54:
4320:
3333:
659:
scientific contribution to the comprehension of the learning processes. Knowles himself mentions that andragogy is a "model of assumptions about learning or a conceptual framework that serves as a basis for an emergent theory." There appears to be a lack of research on whether this framework of teaching and learning principles is more relevant to adult learners or if it is just a set of good practices that could be used for both children and adult learners.
3343:
2555:
338:, a process where students learn on their own with some guidance from the teacher. The motivation to learn comes from the students' interest in not only performing, but being recognized for their accomplishment (Akiyildiz, 2019). In addition, in heutagogy, learning is learner-centric - where the decisions relating to the learning process are managed by the student. Further, the student determines whether or not the learning objectives are met.
331:
also are asked to actively plan their learning process to include identifying learning objectives and how they will be achieved. Knowles (1980) summarized the key characteristics of andragogy in this model: 1) independency or self-directedness 2) using past experiences to construct learning, 3) association with readiness to learn, and 4) changing education perspectives from subject-centered one to performance centered perspectives.
20:
4330:
647:
continuum ranging from teacher-directed to student-directed learning and that both approaches are appropriate with children and adults, depending on the situation." Hanson (1996) argues that the difference in learning is not related to the age and stage of one's life, but instead related to individual characteristics and the differences in "context, culture and power" within different educational settings.
92:
4308:
651:
students to choose from a list of 18 objectives on the syllabus. Self-concept can be critiqued not just from the instructor's point of view, but also from the student's point of view. Not all adult learners will know exactly what they want to learn in a course and may seek a more structured outline from an instructor. An instructor cannot assume that an adult will desire
121:
countries, according to St. Clair and Käpplinger (2021) is to accept andragogy as the "scientific study of learning in adults and the concomitant teaching approaches" (p. 485). Further, the definition of andragogy and its application to adult learning is more variable currently due to both the impact of globalization and the rapid expansion of adult online learning.
330:
In the 20th century, adult educators began to challenge the application of pedagogical theory and teacher-centered approaches to the teaching of adults. Unlike children, adult learners are not transmitted knowledge. Rather, the adult learner is an active participant in their learning. Adult students
658:
Kidd (1978) goes further by claiming that principles of learning have to be applied to lifelong development. He suggested that building a theory on adult learning would be meaningless, as there is no real basis for it. Jarvis even implies that andragogy would be more the result of an ideology than a
662:
The way adults learn is different from the pedagogical approach used to foster learning in K-12 settings. These learning differences are key and can be used to show that the six characteristics/principles of andragogy remain applicable when designing teaching and learning materials, in
English as a
271:
Adult learning focuses on problem solving: Adolescents tend to learn skills sequentially. Adults tend to start with a problem and then work to find a solution. A meaningful engagement, such as posing and answering realistic questions and problems is necessary for deeper learning. This leads to more
279:
Adults learn best in an informal situation: Adolescents have to follow a curriculum. Often, adults learn by taking responsibility for the value and need of content they have to understand and the particular goals it will achieve. Being in an inviting, collaborative and networking environment as an
976:
Savicevic, Dusan (1999): Understanding
Andragogy in Europe and America: Comparing and Contrasting. In: Reischmann, Jost/ Bron, Michal/ Jelenc, Zoran (eds): Comparative Adult Education 1998: the Contribution of ISCAE to an Emerging Field of Study. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Slovenian Institute for Adult
650:
In another critique of
Knowles' work, Knowles was not able to use one of his principles (Self-concept) with adult learners to the extent that he describes in his practices. In one course, Knowles appears to allow "near total freedom in learner determination of objectives" but still "intended" the
154:
until he was introduced to the term "androgogy". In 1966, Knowles met Dušan Savićević in Boston. Savićević was the one who shared the term andragogy with
Knowles and explained how it was used in the European context. In 1967, Knowles made use of the term "andragogy" to explain his theory of adult
81:
proposed andragogy as a theory, others posit that there is no single theory of adult learning or andragogy. In the literature where adult learning theory is often identified as a principle or an assumption, there are a variety of different approaches and theories that are also evolving in view of
321:
In academic fields, andrologists are those who practice and specialize in the field of andragogy. Andragologists have received a doctoral degree from an accredited university in
Education (EdD) or a Philosophy (PhD) and focused their dissertation utilizing andragogy as a main component of their
313:
can encourage learners to become more self-directed, thereby enriching the classroom environment. Andragogy gives scope to self-directed learners and helps in designing and delivering the focused instructions. The methods used by andragogy can be used in different educational environments (e.g.
305:
Recent research and the COVID 19 pandemic have expanded andragogy into the online world internationally, as evidenced by country and international organizations that foster the development of adult learning, research and collaboration in educating adults. New and expanding online instruction is
283:
Adults want guidance and consideration as equal partners in the process: Adults want information that will help them improve their situation. They do not want to be told what to do and they evaluate what helps and what doesn't. They want to choose options based on their individual needs and the
297:
during recent decades, a process of growth and differentiation emerged as a scholarly and scientific approach, andragogy. It refers to the academic discipline(s) within university programs that focus on the education of adults; andragogy exists today worldwide. The term refers to a new type of
216:
In most
European countries, the Knowles discussion played at best, a marginal role. "Andragogy" was, from 1970 on, connected with emerging academic and professional institutions, publications, or programs, triggered by a similar growth of adult education in practice and theory as in the United
120:
Although
Knowles' andragogy is a well-known theory in the English-speaking world, his theory has an ancillary role internationally. This is especially true in European countries where andragogy is a term used to refer to a field of systematic reflection. The acceptance of andragogy in European
646:
There is no consensus internationally on whether andragogy is a learning theory or a set of principles, characteristics or assumptions of adult learning. Knowles himself changed his position on whether andragogy applied only to adults and came to believe that "pedagogy-andragogy represents a
275:
Experience affects adult learning: Adults have more experience than adolescents. This can be an asset and a liability, if prior knowledge is inaccurate, incomplete, or immature, it can interfere with or distort the integration of incoming information (Clement, 1982; National
Research Council,
317:
Internationally there are many academic journals, adult education organizations (including government agencies) and centers for adult learning housed in a plethora of international colleges and universities that are working to promote the field of adult learning, as well as adult learning
301:
Dušan Savićević, who provided
Knowles with the term andragogy, explicitly claims andragogy as a discipline, the subject of which is the study of education and learning of adults in all its forms of expression' (Savicevic, 1999, p. 97, similarly Henschke, 2003,), Reischmann, 2003.
