest universities in continuous operation
797:and his disciples, and to promote the study of the
369:was established in the third century CE as present
79:
list of oldest universities in continuous operation
20:
List of oldest universities in continuous operation
2149:. Cornell University Press. 1957. pp. 12â16.
1727:Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist
1545:. Calcutta, India. 29 January 2007. Archived from
1165:
950:, established in 1088 AD in Italy, is the world's
2036:(in Italian). Mario Adda Editore. pp. 9â10.
781:were private institutions established during the
416:Takshashila is described in some detail in later
110:, which means the "House of Life" â in 2000 BCE.
3149:
186:, served as an organization of higher learning.
2125:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 130â31.
1512:
813:, a private Western-style university, in 1946.
2056:
2027:
2025:
129:served as organizations of higher learning in
2195:
1786:"TELHARA (NALANDA) EXCAVATION A Brief Report"
1729:. Motilal Banarsidass Pub. pp. 478â489.
1626:
1624:
1567:
1467:
1406:
1392:
1390:
1601:Pratapaditya Pal; Marg Publications (2001).
1050:grew out of the schools associated with the
381:(Hiuen Tsang), who visited it in 639 CE, as
2061:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 39â53.
2034:Storia dello Studium di Napoli in etĂ sveva
2031:
2022:
1720:
1718:
1403:, Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros.
1002:were the two major literary schools of the
319:was established in the fifth century CE in
2202:
2188:
1753:
1621:
1426:OpEd in New York Times: Nalanda University
1387:
1269:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 44.
1461:
1370:
1320:
1134:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press,
952:oldest university in continuous operation
729:) founded in 976 CE, which is one of the
73:and has been adopted in other regions in
2120:
2050:
1724:
1715:
1696:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1029:, chiefly dedicated to the education of
957:
942:
846:
689:, the ancient imperial academy known as
580:in Bihar (probably older than Nalanda),
350:
296:
24:
1982:
1701:. Motilal Banarsidass Pub. p. 17.
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1258:
1256:
1129:
513:. Vikramashila was established by King
304:, ancient center of higher learning in
207:. The Mosque of Sankore, the Mosque of
3150:
1352:
1326:
482:lore, were taught, in addition to its
215:constitute what is referred to as the
2183:
1990:
1986:
1471:Indian culture and cult of JagannÄtha
1339:
1262:
1163:
1147:
182:, which was established in 732 CE as
3132:
2982:Ancient higher-learning institutions
1894:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 50.
1283:
1253:
1168:Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy
1157:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
709:(Imperial University of Peking) and
529:. It was destroyed by the forces of
47:ancient higher-learning institutions
1962:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1937:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1580:. Abhinav Publications. p. 4.
924:
894:, the students of which met at the
842:
525:, is sometimes listed as a notable
275:. The Salai in South India such as
113:In the third century BCE, amid the
13:
1856:
1840:"Introduction of Hunan University"
886:Around 335 BCE, Plato's successor
18:For the list of institutions, see
14:
3169:
2167:
1699:Chandragupta Maurya And His Times
1513:H. K. Mohapatra (December 2004).
1359:Educational Philosophy and Theory
1314:Institution of Education Sciences
1304:
816:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3110:
2209:
1791:. yac.bih.nic.in. Archived from
1335:. Western Washington University.
1235:Hilde de Ridder-Symoens (1994).
1072:University of Naples Federico II
972:University of Naples Federico II
244:
2139:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2075:
1975:
1950:
1925:
1908:
1881:
1865:. jazirehdanesh. Archived from
1850:
1832:
1810:
1778:
1743:
1690:
1671:
1662:
1553:
1531:
1506:
1478:
1452:
1443:
1430:
1132:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
497:
199:In the twelfth century CE, the
89:
1761:"Excavated Remains at Nalanda"
1333:WWU Graduate School Collection
1228:
1208:
1066:(founded in 1088) notably, is
789:and a preparatory school. The
785:which combined functions of a
387:Archaeological Survey of India
222:
189:
1:
1915:Howard Eugene Wilson (1939).
1888:Ellwood P. Cubberley (2004).
1820:. firstpost. 14 December 2014
1725:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1990).
1697:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966).
1372:10.1080/00131857.2018.1553490
1123:
1009:In Western Europe during the
531:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji
424:around the fifth century CE.
346:
2388:University technical college
2032:Delle Donne, Fulvio (2010).
1765:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1574:Thomas E. Donaldson (2001).
984:University of Constantinople
675:
548:Dipankara, a founder of the
249:Major Buddhist monasteries (
7:
1687:. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica.
