106:
401:
1034:
Alexander in the siege of this city, which lasted for seven months. During the final attack, the
Cypriots managed to occupy the Sidonian harbour and the northern part of Tyre, while the Phoenicians loyal to Alexander occupied the Egyptian harbour. Alexander also attacked the city with siege engines by constructing a "mole", a strip of soil from the coast opposite Tyre, to the island where the city was built. In this operation, Alexander was helped by many Cypriot and Phoenician engineers who built earthworks on his behalf. Many siege engines battered the city from the "mole" and from "ippagoga" ships.
24:
2281:
1155:
Ptolemy in 312 BCE gave more power to the kings of Solon and Paphos, and particularly to
Nicocreon of Salamis, whom Ptolemy seems to have appreciated and trusted completelyand who won the cities and the wealth of expelled kings. Salamis extended its authority throughout eastern, central and northern Cyprus, since Kition and Lapithos were absorbed into it and Tamassos already belonged. Furthermore, Nicocreon of Salamis took office as chief general in Cyprus with the blessing of Ptolemy, effectively making him master of the whole island.
647:
2590:
760:
960:
254:
465:. This is further supported by the discovery of a Late Bronze Age settlement lying several kilometres from the site of the remains of the Hellenic city of Kourion, whose pottery and architecture indicate that Mycenaean settlers did indeed arrive and augment an existing population in this part of Cyprus in the twelfth century BC. The kingdom of Kourion in Cyprus is recorded on an inscription dating to the period of the Pharaoh
1041:, the Cypriots managed to help capture the city for Alexander. His gratitude was shown, for example, by the help he gave to Pnytagora, who seems to have been the main driver of this initiative to support Alexander, to incorporate the territory of the Cypriot kingdom of Tamassos into that of Salamis. The kingdom of Tamassos was then ruled by King Poumiaton of Kition who had purchased it for 50 talents from king Pasikypro.
1174:, where he particularly distinguished himself. In 307 BCE he liberated Athens, restoring democracy there and in 306 BCE, led the war against the Ptolemies. Wishing to use Cyprus as a base for attacks against Western Asia, he sailed from Cilicia to Cyprus with a large infantry force, cavalry and naval ships. Meeting no resistance, he landed in the
1134:
Cypriot kingdoms chose alliance with
Ptolemy, others sided with the Antigonus, yet others tried to remain neutral, leading to inevitable controversy and confrontation. The largest city and kingdom of Cyprus then appears to have been Salamis, whose king was Nicocreon. Nicocreon strongly supported Ptolemy. According to
1133:
The
Cypriot kings who, so far, had managed largely to maintain their kingdoms' independence, found themselves in a new and difficult position. This was because, as Cyprus became the focus of discord between Ptolemy and Antigonus, the kings of the island now had to make new choices and alliances. Some
1064:
Cyprus was an experienced seafaring nation and
Alexander used the Cypriot fleet during his campaign into India; because the country had many navigable rivers, he included a significant number of shipbuilders and rowers from Cyprus, Egypt, Phoenicia and Caria in his military expedition. Cypriot forces
935:
in 390 BC to request support, Evagoras received less help from the
Athenians than he had hoped for and in about 380 BCE, a Persian force besieged Salamis and Evagoras was forced to surrender. In the end, he remained king of Salamis until he was murdered in 374 BCE, but only by accepting his role as a
1092:
The policy of
Alexander the Great on Cyprus and its kings soon became clear: to free them from Persian rule but to put them under his own authority. Away from the coast of Cyprus, the interior kingdoms were left largely independent and the kings maintained their autonomy, although not in issues such
1376:
There is evidence for both a local trade of
Cypriot oil and for a larger trading network that may have reached as far as the Aegean, although most Cypriot oil was probably limited to the Eastern Mediterranean. Many olive oil presses have been found on Cyprus, and not just in rural areas, where they
1368:
was a very important part of daily life in the
Mediterranean in the Roman Period. It was used for food, as a fuel for lamps, and as a basic ingredient in things like medicinal ointment, bath oils, skin oils, soaps, perfumes and cosmetics. Even before the Roman Period, Cyprus was known for its olive
1341:
civilians were killed. Although this number may be exaggerated, there were few or no Roman troops stationed on the island to suppress the insurrection as the rebels wreaked havoc. After forces were sent to Cyprus and the uprising was put down, a law was passed that no Jews were permitted to land on
978:
Long and sustained efforts to overthrow
Persian rule proved unsuccessful and Cyprus remained a vassal of the Persian Empire until the Persian's defeat by Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon and Alexander III of Macedon), was born in Pella in 356 BCE and died in Babylon in
1154:
Ptolemy entered Cyprus with further military forces in 312 BCE, captured and killed the king of Kition and arrested the pro-Antigonid kings of Marion and Lapithos-Kyrenia. He destroyed the city of Marion and annulled most of the former kingdoms of Cyprus. This crucial and decisive intervention by
1065:
were led by Cypriot princes such as Nikoklis, son of King Pasikrati of Solon, and Nifothona, son of King Pnytagora of Salamis. As Alexander took over control of the administrative region that had been the Persian Empire, he promoted Cypriots to high office and great responsibility; in particular,
1033:
Tyre, then the most important Phoenician city, was built on a small island that was 700 metres from the shore and had two harbors, the Egyptian to the south and Sidonian to the north. The Cypriot kings, in command of 120 ships, each with a very experienced crew, provided substantial assistance to
1002:
The Cypriot kings, learning of the victory of Alexander at Issus, and knowing that sooner or later, Alexander would be the new ruler of the island, since the occupation of Cyprus was necessary (along with that of Phoenicia) to open lines of communication to Egypt and Asia, rose up against their
1106:. The death of Alexander the Great marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period of Cypriot history. After the death of Alexander the Great, Cyprus passed on to the Ptolemaic rule. Still under Greek influence, Cyprus gained full access to the Greek culture and thus became fully hellenised.
1645:
Radner, K. 2010: "The Stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A focus for an emerging Cypriot identity?”, in R. Rollinger, B. Gufler, M. Lang, I. Madreiter (eds), Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt: Vorderasien, Hellas, Ägypten und die vielfältigen Ebenen des Kontakts, Wiesbaden,
1158:
But the situation was fluid and the rulers of Solon and Paphos had been kept in power. Soon, King Nikoklis of Paphos was considered suspect; he was besieged and forced to suicide, and his entire family put to death (312 BCE). The following year (311 BCE) Nicocreon of Salamis died.