116:
Blaschke (2012) described
Malcolm Knowles' 1973 theory as "self-directed" learning. The goals include helping learners develop the capacity for self-direction, supporting transformational learning and promoting "emancipatory learning and social action" (Blaschke, 2019, p. 76).
876:
264:
Adults will learn only what they feel they need to learn – Adults are practical in their approach to learning; they want to know, "How is this going to help me right now? Is it relevant (content, connection, and application) and does it meet my targeted
4281:
247:
On this formal level "above practice" and specific approaches, the term "andragogy" could be used relating to all types of theories, for reflection, analysis, training, in person-oriented programs, or human resource development.
883:
306:
fostered by national organizations, literacy organizations, academic journals and higher education institutions that are helping adults to achieve learning and skills that will contribute to individual economic improvement.
260:
Adults must want to learn: They learn effectively only when they are free to direct their own learning and have a strong inner motivation to develop a new skill or acquire a particular type of knowledge, this sustains
2888:
3298:
3941:
4114:
3308:
3946:
3936:
2914:
1529:
4164:
4109:
3303:
2957:
268:
Adults learn by doing: Adolescents learn by doing, but adults learn through active practice and participation. This helps in integrating component skills into a coherent whole.
4048:
74:, or the teaching of children, andragogy is based on a humanistic conception of self-directed and autonomous learners where teachers are defined as facilitators of learning.
4144:
3956:
256:
Adult learning is based upon comprehension, organization and synthesis of knowledge rather than rote memory. Some scholars have proposed seven principles of adult learning:
4139:
4119:
3951:
3650:
3272:
858:
3961:
3655:
334:
A new educational strategy has evolved in response to globalization that identifies learners as self-determined, especially in higher education and work-place settings:
1331:
907:
217:
States. "Andragogy" functioned here as a header for (places of) systematic reflections, parallel to other academic headers like "biology", "medicine", and "physics".
3921:
3906:
2944:
1121:"A new species of hermit crab, Diogenes heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis"
3703:
3635:
3257:
70:
in the areas of learning, teaching and training. Andragogy commonly is defined as the art or science of teaching adults or helping adults learn. In contrast to
3891:
2940:
2931:
2922:
1264:
Hanson, A. (1996) The search for separate theories of adult learning: does anyone really need andragogy? In Edwards, R., Hanson, A., and Raggatt, P. (eds.)
2918:
2658:
1528:
Reischmann, Jost (2005): Andragogy. In: English, Leona (ed): International Encyclopedia of Adult Education. London: Palgrave Macmillan. S. 58–63. (
4003:
159:, he corrected the spelling of the term to "andragogy" and continued to make use of the term to explain his multiple ideas about adult learning.
298:
education which was not qualified by missions and visions, but by academic learning including: reflection, critique, and historical analyses.
103:
Self-concept: Adults need to be responsible for their decisions on education; involvement in the planning and evaluation of their instruction.
3971:
3846:
130:
808:
53:
2803:
4149:
3966:
2643:
1185:
Akyildiz, S. T. (2019). Do 21st Century Teachers Know about Heutagogy or Do They Still Adhere to Traditional Pedagogy and Andragogy?
1049:
734:
3896:
3247:
862:
2663:
837:
1203:
Glassner, Amnon; Back, Shlomo (2020), Glassner, Amnon; Back, Shlomo (eds.), "Three "Gogies": Pedagogy, Andragogy, Heutagogy",
3222:
1582:
1558:
1511:
1466:
1432:
1323:
1220:
953:
3480:
918:
106:
Readiness: Adults are most interested in learning subjects having immediate relevance to their work and/or personal lives.
3786:
3410:
3267:
1621:
765:
712:
3836:
4271:
4154:
4018:
672:
4456:
4366:
3851:
3746:
85:
Malcolm Knowles identified these adult learner characteristics related to the motivation of adult learning.
141:. Knowles asserted that andragogy (Greek: "man-leading") should be distinguished from the more commonly used term
4333:
3901:
3719:
3617:
3430:
1917:
1683:
82:
evolving higher education instruction, workplace training, new technology and online learning (Omoregie, 2021).
3856:
3678:
3455:
3057:
2678:
4124:
4081:
4038:
2961:
995:
309:
New learning resources and approaches are identified, such as finding that using collaborative tools like a
3693:
3645:
3542:
3537:
3262:
3167:
1824:
220:
Early examples of this use of andragogy are the Yugoslavian (scholarly) journal for adult education, named
224:
in 1969, and the Yugoslavian Society for Andragogy; at Palacky University in Olomouc (Czech Republic) the
4104:
2108:
1662:
1657:
67:
4393:
4276:
3502:
2718:
2241:
1857:
1725:
1715:
1483:
Loeng, S. (2012). Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy – an andragogical pioneer. Studies in Continuing Education,
272:
elaborate, longer lasting, and stronger representations of the knowledge (Craik & Lockhart, 1972).
