29:
462:
433:
403:
787:
Abs-Wurmbach, I.; Langer, K.; Seifert, F.; Tillmanns, Ε. (1 October 1981). "The crystal chemistry of (Mn 3+ , Fe 3+ )-substituted andalusites (viridines and kanonaite), (Al 1-x-y Mn x 3+ Fe 3+ y ) 2 (O|SiO 4 ): crystal structure refinements, Mössbauer, and polarized optical absorption spectra".
554:
of andalusite, each occurring under different temperature-pressure regimes and are therefore rarely found together in the same rock. Because of this the three minerals are a useful tool to help identify the pressure-temperature paths of the host rock in which they are found. It is particularly
482:
pattern when shown in cross-section. This stone was known at least from the sixteenth century, being taken to many
European countries, as a souvenir, by pilgrims returning from Santiago de Compostela.
690:
Whitney, D.L. (2002). "Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three Al2SiO5 polymorphs during progressive metamorphism near the triple point, Sivrihisar, Turkey".
391:, being the lower pressure mid temperature polymorph. At higher temperatures and pressures, andalusite may convert to sillimanite. Thus, as with its other polymorphs, andalusite is an
522:
A clear variety found in Brazil and Sri-Lanka can be cut into a gemstone. Faceted andalusite stones give a play of red, green, and yellow colors that resembles a muted form of
376:, Spain. It soon became clear that it was a locality error, and that the specimens studied were actually from El Cardoso de la Sierra, in the Spanish province of
768:
Calvo, Miguel (2016). "El "lapis crucifer", "piedra de cruz de
Compostela": un elemento importante de los patrimonios geológico y cultural del NW de España".
882:
847:
Vrána, S.; Rieder, M.; Podlaha, J. (1978). "Kanonaite, (Mn 0.76 3+ Al0.23Fe 0.02 3+ )Al, a new mineral isotypic with andalusite".
674:
402:
912:
1082:
961:
622:
669:. Madrid, Spain: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid. Fundación Gómez Pardo. pp. 91–94.
610:
551:
85:
1077:
440:
203:
236:
1087:
168:
As euhedral crystals or columnar aggregates having nearly square cross sections; fibrous compact to massive
1067:
733:
Whitney, D.L. (2002). "Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three Al
823:
377:
75:
1072:
134:
28:
890:
193:
1024:
699:
395:
index mineral, providing clues to depth and pressures involved in producing the host rock.
8:
633:
500:
is a greenish-black mineral related to andalusite and having the approximate composition
320:
226:
216:
703:
1092:
998:
978:
864:
805:
741:
polymorphs during progressive metamorphism near the triple point, Sivrihisar, Turkey".
715:
183:
1002:
957:
809:
719:
670:
618:
158:
Pink, violet, yellow, green, white, gray; in thin section, colorless to pink or green
868:
1036:
990:
927:
856:
797:
750:
707:
588:
358:
268:
246:
173:
54:
1040:
542:
mineral which forms under low pressure and low to high temperatures. The minerals
496:
3+ substitutes for aluminium, the same change is also responsible for the colour.
453:
392:
801:
372:. This mineral was called andalousite by Delamétherie, who thought it came from
579:
possesses by far the largest portion of the world's known andalusite deposits.
95:
1061:
461:
290:
163:
107:
47:
576:
539:
333:
100:
931:
754:
711:
560:
547:
527:
523:
475:
424:
388:
330:
300:
122:
432:
140:
994:
860:
572:
114:
493:
479:
373:
355:
646:
Delamétherie, Jean Claude (1798). "Sur une pierre de l'Andalousie".
310:
1029:
Journal of the
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
786:
526:, although the colors are actually the result of unusually strong
556:
543:
478:
commonly contains dark inclusions of carbon or clay which form a
410:
384:
361:
648:
Journal de
Physique, de Chimie d'Histoire Naturelle et des Arts
489:
790:
956:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 314–318.
979:"Use Of Andalusite Refractories In Ferrous Metallurgy"
904:
634:
http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/andalusite.pdf
976:
911:
Fernandes, Shyamala; Choudhary, Gagan (Summer 2009).
575:in furnaces, kilns and other industrial processes.
910:
885:International Colored Gem Association: Anadalusite
846:
977:Dubreuil, P.; Sobolev, V. M.; Filari, E. (1999).