1515:"Great Heritages of Orissa"
1353:Peters, Michael A. (2019).
1077:
1056:Monastery of Ste. GeneviĂšve
881:Florentine Platonic Academy
731:four ancient famous Shuyuan
405:or Takshashila, in ancient
227:
162:University of al-Qarawiyyin
10:
3174:
2317:College-preparatory school
1918:Harvard Educational Review
1401:Education in Ancient India
1305:Alemu, Sintayehu Kassaye.
1155:, in Craig, Edward (ed.),
931:Byzantine higher education
928:
809:(992). It was reopened as
801:. It was the successor to
290:
286:
173:
166:
147:
17:
3105:
3084:
3054:
3017:
2977:
2970:
2914:
2873:
2817:
2808:
2771:
2762:
2702:
2695:
2557:
2522:
2433:
2410:
2401:
2327:Comprehensive high school
2297:
2256:
2228:
2218:
1985:, p. 1141; 335 BCE:
1498:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1438:The Buddha and the Sahibs
837:
396:
283:served the same purpose.
84:
2684:State-integrated school
2558:By funding / eligibility
2337:Continuation high school
2176:(archived 9 August 2003)
2147:The rise of universities
1891:The History of Education
1655:"History of Education",
1263:Lulat, Y. G.-M. (2005).
1201:
1039:Second Council of Toledo
777:was established in 682.
760:
740:
680:
568:Further centres include
563:
94:
3097:Educational institution
2717:Anarchistic free school
2463:Institute of technology
2121:Pedersen, Olaf (1997).
1989:, p. 311; 334 BC:
1683:10 January 2008 at the
1657:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1397:Altekar, Anant Sadashiv
1327:Cunningham, Jeffrey J.
1052:Cathedral of Notre Dame
996:Preslav Literary School
962:Established in 1224 by
811:Sungkyunkwan University
773:was founded in 372 and
753:was founded in 671 and
733:(Academies) during the
693:was established by the
339:was launched in nearby
239:
194:
2927:Compensatory education
2679:State or public school
2505:Upper division college
1468:Binayak Misra (1986).
1004:First Bulgarian Empire
979:
955:
855:
823:Academy of Gondishapur
362:
335:. In 2014 the modern
313:
217:University of Timbuktu
42:
33:(1st c. BC) depicting
2583:Comprehensive school
2510:Vocational university
2109:Education and Culture
2096:Education and Culture
2083:Education and Culture
1921:. Harvard University.
1607:. Marg Publications.
1214:Stephen C. Ferruolo,
1064:University of Bologna
1000:Ohrid Literary School
961:
946:
870:, by the philosopher
850:
443:for The knowledge of
354:
300:
201:University of Sankore
180:Ez-Zitouna University
127:Library of Alexandria
28:
3158:Ancient universities
3046:in the United States
2937:Continuing education
2932:Compulsory education
2776:Free school movement
2744:Single-sex education
2729:International school
2712:Democratic education
2591:For-profit education
2578:Community day school
2473:Liberal arts college
2332:Comprehensive school
2322:Collegiate institute
1958:"Plato: The Academy"
1933:"Plato: The Academy"
1859:"University in Iran"
1486:"Orissa's treasures"
586:Jagaddala Mahavihara
576:(circa 550 â 1040),
383:Puphagiri Mahavihara
255:), notably those at
211:, and the Mosque of
3055:Informal or illegal
3009:Medieval university
2952:Inclusive education
2922:College preparatory
2483:Residential college
2478:Research university
2415:Professional school
2290:/ Elementary school
1563:. 17 November 2006.
1549:on 4 February 2013.
1172:, Greenwood Press,
1089:Medieval university
1068:the oldest one ever
1060:Abbey of St. Victor
1048:University of Paris
966:during his rule as
622:Somapura Mahavihara
582:Somapura Mahavihara
463:studied at Taxila.
281:Parthivapuram Salai
3117:Schools portal
3022:indigenous peoples
3019:Schools imposed on
2957:Remedial education
2891:Distance education
2707:Alternative school
2696:By style / purpose
2671:Specialist school
2530:All-through school
2378:Sixth form college
980:
956:
948:Bologna University
892:Peripatetic school
876:Plutarch of Athens
856:
852:Aristotle's School
711:Nanjing University
420:tales, written in
363:
337:Nalanda University
314:
43:
3145:
3144:
3080:
3079:
2962:Special education
2942:Further education
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2804:
2803:
2791:Montessori school
2786:Laboratory school
2749:Specialist school
2687:
2674:
2619:UK private school
2604:
2586:
2568:
2553:
2552:
2518:
2517:
2453:Community college
2425:Vocational school
2307:Adult high school
2221:educational stage
2156:978-0-8014-9015-6
2132:978-0-521-59431-8
1901:978-1-4191-6605-1
1736:978-81-208-0423-4
1708:978-81-208-0405-0
1642:978-90-04-12556-8
1614:978-81-85026-51-0
1587:978-81-7017-406-6
1527:on 10 April 2009.