4414:
4388:
3217:
3182:
3137:
2953:
2828:
2818:
2623:
2293:
2203:
2188:
1937:
1281:
Rachel, J.R. (2002) Andragogy's detectives: A critique of the present and a proposal for the future.
578:
Resources maybe provided by instructors but adults use their own (and other students') experiences
284:
meaningful impact a learning engagement could provide. Socialization is more important among adults.
4451:
4185:
4028:
3931:
3841:
3791:
3751:
3602:
3107:
3102:
2997:
2989:
2833:
2723:
2653:
2153:
1742:
1688:
382:, the teacher schedules all the activities; determining how, when and where they should take place
46:), meaning "leader of". Therefore, andragogy literally means "leading men (adult males)", whereas "
3926:
3916:
3771:
3572:
3532:
3512:
3492:
3395:
3227:
3202:
3117:
3097:
3047:
3017:
3007:
2893:
2813:
2778:
2763:
2748:
2703:
2638:
2508:
2148:
1882:
1767:
1614:
1367:"The Six Characteristics of Andragogy and Future Research Directions in EFL: A Literature Review"
134:
4403:
4248:
4193:
3998:
3911:
3826:
3801:
3683:
3507:
3313:
3192:
3187:
3067:
2768:
2515:
2198:
2193:
1832:
1802:
1797:
1782:
1757:
1698:
1693:
652:
4238:
4228:
4213:
4013:
3876:
3811:
3781:
3756:
3688:
3587:
3582:
3557:
3415:
3207:
3162:
3142:
3132:
3032:
2868:
2843:
2693:
2688:
2668:
2633:
2618:
2183:
2163:
2002:
1907:
1877:
1777:
1752:
1294:
Merriam, S.B. (2001) Andragogy and self-directed learning: Pillars of adult learning theory.
800:
3673:
608:
Motivation is by external pressure such as grading, class rank, completion of grade-levels
228:(Sociology and Andragogy Department) was established in 1990. Also, Prague University has a
4359:
4243:
4218:
4198:
4159:
4063:
3886:
3816:
3796:
3612:
3562:
3522:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3420:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3232:
3147:
3127:
3012:
3002:
2853:
2823:
2808:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2738:
2733:
2683:
2628:
2603:
2491:
2481:
2208:
2020:
1992:
1982:
1942:
1812:
1807:
1787:
1747:
1667:
1574:
1416:
The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development
1132:
325:
2231:
633:
Learner is able to manage their own learning in new situations and in working with others
8:
4259:
4223:
4203:
4134:
4058:
3831:
3821:
3766:
3761:
3698:
3640:
3607:
3597:
3577:
3567:
3552:
3547:
3527:
3497:
3465:
3450:
3425:
3361:
3287:
3277:
3212:
3177:
3112:
3092:
3082:
3042:
3027:
3022:
2863:
2858:
2798:
2753:
2713:
2608:
2589:
2303:
2215:
2168:
2118:
2066:
2061:
2040:
1962:
1872:
1852:
1842:
1732:
1458:
1029:
742:
1136:
4323:
4208:
4053:
4043:
4033:
4023:
3881:
3806:
3592:
3517:
3487:
3318:
3237:
3197:
3172:
3152:
3087:
3062:
3052:
3037:
2838:
2788:
2743:
2728:
2708:
2698:
2673:
2613:
2308:
2251:
2096:
1947:
1897:
1847:
1792:
1737:
1649:
1607:
1388:
1226:
1163:
1120:
1101:
616:
4430:
4420:
4408:
4233:
4129:
4086:
4008:
3776:
3342:
3157:
3122:
3077:
3072:
2981:
2848:
2758:
2648:
2554:
2486:
2298:
2280:
2158:
2128:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2045:
1977:
1967:
1952:
1912:
1720:
1703:
1588:
1578:
1554:
1517:
1507:
1472:
1462:
1438:
1428:
1392:
1312:(3rd Englewood Cliffs, N.J. ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall Regents.
1230:
1216:
1168:
1150:
1105:
1093:
1041:
594:
Instructors may provide some resources but the learner negotiates their own learning
187:: Adults need to be responsible for their decisions on education; involvement in the
1536:
829:
100:
Foundation: Experience (including error) provides the basis for learning activities.
4425:
4398:
2558:
2474:
2415:
2178:
2173:
2143:
2030:
2025:
1987:
1892:
1867:
1772:
1484:
1378:
1324:"infed.org - Andragogy: what is it and does it help thinking about adult learning?"
1208:
1158:
1140:
1083:
458:
57:
ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - 6 19 - School for adults in Guinea-Bissau - 1974
4352:
2138:
2133:
2015:
2010:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1902:
1862:
1568:
1544:
1488:
1450:
1414:
1410:
1145:
942:
677:
620:
450:
294:
206:
156:
138:
78:
31:
1212:
534:
Teachers support students in becoming learners and understanding learning needs
4312:
2358:
2071:
1420:
1030:"THE CONCEPT ANDRAGOGY AND PEDAGOGY: E-LEARNING MODEL DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC"
4344:
2236:
776:
385:
Teacher is the one who is responsible for what is taught and how it is taught
4445:
3336:
2433:
2035:
1972:
1837:
1710:
1592:
1499:
1383:
1366:
1154:
1097:
1088:
1071:
1045:
704:
109:
Orientation: Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented.
35:
2246:
433:
There is little experience which could be gained from this kind of learning
198:
Readiness: Adults are most interested in learning subjects having immediate
4376:
2331:
2261:
2123:
1172:
943:"Educating adult learners: twelve tips for teaching business professionals"
184:
151:
2256:
1242:
Merriam, et al (2007). Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide, p. 87
150:
Knowles collected ideas about a theory of adult education from the end of
3346:
2113:
1503:
212:
Motivation: Adults respond better to internal versus external motivators.