979:
323 BCE. Son of King Philip II and Olympias, he succeeded his father to the throne of Macedonia in 336 BCE at the age of 20. He was perhaps the greatest commander in history and led his army in a series of victorious battles, creating a vast empire that stretched from Greece to
696:. Paphian inscriptions call her "the Queen". Pictures of Aphrodite appear on the coins of Salamis as well, demonstrating that her cult had a larger regional influence. In addition, the King of Paphos was the High Priest of Aphrodite, and a great pilgrim temple of her, the
838:
A definite influence from Greece was responsible for the production of some very important sculptures. The archaic Greek art with its attractive smile on the face of the statue is found on many Cypriot pieces dating between 525–475 BCE; that is, the closing years of the
1138:, he had the support of Pasikratis of Solon, Nikoklis of Paphos and Androcles of Amathus. Other kings of Cyprus, however, including Praxippos of Lapithos and Kyrenia, the Poumiaton (Pygmalion) of Kition and Stasioikos of Marion, allied themselves with Antigonus.
1141:
Against these, Nicocreon and other pro-Ptolemaic kings conducted military operations. Ptolemy sent military support to his allies, providing troops under the command of Seleucus and Menelaus. Lapithos-Kyrenia was occupied after a siege and Marion capitulated.
744:. This brief period of Egyptian domination left its influence mainly in the arts, especially sculpture, where the rigidity and the dress of the Egyptian style can be observed. Cypriot artists later discarded this Egyptian style in favour of Greek prototypes.
436:, and Cyprus became thoroughly Hellenised. Cyprus figures prominently in the early history of Christianity, being the first province of Rome to be ruled by a Christian governor, in the first century, and providing a backdrop for events in the New Testament
1003:
Persian overlords and made available to the fleet of Alexander the ships formerly in the service of Persia. There was a mutuality of interests: Alexander the Great increased the capacity of his fleet, and the Cypriot kings achieved political independence.
776:
weight system. Coins minted by the kings were required to have the overlord's portrait on them. King Evelthon of Salamis (560–25 BCE) was probably the first to cast silver or bronze coins in Cyprus; the coins were designed with a ram on the obverse and an
1294:
was sent to annex Cyprus and organize it under Roman law. Cato was relentless in protecting Cyprus against the rapacious tax farmers that normally plagued the provinces of the Republican period. After the civil wars that ended the Roman Republic,
851:, however, although common in Greece, are extremely rare in Cyprus, while women (Korai) are always presented dressed with rich folds in their garments. The pottery in Cyprus retained its local influences, although some Greek pottery was imported.
392:
rule. The Persians did not interfere in the internal affairs of Cyprus, leaving the city-kingdoms to continue striking their own coins and waging war amongst one another, until the late-fourth century BC saw the overthrow of the Persian Empire by
1089:. The hope of full independence for Cyprus following the fall of the Persian Empire, however, was slow to be realized. The mints of Salamis, Kition and Paphos began to stamp coins on Alexander's behalf rather than in the name of the local kings.
1017:
From the area of Phoenicia, only Tyre resisted Alexander's control, and so he undertook a siege. The Cypriot fleet, together with Cypriot engineers, contributed much to the capture of this highly fortified city. Indeed, king Pnytagoras of
1927:
Winbladh, M-L., 'Adventuring with Cyprus. A Chronicle of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition 1927 – 1931' in The Northern Face of Cyprus. New Studies in Cypriot Archaeology and Art History, eds. Hazar Kaba & Summerer, Latife, Istanbul
575:(721–05 BC) in 709 BC over seven kings in the land of Ia', in the district of Iadnana or Atnana. The land of Ia' is assumed to be the Assyrian name for Cyprus, and some scholars suggest that the latter may mean 'the islands of the
886:, brother of the King of Salamis, whom he dethroned for not wanting to fight for independence. The Persians crushed the Cypriot armies and laid siege to the fortified towns in 498 BCE. Soloi surrendered after a five-month siege.
1178:
and occupied the cities Urania and Karpasia. Meanwhile, Menelaus, brother of Ptolemy I Soter, the new general of the island, gathered his forces at Salamis. Ptolemy arrived to aid his brother, but was decisively defeated at the
1442:(Elymas) was obstructing the Apostles in their preaching of the Gospel. Paul rebuked him, announcing that he would temporarily become blind due to God's judgment. Paul's prediction immediately came true. As a result of this,
1397:
indicate that the vessel, a typical small merchant ship, was carrying oil and there is evidence from the location of the wreck and the ship itself that it was traveling only a short distance, probably west around the island.
1101:
The death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, while still in his early thirties, put an end to Greek aspirations for global domination. The empire he had created was divided between his generals and successors, who immediately
771:
conquered Cyprus. Under the Persians, the Kings of Cyprus retained their independence but had to pay tribute to their overlord. The city-kingdoms began to strike their own coins in the late-sixth century BCE, using the
1336:
inspired by Messianic hopes broke out. Their leader was Artemion, a Jew with a Hellenised name, as was the practice of the time. The island suffered great losses in this war; it is believed that 240,000 Greek and
1385:
made in Cyprus known as Late Roman 1 or LR1 that was used to carry oil. This indicates that a lot of Cypriot oil was being imported into Egypt. There is also evidence for Cypriot trade with Cilicia and Syria.
904:, elicited Persian support for the Athenians against Sparta and urged Greeks from the Aegean to settle in Cyprus, assisting the Athenians in so many ways that they honoured him by erecting his statue in the
1093:
as mining rights. Alexander sought to make clear that he considered himself the master of the island, and abolished the currencies of the Cypriot kingdoms, replacing them by the minting of his own coins.
1953:
1558:
The royal inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), kings of Assyria / Hayim Tadmor and Shigeo Yamada ; with the editorial assistance of Jamie Novotny
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In 331 BCE, while Alexander was returning from Egypt, he stayed for a while in Tyre, where the Cypriot kings, wishing to reaffirm their trust and support for him, put on a great show of honour.
1167:
After the intervention of Ptolemy in Cyprus, which subjugated the island, Antigonus and his son Demetrius reacted against the besiegers and Demetrius led a large military operation in Cyprus.