1414:Really Old School
1365:(11): 1063â1072.
1246:978-0-521-36105-7
1019:cathedral schools
1011:Early Middle Ages
707:Peking University
662:Abhayagiri VihÄra
356:Udayagiri, Odisha
277:Kanthalloor Salai
184:Al-Zaytuna Mosque
115:Ptolemaic dynasty
100:Ancient Egyptians
51:cathedral schools
3165:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3004:Cathedral school
2987:Platonic Academy
2975:
2974:
2947:Gifted education
2901:Prison education
2847:Parochial school
2832:Christian school
2815:
2814:
2781:Folk high school
2769:
2768:
2700:
2699:
2685:
2673:(United Kingdom)
2672:
2656:Selective school
2602:
2584:
2566:
2420:Technical school
2408:
2407:
2372:Secondary school
2276:Global influence
2243:Pre-kindergarten
2226:
2225:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2161:
2160:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2002:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1869:on 25 March 2016
1854:
1848:
1847:
1844:Hunan University
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1694:
1688:
1675:
1669:
1668:Marshall 1975:81
1666:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1604:Orissa revisited
1598:
1592:
1591:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1520:. Archived from
1519:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1474:. Punthi Pustak.
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1436:Allen, Charles.
1434:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1281:
1280:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1226:
1212:
1182:
1171:
1160:
1144:
1027:monastic schools
935:Cathedral school
925:Christian Europe
860:Platonic Academy
843:Classical Greece
832:Platonic Academy
787:Confucian shrine
727:Hunan University
492:military science
490:, and school of
312:from 427 to 1197
55:monastic schools
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3076:
3050:
3041:in South Africa
3024:
3020:
3013:
2999:Monastic school
2966:
2910:
2881:Boarding school
2861:
2837:Female seminary
2827:Catholic school
2800:
2758:
2691:
2661:Separate school
2549:
2540:One-room school
2514:
2458:Graduate school
2429:
2397:
2293:
2252:
2230:Early childhood
2214:
2208:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2006:Storia d'Italia
2004:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1855:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1798:on 28 June 2014
1795:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1695:
1691:
1685:Wayback Machine
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1635:. p. 141.
1629:
1622:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1395:
1388:
1351:
1340:
1325:
1321:
1309:
1303:
1284:
1277:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1233:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1185:Riché, Pierre.
1180:
1142:
1126:
1080:
941:
939:Monastic school
927:
845:
840:
819:
799:Confucian canon
763:
743:
683:
678:
566:
521:, the renowned
500:
399:
349:
331:believe it was
295:
289:
247:
242:
230:
225:
197:
192:
176:
171:
158:Fatima al-Fihri
150:
97:
92:
87:
71:medieval Europe
23:
12:
11:
5:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3119:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3085:Related topics
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3072:in South Tyrol
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:in New Zealand
3033:
3027:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2906:Virtual school
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2796:Waldorf school
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2722:Sudbury school
2719:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2614:Private school
2611:
2606:
2598:
2596:Free education
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2573:Charter school
2570:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Junior college
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:Minor seminary
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Grammar school
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2288:Primary school
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:External links
2166:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2138:
2131:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2067:
2049:
2043:978-8880828419
2042:
2021:
2014:
1994:
1974:
1949:
1924:
1907:
1900:
1880:
1849:
1831:
1809:
1777:
1752:
1742:
1735:
1714:
1707:
1689:
1670:
1661:
1648:
1641:
1620:
1613:
1593:
1586:
1566:
1552:
1530:
1505:
1477:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1429:
1418:
1405:
1386:
1338:
1319:
1282:
1275:
1252:
1245:
1227:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1183:
1178:
1161:
1145:
1140:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1076:
968:King of Sicily
926:
923:
844:
841:
839:
836:
818:
817:Ancient Persia
815:
807:Goryeo dynasty
783:Joseon dynasty
762:
759:
755:Ashikaga Gakko
742:
739:
725:(later become
682:
679:
677:
674:
666:Jetavanaramaya
614:Andhra Pradesh
610:Nagarjunakonda
565:
562:
499:
496:
488:medical school
409:, present-day
398:
395:
391:Nagarjunakonda
365:The school in
348:
345:
291:Main article:
288:
285:
246:
243:
241:
238:
229:
226:
224:
221:
196:
193:
191:
188:
175:
172:
149:
146:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3170:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Homeschooling
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Bible college
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Magnet school
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2686:(New Zealand)
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:international
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Middle school
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Studio school
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:/ High school
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Cadet college
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Junior school
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:Infant school
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2098:, pp. 282â90.