112:
Motivation: Adults respond better to internal versus external motivators.
326:
Differences in learning: The Pedagogy, andragogy and heutagogy continuum
2086:
544:
Adults may be asked to explore their own effective learning strategies
499:
454:
318:
opportunities in training, traditional classes and in online learning.
192:
174:
163:
1570:
How Learning Works: Seven Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching
1016:
2324:
1887:
1630:
1550:
1494:
Merriam, Sharran B.; Caffarella, Rosemary; Baumgartner, Lisa (2007).
1205:
Exploring Heutagogy in Higher Education: Academia Meets the Zeitgeist
335:
199:
133:
in 1833. Andragogy was developed into a theory of adult education by
1266:
Boundaries of Adult Learning. Adult Learners, Education and Training
170:
Need to know: Adults need to know the reason for learning something.
89:
Need to know: Adults need to know the reason for learning something.
1762:
1424:
683:
437:
236:(Slovenian Republic Andragogy Center) was founded with the journal
188:
143:
71:
47:
1521:
1455:
The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy
1442:
987:
502:
is more application based and it revolves around life experiences
489:
Standardized curriculum set which will be based on societal needs
162:
Knowles' theory can be stated with six assumptions related to the
137:. It later became very popular in the US by the American educator
19:
1957:
1070:
Boeren, Ellen; Roumell, Elizabeth A.; Roessger, Kevin M. (2020).
379:
1476:
341:
Differences between pedagogy, andragogy, and heutagogy include:
23:
An adult student benefits from a course taught in KwaZulu Natal
680: – Independent education without the guidance of teachers
515:
Learning is driven by the potential to learn in new situations
280:
active participant in the learning process makes it efficient.
95:
Adult Education class: Vietnamese Social Services of Minnesota
91:
178:
1599:
1493:
1353:
The making of an adult educator: An autobiographical journey
1252:
395:
The learner is self-directed and moves towards independence
310:
1072:"COVID-19 and the Future of Adult Education: An Editorial"
414:
The learner uses their own experiences and those of others
801:"Instructional Design: Theories - Andragogy (M. Knowles)"
877:"TEAL Center Fact Sheet No. 11: Adult Learning Theories"
1017:
Jost (2003): Why Andragogy? Bamberg University, Germany
615:
Motivation is driven by internal motivation. Includes
1069:
1543:
Thorpe, Mary; Edwards, Richard; Hanson, Ann (1993).
1409:
1542:
467:
The learner is able to reflect on their experiences
470:They are able to use experiences of other learners
129:The term was originally coined by German educator
1296:New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education
4443:
591:The learner is able to manage their own learning
512:The learner is able to manage their own learning
240:; in 1995, Bamberg University (Germany) named a
4374:
1028:Putri, Selicha; Elihami, Elihami (2021-06-07).
232:(Andragogical Department); in 1993, Slovenia's
4178:
3733:
1187:International Journal of Progressive Education
4360:
1615:
830:"andragogy @ the informal education homepage"
581:Adult learners seek out additional resources
492:Learning is a goal to move to the next level
181:) provides the basis for learning activities.
4283:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1539:, in the Encyclopedia of Informal Education.
1496:Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide
1413:; Holton, E. F. III; Swanson, R. A. (2005).
1202:
1027:
686: – Science of education of older adults
554:Learner is able to manage their own learning
446:There is large quantity of experience gained
411:Learner is able to manage their own learning
541:Adult learning is task or problem centered
4367:
4353:
1622:
1608:
1371:Elsya: Journal of English Language Studies
1253:Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner 2007
1119:Igawa, Momoko; Kato, Makoto (2017-09-20).
988:"Studies in Andragogy and Adult Education"
630:Self-efficacy—The learner is self-directed
1382:
1162:
1144:
1118:
1087:
30:refers to methods and principles used in
16:Methods and principles in adult education
3985:
90:
52:
50:" literally means "leading children".
18:
3360:
2588:
2577:
1546:Culture and processes of adult learning
1449:
1364:
1207:, Singapore: Springer, pp. 59–74,
398:Learner is responsible for the learning
209:-centered rather than content-oriented.
4444:
1355:(Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
834:the encyclopedia of informal education
568:Standardized curriculum and resources
288:
155:education. Then after consulting with
4348:
4177:
3984:
3732:
3359:
2980:
2979:
2587:
2576:
2278:
1641:
1603:
1573:. San Francisco, USA: Jossey-Bass, A
998:from the original on December 5, 2020
735:"andragogy - definition of andragogy"
663:Foreign Language (EFL), for example.
234:Andragoski Center Republike Slovenije
42:), meaning "adult male", and ἀγωγός (
1307:
950:University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, U.S.A
763:
571:Teachers lead instructional methods
202:to their work and/or personal lives.
4329:
13:
1403:
1358:
775:. Regis University. Archived from
715:from the original on 13 March 2016
401:Students are able to self-evaluate
14:
4468:
1298:, Vol. spring 2001, No. 89, p. 10
673:Alternative pathways in education
378:The learner is dependent on the
4328:
4319:
4318:
4306:
3847:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3341:
3332:
3331:
2889:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2659:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2553:
226:Katedra sociologie a andragogiky
1345:
1334:from the original on 2013-07-08
1316:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1258:
1245:
1236:
1196:
1179:
1112:
1063:
1052:from the original on 2022-12-04
1021:
1010:
980:
970:
959:from the original on 2014-05-13
840:from the original on 2000-03-02
811:from the original on 2011-09-30
388:Teacher evaluates the learning
205:Orientation: Adult learning is
4004:Federated States of Micronesia
3299:British Indian Ocean Territory
935:
900:
869:
859:"Principles of Adult Learning"
851:
822:
793:
757:
727:
697:
61:
1:
1629:
861:. literacy.ca. Archived from
690:
251:
3972:United States Virgin Islands
1642:
1489:10.1080/0158037X.2012.749850
1146:10.1371/journal.pone.0184311
882:. TEAL. 2011. Archived from
588:The learner is self-directed
551:The learner is self-directed
408:The learner is self-directed
7:
3734:Education in North America
1272:(p. 107) London: Routledge.