1198:
sent from Egypt and sometimes formed a minor Ptolemaic kingdom during the power struggles of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Also, the Seleucid Empire briefly took the island over during the
947:(Kition) or the Cypriot syllabic alphabet were still used. Together with Egypt and Phoenicia, Cyprus rebelled against Persian rule again in 350 BCE, but the uprising was crushed by
1897:, Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26–9, 2002, edited by J. Eiring and J. Lund, Aarhus, Aarhus University Press: pp 189–202.
725:
2632:
1940:
Voskos, I. & Knapp A.B. 2008, ”Cyprus at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Crisis and Colonization or Continuity and Hybridization?” American Journal of Archaeology 112
1821:. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26–9, 2002, edited by J. Eiring and J. Lund, 189–202. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
1911:Şevketoğlu, M. 2015, ”Akanthou- Arkosykos, a ninth Millenium BC coastal settlement in Cyprus” in Environmental Archaeology, Association for Environmental Archaeology
912:. At the beginning of the 4th century BC, he took control of the whole island of Cyprus and within a few years was attempting to gain independence from Persia with
1446:
became a believer, being astonished at the teaching of the Lord. In this way, Cyprus became the first country in the world to be governed by a Christian ruler.
3008:
1190:
in 301 BC and Demetrius, having reorganized the army, was proclaimed King of Macedon, but was evicted by Lysimachus and Pyrrhus. Cyprus came once again under
900:
of Salamis (435–374 BCE) dominated Cypriot politics for almost forty years until his death in 374 BCE. He had favoured Athens during the closing years of the
1418:, who came to the island at the beginning of their first missionary journey in 45 AD, according to Christian tradition, converting the people of Cyprus to
1974:
1950:
1546:
Yon, M., Malbran-Labat, F. 1995: "La stèle de Sargon II à Chypre", in A. Caubet (ed.), Khorsabad, le palais de Sargon II, roi d’Assyrie, Paris, 159–179.
3003:
1377:
might be expected for personal, local use. They have been found in some of the larger coastal cities as well, including Paphos, Curium and Amathus. In
1533:
1728:
1393:, indicate that the oil produced in these areas was mostly used locally or shipped to nearby towns. The amphora found on a contemporary shipwreck at
831:), had houses built of rubble masonry with square stone blocks forming the corners. Temples and sanctuaries were built mainly in a Phoenician style.
2625:
2589:
2329:
1332:(Roman peace) was only twice disturbed in Cyprus in three centuries of Roman occupation. The first serious interruption occurred in 115–16, when a
1699:
811:
walls on stone foundations and rectangular bastions. The houses were constructed of mud-bricks as well, whereas public buildings were faced with
1996:
1908:. Proceedings of a conference at Somerville College, Oxford, 29 May 1999, edited by S. Kingsley and M. Decker, Oxford, Oxbow Books: pp 107–28.
1476:
Several earthquakes led to the destruction of Salamis at the beginning of the 4th century, at the same time drought and famine hit the island.
889:
Around 450 BCE, Kition annexed Idalion with Persian help. The importance of Kition increased again when it acquired the Tamassos copper-mines.
1202:, but gave the island back as part of a treaty arranged by the Romans. During this time, Cyprus forged strong commercial relationships with
1804:. Proceedings of a conference at Somerville College, Oxford, 29 May 1999, edited by S. Kingsley and M. Decker, 107–28. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
2618:
2291:
282:
658:, the last great Assyrian king. Cemeteries from this period are chiefly rock-cut tombs. They have been found, among other locations, at
747:
Statues in stone often show a mixture of Egyptian and Greek influence. In particular, ceramics recovered on Cyprus show influence from
1934:
Winbladh, M.-L., The Origins of The Cypriots. With Scientific Data of Archaeology and Genetics, Galeri Kultur Publishing, Lefkoşa 2020
539:(approx. 1200 BC), the Greeks settled on the island (ca. 1100 BC), acting decisively in the formation of their cultural identity. The
523:
of Egypt subdued Cyprus in 1500 BC and forced its inhabitants to pay tribute, which continued until Egyptian rule was replaced by the
2280:
1426:. After their arrival in Salamis, they proceeded to Paphos where they converted the Roman governor Sergius Paulus to Christ. In the
1931:
Winbladh, M.-L., Kıbrıs Macerası – The Cyprus Adventure – Περιπετεια στην Κυπρο (1927–1931), Galeri Kültür Kitabevi, Lefkoşa 2013
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when he said that "in fertility Cyprus is not inferior to any one of the islands, for it produces both good wine and good oil".
1260:
who was born at Kition about 336 BCE and founded the famous Stoic School of Philosophy at Athens, where he died about 263 BCE.
1195:
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established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
2322:
1194:
control in 294 BC and mostly remained under Ptolemaic rule until 58 BC, when it became a Roman province. It was ruled by a
195:
2004:
1963:
105:
1856:
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Na'aman, N., 'Sargon II and the rebellion of the Cypriote kings against Shilta of Tyre', Orientalia 67 (1998), 239–247 .
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1989:
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67:
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751:. Men often wore Egyptian wigs and Assyrian-style beards. Armour and dress showed western Asiatic elements as well.
38:
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Fundamental Links in the Economic Chain: Local Ports and International trade in Roman and Early Christian Cyprus.
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Fundamental Links in the Economic Chain: Local Ports and International trade in Roman and Early Christian Cyprus.
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1937:
Winbladh, M.-L., Adventures of an archaeologist. Memoirs of a museum curator, AKAKIA Publications, London 2020
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1982:
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The untold story of the New Testament church : an extraordinary guide to understanding the New Testament
1500:
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in 609 BC, whereupon the city-kingdoms of Cyprus gained independence once more. Following a brief period of
3758:
3535:
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2534:
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3018:
2412:
1315:"divided into four districts centred around Paphus, Salamis, Amathus and Lapethus." After the reforms of
587:
225:
142:
999:(333 BCE) and on the coast of Asia Minor, Syria and Phoenicia, where Persian naval bases were situated.
2519:
1707:
1389:
Olive oil was also traded locally, around the island. Amphorae found at Alaminos-Latourou Chiftlik and
1234:
1180:
1146:
tells us that Amathus was forced to provide hostages, while Kition was laid siege to in about 315 BCE.