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2068:0-7546-3453-1
2064:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2015:88-02-03568-7
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1819:
1813:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1543:The Telegraph
1540:
1534:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1276:9780313320613
1272:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1224:0-8047-1266-2
1221:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1196:
1195:0-87249-376-8
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:0-313-28775-9
1175:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:0-19-860641-9
1137:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1037:Spain at the
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
953:
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
853:
849:
835:
833:
828:
824:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:Seonggyungwan
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
758:
756:
752:
748:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:Yuelu Academy
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:Uttar Pradesh
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Sharada Peeth
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
539:
534:
533:around 1200.
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:, along with
508:
504:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
432:. The famous
431:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
361:
357:
353:
344:
342:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
318:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
273:ancient India
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
245:Ancient India
237:
235:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
187:
185:
181:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
145:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:A variety of
40:
36:
32:
27:
21:
16:
2981:
2754:Vocal school
2739:Music school
2601:Free school
2545:Ranch school
2393:Upper school
2362:Maths school
2266:First school
2248:Kindergarten
2146:
2141:
2122:
2116:
2111:, pp. 290â8.
2108:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2085:, pp. 126â7.
2082:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2033:
2005:
1983:Furley 2003a
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1917:
1910:
1890:
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1862:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1745:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1673:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1632:
1603:
1596:
1576:
1569:
1555:
1547:the original
1542:
1533:
1522:the original
1508:
1480:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1421:
1408:
1400:
1362:
1358:
1332:
1322:
1313:
1265:
1236:
1230:
1215:
1210:
1186:
1167:
1156:
1131:
1044:
1008:
981:
964:Frederick II
904:
890:founded the
885:
857:
851:
820:
764:
744:
735:Song dynasty
719:Tang dynasty
684:
653:
646:Vikramashila
567:
554:Indian logic
542:
535:
503:Vikramashila
501:
498:Vikramashila
465:
453:Chandragupta
437:Arthashastra
426:
415:
400:
382:
364:
329:
315:
250:
248:
231:
213:Djinguereber
198:
177:
151:
135:
112:
98:
90:North Africa
75:modern times
46:
44:
29:Mosaic from
15:
2874:By location
2764:Progressive
2666:Sink school
2635:University
2624:preparatory
2352:Hauptschule
1857:Salari, H.
1824:17 February
1802:17 February
1159:, Routledge
1153:"Aristotle"
1098:History of
1023:monasteries
992:Michael III
990:of emperor
695:Han dynasty
656:800â1040),
594:Kanchipuram
507:Pala Empire
389:(ASI). The
252:mahaviharas
223:East Africa
190:West Africa
3062:in Ireland
2971:Historical
2886:Day school
2498:Collegiate
2493:University
1991:Irwin 2003
1987:Lynch 1997
1124:References
1108:University
1058:, and the
1035:Visigothic
1025:sponsored
1017:sponsored
929:See also:
751:Daigakuryo
658:Mahavihara
626:Bangladesh
602:Manyakheta
598:Tamil Nadu
570:Odantapuri
515:Dharmapala
484:law school
367:Pushpagiri
360:Pushpagiri
347:Pushpagiri
333:Odantapuri
257:Pushpagiri
234:Ella Amida
209:Sidi Yahya
167:See also:
131:Alexandria
67:university
3067:in Greece
3031:in Canada
2810:Religious
2609:Institute
2603:(England)
2585:(British)
2567:(England)
2347:Gymnasium
2299:Secondary
2238:Preschool
1381:149851763
1149:Irwin, T.
1094:Nezamiyeh
915:gymnasium
888:Aristotle
805:from the
795:Confucius
703:Guozijian
676:East Asia
670:Sri Lanka
606:Karnataka
538:TÄranÄtha
457:Ayurvedic
445:Economics
422:Sri Lanka
3152:Category
3127:Category
2915:By scope
2842:Gurukula
2565:Academy
2523:Combined
2488:Seminary
2403:Tertiary
1981:336 BC:
1681:Archived
1678:Kautilya
1494:cite web
1399:(1965).