1059:
667:Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. IX. Silicatos
689:
645:
241:Transparent to nearly opaque with inclusions
431:
945:
849:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1022:
460:
732:
627:
1060:
422:
415:
408:
951:
767:
664:
606:
604:
259:double refractive, biaxial negative;
983:Refractories and Industrial Ceramics
913:"Gem-quality andalusite from Brazil"
13:
601:
145:c = 5.5566 Ă…; Z = 4
14:
1104:
263:has anomalous aggregate reaction.
824:"Minerals Colored by Metal Ions"
611:Gemological Institute of America
401:
27:
1023:Overbeek, P. W. (1 June 1989).
1016:
970:
875:
840:
492:variety of andalusite in which
816:
780:
761:
726:
683:
658:
639:
383:Andalusite is trimorphic with
16:Aluminium nesosilicate mineral
1:
594:
533:
1025:"Andalusite in South Africa"
469:
364:with the chemical formula Al
188:Good on {110}, poor on {100}
7:
802:10.1524/zkri.1981.155.14.81
582:
10:
1109:
1083:Minerals in space group 58
954:Introduction to mineralogy
952:Nesse, William D. (2000).
559:metamorphic rocks such as
342:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
267:
255:
245:
235:
225:
215:
202:
192:
182:
172:
162:
154:
149:
133:
121:
106:
94:
84:
74:
53:
43:
38:
26:
21:
828:minerals.gps.caltech.edu
571:Andalusite is used as a
465:Round faceted andalusite
615:GIA Gem Reference Guide
566:
538:Andalusite is a common
198:uneven to subconchoidal
1041:10520/AJA0038223X_1910
665:Calvo, Miguel (2018).
636:Handbook of Mineralogy
466:
1078:Orthorhombic minerals
932:10.5741/GEMS.45.2.120
743:American Mineralogist
692:American Mineralogist
464:
86:Strunz classification
755:10.2138/am-2002-0404
712:10.2138/am-2002-0404
143:, b = 7.9031 Ă…
1088:Industrial minerals
920:Gems & Gemology
704:2002AmMin..87..405W
443:Phase diagram of Al
1068:Aluminium minerals
995:10.1007/BF02762295
861:10.1007/BF00373417
467:
305:strongly trichroic
256:Optical properties
112:Dipyramidal (mmm)
676:978-84-8321-883-9
380:, not Andalusia.
349:
348:
295:δ = 0.009 – 0.010
281:= 1.633 – 1.644 n
277:= 1.629 – 1.640 n
1100:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
989:(5–6): 252–259.
974:
968:
967:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
917:
908:
902:
901:
899:
898:
889:. Archived from
879:
873:
872:
844:
838:
837:
835:
834:
820:
814:
813:
784:
778:
777:
765:
759:
758:
730:
724:
723:
687:
681:
680:
662:
656:
655:
643:
637:
631:
625:
608:
589:List of minerals
555:associated with
518:
454:aluminosilicates
435:
427:
420:
413:
405:
269:Refractive index
247:Specific gravity
208:
139:a = 7.7980
60:
59:(repeating unit)
31:
19:
18:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
975:
971:
964:
950:
946:
936:
934:
915:
909:
905:
896:
894:
881:
880:
876:
845:
841:
832:
830:
822:
821:
817:
796:(1–4): 81–114.
785:
781:
770:De Re Metallica
766:
762:
740:
736:
731:
727:
688:
684:
677:
663:
659:
644:
640:
632:
628:
609:
602:
597:
585:
569:
536:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
472:
459:
458:
457:
451:
450:
446:
442:
437:
436:
429:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
406:
393:aluminosilicate
371:
367:
338:non-fluorescent
325:r < v strong
285:= 1.638 – 1.650
284:
280:
276:
206:
144:
117:: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
113:
70:
66:
58:
57:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1035:(6): 157–171.
1015:
969:
962:
944:
926:(2): 120–129.
903:
874:
855:(3): 325–332.
839:
815:
779:
760:
749:(4): 405–416.
738:
734:
725:
698:(4): 405–416.