268:
85:
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Demetrius was born in 336 BC and initially fought under the command of his father in 317 BCE against
315:
235:
160:
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was the payment of tribute and the supply of armies and ships for his foreign campaigns. Thus, when
724:, as attested by amulets. Animal sacrifices are attested to on terracotta-votives. The Sanctuary of
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991:. The various kingdoms of Cyprus became allies of Alexander following his victorious campaigns at
400:
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1453:. At least three Cypriot bishops (the sees of Salamis, Tremithus, and Paphos) took part in the
1012:
992:
421:
49:
2599:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
579:', or Greece. There are other inscriptions referring to the land of Ia' in Sargon's palace at
432:. During this period, Phoenician and native Cypriot traits disappeared, together with the old
3580:
3349:
3162:
3088:
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Tyree, E.L. 1996, "The Olive Pit and Roman Oil Making". The Biblical Archaeologist 59: 171–8.
1470:
1123:
1245:. Ptolemaic rule was rigid and exploited the island's resources to the utmost, particularly
428:
had regained control and Cyprus remained under Ptolemaic rule until 58 BC, when it became a
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granted the archbishop of Cyprus the right to carry a sceptre instead of a pastoral staff.
1480:
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1103:
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843:. During the Persian rule, Ionian influence on the sculptures intensified; copies of Greek
800:, was built around 520 BCE and destroyed in 380 BCE. It contained Royal audience chambers (
8:
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230:
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Periods of Cyprus's ancient history from 1050 BC have been named according to styles of
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859:
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115:
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2111:
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2009:
1862:
1601:
1561:
1354:
1320:
1287:
1214:
1191:
932:
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773:
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508:
433:
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389:
172:
94:
3638:
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3590:
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3197:
3187:
3177:
3125:
2862:
2854:
2640:
2487:
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1423:
1390:
1308:
1291:
1199:
1143:
844:
824:
532:
3618:
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3515:
3467:
3422:
3341:
3263:
3248:
3167:
2910:
2814:
2786:
2761:
2743:
2372:
2192:
2187:
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1957:
1187:
1019:
996:
883:
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417:
177:
646:
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and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
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905:
863:
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Alexander's conquests only served to accelerate an already clear drift towards
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by the Assyrians) appears to have begun earlier than this, during the reign of
207:
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182:
167:
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1968:
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Winbladh, M.-L., Cypriote Antiquities in the Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm 1977.
1450:
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700:, was situated in Paphia. Other Gods venerated include the Phoenician Anat,
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Cypriot ships were also sent to help the admiral of Alexander the Great,
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in Cyprus. His premature death in 323 BC led to a period of turmoil as
304:
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Turmoil sprang up two centuries later in 333–4, when a local official
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An early written source of Cypriot history mentions the nation under
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Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity
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Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity
3730: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
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1685:. Abridged edition, with an introduction by George W Stocking, Jr.
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In 431 AD, the Church of Cyprus achieved its independence from the
1411:
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A great contemporary figure of Cypriot letters was the philosopher
1066:
866:, Cyprus contributed 150 ships to the Persian military expedition.
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inevitably began to involve Cyprus, and focused on two claimants,
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3530:
3389:
3331:
3094:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
2988:
2983:
2973:
2549:
2232:
2217:
2182:
2116:
1382:
1233:. A number of cities were founded during this time. For example,
1171:
1023:
924:
875:
705:
685:
671:
666:, built in about 600 BC, imitate wooden houses. The pillars show
635:
623:
619:
607:
576:
568:
556:
540:
488:
454:
424:
fought together for supremacy in that region, but by 294 BC, the
353:
2337:
1854:
3684:
2564:
2544:
2539:
2265:
2260:
2222:
2144:
1370:
1307:, but it became a Roman province again after his defeat at the
1279:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1203:
1135:
1074:
920:
913:
909:
848:
812:
709:
681:
654:
Cyprus gained independence after 627 BC following the death of
603:
564:
544:
492:
349:
345:
792:
on the North coast. They closely follow Persian examples like
763:
The Achaemenid Empire shown on the map at its greatest extent.
662:, Soloi, Patriki and Trachonas. The rock-cut 'Royal' tombs at
3379:
3374:
3354:
2121:
2096:
2031:
1627:. Filokipros Publishing Co. Ltd., Nicosia. Introduction, p 7.
1449:
Paul is credited with underpinning claims for ecclesiastical
1210:, two of the most important commercial centres of antiquity.
1186:
Demetrius's father Antigonus Monophthalmus was killed in the
988:
980:
801:
785:
713:
693:
615:
560:
361:
854:
The most important obligation of the kings of Cyprus to the
677:
The main deity of ancient Cyprus was the Great Goddess, the
2247:
2150:
1657:"The Cypriot rulers as client kings of the Assyrian empire"
1625:
Kourion: A Complete Guide to Its Monuments and Local Museum
1360:
855:
778:
721:
701:
2688:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
1895:
Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean
1819:
Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean
1461:
in 344. Early Cypriot Saints include: St. Heracleidius,
1353:. This rebellion ended with the arrival of troops led by
717:
670:
influence. Some graves contain the remains of horses and
372:
there in 709 BC. Assyrian domination of Cyprus (known as
847:
appear, as well as statues of men in Greek dress. Naked
784:
Royal palaces have been excavated in Palaepaphos and in
1457:
in 325, and twelve Cypriot bishops were present at the
882:
in 499 BC. The revolt on Cyprus was led by Onesilos of
807:
Towns in Cyprus during this period were fortified with
1858:
The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture
1775:
vol. 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press), p. 244.
1689:, Adonis in Cyprus, pp 397–404. Penguin Books Limited.
626:
in the interior of the island. Later inscriptions add
388:
domination in the sixth century BC, Cyprus fell under
3124:
1951:
Ancient History of Cyprus, by the Cypriot government
535:) in the 13th century BC. After the invasion of The
1969:
History of Cyprus, Lonely Planet Travel Information
1583:
The Phoenician Colonization and Expansion in Cyprus
1528:
1526:
1183:, after which Cyprus came under Antigonid control.
2718:
1849:Excerpta Cypria, materials for a history of Cyprus
1792:
1790:
1290:. The renowned Stoic and strict constitutionalist
3745:
1523:
1381:, Egypt, there is a large presence of a type of
1077:of the Supreme Court and Drangon in 329 BCE and
404:Jug with Scenic Decoration, Cyprus, 800–600 BC,
1787:
1683:The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion
781:(Egyptian symbol of good luck) on the reverse.