1213:10.1007/978-981-15-4144-5_5
908:"Adult Learning Techniques"
666:
641:
509:Learning is self-determined
10:
4473:
4179:Education in South America
2279:
1535:Smith, M. K. (1996; 1999)
805:Encyclopedia of Psychology
147:(Greek: "child-leading").
124:
34:. The word comes from the
4415:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
4389:Anti-oppressive education
4384:
4300:
4257:
4184:
4095:
4072:
3991:
3947:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3865:
3739:
3712:
3664:
3626:
3368:
3327:
3286:
3246:
2988:
2902:
2877:
2596:
2583:
2572:
2548:
2502:
2468:
2427:
2409:
2370:
2352:
2318:
2294:Early childhood education
2287:
2274:
2224:
2054:
2001:
1823:
1676:
1648:
1637:
1283:Adult Education Quarterly
1076:Adult Education Quarterly
66:There are many different
4150:Northern Mariana Islands
3967:Turks and Caicos Islands
3048:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2644:Central African Republic
1384:10.31849/elsya.v4i1.7473
1285:, Vol. 52, No. 3, p. 216
1089:10.1177/0741713620925029
1034:Jurnal Edukasi Nonformal
4457:Philosophy of education
4115:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3309:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1365:Purwati, Diana (2022).
523:Orientation to Learning
365:Self-directed Learning
322:theoretical framework.
314:adolescent education).
135:Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy
4404:Critical consciousness
3897:British Virgin Islands
3411:Bosnia and Herzegovina
977:Education, p. 97-119.)
653:self-directed learning
562:Resources for Learning
527:and Role of Instructor
96:
58:
24:
4098:and other territories
3837:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2804:São Tomé and Príncipe
2664:Republic of the Congo
1575:John Wiley & Sons
1461:: Association Press.
195:of their instruction.
94:
56:
22:
3986:Education in Oceania
3362:Education in Europe
3223:United Arab Emirates
2590:Education in Africa
1813:Instructional design
655:in every situation.
242:Lehrstuhl Andragogik
238:Andragoska Spoznanja
3852:Trinidad and Tobago
3747:Antigua and Barbuda
3627:States with limited
3250:limited recognition
2879:States with limited
2578:Education by region
2304:Secondary education
2216:Teaching philosophy
2119:Pedagogical pattern
2062:21st century skills
2041:Religious education
1684:Aims and objectives
1459:Wilton, Connecticut
1351:Knowles, M. (1989)
1308:Kidd, J.R. (1978).
1137:2017PLoSO..1284311I
739:Oxford Dictionaries
345:
289:Academic discipline
244:(Androgogy Chair).
230:Katedra Andragogiky
166:of adult learning:
4313:Schools portal
3787:Dominican Republic
2982:Education in Asia
2309:Tertiary education
2247:Learning resources
1738:Education sciences
773:academic.regis.edu
764:Crawford, Steven.
745:on January 1, 2017
617:self-actualization
353:Children Learning
344:
97:
59:
25:
4439:
4438:
4431:Youth empowerment
4421:Popular education
4409:Critical pedagogy
4342:
4341:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4264:other territories
4173:
4172:
4165:Wallis and Futuna
4073:Associated states
3980:
3979:
3869:other territories
3728:
3727:
3355:
3354:
3292:other territories
2975:
2974:
2906:other territories
2679:Equatorial Guinea
2568:
2567:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2299:Primary education
2270:
2269:
2159:Dialogic learning
2129:Teacher retention
2082:Critical thinking
2077:Class arrangement
2046:Special education
1721:Standardized test
1704:Course evaluation
1584:978-0-470-48410-4
1560:978-0-415-08981-4
1513:978-0-7879-7588-3
1468:978-0-695-81472-4
1434:978-0-7506-7837-7
1222:978-981-15-4144-5
639:
638:
4464:
4399:Conscientization
4369:
4362:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4332:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4284:
4272:Falkland Islands
4186:Sovereign states
4175:
4174:
4155:Pitcairn Islands
4125:French Polynesia
4110:Christmas Island
4039:Papua New Guinea
4019:Marshall Islands
3992:Sovereign states
3982:
3981:
3937:Saint Barthélemy
3867:Dependencies and
3740:Sovereign states
3730:
3729:
3665:Dependencies and
3369:Sovereign states
3357:
3356:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3304:Christmas Island
2990:Sovereign states
2977:
2976:
2967:
2966:(United Kingdom)
2962:Tristan da Cunha
2958:Ascension Island
2950:
2937:
2928:
2904:Dependencies and
2597:Sovereign states
2585:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2557:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2475:Higher education
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:Secondary school
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2290:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2204:Student-centered
2189:Phenomenon-based
2179:Peer instruction
2144:Blended learning
2067:Bloom's taxonomy
2031:Gifted education
2026:Education reform
1858:Computer science
1639:
1638:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1564:
1525:
1498:(3rd ed.).
1480:
1451:Knowles, Malcolm
1446:
1419:(6th ed.).