1151:(2003),
1113:Pirivena
1100:Academia
1084:Madrasah
1078:See also
1070:; also,
917:and the
827:Sassanid
803:Gukjagam
699:Guozixue
638:Varanasi
558:tantrism
480:elephant
455:and the
451:Emperor
441:Sanskrit
434:treatise
430:Chanakya
411:Pakistan
407:Gandhara
401:Ancient
379:Xuanzang
358:Part of
228:Ethiopia
205:Timbuktu
142:Al-Azhar
123:Mouseion
119:Serapeum
59:madrasas
3137:Commons
2857:Yeshiva
2852:Madrasa
2639:private
2448:College
2443:Academy
2258:Primary
2107:Riché,
2094:Riché,
2081:Riché,
1967:7 April
1942:7 April
1770:13 July
1659:, 2007.
1104:Academy
1015:bishops
907:academy
779:Seowons
715:Shuyuan
634:Gujarat
630:Valabhi
578:Telhara
523:pandita
511:Nalanda
476:hunting
472:archery
461:Charaka
459:doctor
317:Nalanda
302:Nalanda
293:Nalanda
287:Nalanda
265:Valabhi
261:Nalanda
174:Tunisia
148:Morocco
65:-style
63:Western
39:Academy
31:Pompeii
2992:Lyceum
2644:public
2629:public
2435:Higher
2357:Lyceum
2211:School
2153:
2129:
2065:
2040:
2012:
1898:
1873:13 May
1733:
1705:
1639:
1611:
1584:
1379:
1273:
1243:
1222:
1193:
1176:
1138:
1054:, the
1031:clergy
988:Bardas
976:Naples
970:, the
937:, and
919:museum
913:, the
911:lyceum
909:, the
896:Lyceum
868:Greece
864:Athens
838:Europe
775:Gukhak
771:Taehak
721:. The
691:Taixue
664:, and
590:Bengal
546:Atisha
519:Atisha
478:, and
449:Maurya
418:JÄtaka
403:Taxila
397:Taxila
375:Shunga
371:Odisha
341:Rajgir
269:Taxila
267:, and
125:, and
117:, the
85:Africa
57:, and
2213:types
1863:paper
1796:(PDF)
1789:(PDF)
1525:(PDF)
1518:(PDF)
1377:S2CID
1310:(PDF)
1202:Notes
900:Sulla
872:Plato
767:Korea
761:Korea
747:Japan
741:Japan
687:China
681:China
668:, in
654:circa
650:Bihar
648:, in
632:, in
624:, in
612:, in
604:, in
596:, in
574:Bihar
572:, in
564:Other
550:Sarma
527:abbot
468:Vedas
325:India
321:Bihar
310:India
306:Bihar
138:Cairo
95:Egypt
77:(see
35:Plato
3092:Kâ12
2151:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1969:2021
1944:2021
1896:ISBN
1875:2011
1826:2015
1804:2015
1772:2012
1731:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1500:link
1271:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1021:and
998:and
982:The
858:The
821:The
584:and
240:Asia
195:Mali
178:The
108:ankh
2219:By
1750:89.
1367:doi
974:in
765:In
745:In
701:or
685:In
640:in
588:in
219:.
154:Fez
152:In
136:In
104:Per
81:).
37:'s
3154::
2024:^
1997:^
1960:.
1935:.
1861:.
1842:.
1763:.
1717:^
1623:^
1541:.
1496:}}
1492:{{
1389:^
1375:.
1363:51
1361:.
1357:.
1341:^
1331:.
1312:.
1285:^
1255:^
1239:.
1106:,
1102:,
1013:,
1006:.
933:,
921:.
902:.
866:,
769:,
749:,
737:.
705:.
672:.
660:,
644:,
636:,
628:,
620:,
616:,
608:,
600:,
592:,
560:.
494:.
486:,
474:,
343:.
323:,
308:,
279:,
263:,
259:,
164:.
156:,
140:,
133:.
121:,
53:,
2203:e
2196:t
2189:v
2159:.
2135:.
2071:.
2046:.
2018:.
1971:.
1946:.
1904:.
1877:.
1846:.
1828:.
1806:.
1774:.
1739:.
1711:.
1645:.
1617:.
1590:.
1502:)
1440:.
1412:"
1383:.
1369::
1279:.
1249:.
1197:.
954:.
652:(
439:(
106:-
41:.
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.