1619:
1617:
1213:Full Hellenisation of Cyprus took place under
3711:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
2626:
2323:
1990:
1311:in 31 BCE. From 22 BCE onwards, Cyprus was a
1225:languages disappeared, together with the old
1030:, took a personal part in the siege of Tyre.
943:to Cyprus. In other parts of the island, the
380:(744–727 BC), and ended with the fall of the
276:
1861:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1851:. Cambridge. Includes the Classical Sources.
641:
514:
3734:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
2292:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
1884:Two Late Roman Wrecks from Southern Cyprus.
1855:Hermary, Antoine; Mertens, Joan R. (2014).
1832:Two Late Roman Wrecks from Southern Cyprus.
1614:
1342:Cyprian soil, even in cases of shipwreck.
1081:who was also from Soli appointed satrap of
804:), open courtyards, bathhouses and stores.
487:, colonized some cities of Cyprus, such as
2633:
2619:
2330:
2316:
1997:
1983:
878:, the Kingdoms of Cyprus took part in the
348:begins in the 8th century BC. The town of
307:dating from the 9th millennium BC, and at
283:
269:
2668:. Provincial administration reformed and
1406:Roman Cyprus was visited by the Apostles
1278:in 58 BCE. This came about, according to
563:found in 1845 in the city formerly named
453:(5th century BC) claims that the city of
299:shows a precocious sophistication in the
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
2642:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
1361:Olive oil trade in the late Roman period
958:
892:
758:
645:
399:
31:This article includes a list of general
1580:
919:Following resistance from the kings of
461:, was founded by Achaean settlers from
444:
3746:
1918:. London, British Museum Publications.
1555:
1438:describes how a Jewish magician named
967:
835:had a small temple with a Greek plan.
474:
303:era visible in settlements such as at
3664:
3663:
3123:
2717:
2653:
2614:
2311:
1978:
1889:Leonard, J. and Demesticha, S, 2004.
1813:Leonard, J. and S. Demesticha. 2004,
1752:
1595:
1096:
1047:
954:
939:Evagoras I of Salamis introduced the
2339:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
1762:. Routledge. Roman Cyprus, pp 156–7.
1739:
1600:. Shippensburg, Pa.: Destiny Image.
1149:
1059:
736:In 570 BCE, Cyprus was conquered by
594:in 673–2 BC have been identified as
550:
17:
1902:The Economy of Late Antique Cyprus.
1798:The Economy of Late Antique Cyprus.
1681:Frazer, J G, 1922, reprinted 1996.
692:. She was called "the Cypriote" by
571:, commemorates the victory of King
13:
1964:A rundown of the history of Cyprus
1841:
1771:George Hill, (1940, reprint 2010)
1560:. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns.
1109:
731:
37:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3770:
1944:
1758:Talbert, Richard J A (Ed), 1985.
754:
3074:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
2700:in c. 640–660, although in
2588:
2279:
1916:Cyprus BC, 7000 years of history
1237:was founded between old and new
1006:
931:, who fled to the great king of
869:
728:contained over 2,000 figurines.
688:, later known by the Greek name
439:
252:
104:
22:
2684:established after the death of
1824:
1807:
1778:
1765:
1733:
1722:
1692:
1675:
1401:
1263:
796:. Vouni, on a hill overlooking
650:Ancient city-kingdoms of Cyprus
364:that commemorated a victory by
328:Cypro-Geometric III: 850–700 BC
3032:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
2956:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
1914:Tatton-Brown, Veronica, 1979.
1649:
1639:
1630:
1589:
1574:
1549:
1540:
1217:rule. During this period, the
1122:in Syria (assisted by his son
1116:wars of Alexander's successors
340:Cypro-Classical II: 400–323 BC
325:Cypro-Geometric II: 950–850 BC
322:Cypro-Geometric I: 1050–950 BC
1:
3099:Tripolitania (Roman province)
2677:
1534:"Prism | British Museum"
1501:List of earthquakes in Cyprus
1357:and the death of Calocaerus.
874:Except for the royal city of
698:Sanctuary of Aphrodite Paphia
610:and Kition on the coast, and
337:Cypro-Classical I: 475–400 BC
1706:. N.S. Gills. Archived from
1303:of Egypt and their daughter
1229:, which was replaced by the
1162:
1104:started fighting one another
704:, Eshmun, Reshef, Mikal and
449:The Ancient Greek historian
334:Cypro-Archaic II: 600–475 BC
7:
3707: Re-established after
3019:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
2654:
1661:The many kingdoms of Cyprus
1494:
331:Cypro-Archaic I: 700–600 BC
10:
3775:
1760:Atlas of Classical History
1267:
1010:
971:
963:Map of Alexander's empire.
344:The documented history of
3697:
3680:Quaestura exercitus (536)
3670:
3659:
3589:
3496:
3408:
3340:
3297:
3286:
3234:
3196:
3148:
3137:
3133:
3119:
3064:
3017:
2954:
2943:
2901:
2853:
2805:
2742:
2731:
2727:
2713:
2660:
2649:
2597:
2586:
2348:
2288:
2277:
2042:
1506:Pottery of ancient Cyprus
1451:independence from Antioch
815:. The Phoenician town of
642:Independent city-kingdoms
515:Egyptian and Hittite rule
469:(1186–1155 BC) in Egypt.
358:ancient history of Cyprus
297:ancient history of Cyprus
3556:Palaestina III Salutaris
2752:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
2378:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
1746:Cyprus – Ancient History
1516:
1485:First Council of Ephesus
1319:it was placed under the
1037:Although they lost many
906:Stoa (portico) Basileios
841:Archaic period in Greece
767:In 525 BCE, the Persian
507:and founded the city of
3723: Placed under the
3084:Mauretania Caesariensis
2903:Diocese of the Britains
2525:Mauretania Caesariensis
1729:Arrian, Anabasis, 3.6.3
1700:"Persian Wars Timeline"
1623:Christou, Demos, 1986.
1581:Gjersad, Einar (1979).
1455:First Council of Nicaea
1284:Publius Clodius Pulcher
1227:Cypriot syllabic script
1120:Antigonus Monophthalmus
590:listed on the prism of
434:Cypriot syllabic script
356:, recorded part of the
52:more precise citations.
