189:, which looks to emulate the nuclear processes that take place in the sun by compressing and heating capsules full of thermonuclear fuel. High energy beams (photons or electrons) bombard the outer layer of the capsule, which explodes outward and generates a reaction force that accelerates the remainder of the capsule toward the center. The explosion creates a shockwave that travels through the fuel target, resulting in sufficient heat and compression for the fusion to begin. These capsules contain heavy isotopes of hydrogen (typically deuterium and tritium). Kritcher designed Hybrid-E, a target capsule that includes a high density carbon capsule and a deuterium-tritium fill tube. The capsule is encased in a
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that can systematically adjust the wavelength of each beam to balance the X-ray energy required to drive the capsule to implode. The Hybrid-E capsule enabled inertial confinement fusion able to produce more than a megajoule of fusion energy. Hybrid-E represents the first time that it was possible to generate a burning plasma state that emits more energy than the energy required to initiate the fusion.
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that converts the incident laser light into x-rays. Kritcher said that it was challenging to design the hohlraum such that it generated a symmetric implosion of the capsule. This involved confining the size of the entrance holes to enhance the energy that is coupled into the system, and a structure
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from shocked compressed matter. She became a postdoctoral researcher at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2009. Her postdoctoral research explored using X-rays to measure the properties of warm and hot dense matter (plasma), and measuring how nuclei interact with dense plasma. She made
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Kritcher was made a permanent member of staff in the
Weapons and Complex Integration's Design Physics Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2009.
201:. Her citation read, “for leadership in integrated hohlraum design physics leading to the creation of the first laboratory burning and igniting fusion plasma.”
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Lee HJ; Neumayer P; Castor J; et al. (16 March 2009). "X-ray
Thomson-scattering measurements of density and temperature in shock-compressed beryllium".
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plasma recorded experimentally was higher than could be predicted from the hydrodynamics-informed algorithms that simulate inertial confinement implosions.
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Andrea L Kritcher; Paul
Neumayer; John Castor; et al. (1 October 2008). "Ultrafast x-ray Thomson scattering of shock-compressed matter".
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Kritcher went on to study the behavior of ions in inertial confinement fusion, showing that the energy of neutrons produced from a
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for graduate studies, where she earned a master's degree and doctorate in nuclear engineering. She spent summer 2004 at the
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Kritcher, A. L.; et al. (2021). "Achieving record hot spot energies with large HDC implosions on NIF in HYBRID-E".
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Kritcher was the designer of the
December 5, 2022 experiment that achieved fusion
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on an internship. Her first project involved analyzing data for the
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Kritcher works in nuclear engineering, with a particular focus on
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is an
American nuclear engineer and physicist who works at the
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697:"Annie Kritcher leads revolutionary nuclear fusion experiment"
914:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. December 14, 2022.
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817:"DOE lab achieves key milestone for fusion energy"
587:"Two LLNL scientists selected as 2022 APS fellows"
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530:"Fusion of interests gives postdoc career focus"
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