1411:Knowles, Malcolm
1397:
1396:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1310:How Adults Learn
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1200:
1194:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1148:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1091:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
984:
978:
974:
968:
967:
965:
964:
958:
947:
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
923:
917:. Archived from
912:
904:
898:
897:
895:
894:
888:
881:
873:
867:
866:
855:
849:
848:
846:
845:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
797:
791:
790:
788:
787:
781:
770:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
741:. Archived from
731:
725:
724:
722:
720:
701:
459:service-learning
346:
343:
293:In the field of
4472:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4452:Adult education
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4380:
4373:
4343:
4338:
4307:
4305:
4288:
4282:
4265:
4263:
4253:
4180:
4169:
4097:
4091:
4074:
4068:
4049:Solomon Islands
3987:
3976:
3870:
3868:
3861:
3735:
3724:
3708:
3666:
3660:
3646:Northern Cyprus
3628:
3622:
3543:North Macedonia
3364:
3351:
3323:
3291:
3282:
3263:Northern Cyprus
3249:
3242:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2948:
2935:
2926:
2907:
2905:
2898:
2882:
2880:
2873:
2592:
2579:
2564:
2563:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2489:
2477:
2458:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2418:
2399:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2361:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2283:
2266:
2220:
2139:Active learning
2134:Teaching method
2109:Learning theory
2050:
2016:Autodidacticism
2011:Adult education
1997:
1938:Performing arts
1819:
1726:Teacher quality
1716:Standards-based
1672:
1644:
1633:
1628:
1585:
1577:Imprint. 2010.
1567:
1561:
1514:
1469:
1435:
1406:
1404:Further reading
1401:
1400:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1223:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1180:
1131:(9): e0184311.
1117:
1113:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
986:
985:
981:
975:
971:
962:
960:
956:
945:
941:
940:
936:
927:
925:
921:
910:
906:
905:
901:
892:
890:
886:
879:
875:
874:
870:
857:
856:
852:
843:
841:
828:
827:
823:
814:
812:
799:
798:
794:
785:
783:
779:
768:
762:
758:
748:
746:
733:
732:
728:
718:
716:
703:
702:
698:
693:
678:Autodidacticism
669:
644:
623:or recognition
621:self-confidence
451:problem solving
449:Method used is
359:Adult Learning
328:
295:adult education
291:
254:
157:Merriam-Webster
139:Malcolm Knowles
127:
79:Malcolm Knowles
64:
32:adult education
17:
12:
11:
5:
4470:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:Norfolk Island
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4105:American Samoa
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4075:of New Zealand
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:Sint Eustatius
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:Cayman Islands
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3720:European Union
3716:
3714:
3713:Other entities
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3667:other entities
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3618:United Kingdom
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Czech Republic
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2951:
2938:
2929:
2915:Canary Islands
2911:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2359:Primary school
2353:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Cognitive load
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:Evidence-based
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1677:By perspective
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1565:
1559:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1512:
1491:
1481:
1467:
1447:
1433:
1421:Burlington, MA
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1357:
1344:
1315:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1257:
1244:
1235:
1221:
1195:
1178:
1111:
1082:(3): 201–204.
1062:
1020:
1009:
979:
969:
934:
899:
868:
865:on 2014-02-17.
850:
821:
792:
756:
726:
709:Dictionary.com
695:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
681:
675:
668:
665:
643:
640:
637:
636:
635:
634:
631:
626:
625:
624:
611:
610:
609:
604:
598:
597:
596:
595:
592:
589:
584:
583:
582:
579:
574:
573:
572:
569:
564:
558:
557:
556:
555:
552:
547:
546:
545:
542:
537:
536:
535:
530:
519:
518:
517:
516:
513:
510:
505:
504:
503:
495:
494:
493:
490:
485:
474:
473:
472:
471:
468:
463:
462:
461:
447:
442:
441:
440:
434:
429:
418:
417:
416:
415:
412:
409:
404:
403:
402:
399:
396:
391:
390:
389:
386:
383:
374:
368:
367:
361:
355:
349:
327:
324:
290:
287:
286:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
253:
250:
214:
213:
210:
203:
196:
182:
171:
131:Alexander Kapp
126:
123:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
63:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4469:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4335:
4327:
4325:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4277:French Guiana
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:New Caledonia
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Easter Island
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3864:
3858:
3857:United States
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Faroe Islands
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:South Ossetia
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Liechtenstein
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:South Ossetia
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Guinea-Bissau
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2571:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:Undergraduate
2507:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2434:Middle school
2432:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Project-based
2197:
2195:
2194:Problem-based
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Demonstration
2152:
2150:
2149:Contemplative
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Homeschooling
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Environmental
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:Instructional
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Psychometrics
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:.pdf-download
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:San Francisco
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1255:, p. 87)
1254:
1248:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1193:(6), 151–169.
1192:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1013:
997:
993:
989:
983:
973:
955:
951:
944:
938:
924:on 2015-04-26
920:
916:
909:
903:
889:on 2017-12-15
885:
878:
872:
864:
860:
854:
839:
835:
831:
825:
810:
806:
802:
796:
782:on 2010-08-12
778:
774:
767:
760:
744:
740:
736:
730:
714:
710:
706:
700:
696:
685:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
664:
660:
656:
654:
648:
632:
629:
628:
627:
622:
618:
614:
613:
612:
607:
606:
605:
603:
600:
599:
593:
590:
587:
586:
585:
580:
577:
576:
575:
570:
567:
566:
565:
563:
560:
559:
553:
550:
549:
548:
543:
540:
539:
538:
533:
532:
531:
529:
528:
524:
521:
520:
514:
511:
508:
507:
506:
501:
498:
497:
496:
491:
488:
487:
486:
484:
483:
479:
476:
475:
469:
466:
465:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
444:
443:
439:
435:
432:
431:
430:
428:
427:
423:
420:
419:
413:
410:
407:
406:
405:
400:
397:
394:
393:
392:
387:
384:
381:
377:
376:
375:
373:
370:
369:
366:
362:
360:
356:
354:
350:
348:
347:
342:
339:
337:
332:
323:
319:
315:
312:
307:
303:
299:
296:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
258:
257:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
211:
208:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
172:
169:
168:
167:
165:
160:
158:
153:
148:
146:
145:
140:
136:
132:
122:
118:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
93:
88:
87:
86:
83:
80:
75:
73:
69:
55:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
4413:
4304:
4260:Dependencies
4096:Dependencies
4082:Cook Islands
3962:Sint Maarten
3942:Saint Martin
3656:Transnistria
3288:Dependencies
3218:Turkmenistan
3183:Saudi Arabia
2954:Saint Helena
2925:
2829:South Africa
2819:Sierra Leone
2624:Burkina Faso
2516:Postgraduate
2332:Kindergarten
2184:Personalized
2164:Experiential
2124:Teacher look
1833:Agricultural
1689:Anthropology
1569:
1545:
1495:
1454:
1415:
1377:(1): 86–95.