3566:Phoenice II Libanensis
3269:Macedonia II Salutaris
2682:praetorian prefectures
2644:(4th–7th centuries AD)
2498:Hispania Tarraconensis
1796:Papacostas, T., 2001,
1556:Tadmor, Hayim (2011).
1286:held a grudge against
1013:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
964:
828:
764:
651:
422:Demetrius I of Macedon
409:
3288:Praetorian prefecture
3163:Noricum mediterraneum
3139:Praetorian prefecture
3089:Mauretania Sitifensis
2984:Picenum Suburbicarium
2945:Praetorian prefecture
2733:Praetorian prefecture
2680: 293. Permanent
2238:Hellespontine Phrygia
1900:Papacostas, T, 2001,
1882:Leidwanger, J, 2007,
1830:Leidwanger, J. 2007,
1596:Viola, Frank (2004).
1369:oil, as indicated by
1124:Demetrius Poliorcetes
983:in Africa and to the
962:
893:Evagoras I of Salamis
762:
649:
403:
3719:Diocese of Illyricum
3713:Prefecture of Africa
3468:Galatia II Salutaris
3236:Diocese of Macedonia
3126:Eastern Roman Empire
2888:Mauretania Tingitana
2720:Western Roman Empire
2530:Mauretania Tingitana
2423:Corsica and Sardinia
2363:Africa proconsularis
1877:Footprints in Cyprus
1773:A History of Cyprus,
1740:Loizides, Antonios.
1481:Patriarch of Antioch
1432:Acts of the Apostles
1054:Amphoterus (admiral)
1026:, and Pasikratis of
788:in the territory of
445:Mycenaean settlement
311:from about 7500 BC.
3759:Phoenician colonies
3725:Quaestura exercitus
3498:Diocese of the East
3488:Pontus Polemoniacus
3150:Diocese of Pannonia
2979:Lucania et Bruttium
2926:Maxima Caesariensis
2921:Flavia Caesariensis
2428:Crete and Cyrenaica
2403:Bithynia and Pontus
1886:IJNA 36: pp 308–16.
1879:. London, Trigraph.
1847:Cobham, C D, 1908.
1511:Ancient Cypriot art
1313:senatorial province
1299:gave the island to
1196:series of governors
974:Alexander the Great
968:Alexander the Great
567:, near present-day
527:(who called Cyprus
475:Phoenician presence
457:, near present-day
395:Alexander the Great
382:Neo Assyrian Empire
378:Tiglath-Pileser III
3576:Syria II Salutaris
3433:Armenian Satrapies
3206:Dacia Mediterranea
3128:(395–c. 640)
3056:Venetia et Histria
2964:Apulia et Calabria
2665:Notitia Dignitatum
2515:Lycia et Pamphylia
2493:Hispania Lusitania
2473:Gallia Narbonensis
2468:Gallia Lugdunensis
2252:Samaritan Province
1956:8 May 2006 at the
1921:Tyree, E L, 1996.
1459:Council of Sardica
1176:Karpasia peninsula
1097:Death of Alexander
1048:Help to Amphoterus
965:
955:Hellenistic period
936:vassal of Persia.
862:in 480 BC invaded
765:
652:
543:called Cyprus The
410:
3741:
3740:
3703:Septem Provinciae
3693:
3692:
3665:Other territories
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3438:Armenia III (536)
3410:Diocese of Pontus
3400:Phrygia Salutaris
3395:Phrygia Pacatiana
3299:Diocese of Thrace
3282:
3281:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3066:Diocese of Africa
2939:
2938:
2807:Diocese of Vienne
2797:Maxima Sequanorum
2709:
2708:
2608:
2607:
2560:Pannonia Superior
2555:Pannonia Inferior
2483:Germania Superior
2478:Germania Inferior
2342:
2305:
2304:
2010:Achaemenid Empire
2008:Provinces of the
1663:. 5 November 2012
1422:and founding the
1355:Flavius Dalmatius
1349:revolted against
1321:Diocese of Oriens
1288:Ptolemy of Cyprus
1181:Battle of Salamis
1150:Ptolemy to Cyprus
1060:Alexander in Asia
945:Phoenician script
902:Peloponnesian War
769:Achaemenid Empire
708:and the Egyptian
684:, and Phoenician
679:Assyro-Babylonian
551:Assyrian conquest
426:Ptolemaic kingdom
293:
292:
259:Cyprus portal
173:Kingdom of Cyprus
143:Ten city-kingdoms
78:
77:
70:
3766:
3717: Later the
3701: Later the
3661:
3660:
3639:Thebais Inferior
3634:Thebais Superior
3591:Diocese of Egypt
3581:Theodorias (528)
3443:Armenia IV (536)
3295:
3294:
3198:Diocese of Dacia
3188:Valeria ripensis
3146:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3004:Tuscia et Umbria
2952:
2951:
2855:Diocese of Spain
2740:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2715:
2714:
2679:
2662:As found in the
2651:
2650:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2592:
2488:Hispania Baetica
2458:Gallia Aquitania
2340:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2283:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1872:
1835:
1834:IJNA 36: 308–16.
1828:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1696:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1424:Church of Cyprus
1309:Battle of Actium
1305:Cleopatra Selene
1292:Cato the Younger
1274:Cyprus became a
1200:Sixth Syrian War
1144:Diodorus Siculus
368:(722–705 BC) of
285:
278:
271:
257:
256:
255:
220:History by topic
108:
98:
80:
79:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
48:this article by
39:inline citations
26:
25:
18:
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3767:
3765:
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3763:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3689:
3666:
3643:
3619:Augustamnica II
3585:
3492:
3404:
3342:Diocese of Asia
3336:
3289:
3278:
3264:Macedonia Prima
3230:
3192:
3168:Noricum ripense
3140:
3129:
3103:
3060:
3013:
2946:
2935:
2897:
2849:
2815:Alpes Maritimae
2801:
2787:Lugdunensis III
2744:Diocese of Gaul
2734:
2723:
2722:(395–476)
2705:
2672:established by
2656:
2645:
2639:
2609:
2604:
2593:
2584:
2545:Moesia Superior
2540:Moesia Inferior
2373:Alpes Maritimae
2344:
2336:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2284:
2275:
2261:Skudra (Thrace)
2242:Greater Phrygia
2038:
2037:
2003:
1958:Wayback Machine
1947:
1875:Hunt, D, 1990.