682:
675:
657:
638:
626:
599:
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
584:
581:
568:
565:
535:
532:
515:
511:
507:
503:
471:
468:
448:
444:
439:
438:
430:
407:
400:
399:
398:
397:
369:
365:
347:
346:
344:
340:
339:
336:
327:
326:
323:
317:
316:
313:
307:
306:
303:
297:
296:
293:
287:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:
265:
264:
257:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
219:
213:
212:
209:
200:
199:
196:
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
178:On {101}, rare
176:
170:
169:
166:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
150:Identification
147:
146:
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
110:
104:
103:
98:
96:Crystal system
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
68:
64:
61:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Nesosilicates
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
965:
963:9780195106916
959:
955:
948:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
907:
893:on 2006-07-17
892:
888:
886:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
829:
825:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
783:
775:
771:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
729:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
678:
672:
668:
661:
653:
649:
642:
635:
630:
624:
623:0-87311-019-6
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
600:
590:
587:
586:
580:
578:
574:
564:
562:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
529:
525:
520:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
481:
477:
463:
455:
441:
434:
426:
419:
412:
404:
396:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
363:
360:
357:
353:
345:
341:
337:
335:
332:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
292:
291:Birefringence
288:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
165:
164:Crystal habit
161:
157:
153:
148:
142:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
108:Crystal class
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
62:
56:
52:
49:
48:Nesosilicates
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1044:. Retrieved
1032:
1028:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
986:
982:
972:
953:
947:
935:. Retrieved
923:
919:
906:
895:. Retrieved
891:the original
884:
877:
852:
848:
842:
831:. Retrieved
827:
818:
793:
789:
782:
773:
769:
763:
746:
742:
728:
695:
691:
685:
666:
660:
651:
647:
641:
629:
614:
577:South Africa
570:
537:
521:
497:
485:
484:
474:The variety
473:
417:
382:
359:nesosilicate
351:
350:
334:fluorescence
260:
251:3.17 (± .04)
127:
101:Orthorhombic
561:mica schist
548:sillimanite
540:metamorphic
528:pleochroism
524:iridescence
476:chiastolite
425:Sillimanite
389:sillimanite
378:Guadalajara
331:Ultraviolet
301:Pleochroism
261:chiastolite
237:Diaphaneity
123:Space group
1062:Categories
1046:25 October
1008:25 October
937:30 October
897:2006-07-13
833:2023-03-01
654:: 386–387.
595:References
573:refractory
552:polymorphs
534:Occurrence
418:Andalusite
352:Andalusite
343:References
321:Dispersion
204:Mohs scale
115:H-M symbol
76:IMA symbol
33:Andalusite
22:Andalusite
1093:Gemstones
1003:136482381
810:201671728
720:131616262
498:Kanonaite
494:manganese
480:cruciform
470:Varieties
374:Andalusia
356:aluminium
135:Unit cell
869:95925117
776:: 67–79.
583:See also
486:Viridine
311:2V angle
221:Vitreous
207:hardness
194:Fracture
184:Cleavage
174:Twinning
44:Category
700:Bibcode
557:pelitic
544:kyanite
411:Kyanite
385:kyanite
362:mineral
211:6.5–7.5
90:9.AF.10
55:Formula
39:General
1001:
960:
867:
808:
718:
673:
621:
617:1995,
514:)AlSiO
354:is an
315:71–86°
227:Streak
217:Luster
999:S2CID
916:(PDF)
865:S2CID
806:S2CID
716:S2CID
490:green
488:is a
231:White
155:Color
1048:2021
1010:2021
958:ISBN
939:2021
671:ISBN
619:ISBN
567:Uses
550:are
546:and
512:0.02
508:0.23
504:0.76
387:and
128:Pnnm
1037:hdl
991:doi
928:doi
857:doi
798:doi
794:155
751:doi
737:SiO
708:doi
502:(Mn
447:SiO
368:SiO
80:And
67:SiO
1064::
1033:89
1031:.
1027:.
997:.
987:40
985:.
981:.
924:45
922:.
918:.
863:.
853:66
851:.
826:.
804:.
792:.
772:.
747:87
745:.
714:.
706:.
696:87
694:.
652:46
650:.
613:,
603:^
563:.
530:.
519:.
510:Fe
506:Al
456:).
63:Al
1050:.
1039::
1012:.
993::
966:.
941:.
930::
900:.
887:"
883:"
871:.
859::
836:.
812:.
800::
774:6
757:.
753::
739:5
735:2
722:.
710::
702::
679:.
516:5
452:(
449:5
445:2
370:5
366:2
283:Îł
279:β
275:α
273:n
141:Ă…
69:5
65:2
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