1374:
1370:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1247:
1238:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1040:(1): 18–24.
1037:
1033:
1023:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
992:www.umsl.edu
991:
982:
972:
961:. Retrieved
949:
937:
926:. Retrieved
919:the original
914:
902:
891:. Retrieved
884:the original
871:
863:the original
853:
842:. Retrieved
833:
824:
813:. Retrieved
804:
795:
784:. Retrieved
777:the original
772:
759:
747:. Retrieved
743:the original
738:
729:
717:. Retrieved
708:
699:
661:
657:
649:
645:
601:
561:
526:
525:
522:
481:
480:
477:
425:
424:
421:
371:
364:
358:
352:
340:
333:
329:
320:
316:
308:
304:
300:
292:
255:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
185:Self-concept
173:Foundation:
161:
152:World War II
149:
142:
128:
119:
115:
84:
76:
65:
43:
39:
27:
26:
4334:WikiProject
4029:New Zealand
3932:Puerto Rico
3842:Saint Lucia
3792:El Salvador
3694:Isle of Man
3629:recognition
3603:Switzerland
3538:Netherlands
3347:Asia portal
3248:States with
3168:Philippines
3108:South Korea
3103:North Korea
2998:Afghanistan
2881:recognition
2834:South Sudan
2724:Ivory Coast
2440:High school
2237:Definitions
2114:Lesson plan
2003:Alternative
1908:Mathematics
1878:Engineering
1537:'Andragogy'
1504:Jossey-Bass
766:"Andragogy"
705:"andragogy"
436:Method is
222:Andragogija
177:(including
62:Definitions
4446:Categories
4375:Issues in
3927:Montserrat
3922:Martinique
3917:Guadeloupe
3772:Costa Rica
3573:San Marino
3533:Montenegro
3513:Luxembourg
3493:Kazakhstan
3396:Azerbaijan
3228:Uzbekistan
3203:Tajikistan
3118:Kyrgyzstan
3098:Kazakhstan
3018:Bangladesh
3008:Azerbaijan
2936:(Portugal)
2894:Somaliland
2814:Seychelles
2779:Mozambique
2764:Mauritania
2749:Madagascar
2704:The Gambia
2639:Cape Verde
2492:Continuing
2482:Vocational
2087:Curriculum
2021:Democratic
1993:Vocational
1983:Technology
1943:Philosophy
1825:By subject
1803:Technology
1783:Psychology
1768:Philosophy
1758:Leadership
1699:Evaluation
1694:Assessment
1522:2006019145
1443:2004024356
1338:2014-05-02
1056:2022-12-04
963:2016-10-11
928:2015-09-25
893:2016-12-13
844:2011-05-17
815:2011-05-16
786:2016-12-09
691:References
602:Motivation
500:Curriculum
455:discussion
426:Experience
380:instructor
363:Heutagogy
357:Andragogy
252:Principles
193:evaluation
175:Experience
164:motivation
4249:Venezuela
4194:Argentina
3999:Australia
3912:Greenland
3827:Nicaragua
3802:Guatemala
3684:Gibraltar
3508:Lithuania
3314:Hong Kong
3268:Palestine
3193:Sri Lanka
3188:Singapore
3068:Indonesia
2769:Mauritius
2325:Preschool
2225:Wikimedia
1963:Religious
1888:Euthenics
1873:Economics
1853:Chemistry
1843:Bilingual
1798:Sociology
1753:Inclusion
1733:Economics
1631:Education
1593:468969206
1551:Routledge
1393:245995831
1328:infed.org
1231:218796406
1155:1932-6203
1106:218943945
1098:0741-7136
1046:2715-2634
749:1 January
719:1 January
478:Readiness
422:Learner's
351:Pedagogy
336:heutagogy
261:learning.
200:relevance
77:Although
28:Andragogy
4379:pedagogy
4377:Freirian
4324:Category
4239:Suriname
4229:Paraguay
4214:Colombia
4014:Kiribati
3877:Anguilla
3812:Honduras
3782:Dominica
3757:Barbados
3704:Svalbard
3689:Guernsey
3636:Abkhazia
3588:Slovenia
3583:Slovakia
3558:Portugal
3416:Bulgaria
3337:Category
3258:Abkhazia
3208:Thailand
3163:Pakistan
3143:Mongolia
3138:Maldives
3133:Malaysia
3033:Cambodia
2960: /
2956: /
2949:(France)
2943: /
2921: /
2917: /
2869:Zimbabwe
2844:Tanzania
2694:Ethiopia
2689:Eswatini
2669:Djibouti
2634:Cameroon
2619:Botswana
2209:Socratic
2169:Feedback
2055:Concepts
1948:Physical
1918:Military
1898:Language
1848:Business
1788:Research
1778:Politics
1763:Pedagogy
1658:Glossary
1643:Overview
1477:80014344
1453:(1980).