1869:
1844:
1842:Further reading
1839:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1812:
1808:
1795:
1788:
1783:
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1766:
1757:
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1713:
1711:
1710:on 10 July 2014
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1531:
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1519:
1497:
1404:
1363:
1272:
1266:
1188:Battle of Ipsus
1165:
1152:
1112:
1110:Egypt and Syria
1099:
1062:
1050:
1022:, Androcles of
1015:
1009:
976:
970:
957:
895:
872:
757:
734:
732:Egyptian period
644:
553:
517:
477:
447:
442:
418:Ptolemy I Soter
289:
253:
251:
246:
245:
236:Ancient pottery
221:
213:
212:
198:
188:
187:
178:Venetian Cyprus
168:Theme of Cyprus
163:
153:
152:
138:
128:
127:
118:
96:
89:
74:
63:
57:
54:
44:Please help to
43:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3754:Ancient Cyprus
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3738:
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3721:
3715:
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3690:
3688:
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3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Libya Inferior
3626:
3624:Libya Superior
3621:
3616:
3614:Augustamnica I
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
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3553:
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3543:
3538:
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3528:
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3508:
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3500:
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3491:
3490:
3485:
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3455:
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3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
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3420:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:Lycaonia (370)
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3284:
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3280:
3279:
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3276:
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3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:Dacia Ripensis
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
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3190:
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3170:
3165:
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2913:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:Carthaginensis
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2840:Novempopulania
2837:
2835:Narbonensis II
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2792:Lugdunensis IV
2789:
2784:
2782:Lugdunensis II
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2463:Gallia Belgica
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Arabia Petraea
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2295:(according to
2289:
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2285:
2278:
2276:
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2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2245:
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2243:
2240:
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2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
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2024:Naqsh-e Rustam
2012:
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3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Armenia Maior
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
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3348:
3347:
3345:
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3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Alpes Cottiae
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
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2959:
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2950:
2948:
2942:
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2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2893:Tarraconensis
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Narbonensis I
2828:
2826:
2825:Aquitanica II
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Lugdunensis I
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:Constantine I
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
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2538:
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2533:
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2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
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2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:Alpes Cottiae
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2249:
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2241:
2239:
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2216:
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2211:
2209:
2206:
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2201:
2199:
2196:
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2186:
2184:
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2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
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2160:
2157:
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2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
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2118:
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2110:
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2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
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2034:inscriptions)
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1429:
1428:New Testament
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:Dreamer's Bay
1387:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:Constantine I
1348:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:Cleopatra VII
1298:
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1177:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1128:Ptolemy Lagus
1125:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1055:
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1040:
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1031:
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1025:
1021:
1014:
1007:Siege of Tyre
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
961:
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946:
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926:
922:
917:
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911:
907:
903:
899:
890:
887:
885:
881:
880:Ionian Revolt
877:
870:Ionian revolt
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
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805:
803:
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795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
775:
770:
761:
752:
750:
749:ancient Crete
745:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
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711:
707:
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699:
695:
691:
687:
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680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
648:
639:
637:
634:and Kerynia (
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
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605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
548:
546:
545:Kittim Island
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
472:
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468:
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440:Early history
437:
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427:
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414:Hellenisation
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184:
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82:
81:
72:
69:
61:
51:
47:
41:
40:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
3685:Spania (552)
3546:Palaestina I
3526:Euphratensis
3473:Helenopontus
3453:Cappadocia I
3360:Hellespontus
3259:Epirus Vetus
3226:Praevalitana
3141:of Illyricum
2931:Valentia (?)
2916:Britannia II
2820:Aquitanica I
2698:theme system
2663:
2502:
2030: /
2026: /
2022: /
2018: /
1915:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1857:
1848:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1745:
1735:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:the original
1703:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1641:
1632:
1624:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1478:
1475:
1467:St. Hilarion
1463:St. Spiridon
1448:
1420:Christianity
1405:
1402:Christianity
1395:Cape Zevgari
1388:
1375:
1364:
1344:
1327:
1325:
1273:
1270:Roman Cyprus
1264:Roman period
1255:
1212:
1185:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1132:
1113:
1100:
1091:
1063:
1051:
1043:
1039:quinqueremes
1036:
1032:
1016:
1001:
977:
951:in 344 BCE.
938:
918:
896:
888:
873:
853:
837:
821:Rizokarpasso
806:
783:
766:
746:
735:
676:
656:Ashurbanipal
653:
588:ten kingdoms
585:
554:
521:Thutmose III
518:
478:
471:
448:
411:
406:Neues Museum
373:
357:
343:
318:as follows:
313:
305:Choirokoitia
296:
294:
135:
64:
58:January 2012
55:
36:
15:
3732:Justinian I
3604:Aegyptus II
3536:Mesopotamia
3483:Paphlagonia
3312:Haemimontus
3290:of the East
3254:Epirus Nova
3178:Pannonia II
2911:Britannia I
2772:Germania II
2603:'s reforms.
2535:Mesopotamia
1297:Mark Antony
1219:Eteocypriot
995:(334 BCE),
985:Caspian Sea
798:Morphou Bay
606:, Kourion,
537:Sea Peoples
481:Phoenicians
241:Earthquakes
231:Ancient art
116:Prehistoric
95:History of
50:introducing
3748:Categories
3709:reconquest
3599:Aegyptus I
3561:Phoenice I
3516:Cilicia II
3423:Armenia II
3173:Pannonia I
2845:Viennensis
2767:Germania I
2762:Belgica II
2702:Asia Minor
2674:Diocletian
2601:Diocletian
2413:Cappadocia
2256:Sattagydia
2213:Massagetae
2164:(Gandhara)
2092:Cappadocia
2046:Akaufaka (
2020:Persepolis
1667:21 January
1487:. Emperor
1379:Alexandria
1347:Calocaerus
1329:Pax Romana
1317:Diocletian
1282:, because
1243:Ptolemy II
1223:Phoenician
1208:Alexandria
1130:in Egypt.
