20:
58:
In and after the 16th century, slaves were brought into
Madagascar's various kingdoms to work in plantations. The Malagasy, the Swahili, and the European merchants and nobles expanded their opportunities to produce more and trade. These operations and plantations were worked by the forced labor of
86:
The Andevo strata in the Merina society have been domestic and plantation workers. Their traditional inherited occupation has been as workers and artisans, and they constituted a large percentage of a society. The Andevo caste were also called the
98:
The Andevo, and other social strata were endogamous in the Merina and
Betsileo societies. According to William Ellis memoir in 1838, a slave in the Malagasy society was prohibited from marrying a noble or a hova. The Andevo were considered
219:, Quote: "Historically, Merina had the most stratified caste system in Africa, divided into three distinct categories: nobles (Andriana), freemen (Hova), and slaves (Andevo ). These three castes were further divided into subclasses."
83:. These slaves were called Andevo. The slavery was abolished by the French administration in 1896, which adversely impacted the fortunes of Merina and non-Merina operated slave-run plantations.
107:
or "pure people". This presumed "impurity" and "purity" has been a reason for the historic social taboo against inter-marriages between Andevo and non-Andevo strata of the
Malagasy societies.
91:
and they were denied the right to own land. A Hova person could be reduced to a slave for crimes or a debt in default, and in this state he would not be an Andevo, but be referred to as
533:
Kus, Susan (1995). "Sensuous human activity and the state: towards an archaeology of bread and circuses". In Miller, Daniel; Rowlands, Michael (eds.).
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were one of the major victims of this demand, slave capture and export that attempted to satisfy this demand. These slaves were predominantly from
51:(free commoners). The Andevo, along with the other social strata, have also historically existed in other large Malagasy ethnic groups such as the
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604:
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493:
466:
243:
262:
Ivory and Slaves: Changing
Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
312:
Gwyn
Campbell, 'Unfree labour, slavery and protest in imperial Madagascar' in Alpers, Campbell, Salman (eds.),
458:
Constructing
History, Culture and Inequality: The Betsileo in the Extreme Southern Highlands of Madagascar
235:
Constructing
History, Culture and Inequality: The Betsileo in the Extreme Southern Highlands of Madagascar
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389:
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289:
Northern
Mozambique in the Nineteenth Century: The Travels and Explorations of H.E. O'Neill
8:
420:
513:
204:
Native
Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
435:
384:
Endangered
Species: Health, Illness, and Death Among Madagascar's People of the Forest
139:
Endangered Species: Health, Illness, and Death Among Madagascar's People of the Forest
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Vingt ans à Madagascar: colonisation, traditions historiques, moeurs et croyances
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imported slaves. The largest influx of slaves was brought in by the 'Umani
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Malagasy slaves (Andevo) carrying Queen Ranavalona I of Madagascar
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103:, or "impure people", in contrast to Hova and Andriana who were
329:
Africa A to Z: Continental and Country Profiles: Third Edition
32:
265:. University of California Press. pp. 94–97, 126–129.
60:
356:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
31:, or slaves, were one of the three principal historical
16:
Historic slave caste in the Merina Kingdom of Madagascar
292:. BRILL Academic. pp. 5–6, 61–66, 72–75, 123–124.
177:(in French). Paris: KARTHALA Editions. pp. 53–54.
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416:
Madagascar, Mauritius and Other East-African Islands
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512:de la Vaissière, Camille; Abinal, Antoine (1885).
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332:. Africa Institute of South Africa. p. 247.
314:Resisting Bondage in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia
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174:Christianisme et droits de l'homme à Madagascar
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461:. BRILL Academic. pp. 59, 53–54, 85–90.
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286:Hilary C. Palmer; Malyn D.D. Newitt (2016).
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485:Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar
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43:, alongside the social strata called the
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560:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
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161:
577:
238:. BRILL Academic. pp. 2, 40–42.
488:. BRILL Academic. pp. 275–277.
388:. Carolina Academic Press. pp.
316:, Taylor & Francis, 2007, 49–59.
143:. Carolina Academic Press. pp.
532:
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359:. BRILL Academic. pp. 63–67.
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616:
554:Raison-Jourde, Françoise (1983).
518:(in French). Paris: V. Lecoffre.
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585:Social history of Madagascar
557:Les souverains de Madagascar
539:. London: Psychology Press.
419:. S. Sonnenschein. pp.
326:Esterhuysen, Pieter (2013).
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110:
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595:Malagasy words and phrases
536:Domination and Resistance
259:Edward A. Alpers (1975).
207:. Routledge. p. 61.
171:CIPOLLONE Giulio (2008).
605:Indian Ocean slave trade
482:Karen Middleton (1999).
65:Indian Ocean slave trade
434:William Ellis (1838).
413:Conrad Keller (1901).
380:Janice Harper (2002).
353:Gwyn Campbell (2012).
135:Janice Harper (2002).
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455:Sandra Evers (2002).
437:History of Madagascar
232:Sandra Evers (2002).
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147:, 106–107, 127–129.
440:. Fisher. p.
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600:Slavery in Africa
567:978-2-86537-059-7
546:978-0-415-12254-2
399:978-0-89089-238-1
366:978-90-04-19518-9
339:978-0-7983-0344-6
299:978-90-04-29368-7
272:978-0-520-02689-6
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105:olona madio
77:East Africa
579:Categories
123:References
81:Mozambique
73:Mozambique
41:Madagascar
35:among the
93:Zaza-hova
201:(2015).
111:See also
67:and the
63:via the
45:Andriana
590:Castes
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89:Mainty
71:. The
69:French
33:castes
29:Andevo
61:Arabs
562:ISBN
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520:ISBN
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423:–91.
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49:Hova
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