1425:Elsevier
1332:Archived
1173:28931020
1125:PLOS ONE
1050:Archived
996:Archived
954:Archived
915:Aacp.org
838:Archived
809:Archived
713:Archived
684:Geragogy
667:See also
642:Critique
482:to Learn
438:didactic
189:planning
144:pedagogy
72:pedagogy
68:theories
48:pedagogy
4394:Banking
4244:Uruguay
4219:Ecuador
4199:Bolivia
4160:Tokelau
4064:Vanuatu
3907:Curaçao
3892:Bonaire
3887:Bermuda
3817:Jamaica
3797:Grenada
3752:Bahamas
3613:Ukraine
3563:Romania
3523:Moldova
3481:Ireland
3476:Iceland
3471:Hungary
3461:Germany
3456:Georgia
3446:Finland
3441:Estonia
3436:Denmark
3421:Croatia
3406:Belgium
3401:Belarus
3391:Austria
3386:Armenia
3381:Andorra
3376:Albania
3233:Vietnam
3148:Myanmar
3128:Lebanon
3058:Georgia
3013:Bahrain
3003:Armenia
2945:Réunion
2941:Mayotte
2932:Madeira
2927:(Spain)
2923:Melilla
2854:Tunisia
2824:Somalia
2809:Senegal
2794:Nigeria
2784:Namibia
2774:Morocco
2739:Liberia
2734:Lesotho
2684:Eritrea
2654:Comoros
2629:Burundi
2604:Algeria
2512:→
2487:Further
2442:→
2437:→
2419:→
2383:→
2378:→
2362:→
2335:→
2328:→
2174:Passive
2097:Studies
1978:Teacher
1968:Science
1958:Reading
1953:Physics
1928:Nursing
1913:Medical
1748:History
1668:Outline
1650:General
1164:5606932
1133:Bibcode
1002:Mar 21,
372:Learner
265:goals?"
207:problem
125:History
38:ἀνδρ- (
4426:Praxis
4224:Guyana
4204:Brazil
4135:Hawaii
4059:Tuvalu
3832:Panama
3822:Mexico
3767:Canada
3762:Belize
3699:Jersey
3641:Kosovo
3608:Turkey
3598:Sweden
3578:Serbia
3568:Russia
3553:Poland
3548:Norway
3528:Monaco
3498:Latvia
3466:Greece
3451:France
3426:Cyprus
3278:Taiwan
3213:Turkey
3178:Russia
3113:Kuwait
3093:Jordan
3083:Israel
3043:Cyprus
3028:Brunei
3023:Bhutan
2964:
2947:
2934:
2864:Zambia
2859:Uganda
2799:Rwanda
2754:Malawi
2714:Guinea
2609:Angola
2559:Portal
2519:
2478:
2381:Junior
2376:Infant
2281:Stages
2257:Quotes
2242:Images
2102:Theory
2092:Hidden
1988:Values
1893:Health
1868:Design
1793:Rights
1773:Policy
1591:
1581:
1557:
1520:
1510:
1475:
1465:
1441:
1431:
1391:
1270:Vol. 1
1229:
1219:
1171:
1161:
1153:
1104:
1096:
1044:
276:2000).
44:agogos
4209:Chile
4054:Tonga
4044:Samoa
4034:Palau
4024:Nauru
3882:Aruba
3807:Haiti
3674:Åland
3593:Spain
3518:Malta
3488:Italy
3319:Macau
3238:Yemen
3198:Syria
3173:Qatar
3153:Nepal
3088:Japan
3063:India
3053:Egypt
3038:China
2919:Ceuta
2839:Sudan
2789:Niger
2744:Libya
2729:Kenya
2709:Ghana
2699:Gabon
2674:Egypt
2614:Benin
2262:Texts
2232:Books
1933:Peace
1923:Music
1903:Legal
1863:Death
1663:Index
1389:S2CID
1227:S2CID
1102:S2CID
957:(PDF)
946:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
887:(PDF)
880:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
769:(PDF)
179:error
40:andr-
36:Greek
4234:Peru
4130:Guam
4087:Niue
4009:Fiji
3952:Saba
3777:Cuba
3158:Oman
3123:Laos
3078:Iraq
3073:Iran
2849:Togo
2759:Mali
2649:Chad
2252:News
1589:OCLC
1579:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1518:LCCN
1508:ISBN
1473:LCCN
1463:ISBN
1439:LCCN
1429:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1169:PMID
1151:ISSN
1094:ISSN
1042:ISSN
1004:2023
751:2017
721:2017
311:wiki
191:and
4262:and
3290:and
1973:Sex
1838:Art
1485:doi
1379:doi
1209:doi
1159:PMC
1141:doi
1084:doi
4448::
1587:.
1553:.
1549:.
1516:.
1506:.
1502::
1471:.
1457:.
1437:.
1427:.
1423::
1387:.
1373:.
1369:.
1330:.
1326:.
1268:,
1225:,
1215:,
1191:15
1189:,
1167:.
1157:.
1149:.
1139:.
1129:12
1127:.
1123:.
1100:.
1092:.
1080:70
1078:.
1074:.
1048:.
1036:.
1032:.
994:.
990:.
952:.
948:.
913:.
836:.
832:.
807:.
803:.
771:.
737:.
711:.
707:.
619:,
457:,
453:,
4368:e
4361:t
4354:v
2494:)
2490:(
1623:e
1616:t
1609:v
1595:.
1563:.
1532:)
1524:.
1487::
1479:.
1445:.
1395:.
1381::
1375:4
1341:.
1251:(
1211::
1175:.
1143::
1135::
1108:.
1086::
1059:.
1038:2
1006:.
966:.
931:.
896:.
847:.
818:.
789:.
753:.
723:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