898:Evagoras I
794:Persepolis
726:Ayia Irini
668:Phoenician
592:Esarhaddon
467:Ramses III
309:Kalavassos
33:references
3511:Cilicia I
3463:Galatia I
3418:Armenia I
3385:Pamphylia
3317:Moesia II
3274:Thessalia
3051:Raetia II
2883:Lusitania
2878:Gallaecia
2868:Balearica
2757:Belgica I
2520:Macedonia
2408:Britannia
2297:Herodotus
2290:See also
2228:Phoenicia
2141:Eber-Nari
2136:2nd Egypt
2132:1st Egypt
2127:Drangiana
2107:Chorasmia
2082:Babylonia
2062:Arachosia
1714:14 August
1440:Bar-Jesus
1434:, author
1366:Olive oil
1215:Ptolemaic
1192:Ptolemaic
1163:Demetrius
1087:Drangiana
1079:Stasander
829:Dipkarpaz
742:Amasis II
690:Aphrodite
581:Khorsabad
573:Sargon II
451:Herodotus
366:Sargon II
301:Neolithic
148:Roman Era
3478:Honorias
3448:Bithynia
3221:Moesia I
3216:Dardania
3158:Dalmatia
3079:Byzacena
3046:Raetia I
2994:Sardinia
2969:Campania
2947:of Italy
2670:dioceses
2443:Dalmatia
2358:Aegyptus
2341:(117 AD)
2203:Margiana
2173:Hyrcania
2168:Gedrosia
2102:Carmania
2048:Quhistan
2016:Behistun
1954:Archived
1742:"Cyprus"
1646:429–449.
1495:See also
1436:St. Luke
1430:book of
1416:St. Mark
1412:Barnabas
1067:Stasanor
993:Granicus
914:Athenian
817:Carpasia
809:mudbrick
672:chariots
664:Tamassos
660:Tamassos
632:Lapithos
612:Tamassos
559:rule as
557:Assyrian
529:Alashiya
525:Hittites
519:Pharaoh
509:Lapathus
505:Tamassos
459:Limassol
408:, Berlin
386:Egyptian
374:Iatnanna
226:Timeline
161:Medieval
123:Alashiya
86:a series
84:Part of
3675:Taurica
3609:Arcadia
3571:Syria I
3541:Osroene
3531:Isauria
3390:Pisidia
3365:Islands
3332:Thracia
3327:Scythia
3322:Rhodope
3041:Aemilia
3037:Liguria
3009:Valeria
2999:Sicilia
2989:Samnium
2974:Corsica
2863:Baetica
2735:of Gaul
2690:Ravenna
2655:History
2580:Thracia
2570:Sicilia
2550:Noricum
2453:Galatia
2418:Cilicia
2398:Assyria
2388:Armenia
2233:Phrygia
2218:Parthia
2183:Hindush
2162:Gandāra
2158:(Nubia)
2117:Colchis
2112:Cilicia
2087:Bactria
2077:Assyria
2072:Armenia
2053:Amyrgoi
1483:at the
1383:amphora
1235:Arsinoe
1172:Eumenes
1024:Amathus
1020:Salamis
925:Amathus
884:Salamis
876:Amathus
825:Turkish
819:, near
774:Persian
706:Melkart
686:Astarte
636:Kyrenia
624:Chytroi
620:Idalion
608:Amathus
600:Salamis
577:Danaans
569:Larnaka
541:Hebrews
501:Salamis
489:Idalium
455:Kourion
390:Persian
370:Assyria
354:Larnaka
316:pottery
136:Ancient
46:improve
3727:in 536
3521:Cyprus
3506:Arabia
3307:Europa
3244:Achaea
2694:Africa
2565:Raetia
2510:Iudaea
2504:Italia
2448:Epirus
2433:Cyprus
2353:Achaia
2266:Sogdia
2223:Persis
2145:Levant
2057:Arabia
1865:
1604:
1564:
1371:Strabo
1280:Strabo
1251:copper
1247:timber
1239:Paphos
1204:Athens
1136:Arrian
1126:) and
1075:satrap
933:Persia
921:Kition
916:help.
910:Athens
864:Greece
860:Xerxes
849:kouroi
813:ashlar
790:Marion
740:under
710:Hathor
682:Ishtar
628:Marion
616:Ledrai
604:Paphos
565:Kition
497:Marion
493:Kition
352:, now
350:Kition
346:Cyprus
196:Modern
97:Cyprus
88:on the
35:, but
3380:Lydia
3375:Lycia
3355:Caria
3249:Creta
3183:Savia
2575:Syria
2438:Dacia
2271:Yehud
2208:Media
2193:Lydia
2188:Libya
2178:Ionia
2122:Dahae
2097:Caria
2032:Daeva
1517:Notes
1339:Roman
1028:Soloi
997:Issus
989:India
981:Egypt
845:korai
833:Soloi
802:liwan
786:Vouni
738:Egypt
714:Thoth
694:Homer
596:Soloi
561:stele
463:Argos
362:stele
360:on a
3350:Asia
2692:and
2393:Asia
2248:Saka
2198:Maka
2156:Kush
2151:Elam
2067:Aria
2028:Susa
1928:2016
1904:In:
1893:In:
1863:ISBN
1817:In:
1800:In:
1716:2014
1687:XXXI
1669:2016
1602:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1489:Zeno
1469:and
1414:and
1408:Paul
1326:The
1249:and
1221:and
1206:and
1114:The
1085:and
1083:Aria
1071:Soli
987:and
929:Soli
927:and
779:ankh
722:Ptah
720:and
702:Baal
622:and
586:The
503:and
485:Tyre
479:The
420:and
295:The
3039:et
1241:by
1069:of
908:in
718:Bes
638:).
531:in
3750::
2678:c.
2676:,
2134:/
2050:?)
1789:^
1744:.
1702:.
1659:.
1616:^
1525:^
1473:.
1465:,
1410:,
1323:.
1253:.
1056:.
923:,
827::
716:,
712:,
674:.
630:,
618:,
614:,
602:,
598:,
583:.
547:.
511:.
499:,
495:,
491:,
397:.
2634:e
2627:t
2620:v
2331:e
2324:t
2317:v
2299:)
2147:)
2143:(
2014:(
1998:e
1991:t
1984:v
1971:.
1960:.
1871:.
1748:.
1718:.
1671:.
1610:.
1585:.
1570:.
1536:.
823:(
284:e
277:t
270:v
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
42:.
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